To the question explain the differences between sensory and rational cognition given by the author Frambuesa the best answer is Human cognitive activity includes two levels: sensual and rational. Sensual and rational cognition are closely interconnected and intertwined, one does not exist without the other. Philosophers of modern times argued about what kind of knowledge: sensual or rational, the leading role belongs. Some believed that the only source of knowledge is feelings. They were called empiricists (from the Greek "empeiria" - "experience"). Others, rationalists (from the Latin "ratio" - "mind"), believed that sensory experience cannot serve as a reliable source of knowledge, because feelings often deceive us. They must be checked by reason, logic. Therefore, they believed, the decisive role belongs to thinking.
There are three forms sensory knowledge:
1) sensation - a reflection in the psyche of any individual property of an object;
2) perception - a complex of sensations that forms a holistic image of an object;
3) representation - an image of an object that exists in the psyche, in the absence of an impact of the object on the senses.
Sensory cognition is characteristic of both people and animals. Its results are expressed in concrete sensory images. Rational cognition is peculiar only to man, because it is associated with abstraction - mental activity, during which there is a distraction from the random, specific properties of the object. The results of rational knowledge are expressed in ideas, concepts, theories. Forms of rational cognition:
1) a concept is a form of thought that reflects objects in their general and essential features; in contrast to perceptions and ideas that reflect appearance the subject (image), the concepts "grasp" the very essence of the subject and are expressed in words (for example, "graduate");
2) judgment - a form of thought in which something is affirmed or denied about the existence of objects, their properties, the relationship between them (for example, "All high school graduates take exams");
3) inference - a form of thought consisting in the derivation of one judgment from another (others), for example: “All graduates pass exams. Sidorov is a graduate. Consequently, Sidorov is passing his exams.”
Source: I teach social studies
Answer from 22 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: explain the differences between sensory and rational cognition
Answer from intricately woven[guru]
There is no difference, everything is whole.
Have you really learned to give?
Answer from Yayatkina Tatiana[guru]
V medieval philosophy the issue was resolved this way. The scholastics said: "I understand in order to believe," and the mystics said: "I believe in order to understand."
Answer from conscience[guru]
I can use a living example: I am a very sensual person, I love my wife very much, so we lived for many years .... Once my wife told me - you live with feelings, but you don’t have rationalism. I answered her that if I didn’t live with feelings , but I thought about rationalism, we wouldn’t be able to live together at all, because I wouldn’t love you the way I love .... She didn’t agree with me, so for her sake I began to think more rationally, and I understood .... Why did I give myself only to her for so long, there are so many other beautiful things in the world. As a result, a year later we broke up .... Now the question is, and what is the result? Both lost each other....That's how we came to know rationality. A year later, we met, recovered, but I no longer had these feelings .... So what kind of knowledge is deeper and more correct for life?
Knowledge of the world. Sensory and rational cognition
Cognition can be defined as a process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection objective reality in his mind, and the result is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around him.
Scientists distinguish the following types of knowledge: everyday, scientific, philosophical, artistic, social. None of these types of cognitive activity is isolated from the others; they are all closely interconnected with each other.
In the process of cognition, there are always two sides: the subject of cognition and the object of cognition. In a narrow sense, the subject of cognition usually means a cognizing person endowed with will and consciousness, in a broad sense - the whole society. The object of cognition, respectively, is either a cognizable object, or, in a broad sense, the entire surrounding world within the boundaries in which individuals and society as a whole interact with it. Also, the object of knowledge can be the person himself: almost every person is able to make himself the object of knowledge. In such cases, self-knowledge is said to take place. Self-knowledge is both self-knowledge and the formation of a certain attitude towards oneself: to one's qualities, states, capabilities, i.e. self-esteem. The process of analysis by the subject of his consciousness and his attitude to life is called reflection. Reflection is not just the knowledge or understanding of the subject of himself, but also finding out how others know and understand the “reflecting”, his personality traits, emotional reactions and cognitive (i.e., associated with knowledge) representations.
