Goals:
- introduce students to the most important values among the ancient Romans: religion, family and its structure;
- focus the children’s attention on the general patterns of the emergence of religious beliefs;
New concepts: Pontiff, surname, sacrifice, augurs, atrium.
Lesson equipment: Map “Rome in Antiquity”, lesson program for each student.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Current control of knowledge and skills
2. Repetition
1. Align the terms and definitions:
1) patricians – a) “public defender”, who has the right to stop any orders of the authorities or actions of the patricians;
2) paganism – b) descendants of the founders of Rome;
3) republic - c) immigrants from other regions of Italy and conquered states;
4) tribune - d) a system in which the leaders of the state are elected by the population;
5) plebeians - e) belief in the existence of many gods and worship of them.
Each correct answer is worth 1 point.
2. Rome was founded: (Tick the correct answer)
a) in 753 AD; b) in 756 BC; c) in 753 BC
Correct answer – 1 point.
3. Complete the diagram:
Structure of the Roman Republic
3. New material
Lesson program (for each student)
– Bring terms and concepts into line:
1) paganism – a) servants of the gods;
2) priests - b) high priests among the Romans;
3) pontiffs – c) faith and worship of many gods;
4) augurs – d) family among the Romans;
5) surname – e) interpreters of the will of the supreme god Jupiter, important priests.
Checking, Giving yourself a grade.
If you scored 12-11 points – “5”;
10-8 points – “4”;
7-5 points – “3”;
less than 5 points - try to do better homework on the history of the Ancient World.
(The check is carried out immediately).
Frontal survey
– What is a “republic?”
– Was government in Rome really a “public matter”?
Work on the board
– Choose the correct endings for the phrases written on the board from a document telling about the nature of ancient Italy.
| 1. Now let us outline the most important conditions thanks to which the Romans rose to such heights. The first of these conditions is that Italy, like an island... 2. The second condition is that most of its coasts do not have harbors... 3. Thirdly, Italy is located in different climatic zones… 4. Almost its entire length stretches the Apennine Mountains, with plains and fertile hills on both sides... 5. In addition, there are many kinds of metals, building material, food for humans and domestic animals... |
1. ... according to which there are various animals, plants and, in general, all the objects necessary for humans. 2. ... surrounded by seas, like a sure fence, with the exception of only a few parts, which in turn are protected by impassable mountains. 3. ... but the existing harbors are extensive and very convenient. 4. ... so it is impossible to express in words all the abundance and high virtues of the fruits growing here. 5. ... so that there is no part of Italy that does not have the convenience of mountains and plains. |
Plan for learning new material
1. Gods of the ancient Romans.
2. Priests are servants of the gods.
3. Home and family in Ancient Rome.
1. The ancient Romans built temples and made sacrifices to many deities, which were also honored by the ancient Greeks under other names: God the Thunderer, God the Lord of the Seas, Goddess Love, Goddess Wisdom, God of War, God of Peace and many others. The most ancient deity was Saturn. In honor of Saturn, a holiday was established - Saturnalia. God was honored by all residents, both free and slave, without exception. The names of the Roman gods are preserved in the names of the months: Juno - the goddess of family and motherhood - this is June; God of War Mars – March; the two-faced god Janus is the patron of any beginning - January.
– What is the name of faith and worship of many gods? (Paganism)
– What was religion for the Romans? (One of the main values)
2. Let's get acquainted with the text of the textbook p. 237 (first two paragraphs).
– What were the high priests called by the Romans? (Pontiffs)
– What were their duties? (Monitored the correct performance of rituals and sacrifices)
- How many people were there? (Nine)
– Who interpreted the will of the supreme god Jupiter? (Augurs)
Write new words in a notebook - pontiffs, sacrifices, augurs.
3. For the Romans of the first centuries, all dwellings consisted of one room - the atrium; for several centuries the Roman house had no further development.
On the desk.
Write a new word in your notebook: “atrium.”
– What was a family called in Rome? (Surname)
– Who did it include? (All those who were under the authority of the lord, the head of the family)
– What was a family name for the Romans? (Another value)
Write a new word in a notebook: “surname”
4. Consolidation of the studied material
- Let's sum it up. In your lesson programs, complete task 1 of the new material.
