An orchestra is a large group of musicians. In these groups, the musicians play in unison. There are orchestras of various composition and musical direction. It can be: symphonic, wind, string, pop, jazz, military, school, folk instruments.
The instruments of the symphony orchestra are combined into groups: strings, winds, percussion. In turn, wind instruments are copper and wood - depending on what material they are made of.
About woodwind instruments in general
The woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra are bassoon, oboe, flute, clarinet and, of course, their varieties. The woodwinds include the saxophone and the bagpipe with their variations, but they are rarely used in this orchestra.
Basically, any of these instruments plays its part. It is generally accepted that woodwind parts should be placed on the top lines of the scores. The overall timbre of woodwind instruments is very bright, compact, but also powerful. This sound is more like a human voice than others.
The very name of the woodwind instruments came from the fact that initially they were all made of wood. Over time, another material began to be used in their manufacture, but the name wooden was preserved.
The shortening of the sounding column of air through the opening of the holes is the principle of the sound production of these instruments. Holes are located on the body.
According to the method of directing the air stream, woodwind instruments, in turn, are of two types: labial - flute and duduk - and reed (with a single reed - saxophone, clarinet - and with a double reed - duduk, zurna, oboe, bassoon, shawl).
And now in more detail.
Flute
The flute is a labial woodwind instrument. It appeared a long time ago, when people made holes on a cut reed with a closed end and extracted sounds from it. In the Middle Ages, two types of flutes were common: straight - it was held straight, like a clarinet, and transverse, which was held at an angle. Over time, already on the threshold of the 19th century, it became more in demand and overshadowed the straight line with its practicality.
In the group of woodwind instruments, it is the flute that has the highest sound. This is the most mobile tool of all in technical terms. It is difficult to play slow melodies and sustained notes, since a large amount of air is used when playing it (air breaks and partially disappears on the sharp edge of the hole). This is how the characteristic sound of the flute is formed. The range of the transverse flute is from the first to the fourth octave.
The main types of flute
The recorder is a longitudinal flute of the whistle family. An insert is used in the head. A distinctive feature is 7 + 1 finger holes. The tone is soft.
The piccolo flute is a transverse flute. Two times shorter than usual. Has the highest sound. The timbre is very bright, and with Music dynamic forte.svg it is very piercing.
Svirel - Russian woodwind instrument, longitudinal flute. It can have two barrels of different lengths tuned together in a perfect fourth.
Siringa - longitudinal flute. It happens single-barrel and multi-barrel. In ancient times shepherds played it.
Panflute is a multi-barreled flute. This is a bundle of several tubes of various lengths.
Di is an ancient Chinese woodwind instrument. It is transverse and endowed with six holes.
Kena - longitudinal reed flute. Used in Latin American music.
The Irish flute is widely used in the performance of Irish folk motifs. This is a transverse flute.
All these types of flutes are woodwind instruments. The list can also be replenished with such members of the family as the pyzhatka, whistle and ocarina.
Oboe
The next woodwind instrument is the oboe. It is known that the oboe does not lose its tuning and therefore the whole orchestra is tuned to the mood that this particular instrument gives.
The oboe is also a woodwind instrument with a double reed. Like an old representative of the flute family. His ancestors were bombarda, bagpipe, duduk, zurna. The oboe, due to its melodiousness and soft timbre (although it is sharp), is a favorite instrument of both professional composers and musicians and amateurs. In technical terms, it is also mobile, but inferior in this matter to the flute. Outwardly, this is a tube in the form of a horse, the upper end of which is a double cane, and the lower end is a funnel-shaped bell.
The main varieties of the oboe
Modern oboe: musette, conical bell oboe, baritone horn, cor anglais.
Baroque oboe: baroque oboe d "cupid, oboe yes caccia or hunting oboe.
Clarinet
The clarinet is the most common reed woodwind musical instrument. It has a single reed and a wide range of sound. It looks like a wooden tube in the form of a cylinder, at one end of which there is a single cane, and the other end is a corolla-shaped bell.