There are two stages of cognitive activity. On the first one, which is called sensual(or sensitive) knowledge, a person receives information about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world with the help of the senses. three main forms of sensory knowledge are:
a) sensation, which is a reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects of the surrounding world that directly affect the senses. Sensations can be visual, auditory, tactile, etc.;
b) perception, during which a holistic image is formed in the subject of cognition, reflecting objects and their properties that directly affect the senses. Being necessary step process of cognition, perception is always to a greater or lesser extent associated with attention and usually has a certain emotional coloring;
c) representation - such a form of cognition in which the sensory reflection (sensory image) of objects and phenomena is preserved in the mind, which allows it to be reproduced mentally even if it is absent and does not affect the senses.
The second stage of cognitive activity is rational knowledge(from lat. ratio - mind).
At this stage of cognition, based on the data obtained as a result of direct interaction of a person with the outside world, with the help of thinking, they are streamlined and an attempt is made to comprehend the essence of cognizable objects and phenomena. Rational knowledge is carried out in the form of concepts, judgments and conclusions.
concept is a form (kind) of thought that reflects the general and essential features of cognizable objects or phenomena. One and the same object can appear both in the form of a sensory representation and in the form of a concept.
The next form of rational knowledge is judgment. Judgment is a form of thought in which a connection is established between separate concepts and with the help of this connection something is affirmed or denied. When making a judgment, a person uses concepts, which, in turn, are elements of judgment.
Obtaining new judgments based on existing ones through the use of laws logical thinking called inference.
Rational cognition is closely connected with the reflected reality, that is, with sensory cognition, which serves as the basis for it. However, unlike sensory cognition, which exists in consciousness in the form of images, the results of rational cognition are fixed in sign forms (systems) or in language. Rational cognition has the ability to reflect the essential in objects, while as a result of sensitive cognition, the essential in an object or phenomenon is not distinguished from the inessential. With the help of rational cognition, the process of constructing concepts-ideas takes place, which are then embodied in reality.
The theme is "Knowledge". Part 1 . Level A assignments.
A1. Both sensory and rational cognition
1) forms knowledge and ideas about the subject
2) uses logical reasoning
3) starts with feeling
4) gives a visual image of the subject
A2. Both religious and scientific knowledge about the world is characteristic that they
1) are objective
2) suggest evidence
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) necessary for a person for rational activity
A3. Are the following judgments about the development of science correct?
A. The development of science is impossible without relying on the achievements of predecessors.
B. Scientific revolutions refute all pre-existing theories.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A4. A concept is a form of thought that
1) reflects the direct impact of the surrounding world on the senses
2) reveals common essential features of cognizable objects and phenomena
3) forms a visual image of the object
4) captures various combinations of human sensations
A5. Among the sciences listed are functions and forms state power studies
1) economy
2) sociology
3) cultural studies
4) political science
A6. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct?
A. Practice is the criterion of the truth of our knowledge of the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.
1) Only A is true.
2) Only B is true.
3) Both statements are correct.
4) Both judgments are wrong.
A7. Rational knowledge, as opposed to sensory,
1) expands knowledge about the world around
2) forms a visual image of the object
3) is carried out in the form of sensations and perceptions
4) uses logical reasoning
A8. Conclusion: “The age of our planet is about 5 billion years,” is the result of
1)Theoretical analysis
2) social experiment
3)Direct observation
4) generalizations of everyday experience
A9. Are the following judgments about social knowledge correct?
A. Social knowledge is connected with the interests of the subjects of social cognition.
B. Social knowledge is characterized by uniformity of views and approaches.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A10. Which of these factors makes the problem of the social responsibility of scientists especially relevant today?
1) modern science seeks to know the truth
2) the consequences of scientific research are becoming more and more ambiguous
3) the struggle in the high-tech market has intensified
4) all scientists primarily strive to obtain commercial profit from their research
A11. Are the following statements that characterize science correct?
A. Science is characterized by comprehension of the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking.
B. Science is characterized by description, explanation and prediction
processes and phenomena of reality.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A12. Of the listed sciences, the knowledge of society as an integral dynamic system is
1) psychology
2) sociology
3) political science
4) cultural studies
A13. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Only the knowledge that is obtained experimentally is true.