– What were the most important values of the ancient Romans?
5. Homework
– paragraph 44,
– Answer the question: how many names did Roman citizens have and why?
Marking
Lesson in problem-dialogic technology.
History and Social Studies Teacher
MKOU Secondary School No. 1, Surovikino, Volgograd Region
Konoreva Olga Alekseevna
Class -5th. The subject is history.
Topic: “Roman morals and Roman religion during the Republic.”
Epigraph : “O tempora! O more!”
“Oh times! Oh morals!
Planned educational results.
Subject:
students will be able to:
explain the meaning of new concepts; surname, matron, lares, penates, patron, client, vestal, great pontiff;
characterize ancient Roman deities;
compare modern and ancient Roman family and moral principles.
Regulatory:
students will be able to:
determine the purpose of your activities in the lesson;
plan actions aimed at achieving goals,
put forward various hypotheses in a problem situation;
correlate the results of your activities with the goal;
evaluate the usefulness of information for their own lives.
students will be able to:
convey your position to others when analyzing historical sources, illustrations,
take into account the opinions of classmates when comparing Roman and Greek gods,
be able to work in a group while composing a story, analyzing a fable, and working with a table.
students will be able to:
express your opinion about the moral role of family and religion in Ancient Roman society during the republican period.
self-determination in life values family, moral principles and religion.
surname, matron, lares, penates, patron, client, vestal, great pontiff.
Virtual school of Cyril and Methodius. Lessons World history Cyril and Methodius. Ancient world.
Video film "Ancient Rome".
Updating knowledge. Discussion with students of excerpts from the works of ancient authors:
At first, newlyweds should especially beware of disagreements and skirmishes, looking at how further glued pots at first easily crumble from the slightest push, but over time, when the places of fastening become strong, neither fire nor iron will take them. The words “mine” and “not mine” must be excluded from family life. Just as bruises on the left side, according to doctors, cause pain on the right, so a wife should be concerned about the affairs of her husband, and a husband should be concerned about the affairs of his wife.
Dialogue: “What is Plutarch talking about?”
Expected result: “About family.”
Term "family" is put on the board.
1.2.Seneca. Moral letter to Lucilius.
What's the best thing about a person? Is the person strong? And lions too! Is he handsome? And peacocks are beautiful! Is he agile? And the horses are agile. Can he move and direct movements at will? But so are animals and worms! Does he have a voice? But dogs have a louder voice, eagles have a shriller voice, bulls have a thicker voice, and nightingales have a more pleasant voice. What exactly is inherent in man?
Dialogue: “What does Seneca mean?”
Expected result: “Reason. Moral. Morality."
Term "moral" written on the board.
1.3. Titus Lucretius Car. About the nature of things
It is also impossible to believe that the saints
Somewhere the dwellings of the gods are found within the world,
For the nature of the gods is so subtle and from feeling
Ours is so far away that it is hardly comprehensible to the mind.
If she is inaccessible by touching with her hand and pushing,
Then we ourselves should not touch what we touch:
That which cannot be touched is alien to touch itself.
Dialogue: “The nature of what phenomenon does Lucretius Carus describe?”
Expected result: "Religion"
Term "religion" fix it on the board.
Based on the proposed terms, students formulate the topic of the lesson.
Thus, we need to form 3 groups that will work in 3 areas:
Family
Moral
Religion
Creating a problem situation:
Make a guess as to whether the ancient Greek family, morality and religion are similar to modern ones?
What would you take from Ancient Rome into our lives today, and what would you reject?
What versions do you have to solve the problem?(children make assumptions about the problem)
Updating existing knowledge.
Let's think about what we already know on this issue?
1 group. Suggested answer: "Family is small group, based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are connected by a common life, mutual morality, responsibility and mutual assistance. Family, home and children are one of the components of the development of the human personality. Most people have a family. Families can be two-generation or three-generation. Sometimes incomplete. More often, modern families consist of 3-5 people. Family has always been valued. A bobyl or a person without a family was always considered offended by fate and God. Having a family and children is as natural as it is necessary and natural to work...”
2nd group. About morality.
Suggested answer: “Morality is the internal spiritual qualities that guide a person.