The timbre of the instrument is soft and somewhat dramatic. No other woodwind instrument in a symphony orchestra has the ability to change the volume of sound like the clarinet. Thanks to this quality, the clarinet is considered one of the most expressive instruments of the orchestra. The scope of the clarinet in music is wide and varied. In addition to the symphony, brass and military orchestra, it is actively used in jazz, pop and even folk music.
The main varieties of the clarinet
The grand or soprano clarinet is the main variety, an instrument of the alto and soprano registers.
Small clarinet - rarely used, has a noisy timbre.
The bass clarinet is an octave below the grand clarinet. This low-pitched woodwind instrument is more commonly used in an orchestra to enhance bass voices. Has dramatic power. The bass clarinet is widely used in jazz.
Basset horn - for extending down the range of a conventional clarinet. It has a calm and solemn timbre.
Bassoon
The bassoon is a reed woodwind instrument. His range covers low registers: part alto, tenor and bass. The bassoon replaced its predecessor - the old bass pipe bombard. Unlike the bombarda, which has a raucous sound, the bassoon has a gentle, melancholy sound.
The trunk of the bassoon is wooden, long and therefore collapsible. A metal tube with a cane attached is attached to the top of the barrel. It is hung around the musician's neck with a cord.
In an orchestra, the bassoon can serve as a support for the bass players or have an independent part. Large airflow is required when playing this instrument, especially in a low register with a loud sound.
The only kind of bassoon
The only variety of modern bassoon is the contrabassoon. This woodwind instrument low voice considered the lowest-range instrument of the orchestra and second only to the organ's pedal basses. It has a thick organ timbre.
Saxophone
The above instruments with their varieties are woodwind instruments. The list can only be replenished with one more representative of this group - a saxophone.
The saxophone is rarely used in a symphony orchestra. It is often played in a brass band. It has a powerful sound. It is one of the central instruments in jazz and pop music. Has a melodious tone. From a technical point of view, very mobile. It reaches from 15 centimeters to 2 meters. The saxophone is made of copper, and this is another proof that the name of the woodwind instruments is not always the same as the material from which they are made.
The main varieties of the saxophone
Soprano saxophone. May be straight or curved. Not recommended for beginners. It has a piercing and strong timbre.
Alto saxophone or classical saxophone. Curved, commonly used type of tool. Recommended for those who are just starting to learn the game. Has the smallest mouthpiece. Endowed with a bright and expressive timbre. Basically it is a solo instrument.
View more than others is used in jazz. Its size, the size of the mouthpiece, holes and rods is larger than that of the alto saxophone. It has a raucous, juicy timbre. It is easier to play technically complex passages on it.
Baritone saxophone. The largest in size, therefore more prone to damage than others. It has a thick and strong timbre.
The range of any saxophone is two and a half octaves. With good technical preparation it is possible to extract even higher notes.
Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a kind of traditional wind instrument. The bagpipe looks like a leather bag covered with fur and filled with air. Several wooden tubes are inserted into it. One of the tubes has holes, a melody is played on it, the other (smaller) serves to pump air. The rest provide a continuous sound of several sounds, the pitch of which remains unchanged. It has a strong piercing sound. The bagpipe is accompanied by the performance of many European (and not only) folk dances.
Thus, woodwind instruments are instruments of various genres, with different timbres and ranges, used in various musical compositions.
The principle of playing which is based on sending a directed stream of air into a special hole and to adjust the height of the sound of closing special holes with valves.
| Collection of clarinets - representatives of woodwind instruments |
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Classification of musical instruments
According to the sounding body According to the method of influencing the sounding body Plucked(String Idiophones) By control mechanism By sound conversion Electronic |
Some modern instruments of this type (for example, the modern orchestral flute) are almost never made of wood, for the manufacture of others wood is used along with materials such as the most common plastics, silver or special silver-plated alloys. And the saxophone, which, according to the principle of sound extraction, is a woodwind, has never been made of wood.