B. Only that knowledge is true that corresponds to the moral ideas of people.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A14. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
1) views
2) sensations
3) hypotheses
4) concepts
A15. Rational is knowledge:
1) by observation
2) direct contact
3) using intuition
4) with the help of thinking
A16. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
1) philosophers
2) sociologists
3) agnostics
4) clergy
A17. Reflection of general and essential features is called:
1) consciousness
2) judgment
3) concept
4) feeling
A18. The method of empirical knowledge is not:
1) experiment
2) observation
3) analogy
4) Description
A19. Are the statements correct:
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A20. Are the statements correct:
A. The opposite of truth can be another truth.
B. The opposite of truth is always error.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A21. " in green Plants owe chlorophyll. This statement is an example:
1) common knowledge
2) mythological knowledge
3) empirical knowledge
4) scientific knowledge
A22. Are the following statements about purpose correct? scientific knowledge:
A. The purpose of scientific knowledge is the awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A23. Are the following judgments about human speech activity correct:
Human speech activity is primarily associated with
A. Sensory cognition
B. Abstract thinking
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A24. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective
2) always find confirmation in practice
3) give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) can be refuted over time
A25. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and roles is engaged in:
2) jurisprudence
3) sociology
4) political science
A26. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct?
A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study.
B. Knowledge that has not been verified experimentally is false.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A27. Generalization is an integral part
1) production activities
2) sensory knowledge
3) rational thinking
4) gaming activities
A 28. Consciousness is ideal, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a stream of spiritual experiences
3) consciousness is an inner and deep layer of our life
4) in consciousness there is not a gram of matter, it is devoid of corporality and sensual tangibility
A29. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied by:
1) sociology
2) political science
3) philosophy
4) history
A30. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) zoology
2) astronomy
3) sociology
A31. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) linguistics
2) anatomy
3) genetics
4) jurisprudence
A32. Are the following statements correct?
A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition.
B. social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and
the complexity of the object under study.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A33. In contrast to the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, cognitive
scientist activities:
1) based on the use of experiment
2) is based on a creative approach to work
3) intellectually develops
4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A34. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) is objective
2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) suggests evidence
A35. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally substantiated conclusions
2) established facts
3) logical reasoning
4) results of observations
A36. Which of the following sciences studies power relations:
1) philosophy
2) history
3) sociology
4) political science
A37. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge correct?
A. Experience Everyday life It is one of the ways of knowing the world.
B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge is characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A38. Among the listed sciences, the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups is engaged in
1) ethnography
2) sociology
3) anthropology
4) social psychology
A39. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
1) the study of people as representatives of the human race
2) consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person
3) the study of society as a holistic phenomenon
4) the study of society in all its concreteness and diversity
A40. Are judgments about knowledge correct?
A. Sensual and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A41. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
1) in the coincidence of the put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
3) in accordance with the theoretical conclusions of the moral principles of society
4) in confirmation of scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A42. Are the following statements about practice correct?
A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth.
B. Socio-historical practice is the only criterion of truth.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A43. Which statement correctly reflects the difference between theoretical knowledge and empirical knowledge?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. Theoretical is looking for
behind the visible manifestations are hidden, internal, essential connections and phenomena.
B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa,
theory - empirical.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A44. “Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique
properties". This statement is an example
1) artistic image
2) parascientific knowledge
3) judgments at the level of common sense
4) scientific knowledge
A45. Conclusion: "Friends in need are known" - is the result of
1) parascientific knowledge
2) generalizations of life experience
3) fiction
4) experimental verification
A46. Knowledge by means of art necessarily involves the use
1) abstract concepts
2) artistic images
3) scientific instruments
4) abstract patterns
A47. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in the human mind.
B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A48. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.
B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A49. The results of knowledge are:
4) delusions
A50. Are the following statements correct?
A. “Consciousness is impossible without the human brain, it is its property.”
B. "Everything that is contained in the human psyche is his consciousness."
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A51. Are the following statements correct?
A. "Peculiarities of consciousness are found only in the external world, in human activity."
B. "Consciousness is solely a function of the brain and does not depend on environmental influences."
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A52. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
1) hypotheses
2) concepts
3) views
4) opinions
A53. The criteria for truth are:
1) experience, practice
2) management opinion
3) compliance with the prevailing teaching in society
4) compliance with the laws of logic
A54. What are the three forms of rational cognition?
1) sensation, perception, representation
2) concept, representation, conclusion
3) concept, judgment, conclusion
4) representation, judgment, feeling
A55. Are the following statements about scientific knowledge correct?