A person endowed with moral principles, violating them, experiences a feeling of conscience and guilt. Noble moral actions do not require rewards. The act of kindness itself serves as gratitude.
Responsibility to others, respect for parents, kindness, truth, honor, conscience - these qualities are universal and valued in modern society, as in other times..."
3 group. About religion.
Suggested answer: “Religion is the belief in the existence of supernatural beings who can influence human destiny. We know it's impossible ancient man explain physical phenomena and the worship of the forces of nature. Familiar with religion Ancient Greece, its hierarchical structure. We present the essence of pagan beliefs, as well as world religions such as Buddhism..."
Planning.
Roman family.
Ancient customs of the Romans.
Religion of the ancient Romans during the Republic period.
"Discovery" of new knowledge.
The groups are given educational resource cards.
1 resource card.
Basic concepts: surname, matron, lares, penates, patron, client, vestal, great pontiff.
Assignment: according to the text of the textbook § 46, get acquainted with the interpretation of these concepts and distribute them into 3 groups:
The answers are put on the board in the form of a table.
2 resource card.
Work in groups with handouts.
1 group. "Family".
Relief "Mother protecting her children."
Assignment: consider the ancient Roman relief, answer the questions:
How does this image make you feel?
What attitude of mother to children does the relief convey?
Tasks:
How does an ancient Roman family differ from a modern one?
Write a story about the way of life in ancient Roman families.
Resource: Biography of Cincinnatus, a famous political figure in Rome who lived in the 5th century BC.
Becoming in 460 BC. Consul, he opposed the willfulness of the tribunes of the people and for strengthening the power of the Senate. They wanted to elect him to consul and next year, but he opposed this, since he did not want to break the law, which prohibited the same persons from holding the same position for two years in a row. In 458 BC. In view of the danger threatening Rome, Cincinnatus was appointed dictator. The ambassadors who came to his estate across the Tiber with news of this appointment found him working in the field. Having won a brilliant victory over his enemies, Cincinnatus returned in triumph with rich booty to Rome. After 16 days, he resigned as dictator and returned to his estate.
According to legend, Cincinnatus was a model of modesty, valor and fidelity to civic duty. In subsequent centuries his name was often mentioned in conversations about generals or politicians, famous for their great modesty and devotion to public interests.
Questions:
What personality traits of this person can you identify?
How do they characterize Cincinnatus?
Were these traits common to many citizens of Rome during the Republic?
What personality traits were valued in Ancient Rome during the Republic?
What was condemned?
The Fox and the Raven.
Who loves to hear the praises of deceitful lips,
Shamefully, he who is punished will repent.
When the raven stole the cheese from the window
And he wanted to eat it, sitting down on a tree,
The fox, creeping up, began the following speech:
“Oh, raven, how your feathers shine,
How beautiful your face and posture are!
He, foolishly deciding to distinguish himself by singing,
releases cheese from its beak, which instantly
The fox's insidious mouth is greedy.
And only then did the crow’s foolishness repent.
From this it is clear that the most important thing is the mind:
Virtue itself is inferior to cunning.
Fox and stork.
Do not do evil: otherwise, the fable teaches,
Your deceptions will be punished for you.
The fox invited the stork to dinner
(says the rumor) and onto a flat plate
I poured some liquid stew, which
The hungry stork couldn't peck.
Preparing the return feast, the stork eats porridge
He filled the jug and, sticking his beak in,
He ate himself, tormenting the guest with hunger.
And so said the migratory bird
To the fox, carefully licking the edges of the jug:
“Whoever set an example, endure from those who followed the example.”
Frozen snake and peasant.
Whoever helps the evil will later repent.
A snake completely frozen from the cold,
Someone warmed himself in his bosom on the mountain,
And she, coming to life, immediately stung him,
And when asked why she did it,
She said: “So that in future they will not help the evil.”
Exercise:
1. What moral lessons do ancient Roman fables teach us?
2. Are they relevant today?
3rd group. "Religion"
Resource card: Roman gods - image.
 Venus |
Vesta |
|
Mars |
 Mercury |
 Minerva |
 Saturn |
 Fortune |
 Juno |
 Jupiter
|
 Janus |
 Sylvan |
Resource With:text paragraph 3 § 46.
Exercise:
Identify the distinctive features of ancient Roman beliefs?