Woodwind instruments include modern flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone with all their varieties, ancient recorder, shalmey, chalyumeau, etc., as well as a number of folk instruments such as balaban, duduk, zhaleyka, pipe, zurna, alboka.
History of woodwinds
In the early stages of their development, these instruments were made exclusively from wood, from which historically they got their name. Woodwinds include a large group of musical instruments united by the material and method of extracting air. One of the most ancient is the syringa pipe, which is a tube clogged on one side, in which sound is caused by the vibration of the air column enclosed in it.
Classification of woodwind instruments
Woodwind instruments are divided into two types according to the way the air is blown:
- Labial (from lat. labium - lips), in which air is blown through a special transverse hole in the head of the instrument. The blown air jet is cut against the sharp edge of the hole, due to which the air column inside the tube begins to oscillate. This type of instrument includes the flute and its folk version of the pipe.
- Reed (lingual; from lat. lingua - tongue), in which air is blown through the tongue (cane), fixed in the upper part of the instrument and which is the causative agent of the oscillation of the air column inside the instrument. Canes are of two types:
- Single a reed is a thin reed plate that closes the hole in the mouthpiece of the instrument, leaving a narrow gap in it. When air is blown in, the reed, vibrating at a high frequency, assumes a different position, either opening or closing the channel in the instrument's mouthpiece. The vibration of the reed is transferred to a column of air inside the instrument, which also begins to vibrate, thus producing sound. Single reed instruments include traditional
The second unification of the modern symphony orchestra, capable of great diversity and richness of expression, should be recognized as the “family” of woodwind instruments. Possessing a precious ability to withstand sound, they even have a certain advantage over strings - their strength of sound to a certain extent eliminates the need for an excessive increase in their number. Technical and artistic means of woodwinds are not so rich, varied and flexible. This applies primarily to their volume. They cannot freely change the degree of sound intensity and often find themselves even unable to control the qualities of their extreme steps at the bottom or at the very top of the sound fall. All representatives of this association possess an authentic pianno or proper fone, and the range of degrees of power of sound. Protected by complete freedom in changing the strength of the sound, woodwind instruments are also associated with some features of extracting the sound itself, the reproduction of which takes relatively more time than that of bowed instruments. In their pure technical qualities, with undoubted merits, they are also inferior to string instruments - woodwind instruments are relatively less mobile, and the complexity of the constructions entrusted to them is less intricate. Even in the means of their sound production, they differ significantly from bowed ones.
At present, the association of woodwind instruments is represented by four main and two additional types, which differ from each other not only in purely natural properties, but also in the qualities and features inherent in each of them. In the orchestra of the past, which composers used until the very beginning of the 19th century, woodwind instruments were used in a rather limited composition and not always evenly. With the development of more sophisticated artistic means orchestra, in general, the possibilities of woodwinds have greatly increased.
The commonwealth of woodwind instruments, as already mentioned, consists of four main and two additional more or less isolated types. The main ones include the family of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons, and the additional ones include the families of saxophones and sarisophones. All these instruments belong to the so-called wide-bore instruments, i.e., those whose main tube, with a relatively wide diameter, is relatively short. Each musical instrument has its own special way sound science, which depends on the exciter of vibrations. If the "sound-producing elements" of wind instruments are the edges of the cut of the sound hole, simple or double reeds are the reeds or the performer's lip, and the vibration exciters are the exhaling flow or air stream, and the "resonator" is the air column enclosed in the instrument's tube, then, on the basis of these essential - important features, all wind instruments naturally fall into three well-founded types. The first includes instruments with "side holes" - the so-called labial or global instruments - from the Latin labia - "lip". To the second - instruments with a "tongue" or "peep" - reed or "lingual" from the Latin "-" tongue "to the third - instruments with a mouth or "embouchure" - embouchure from the French embouchure - "mouthpiece", "mouth".