Theoretical scientific knowledge
A. They are fixed in the form of laws.
B. Help to explain and predict phenomena.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A56. Both sensory and rational cognition
2) are based on ideas about the subject
3) begin with subjective sensations
4) reflect the essential properties of the subject
A57. An example of what water of knowledge is the statement: “Inclinations are the natural basis of abilities”?
1) parascientific
2) mythological
3) scientific
4) ordinary
A58. Specify what is not a theoretical method of cognition:
1) hypothesis
2) experiment
4) analogy
A59. Utopian knowledge differs from knowledge acquired in the daily life of people in that it:
1) develops spontaneously, in the process of mastering the "living" experience of people
2) acquired without special cognitive activity
4) determined by social practice
A60. Scientific knowledge differs from artistic knowledge in that it:
1) realizes himself in a cult
2) presupposes evidence
3) thinks in artistic images
4) thinks in terms
A61. Indicate which of the following is not a form of sensory cognition:
1) judgment
2) presentation
3) feeling
4) perception
A62. Scientific knowledge differs from non-scientific knowledge in that it:
1) develops in the process of mastering the "live" experience of people
2) deliberately emphasizes conjectures and premises
3) intentionally distorts ideas about reality
4) has a systematic approach, a specific language, methods and forms of cognition inherent only to it, and, ultimately, will be determined by social practice.
Level B assignments
IN 1. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
“Independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person, conscious grouping them in a certain sequence, evaluation
results of actions, methods of action"
______
IN 2. Complete the phrase: “A person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with his own kind, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings - this is ...”
_____
AT 3. Insert the missing word: "... are the most learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special efforts."
AT 4. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Mental properties that are conditions for the successful performance of any one or more activities"
________
AT 5. Insert the missing word: "A combination of abilities that provides the opportunity for the creative performance of any activity" is called ... to this activity.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences, to one degree or another, studying a person, and their brief descriptions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
SCIENCE SUMMARY
1. Anatomy A. The science of the structure of organisms
2. Philosophy B. The science of education and training
3. Pedagogy V. The science of society and social relations
4. Biochemistry G. The science of the biological nature of man
5. Physiology D. The science of the processes of human mental activity
6. Anthropology E. The science of the functions and functions of organisms
7. Sociology G. The science of the chemicals that make up organisms
8. PsychologyZ. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge
Answer: _____________________________
AT 7. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE TYPE OF TRUTH
1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and predilections of people
2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world
3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality
4. Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment
5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs
A. Objective Truth
B. Relative Truth
B. Absolute Truth
Answer: _______________________________
AT 8. Which of the following series represents the forms of sensory cognition, and which is rational? (Write down the correct answer as a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory knowledge, and the second three represent rational)
1) Feelings
2) Perceptions
3) Judgments
4) Concepts
5) Views
6) Inference
Answer: _____________________________________________________
AT 9. Insert missing word:
"Cognition is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality in the mind of a person."
Answer: ____________________________________________________
AT 10 O'CLOCK. Finish the sentence:
"Inference, in which, on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...".
Answer: ________________________________________________________
AT 11. Finish the sentence:
"The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called ...".
AT 12. Complete the sentence by inserting the phrase:
"Inferences are inductive, deductive and ...".
Answer:________________________ ,__________________________
B13. Insert missing word:
"Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, this is ... knowledge."
Answer:__________________________________________________
B14. Name the concept that corresponds to the definition ... - this is a continuously changing set of sensory and mental images, in many respects anticipating the practical activity of a person.
Answer: __________________________________
B 15. Insert the missing word by choosing it from the suggestions:
“No matter how perfect the wing of a bird, it could never lift it up without leaning on the air. ________ is the air of a scientist. Without them, you will never be able to fly. Without them, your theory is empty attempts” (I.P. Pavlov)
1) Intentions
2) Assumptions
4) Beliefs
Answer: _________________________________________
B16. Arrange the concepts listed below as follows.
The first three should represent abstract (to one degree or another) (A), the next three - concrete (B). Enter the numbers in the following order:
1) Bolshoi Theater in Moscow;
2) suit;
4) actor A. Mikhailov
5) feeling;
6) "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci.
Answer: ________________________________
B17. Fill in the missing word in the text fragment “Undoubted, invariably established once and for all knowledge is called ... truth”
Answer: ________________________________
B18. Complete the sentence: "Knowledge is the result of ... human activity, society as a whole."
