Synonymic series
Two or more synonyms, correlated with each other when denoting the same objects, signs, actions, etc., form a synonymous series (synonymous paradigm) in the language. For example: friendship, partnership, friendship (colloquial); decorate, clean, decorate, decorate, etc.
In a synonymic series, one can always single out any one word that is as capacious as possible in semantics, with rare exceptions, neutral in stylistic coloring (that is, without additional stylistic characteristics) and the most free to use. This basic, pivotal, supporting word is called a dominant (from Latin dominans dominant). In the above synonymous rows, the dominants are the words friendship and decorate, respectively.
According to the number of members, synonymous series are divided into binary and polynomial. The binary series (synonymous pair) includes only two members (for example: lexicographer - dictionary (colloquial), architect - architect (high), artilleryman - gunner (outdated), etc.), in polynar - more than two members (for example: hero, strongman, hercules, athlete; argument, argument, motive, reason (colloquial), etc.). There are much fewer binary synonymic series in Russian than polynomial ones.
The synonymic series, in addition to individual words, may include phrases and phraseological units. For example: far, far away, far away, at a distance, at a respectful distance, at the end of the world, God knows where (colloquial), etc.
Feature synonymous rows in the Russian language - relative openness. They undergo changes and additions due to the development of the entire lexical system of the Russian language.
Synonym classifications
1. By structure:
a) heterogeneous;
b) single root
Different-root synonyms are synonyms that have different roots. For example: literal, literal, textual (book); loud, sonorous, deafening, booming, etc.
One-root (grammatical, lexico-grammatical) synonyms are synonyms that have one root. For example: paint, paint, tint; throw, throw, toss, etc.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is dominated by synonyms with different roots.
2. By value:
a) partial (approximate);
b) full (absolute)
Partial (approximate) synonyms are words that do not completely match in their meanings and usage.
Partial synonyms can be divided into the following subgroups:
1) semantic (conceptual, ideographic) synonyms - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning. For example: speak, express, explain, explain; company, society, team, etc.;
2) stylistic synonyms - synonyms that differ in the scope of use and stylistic coloring. For example: repeat, repeat, babble, go on; bring, drag, drag, etc.
Stylistic synonyms differ in the following ways:
a) by area of use (neutral - bookish - colloquial and vernacular; commonly used - dialect, professional, jargon);
b) by expressive-stylistic coloring (neutral, commonly used - poetic, folk poetic, vernacular);
c) according to the degree of activity of use (active - obsolete, new);
3) semantic-stylistic synonyms - synonyms that differ lexical meanings and stylistic coloring: find, search, dig up (colloquial), acquire (bookish); catch, catch (colloquial), lasso (simple), etc.
4) a special group includes the so-called contextual (contextual-author's, situational) synonyms - words that become synonyms only in a certain context. Contextual synonyms, as a rule, are expressively colored, since their task is to characterize a phenomenon, and not to name it. For example: And in everything ... there was some kind of sweet and bitter sadness (I. Bunin).
Full (absolute) synonyms are words that do not differ either semantically or stylistically. For example: ending, inflection; linguistics, linguistics, linguistics, etc. This group in the Russian language is not numerous, and, as a rule, in the process of language development, such synonyms pass into the group of ideographic synonyms.
Partial synonyms predominate in Russian.
Quasi-synonyms (imaginary synonyms) should be distinguished from synonyms - words that have a common component of meaning (the seme), but are not interchangeable in contexts (unlike synonyms).
Distinguish the following types quasi-synonyms: genus-species (for example: aluminum - metal) and species-species (for example: aluminum - iron). The common element of meaning is metal.
Some linguists, as one of the varieties of synonyms, also consider euphemisms (Greek euphemia - “preachery”) - words (or expressions) that, in certain situations replace unwanted, harsh, in the opinion of the speaker or writer, designations. For example: leave life instead of dying, evade the truth instead of lying, etc.
Synonym functions
In speech, synonyms perform three main functions: the function of substitution, the function of clarification, and the expressive-stylistic function.
1. The substitution function is associated with the desire of the speaker or writer to avoid unwanted repetitions.
2. The clarification function is associated with the desire of the speaker or writer to more clearly convey the idea.
3. The expressive-stylistic function is associated with the expression of a variety of assessments based on the different stylistic affiliation of synonyms.
So, having decided on the terminology, we can begin to study specific lexical units.
Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having the same or very close lexical meaning (cf. antonyms). brave - brave
Classification 1.depending on the functions of the cat they perform in the text 1) Semanticsynonyms, which differ in a shade of meaning: Youthfulness-youth a) the mode of action (repay - blow out) b) the degree of manifestation of the sign (smell - aroma, old - ancient)
2) Stylisticsynonyms, have a different emotionally expressive color, give a different assessment and belong to different functional styles (mug - muzzle - face - face) Forehead (neutral) - forehead (sublimely poetic); Fragment (neit) - fragment (book); Cut off (neit ) - chop off, chop off (colloquial). 3) Semantic-stylistic synonyms differ in lexical meanings and stylistic coloring: angry (neit), angry (colloquial, that is, angry to a large extent), rage (colloquial, angry to a very strong degree), angry (colloquial, angry slightly). 4) A special group consists of the so-called absolute synonyms(doublets). These are words that have neither semantic nor stylistic differences: During = in continuation (prepositions); Linguistics = linguistics = linguistics (nouns).
2. According to the degree of synonymy- proximity of meanings and the ability to replace each other in the context.a) full- identity of meanings and contexts (doublets, variants) (tomato - tomato)b) partial- coincide only in part of the meanings and differ in stylistic coloring and compatibility (cold - frost)
3. Structural classification
a)one-root- common root and various affixes (scold - scold - scold)
b)heterogeneous(ceremonial - magnificent - pompous - solemn)
4. By source
1) between native Russian words - come up with - invent
2) between Russian and borrowed words - antipathy - hostility
3) between borrowed words - alphabet - alphabet
4) between folk-poetic, obsolete and modern - azure - blue
5) between Old Slavonic and Russian - young - young.
synonymous row: A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called a synonymous row (or nest): doctor - doctor - physician - doctor.
Synonymous series can consist of both heterogeneous and single-root synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - angler, fisherman.The first place in the synonymic series is usually taken by a common meaning and stylistically neutral word - dominant (lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, main, supporting word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, supplement it with evaluative values. For example, brave -fearless, daring, dashing, brave, courageous, fearless, fearless. Yes, in last example row dominant is the word brave, it most capaciously conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms, - "fearless" and free from expressive stylistic shades. The rest of the synonyms are distinguished in the semantic-stylistic sense and in the peculiarities of their use in speech. For example, intrepid - book word, interpreted as "very brave"; daring- folk-poetic, means "full of daring"; dashing- colloquial - "bold, risk-taking"; synonyms brave, courageous, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in the possibilities of lexical compatibility (they are combined only with nouns that name people; one cannot say “brave project”, “fearless decision”, etc.).
Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, chickens do not peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.
28 Neologism(from Greek. neos- new and logos - word) - a new word formation caused by the absence in the language of a word corresponding to a new phenomenon, concept, sensation. Many words that at one time had the character of a neologism entered the vocabulary of the Russian language, for example: atmosphere, crystallization, matter, viscosity(M.V. Lomonosov), voluptuousness, Slavophile(K.I. Batyushkov), phenomenon, industry(N.M. Karamzin) and others.
New words appear in the following ways, depending on the nature of the novelty: 1. LEXICAL NEOLOGISMS 1) Education according to models already existing in the language, from elements existing in the language: mobile shop, snowmobile, microdistrict, etc. 2) Borrowed from another language in the process of interstate and international contacts (primarily these are sports and political terms ): outsider, dribbling (dribbling in basketball), stopper (goal guard), etc .; pluralism, ratification, etc. 2 SEMANTIC NEOLOGISMS Semantic transformations occur and new meanings of words appear, which are the result of using the word in figurative meaning, which leads to the further development of polysemy and the expansion of the scope of the use of the word. For example: The course is “the general line, the main direction in the activities of the state” (a course has been taken for restructuring); Palette - “diversity, a diverse manifestation of something (a palette of feelings).
Depending on the reasons that caused the appearance of neologism: 1. Nologism denoting a new reality in the life of society (video clip, video clip, fax)2. Neologisms denoting existing realities (narrative case - prepositional) It is necessary to distinguish contextual neologisms, or individual author's neologisms, from linguistic neologisms. Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms)- these are words that are formed by word artists, publicists, poets in order to enhance the expressiveness of the text. Unlike linguistic neologisms, occasionalisms perform not a nominative (nominative), but an expressive function. Occasionalisms relatively rarely turn into literary language and are in general use. Like linguistic neologisms, occasionalisms are formed according to the laws of the language, according to the established word-formation models from the morphemes available in the language, therefore, even out of context, they are understandable, for example: cone-finned (Es.); Leadership, cold snake, lucky, unarmed, loveless (Evtush.); Kyuchelbekers (Push.);
16. Lexical meaning of the word. Lexical value types- a historically formed connection between the sound of a word and the display of an object or phenomenon in our minds, designated by this word.