In musical notation, not all woodwinds use a uniform script, where the notes are written the way they sound in reality. These deviations in notation arose in the course of the development and improvement of this or that instrument and in their essence have extremely deep roots, which now you can not even remember. in one system, and read in another, is called transposition. Among the "woodwind instruments" "transposing" includes alto flutes, small oboe, oboe damour, English horn, all varieties of clarinets and saxophones. This custom, rather strange at first glance, of writing notes not as they sound in reality, has very good reasons. At a time when some ancient wind instruments were just being created, their design was extremely imperfect. The whole association of woodwind instruments, consisting of the main completely independent and somewhat isolated families - flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons with their specific and related instruments, and additional families - saxophones and sarisophones, which do not accept such a long and constant in the modern orchestra participation, in an orchestral score is usually located at the very top of it and in the same order in which the instruments were mentioned above. Some exceptions are only saxophones, they are often translated into a combination of brass instruments and placed somewhere between trumpets and horns or even trombones, which, of course, does not fit in with the nature of the saxophones themselves, which do not belong to "embouchure" instruments, but to " reed", - that is, not with a mouth - a mouthpiece, but with a tongue - a squeaker.
Of all the musical instruments now known, the flute undoubtedly belongs to those whose history dates back to ancient times. The very word "flute" was used by the ancients very extensively, and with this concept they usually defined all wind instruments in general, without distinction between them. natural features and properties.
The true ancestor of the modern flute is by no means such representatives of this “breed” as the simple flute, the Phrynian flute or the double flute. These instruments were only called "flutes" but actually had no direct relation to flutes. A variation of the “flute”, known under the general name of the “oblique” or transverse flute, by the middle of the century had received universal recognition and, despite the persistence with which the flute with a tip was still held in the orchestra, the oblique or transverse flute took the path of decisive development and improvement.
The flute in the 18th century was so loved by its contemporaries that at one time it became something completely inseparable in their Everyday life. Playing the flute until the middle of the 19th century was considered a sign of good taste, and the flute, like the lute, harp or piano, soon appeared on stage as a worthy participant in a dramatic performance. Among the varieties of ordinary flutes most widespread the small flute and a somewhat smaller one, the alto, are used.
The first and most common variety of the "ordinary" flute is known as the small flute or flute - the piccolo. It sounds an octave above the ordinary flute and in an orchestra is usually intended to amplify and extend upwards the extreme octaves of the generic instrument. The sonority of the small flute, especially in the upper section of its scale and in the forte, is distinguished by extreme sharpness and even rudeness, and below, on the contrary, it is colorless, very weak.
The second variety of the ordinary flute was used by Rimsky-Korsakov, who strove to enrich the orchestra with the flute's so charming sounding in the low steps of its scale. Finally, the last kind of flute is known as the bass flute, or albiziphone. This instrument was built over fifty years ago, but, unfortunately, it is still extremely rare in the orchestra.
The second family of combining wind instruments is the oboe with all its numerous relatives. In the history of instruments, the oboe has been known almost from time immemorial. The modern oboe has all the overblowing tones and therefore, like the flute, belongs to the "octave" instruments. In technical terms, the oboe, in essence, has access to all the subtleties of modern writing. Classics - symphonists - Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven - widely used the oboe in their works.
What is the oboe capable of now in an opera and symphony orchestra? As is already known, its timbre, a little nasal by nature, was very reminiscent of a shepherd's horn or pipe - a flute. The sincerity of the oboe and its expressiveness knows no worthy opponent, and the clarity in the execution of technical patterns is generally beyond any praise.
"The oboe," says Gretry, "glitters like a ray of hope amid the clouds of sorrow!" And this is quite fair.
In conclusion of the story about the oboe, it is curious to recall Glinka's review of it.
“The oboe,” he says, “is the best of the wind instruments in terms of fidelity of intonation and richness of means. Transition to bowed. A lot of strength and expressiveness in natural tones. Soft oboe octave - from la to la. Above - kris, below - goose. But in special, rare cases, even the low notes of the oboe can be useful.