Answer: __________________________________
B19. Insert the missing word in the text snippet. "Theoretical understanding of reality is the immediate goal of ... knowledge."
Answer: __________________________________
IN 20. Name the concepts corresponding to the definitions.
1) __________ is an idea, an idea, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation.
2) __________ is a system of basic ideas, a set of united by a common principle scientific statements in any branch of knowledge.
Answer: _________________________________________________________
AT 21. Name the concept corresponding to the definition.
“Direct insight”, that is, knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it, a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of reality, is ________________.
Answer: _____________________________
B22. Insert a word instead of a gap.
With the help of language, thought is not only formulated, but also _____.
Answer: ______________________
B23. Insert a word for the gaps.
The situation when a person says: “I understand everything, but I can’t say,” does not indicate that there can be thinking without speech, but only that this person does not have developed skills for translating __________ speech into _________.
B24. Establish a correspondence between the mental processes involved in the process of cognition and their brief descriptions.
MENTAL PROCESSES DESCRIPTION
1) feeling
A) "direct discretion", knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it; a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of reality
2) perception
B) building on the basis of a combination of their ideas of new, previously non-existent images
3) presentation
C) image, reflection, copy, snapshot of a separate property of an object and phenomenon of the objective world
4) imagination
D) indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections of things
5) intuition
E) “traces” in memory, according to which a person restores, when he needs, images of objects and phenomena that once affected his senses
6) thinking
E) a holistic image of an object that affects the senses
B25. Establish a correspondence between the techniques and forms of thinking and their brief descriptions.
TECHNIQUES AND FORMS OF THINKING DESCRIPTION
A) establishing the similarity or difference of objects
B) mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts
3) comparison
C) a form of thought in which, with the help of a connection of concepts, something is affirmed or denied about something
4) concept
D) a process of thinking that allows one to derive a new judgment from two or more judgments
5) judgment
E) a thought that reflects objects in their general and essential features
6) conclusion
E) mental unification into a whole of elements dissected by analysis
B26. Which of the following conclusions can be attributed to deduction
(A) and which ones to induction (B)?
1) All metals conduct electricity. Lead and copper are metals. Therefore, lead and copper conduct electricity.
2) A cabbage plant needs watering for normal development. The cotton plant also needs watering. And the tomato plant also needs to be watered. Therefore, all of the above and other plants need to grow and develop normally.
watering, that is, the regular natural or artificial introduction of a certain amount of moisture into the soil.
B27. In what cases do we speak of the absence of consciousness in a person:
1) when it comes from illogically
2) during sleep
3) under the influence of anesthesia
4) during a period of strong excitement
5) while watching television
6) during a period of severe mental illness
7) when participating in computer games?
B28. Find the distinguishing characteristics of social cognition in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated:
1) rational
2) religious
3) mythological
4) scientific
5) sensual
B29. Select the characteristics of the sensory stage of cognition and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) reflection of objects and their properties in the form of a holistic image
2) fixing the essential properties of the subject
3) saving in memory a generalized image of an object
4) assertion or denial of something about the subject
5) reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties of an object
B30. Establish a correspondence between forms and types of cognition: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
1) concept
A) sensory knowledge
2) inference
3) perception
B) rational knowledge
4) feeling
Answer: ___________________________
Part 1. Level A
job number
Part 2. Level B.
2 Personality
4 Abilities
6 A;Z;B;G;E;D;C;D
7 A;C;B;B;A
9 Active
10 Analogy
11 Inference
12 By analogy
13 Valuable
14 Consciousness
16 A-2.3.5; B-1,4,6
17 Absolute
18 Cognitive
19 Scientific
20 A) Concept; B) Theory
21 Intuition
22 Formed
23 Internal, external
24 V;E;D;B;A;D
Cognition and its aspects are studied by many sciences. The essence of this type of activity, its form is discussed. In particular, the question of how sensory cognition differs from rational cognition is considered. So, let's get acquainted with the reflections of researchers on this matter.
About knowledge in general
In general, the concept in question means the process of obtaining by a person knowledge about the world and the specific objects, phenomena, patterns existing in it. Such a mastery of reality is necessary in order to better adapt to it, to use many objects of nature for one's own purposes, and finally, to improve oneself. Researchers distinguish sensual and rational components in cognition. Let's consider them in comparison.