The concept of synonyms
Synonyms (gr. synonimos- eponymous) - words of the same part of speech, denoting the same concept, close or identical in meaning, differing (or not having differences) from each other in shades of meaning, or stylistic coloring and scope of use, or both of these features .
The phenomenon of synonymy is closely related to the polysemy of the word (polysemy). AT different meanings The same word can have different synonyms. For example: two - in pairs and together - alone, delay - slow down and detain - arrest.
Synonymic series
Two or more synonyms that are correlated with each other when denoting the same objects, signs, actions, etc., form in the language synonymic series (synonymous with the paradigm ). For example: friendship, camaraderie, fellowship(colloquial); decorate, decorate, decorate, decorate etc.
In the synonymic series, one can always single out any one word that is as capacious as possible in semantics, with rare exceptions, neutral in stylistic coloring (that is, without additional stylistic characteristics) and the most free in use. This basic, pivotal, supporting word is called domina´ntoy (from lat. dominants - dominant). In the above synonymous rows, the dominants are, respectively, the words friendship and decorate.
According to the number of members, synonymic series are divided into binary and polynomial. AT binary series (synonymous pair) only two members are included (for example: lexicographer - dictionary(colloquial), architect - architect(high) gunner - gunner(obsolete) etc.), in polylinear – more than two members (for example: hero, strongman, hercules, athlete; argument, argument, motive, reason(colloquial), etc.). There are much fewer binary synonymic series in Russian than polynomial ones.
The synonymic series, in addition to individual words, may include phrases and phraseological units. For example: far away(colloquial), etc.
A characteristic feature of synonymic rows in the Russian language is relative openness. They undergo changes and additions due to the development of the entire lexical system of the Russian language.
Synonym classifications
| By structure | |
| heteroroot | single root |
Different root synonyms are synonyms with different roots. For example: literal, literal, textual(book); loud, sonorous, deafening, resonant etc.
One-root (grammatical, lexico-grammatical) synonyms are synonyms that have the same root. For example: paint, paint, tint; toss, toss, toss etc.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is dominated by synonyms with different roots.
Partial (approximate) synonyms- these are words that do not completely coincide in their meanings and use.
Partial synonyms can be divided into the following subgroups:
1) semantic (conceptual, ideographic) synonyms - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning. For example: to speak, to express, to explain, to explain; company, society, team etc.
2) stylistic synonyms - synonyms that differ in the scope of use and stylistic coloring. For example: to repeat, to repeat, to babble, to repeat; to bring, to drag, to drag etc.
Stylistic synonyms differ in the following ways:
a) by area of use (neutral - bookish - colloquial and vernacular; commonly used - dialect, professional, jargon);
b) by expressive-stylistic coloring (neutral, commonly used - poetic, folk poetic, colloquial);
c) according to the degree of activity of use (active - obsolete, new);
3) semantic-stylistic synonyms - synonyms that differ in lexical meanings and stylistic coloring: find, search, dig(colloquial), acquire(book); catch, catch(colloquial), lasso(simple) etc.
4) a special group includes the so-called contextual (contextual-a´author, situational) synonyms - words that become synonymous only in a certain context. Contextual synonyms, as a rule, are expressively colored, since their task is to characterize the phenomenon, and not to name it. For example: And in everything ... there was some kind of sweet and bitter sadness(I. Bunin).
Full (absolute) synonyms are words that do not differ either semantically or stylistically. For example: ending, flexion; linguistics, linguistics, linguistics etc. This group in the Russian language is not numerous, and, as a rule, in the process of language development, such synonyms pass into the group of ideographic synonyms.
Partial synonyms predominate in Russian.
should be distinguished from synonyms. quasi-synonyms (imaginary synonyms) - words that have a common component of meaning (the seme), but are not interchangeable in contexts (unlike synonyms).
There are the following types of quasi-synonyms: ro´do-species´e (for example: aluminum - metal) and vi´do-species´e (for example: aluminum - iron). Common Value Element − metal.