The third member of the woodwind family, the clarinet, is one of the youngest members of this association. It originated in Germany around 1700.
The clarinet in its primitive form has existed for a long time in the folk pipe of the lowest order in the outline of a short cylindrical tube, and these simple pipes were known to us with a beating tongue carved from reeds or with a separate tongue tied to the beak. Now the clarinet is a magnificent instrument, which has a huge volume of four incomplete octaves - from mi to a small octave in writing. In the low register, the clarinet sounds a bit dark and stern.
One of the most outstanding discoveries in the field of instrumental construction in the middle of the last century was the creation of a new wind instrument - the saxophone, in which the characteristics brass and woodwind instruments.
The family of saxophones, originally intended for military brass bands, at least in France and Belgium, was introduced at the same time. About seventy-five years have passed since the birth of the saxophone, when Europe was literally stunned at first by rumors about the emergence of gazza, and then - a few years later - admired and carried away by the first Negro gazz orchestra that arrived from New York to Paris. The last representative of the association of woodwind instruments remains - the bassoon.
In the 16th century, long before the invention of the bassoon, all bass voices of wind reed instruments were held various types low instruments. In France and Germany, improved bassoons were adopted in military music orchestras, and already in 1741 they were introduced into the orchestras of the French Guards and the Diane regiments of Marshal of Saxony. Thus, the modern bassoon was created - quite technically perfect. Its huge volume extends from the sid of the contra-octave to the re second, and its entire scale breaks up into several registers that are extremely characteristic in their sound.
These are the advantages of the bassoon - this true "worker" of the modern symphony orchestra.
To conclude, it suffices to say that in Russian chamber music, which is extremely poor in the participation of wind instruments, the bassoon nevertheless appeared more than once. More often than other instrumental combinations, you can hear the “woodwind quartet”, where the bassoon participates on an equal footing with the flute, oboe and clarinet, the bases.
The combination of wind instruments will sound the better, the more "decorating" sonorities of some percussion instruments of harp and strings, used mainly in pizzicaro or in flashes, participate in its composition. For such a composition of instruments, a lot of excellent music has been written or reminiscent of the game of "musical toys", boxes and snuff boxes.
A list of them will be given in this article. It also contains information about the types of wind instruments and the principle of extracting sound from them.
wind instruments
These are pipes that can be made of wood, metal or any other material. They have different shape and emit musical sounds of different timbre, which are extracted by means of an air stream. The timbre of the "voice" of a wind instrument depends on its size. The larger it is, the more air passes through it, from which the frequency of its oscillation is lower, and the sound produced is low.
There are two ways to change the type emitted by the instrument:
- adjusting the air volume with fingers, using the wings, valves, gates, and so on, depending on the type of instrument;
- an increase in the force of blowing the air column into the pipe.
The sound is completely dependent on the flow of air, hence the name - wind instruments. A list of them will be given below.
Varieties of wind instruments
There are two main types - copper and wood. Initially, they were classified in this way, depending on what material they were made from. Now, to a greater extent, the type of instrument depends on the way in which the sound is extracted from it. For example, the flute is considered a woodwind instrument. At the same time, it can be made of wood, metal or glass. The saxophone is always produced only in metal, but belongs to the class of woodwinds. Copper tools can be made from various metals: copper, silver, brass, and so on. There is a special variety - keyboard wind instruments. Their list is not so great. These include harmonium, organ, accordion, melody, button accordion. Air enters them thanks to special furs.
What instruments are wind instruments
Let's list the wind instruments. Their list is as follows:
- pipe;
- clarinet;
- trombone;
- accordion;
- flute;
- saxophone;
- organ;
- zurna;
- oboe;
- harmonium;
- balaban;
- accordion;
- French horn;
- bassoon;
- tuba;
- bagpipes;
- duduk;
- harmonica;
- Macedonian guide;
- shakuhachi;
- ocarina;
- serpent;
- horn;
- helicon;
- didgeridoo;
- kurai;
- trembita.