What of the ancient Roman religion has survived to this day, what has changed and why?
What did the ancient Romans borrow from the Greeks?
Application of new knowledge.
Whose versions were confirmed?
Using your new knowledge, do independent work:
Exercise 1.
Match:
Pontiff a) priestesses of the temple of the goddess hearth and home
Vestal b) guardians of moral principles
Surname c) keepers of the hearth and supplies
Lars d) priests connecting gods and people
Penates d) family
Indicate the differences between the foundations of the ancient Roman family and morals from modern ones.
Reflection (lesson summary).
What difficulties arose during the lesson when solving the problem?
What goals have we set?
What results have we achieved?
Are the results consistent with the goal?
What from the ancient Roman history of family, morals, religion will you take with you and use in modern life- put in a suitcase what needs processing, modification, modernization - take it to the meat grinder, what seems outdated to you, unnecessary for a modern person - throw it in the basket.
Thanks everyone for the lesson.
Homework.
Expand your knowledge about the family, morals and religion of Rome during the period of the Republic, using additional literature and Internet resources.
What moral rules governed the life of the Roman family?
When the father died, the son became the head of the new family. A group of families close in blood formed the Roman clan. A married Roman woman, the mother of a family, was called a matron.
Children in a Roman family were brought up in strictness. They had to show respect and loyalty to their parents. When the child was born, he was washed and laid at the feet of the father. Recognizing the child as his own, the father picked him up. So the child became a member of the family. On the 9th day after birth, the child was given a name. During the naming ceremony, a special amulet was put on him - a bull, which was supposed to protect him from evil spirits. At the age of 14, the boy was recognized as an adult. He was brought to the Forum, where, in a solemn ceremony, his childhood bull was removed and for the first time he was put on adult clothes. After this, the young man was considered a full Roman citizen.
2. “Fatherly morals.” Every Roman strived to be a true citizen. Serving the republic was the highest duty and dignity of a Roman. The Roman was obliged to follow the laws, respect authority, and defend the state. “I must, therefore I can” was the motto of Roman citizens.
It was considered indecent to flaunt one's wealth. Even the rich lived simply, eating from wooden and clay dishes. Noble matrons and their daughters spun wool, weaved and made clothes themselves, which were worn by their husbands, brothers and sons. Subsequently, the Romans called the morals of the Early Republic “paternal” and repeatedly called for a return to them.
3. Roman religion. Each family had its own household gods - Lares
and penates. They, as the Romans believed, protected the home, health and well-being of family members. Their figures were kept in special rooms and painted on the walls. In days family holidays Food was set out for the Lares and Penates.
The main patrician gods were Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. They corresponded to the Greek Zeus, Hera and Athena. The Romans erected a temple to these gods on the Capitol. It was the main Roman sanctuary.
At the temple of Juno the Counselor (in Latin - Coins) there was a courtyard where metal money was minted. This is where the word “coin” came from, and the yard began to be called the mint.
The main plebeian gods were Ceres, Liber and Libera. Ceres corresponded to the Greek Demeter, Liber to Dionysus, and Liber to Persephone.
Why do you think patricians and plebeians worshiped different gods?
The Romans also worshiped the god Janus. Janus is the god of entrance and exit, doors and gates, past and future. He was depicted with two faces. One was directed forward, the other - backward. The month January is named after Janus.
Saturn is the god of time and, in addition, the god of agriculture, viticulture, and a good ruler. The Romans associated his reign with the “golden age”, when all people lived in peace, harmony and prosperity.
The Romans had many other gods and goddesses, such as the goddess of fortune Fortuna or the god of the forests Silvan. Various goddesses guarded the first cry of a newborn, the first step of a child. The attitude of the Romans towards the gods can be called businesslike. For his prayers and sacrifices, the Roman wanted to receive from God the accomplishment of what he asked for.
£ Г^Н The word “religion” comes from the Latin verb “to bind.” Religion is the connection between gods and people. The word "pontiff" in Latin means "one who builds a bridge", that is, "connects" gods and people. The title of Great Pontiff is still held by the Pope.
In Rome, priests were chosen from among noble and especially virtuous people. Some high magistrates became priests. There was no separate layer of priests, who were only clergy, in Rome, as in Greece.