Some linguists, as one of the varieties of synonyms, also consider euphemisms (gr. euphemia- "Glory") - words (or expressions) that in certain situations replace unwanted, harsh, in the opinion of the speaker or writer, designations. For example: to die instead of to die, evade the truth instead of lie etc.
Meaning of SYNONYMIC SERIES in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
SYNONYMIC SERIES
A number of lexical or phraseological synonyms. Nonsense, nonsense, carelessness, rubbish, nonsense, stupidity, nonsense, nonsense, game, rubbish, nonsense, absurdity, nonsense. Cruel, ruthless, heartless, inhuman, fierce, ferocious. Polite, well-mannered, delicate, correct, courteous, obligatory, tactful, courteous. To be afraid, to fear, to be frightened, to be shy, to be afraid, to tremble, to be afraid, to be horrified. And he was like that, and the trace caught a cold, remember what his name was, they only saw him. see also dominant.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is SYNONYMIC SERIES in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ROW in the One-volume large legal dictionary:
- treaty, agreement in ancient ... - ROW in the Big Law Dictionary:
- treaty, agreement in Ancient ... - ROW in the directory Settlements and postal codes of Russia:
171854, Tverskoy, ... - ROW in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
an infinite series whose expression members a1, a2,..., an,... are numbers (number series) or functions (functional series). If the sum of the first n... - ROW in encyclopedic dictionary:
, -a (-y) (with counts, "two", "three", "four" -rows), in a row and in a row, pl. rows, -bv, m. 1. (in ... - SYNONYMOUS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, th, th. 1. see synonym and synonymy. 2. Same as... - ROW
VOLTAGES (a number of activities) in electrochemistry, the sequence of metals in ascending order of their standard potential (the potential of the hydrogen electrode is taken as zero). … - ROW in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
contract, agreement in Dr. … - ROW in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
infinite R., expression members of which a 1, a 2, ..., and n, ... are numbers (numeric R.) or functions (functional ... - SYNONYMOUS
synonyms for "chek, synonyms" for "chek, synonyms" for "chek, synonyms" for "chek", synonyms for "chek", synonyms for "chek, synonyms" for "chek", synonyms for "chek", synonyms for "chek, synonyms" for "chek, synonyms" for "chek, synonyms" for "chek, synonyms" chesky, synonyms "chesky, synonyms" chesky, synonyms "chesky, synonyms" chesky, synonyms "chesky, synonyms" chesky, synonyms "chesky, ... - ROW in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
row "d, rows", row "yes, row" in, row "du, row" m, row "d, rows", row "house, row" mi, row "de, row" x, ... - ROW in the Anagram Dictionary.
- ROW in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) A sequence of language units located directly one after another. A number of verbal (composing phrase). 2) The place of the rise of the tongue during the formation of vowels ... - ROW in the Popular explanatory-encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language.
- ROW in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Clutch from… - ROW in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
1. Syn: line, line, chain 2. Syn: set, group, batch of products 3. Syn: line (off.), system, queue, column, motorcade, ... - ROW in the Russian Thesaurus:
1. Syn: line, line, chain 2. Syn: set, group, batch of products 3. Syn: line (off.), system, queue, column, ... - ROW in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
system, line, ridge, strip, column, phalanx, chain, rank, trellis. Range of islands. Gallery public figures. Wed . See shop, line, many, ... - SYNONYMOUS
close, synonymous, congruent, ... - ROW in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: line, line, chain Syn: set, group, batch of products Syn: line (off.), system, queue, column, motorcade, ... - SYNONYMOUS
adj. Same as: ... - ROW in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
- ROW in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
row, -a and (with num. num. 2, 3, 4) -`a, proposition. in a row, pl. -`s, -`ov; but: Kar`etny R`yad, Oh`otny ... - SYNONYMOUS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- ROW in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
row, -a and (with numerals 2, 3, 4) -a, preposition. in a row, pl. -s, -ov; but: Karetny Ryad, Okhotny ... - SYNONYMOUS in the Spelling Dictionary.