Comparison
In each case, the process takes place in its own way. Sensory cognition is based on the work of organs with the help of which a person (or animal) hears, sees, notices smells, etc. The fact that in this case it is possible to obtain information only about some external properties and qualities is the difference between sensory cognition from rational.
Information about the individual characteristics of objects comes to a person in the form of sensations. For example, the eyes "tell" that the orange is orange and round, and the skin allows you to feel the coldness of ice. A more complex element of sensory cognition is perception. It implies the totality of all sensations associated with a particular object, and is responsible for the formation of images (an ordinary ice cream is perceived as delicious). cold product white color). In addition, objects can only exist in our imaginations, and not in reality, due to the fact that their image has already been captured by the senses.
Rational knowledge, in turn, is carried out with the involvement of the mind. It aims to comprehend the essence of things, to identify patterns. Such cognitive activity belongs only to man. The tool in it is thinking, which gives more possibilities than sensory experience.
Rational knowledge, first of all, forms concepts. They are clothed in words and contain generalizing and most significant information about objects. For example, the concept of "flower" implies any plant of this kind, regardless of variety or structural features (sensual, by comparison, is always occupied with something single, specific). Rational cognition also operates with judgments that take the form of affirmations or denials. Judgments can become the basis for obtaining conclusions - inferences.
What is the difference between sensory and rational cognition? The fact that the first is carried out in direct contact with the world, and the second is less tied to reality. But although feelings help a person to notice and fix everything that happens around, with the help of them it is impossible to establish causes and effects. In addition, such knowledge is not always true, it can cause illusions (example: “breaking” a spoon placed in a glass of water).
Rational knowledge allows you to get more adequate results. Based on logic, it helps to understand reality deeper and make important predictions. Meanwhile, initially, nevertheless, there is an analysis of the material provided by the senses. Thus, each of the spheres of knowledge plays its own important role in the overall process.
table
| Sense cognition | rational cognition |
| Sense organs involved | Based on the work of thinking |
| Forms of the process: individual sensations, perception, representation | Manifested in concepts, judgments, conclusions |
| Directed to external signs objects | Helps to understand the essence of things |
| Is specific | Generalization is used |
| Direct contact with reality | Possible break from reality |
| Doesn't "think" about cause and effect | Relies on logic, reveals patterns |
| Not always true | More adequate |
| Inherent in man and animals | Only human |
"To the knowledge of Russia" - Fedor: Drawing of the land of Moscow; our kingdom from end to end. Everything seems to be very familiar, And you look - and the heart burns. Good luck to you in the knowledge of our great Motherland! M.V. Lomonosov. Educational complex in geography of Russia and its region, grade 9. So what are you, Motherland? What goals of studying the Motherland in the 9th grade will you set for yourself personally?
"Sensual knowledge of the surrounding world" - The possibilities of sensory knowledge are limited. Separate properties of objects of the world around us cause sensations in us. Such knowledge is called sensory knowledge. Each object has not one, but many properties. Sensual knowledge of the surrounding world. All the objects around us affect our senses.
"Knowledge and knowledge" - Perception. Do we know the world? Unreal. Absolute - Complete, exhaustive Knowledge about a complex object. Statements that are not true. Kinds of truth. Judgment. Truth is... The work was done by Elena Vasilyeva. Misconceptions are the content of Knowledge that does not correspond to Reality, but is mistakenly accepted as true.
"Sensory knowledge" - Separate properties of objects cause us sensations. Let's discuss. What are perceptions made of? Spruce. What sensations did you experience while swimming in the river in summer? For example: - the smell of a flower; - the taste of strawberries; - heat; - cold. What means of receiving signals from the outside world does a person have? The possibilities of sensory knowledge are limited.
"Rational consumption" - English marginalists. rational consumer. Jeremy Bentham. Food. Axioms of rational consumption. The main work is The Theory of Political Economy (1871). Ordinal approach (from English. 9. Rational consumption. Herman Gossen. Law of diminishing marginal utility. William Jevons (1835-1882), English economist, one of the authors of the theory of utility.
"The subject of knowledge" - A logically generalized image of the subject. Assumption. Comparison. The specificity of the knowledge of society. Analysis. Stages theoretical knowledge. What is abstraction? Abstraction. Rationalism (R. Descartes). Majority. Methods of scientific knowledge. The transition from the individual to the general. The main task is to explain the studied phenomena.