Roman historian Titus Livius on the signs before the battle
When the armies of the Romans and Gauls stood ready for battle, a doe ran from the mountain, fleeing from the wolf, and rushed across the field between
one and the other system. Then the animals began to run in different directions: the doe towards the Gauls, and the wolf towards the Romans. The wolf was allowed to pass through the ranks, but the doe was stabbed to death by the Gauls. Then one of the Roman advanced fighters announced: “Flight and death have turned to where you see the sacred animal of Diana killed; here the victorious wolf of Mars, safe and sound, reminds us of the Mars tribe and the founding of our city.”
What is the reason for the Romans' beliefs in omens and symbols?
1. Name the Roman gods. Who and what did they patronize? 2. What place in society did “he who builds a bridge” occupy? 3. What are “fatherly morals”? 4. Compare the education of children in Sparta and in the Roman Republic. 5. What was the meaning of the words “surname” and “father” for the Romans?
1. How religious beliefs separated patricians and plebeians? 2. Make up the rules of the Roman patrician family.
3. How did the Greeks and Romans differ in their attitude towards the gods?
4. What does the plot of the sculpture “Roman with Busts of Ancestors” reflect (see p. 243)? Have your say.
For Ancient Rome, the family was of great importance and represented an important unit of society. The fate of a Roman largely depended on what family he was born into, what property and status his family owned, and what kind of education he could receive.
The father was considered the head of the family; he had power over all other family members. The mother of the family also enjoyed respect and authority, and her adult sons listened to her words.
In the power of the father it was possible to punish and even execute family members, but the traditions of Ancient Rome did not provide for cruelty; most likely, the father had to act fairly and raise his children in strictness.
Mother's Responsibility families were to observe moral principles; she had to monitor the behavior of all family members and their compliance with Roman customs. On her shoulders lay concerns about the house and its well-being, and the mother also had to increase public respect for herself and her family.
The Roman clan was formed by families close in blood, basically, one family included the father, his wife, their children, the wives and children of adult sons, and slaves belonging to the family.
Roman morals
The basis of the morals of Rome was considered to be obligatory service to the republic, fulfilling one's duty and defending the honor of one's family and one's country. Every citizen had to unquestioningly follow the laws of the state, defend it and express respect for the authorities.
It is important to note that it was not in Roman morals to flaunt their wealth; even wealthy families lived simply and modestly. Women in wealthy families wove and sewed their own clothes for their husbands and sons, and also spun wool. Over time, the morals of the ancient Romans began to be called “paternal.”
Raising children in Rome
A feature of raising children in Ancient Rome was strictness, with early childhood feelings of respect and respect for parents were instilled. A Roman child was given a full name only on the ninth day after his birth.
And when he was just born, he was laid at his father’s feet, and by lifting him into his arms, he recognized the child and allowed him to become a member of the family. Then a special ritual was performed on them - they put on a bulla amulet, because according to legend, this amulet was supposed to protect him from evil and evil spirits.
Children became adults at the age of 14; there was also a special ceremony for this - the bull was ceremonially removed and he was allowed to put on adult clothes. Thus, he became a full-fledged Roman.
Roman religion
The gods worshiped in Ancient Rome corresponded to the ancient Greek gods, only now they had different names.
The main gods were considered Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, who in ancient Greek mythology bore the names Zeus, Hera and Athena. These gods were the main gods for the patrician families, and the plebeian gods were Ceres, Liber and Libera.
Temples and sanctuaries were erected in honor of all these gods, the main ones being the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, as well as the temple of Juno the Counselor, which had a courtyard in which coins were minted. The goddess Diana was also revered, who patronized hunting and corresponded greek goddess Artemis, and the patroness of the home, Vesta.
The Romans strictly observed sacred rites and traditions associated with the reverence of the gods, but still their attitude towards the gods was serious and businesslike. Priests were considered clergy; there were associations of priests, which were called colleges, as well as a college of pontiffs, among which was the Great Pontiff, who headed all the Roman priests.
>>History: Roman family, morals and religion
50. Roman family, morals and religion
1. Roman family.
The word "family" in Latin means "surname". IN Rome the family was considered the most important unit of society. A person's position depended on the family into which he was born. The family owned the property. The family raised children.