There are other similar tools that can be mentioned.
Brass
Wind brass musical instruments, as mentioned above, are made of various metals, although in the Middle Ages there were those that were made of wood. Sound is extracted from them by amplifying or weakening the blown air, as well as by changing the position of the musician's lips. Initially, brass wind instruments were reproduced only in the 30s of the 19th century, valves appeared on them. This allowed such instruments to reproduce the chromatic scale. The trombone has a retractable rocker for this purpose.
Brass instruments (list):
- pipe;
- trombone;
- French horn;
- tuba;
- serpent;
- helicon.
Woodwinds
Musical instruments of this type were originally made exclusively from wood. To date, this material is practically not used for their production. The name reflects the principle of sound extraction - there is a wooden cane inside the tube. These musical instruments are equipped with holes on the body, located at a strictly defined distance from each other. The musician, while playing, opens and closes them with his fingers. This results in a certain sound. Woodwind instruments sound like this. The names (list) included in this group are as follows:
- clarinet;
- zurna;
- oboe;
- balaban;
- flute;
- bassoon.
reed musical instruments
There is another type of wind - reed. They sound thanks to a flexible vibrating plate (tongue) located inside. Sound is extracted by exposing it to air, or by pulling and pinching. On this basis, you can make a separate list of tools. Wind reeds are divided into several types. They are classified according to the way the sound is extracted. It depends on the type of reed, which can be metallic (as in organ pipes, for example), free-jumping (as in jew's harp and harmonicas), or striking or reed, as in reed woodwinds.
List of tools of this type:
- harmonica;
- jew's harp;
- clarinet;
- accordion;
- bassoon;
- saxophone;
- kalimba;
- harmonic;
- oboe;
- hulus.
Wind instruments with a freely slipping tongue include: button accordion, labial. In them, air is blown by blowing through the musician's mouth, or with bellows. The airflow causes the reeds to vibrate and thus the sound is extracted from the instrument. The jew's harp also belongs to this type. But his tongue oscillates not under the influence of the air column, but with the help of the hands of the musician, by pinching and pulling it. Oboe, bassoon, saxophone and clarinet are of a different type. In them, the tongue is beating, and it is called a cane. The musician blows air into the instrument. As a result of this, the tongue vibrates and sound is extracted.
Where are wind instruments used?
Wind instruments, the list of which was presented in this article, are used in orchestras of various composition. For example: military, brass, symphonic, pop, jazz. And also occasionally they can perform as part of a chamber ensemble. Very rarely they are soloists.
Flute
This is the list related to this was given above.
The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments. It does not use a reed like other woodwinds. Here the air is cut against the edge of the instrument itself, due to which the sound is formed. There are several types of flutes.
Siringa - single-barreled or multi-barreled tool Ancient Greece. Its name comes from the name of the bird's voice organ. The multi-barreled syringa later became known as the Pan flute. Peasants and shepherds played this instrument in ancient times. V Ancient Rome the syringa accompanied the performances on stage.
Block flute - wooden tool belonging to the whistle family. Close to it is the flute, flute and whistle. Its difference from other woodwinds is that on its back there is an octave valve, that is, a hole for closing with a finger, on which the height of other sounds depends. They are removed by blowing in air and closing the 7 holes on the front side with the fingers of the musician. This type of flute was most popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. Its timbre is soft, melodious, warm, but at the same time its possibilities are limited. Such great composers as Antonia Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Handel and others used the recorder in many of their works. The sound of this instrument is weak, and gradually its popularity has declined. This happened after the transverse flute appeared, which is by far the most used. Nowadays, the recorder is used mainly as a teaching instrument. Beginning flutists first master it, only then they move on to the longitudinal one.
The piccolo flute is a kind of transverse flute. She has the highest timbre of all wind instruments. Its sound is whistling and piercing. Piccolo is two times shorter than usual. Her range is from “re” second to “do” fifth.