- ROW in the Spelling Dictionary:
row, -a and (with num. num. 2, 3, 4) -`a, proposition. in a row, pl. -`s, -`ov; but: kar`etny r`yad, oh`otny ... - SYNONYMOUS
<= синоним и синонимия синонимический == … - ROW in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
a line of evenly spaced homogeneous objects of R. houses. First r. stalls. Line up in ranks. Walk in rows. In the front rows (also trans. ... - SERIES in the Dahl Dictionary:
husband. string, system, objects in one line, in order, in succession. A row of trees. A street with two rows of houses. Rows on the mowing, ... - ROW in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
an infinite series whose expression members a1, a2,…, an,… are numbers (numerical series) or functions (functional series). If the sum of the first n... - SYNONYMOUS
synonymous, synonymous; as a short forms of use synonymous, synonymous, synonymous (lingu.). App. to synonym; synonymous with the same meaning. Synonymous … - ROW in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
rows (with numerals. Two, three, four: rows), in a row and in a row, pl. rows, m. 1. (in a row). A collection of similar... - SYNONYMOUS
synonymous adj. Same as: ... - ROW in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
1. m. 1) a) A set of homogeneous objects located in one line. b) Build in one line; line. 2) a) Linear ... - SYNONYMOUS
adj. the same as... - ROW in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
- SYNONYMOUS
adj. the same as... - ROW in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I m. 1. A set of homogeneous objects located in one line. ott. Build in one line; line. 2. Linear sequence of places... - SURFACE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- the concept of postmodernist nomadology (see Nomadology), expressing the attitude of postmodernism to the rejection of the idea of depth - as 1) in terms of space: ... - PETER (IN THE WORLD PAVEL IVANOVICH KAMENSKY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Peter (in the world Pavel Ivanovich Kamensky) - archimandrite, head of the 10th Russian-imperial mission in Beijing; studied at the Nizhny Novgorod seminary, then at ... - WEBSTER DICTIONARIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
dictionaries, a group of dictionaries named after Amer. lexicographer Noah Webster (N. Webster; 1758v1843), who in 1828 published in New York "The American Dictionary ...
1. Select a word from the text and make a synonymous series with it or write out a synonymous series from the text, if the latter is in it.
2. Use a dictionary to determine the general meaning of the series. For example, from the text “The crimson forest drops its dress” (Pushkin), we select the word crimson and make a synonymous series with it, using a synonymous dictionary: red, scarlet, purple, crimson, raspberry, crimson.
When compiling a synonymous series, it must be remembered that the words of one synonymous series denote one concept. The general meaning of the compiled synonymous series is the name of various shades of red.
3. It is necessary to resolve the issue of the dominant of the series, which conveys only the general meaning of the series and does not have any additional shades in the meaning, this word is usually stylistically neutral. In the compiled synonymic series, the dominant word is red, since it conveys only the general meaning of the series and does not have any additional shades, it is stylistically neutral.
4. Indicate the distinguishing features of synonyms in comparison with the dominant or in comparison with other synonyms of the series, if there is no dominant. In the compiled series, we will graphically show the differences between synonyms from the dominant: scarlet - light red, purple - dark red, crimson - bright red, raspberry - deep red, with an admixture of purple hue, crimson - deep red, with a slight bluish tint, crimson - bright red, besides the word is poetic. We conclude: in this series, synonyms differ from the dominant in semantic shades, and the last synonym and stylistic coloring.
Let's give an example of a synonymic series without a dominant: salary, remuneration, fee, salary.
The general meaning of the series is "wage for labor." Each synonym of this series has this meaning, and each synonym also has an additional semantic connotation: salary - payment for regular work, remuneration - payment for good work, fee - payment for creative work under a contract, salary - payment for regular work, the last word colloquial. Thus, synonyms differ from each other in semantic shades, and the latter also stylistically.
5. Determine the type of series in terms of system relations in the language.
Both of the above synonymous series are paradigmatic, since the words in them are synonymized out of context, at the level of the lexico-semantic paradigm.
6. Determine the source of the synonymic series. Using the etymological dictionary, we will find out the origin of each synonym for the series: scarlet is an Old Russian borrowing from the Turkic languages, crimson is a Russian word, crimson is Old Slavonic, crimson is Polish, purple is from Latin, crimson is common Slavic, red is common Slavic. From the material selected from the dictionary, we conclude: the source of the series is the borrowing and word-formation processes of the Russian language (four words are Russian and common Slavic, three words are borrowed from other languages).
Practical task
According to one word of the text “Happiness again shone in the eyes of the tormented woman, and the mother all these days could not talk enough, see enough of her son, whom she no longer dreamed of seeing” (N. Ostrovsky), make a synonymous series and analyze it according to the scheme indicated above .
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