At the head of the family was the father, who had full power over his wife, children, and household members. The father could judge, punish and even execute them. However, as a rule, from the father of the family custom demanded not cruelty, but severity and justice. The surname included the father. his wife is the mother of the family, children, wives and children of adult sons, as well as slaves. When the father died, the son became head new family. A group of families close in blood formed the Roman clan. The mother of the family enjoyed honor and respect. A married Roman woman was called a matron. Even her adult sons bowed to her authority. The mother of the family protected the moral foundations of the family, making sure that the behavior of all its members was worthy and corresponded to Roman customs. Her concern was to increase not only the well-being of the family, but also public respect for it.
Children in a Roman family were brought up in strictness. They had to show respect and loyalty to their parents. When the child was born, he was washed and laid at the feet of the father. Recognizing the child as his own, the father picked him up. So the child became a member of the family. On the 9th day after birth, the child was given a name. During the naming ceremony, a special amulet was put on him - a bull, which was supposed to protect him from evil spirits. At the age of 14, the boy was recognized as an adult. He was brought to the forum, where, in a solemn atmosphere, his childhood bull was removed and for the first time he was put on adult clothes. After this, the young man was considered a full-fledged Roman citizen.
2. "Fatherly morals."
Every Roman had to be a true citizen. Service republic was the highest duty and dignity of a Roman. The Roman was obliged to unquestioningly follow the law, respect authority, and defend the state. “I must, therefore I can” was the motto of Roman citizens.
It was considered indecent to flaunt one's wealth. Even the rich lived simply, eating from wooden and clay dishes. Noble matrons and their daughters spun wool, wove, and made the clothing that their husbands, brothers, and sons wore. Subsequently, the Romans called the morals of the ancient republic “paternal” and more than once called for a return to them.
3. Roman religion.
Each family had its own household gods - Lares and Penates. They, as the Romans believed, protected the home, health and well-being of family members. Their figures were kept in special rooms and painted on the walls. On family holidays, food was set out for the Lares and Penates.
The main patrician gods were Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. They corresponded to the Greek Zeus, Hera and Athena. Temples were erected to these gods on the Capitol. The main Roman sanctuary was the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. In honor of Jupiter, the Great, or Roman, games.
On the Capitol there was a temple of Juno the Counselor (in Latin - Coins). He had a courtyard where metal money was minted. This is where the word “coin” came from, and the yard began to be called the mint.
The main plebeian gods were Ceres, Liber and Libera. Ceres corresponded to the Greek Demeter, Liber to Dionysus, and Liber to Persephone. A temple was built to these gods on the Aventine Hill. Patroness of the Latins, especially ordinary people, was considered the huntress goddess Diana, corresponding to the Greek Artemis.
The goddess Vesta, the patroness of the home, was especially respected.
The Romans considered themselves the people of Mars - god war. In ancient times New Year in Rome began in March - the month dedicated to Mars. In March, during a sacred ceremony, 12 shields of their divine patron were carried through Rome. 24 priests - saliya - from the most noble patrician families served Mars.
The Italic god adopted by the Romans was Janus. Janus is the god of entrance and exit, doors and gates, past and future. He was depicted with two faces. One was directed forward, the other backward. The month January is named after Janus.
Saturn is the god of time and at the same time the god of agriculture, viticulture, and a good ruler. The Romans associated his reign with the “golden age,” when all people lived in peace, harmony and prosperity. In honor of Saturn, at the end of December, cheerful Saturnalia holidays were held with masquerades and dressing up, children were given gifts and sweets.
The Romans had many other gods and goddesses, such as the goddess of fortune Fortuna or the god of the forests Silvanus. Various goddesses guarded the first cry of a newborn, the first step of a child.
The Romans were not keen on writing poems and entertaining stories about their gods. Their attitude towards the gods can be called businesslike. They strictly observed all sacred rituals, the priests strictly performed all sacred rites. The Romans' prayers were terse. For his prayers and sacrifices, the Roman wanted to receive a specific answer from God in the form of accomplishing what the person praying asked for.
The Romans had colleges (associations) of priests. The main one was the College of Pontiffs, headed by the Great Pontiff. The Great Pontiff was the head of all Roman priests, monitored their activities, judged them and taught them.
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