Other types of flutes: transverse, panflute, di, Irish, kena, pipe, pyzhatka, whistle, ocarina.
Trombone
This is a brass wind instrument (a list of members of this family was presented in this article above). The word "trombone" is translated from Italian as "big trumpet". It has existed since the 15th century. The trombone differs from other instruments of this group in that it has a backstage - a tube with which the musician extracts sounds by changing the volume of air flow inside the instrument. There are several varieties of trombone: tenor (the most common), bass and alto (less commonly used), contrabass and soprano (practically not used).
Hulus
This is a Chinese reed wind instrument with additional pipes. Its other name is bilandao. He has three or four pipes in total - one main (melodic) and several bourdon (low-sounding). The sound of this instrument is soft, melodic. Most often, hulus are used for solo performance, very rarely - in an ensemble. Traditionally, this instrument was played by men, declaring their love to a woman.
Acquaintance with the symphony orchestra, let's start with the group woodwind instruments.The very name "wooden" has long been not entirely correct. Once upon a time, the instruments of this group were indeed wooden, but now they are made of different material including metal and plastic. The name has been retained to distinguish these wind instruments from the brass group.
Woodwind instruments include: flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon. All of them sound with the help of the vibration of the air column contained in the instrument's tube, but at the same time they differ greatly from each other in timbre, character and color of the sound. In addition, each of them has a special technical device.
The number of musicians in the group is small; since the time of Haydn and Mozart, the pair composition has been considered a classic, i.e. the orchestra is played by two musicians on each instrument of the group.
The highest voice among woodwinds has flute(flauto). Its name is translated from Latin as "breath". This is one of the oldest musical instruments, its origin is lost in the mists of time. In a modern flute, the musician blows air into the side hole, holding it across relative to his body. This flute is called transverse. Varieties of the common flute piccolo flute(piccolo- from Italian "small"). The smaller instrument sounds an octave higher than the grand flute. The flute has a light and bright timbre, often solos, and thanks to its technical perfection it can play complex virtuoso melodies.
Oboe(oboe) - the name is of French origin and means " tall tree". It is easily recognizable by its peculiar "nasal" shade, which is obtained thanks to the double cane-tongue. This instrument has also been known since ancient times. Unlike the flute, the oboe is not as mobile and brilliant, but it is capable of more penetrating soulful expressiveness. Composers often use the timbre of the oboe to depict pictures of nature and rural life. oboe variety english horn(corno inglese) is an enlarged oboe that sounds lower than usual and has a thicker timbre.
Clarinet(clarnetto- from Italian "clear, light") has a clean and transparent timbre. In mobility and virtuosity, the clarinet successfully competes with the flute. His range is very large - he plays easily and freely at any height, distinguished by the power and richness of his sound. Varieties of the clarinet also participate in the modern orchestra: small clarinet
(sounding an octave higher than the main one) and bass clarinet(sounding an octave lower than the main one).
Bassoon(fagotto) is the lowest instrument of the group. It has the same double tongue as the oboe, giving it a "hoarse" sound. The bassoon is the longest instrument, so they folded it like a bundle of firewood (with Italian its name is translated as "bundle, knot"). A variety of bassoon is contrabassoon, it sounds an octave below the main one.
The family of woodwinds adjoins the group saxophones(saxofoni), which includes tools various heights: soprano, alto, tenor and baritone. Although today the saxophone has established itself as a jazz instrument, it was invented long before the birth of jazz orchestras - in 1840 it was designed by the Belgian master Adolphe Sax. The expressive timbre of the saxophone is used as an additional member of the symphony orchestra.
Tasks:
1. Name all the groups of the symphony orchestra.
2. Why is the group of woodwinds called this way, is this the correct name?
3. According to the description of the timbre, recognize the instrument of the woodwind group:
a) deaf, hoarse, muffled;
b) cold, light, whistling;
c) clean, transparent, clear;
d) thick, rich, nasal.