SEPARATION OF PARTICULAR AND
DEPARTMENTAL TURNOVER
PARTICULAR TURNOVER is a participle with a dependent word or words, that is, with words to which you can ask a question from the participle.
For example:
A book lying on the table.
The sacrament is lying (the one that lies).
The dependent word is on the table.
Lying where? - on the table.
Participial- lying on the table.
REMEMBER:
1. The participle turnover answers the question WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? etc.
2. The defined word is expressed by a noun or.
- The word being defined is the word from which the question goes to the sacrament. For example: a book lying on the table. The word being defined is a book. What book? - lying.
3. A participle turnover is highlighted with a comma or commas in the following cases:
a) if it is after the word being defined
In the sentence, outside the window, foliage flew, the communion plucked by the wind from the trees - the one that was plucked.
The word being defined is foliage. What foliage? - ripped off.
The participle phrase “blown off the trees by the wind”: ripped off by what? - by the wind, from where? - from the trees.
The participle turnover comes after the word being defined, therefore it is highlighted with a comma: foliage, plucked ...
The second comma in this sentence is not put, since the turnover ends the sentence, that is, at the end of the turnover, and the sentence is put here.
In case the participial turnover is isolated in the middle simple sentence, it is distinguished by commas on both sides: Outside the window, foliage, torn from the trees by the wind, flew and fell on the cold ground.
b) if the defined word is expressed by a personal pronoun, while the participle can be found anywhere in relation to the defined word
I, drenched to the last thread, was removed from the horse.
Soaked to the last thread, I was removed from the horse.
c) if the participle is removed from the defined word
The young man quickly dressed and left the house, seized by some vague premonition.
d) if the involved turnover has additional circumstantial significance of the reason or assignment
Stunned by a heavy rumble, Turkin nods his head. (Turkin nods his head, because he is deafened by a heavy rumble)
4. The turnover is not separated by commas if it stands before the word being defined: Outside the window, foliage torn by the wind from the trees flew.
5. The participle can be recognized by the suffixes:
Ush-, - yusch-; - аш-, - ащ-; - wsh-, - w-; - em-, - ohm-, - im-; - yenn-, - yonn-, - nn-, - t-.
6. The participle can be replaced with a verb
a flying ball is one that flies
a written book is one that was written
The sea has merged with the sky and is fast asleep reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds (not) hiding the golden patterns of stars.
3) Make suggestions on the proposed schemes:
a) [H | ~~~~ |…]. b) [| ~~~ | H ...]. c) [| _ ._ | H].
The analytical report of the FIPI on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: "Most often, verbal adjectives, derivative service words are incorrectly classified as parts of speech, participles and participles, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives do not differ."
We would like to remind once again the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.
Participles and verbal adjectives
From the same verb can be formed as forms participles and verbal adjectives ... If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is easy to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - participle is formed burning, and with the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible... If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.
However, there are also differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object , associated with his participation (active or passive) in the action, and adjectives denote a permanent feature of the object (for example, 'arising as a result of the implementation of the action', 'able to participate in the action'), for example:
She was raised in strict rules (=She was brought up in strict rules)- participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered, educated).
2. Word in full form with suffix -n - (- nn-), -en - (- enn) - is an verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb НСВ andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and / or has dependent words, cf .:
unmown meadows ( adjective ),
unmowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),
mown meadows ( participle, because SV ).
3. Since the passive participles of the present tense can only be in transitive verbs NSV, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are derived from the SV verb or an intransitive verb:
? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of 'let the water through' is intransitive),
? invincible army(adjective, since the verb is to defeat SV).
Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.
Participle forms
1. Of the options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, entangled - brought the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.
2. Non-prefixed verbs with a suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry keep this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.
This type of prefix verbs tend to lose their participle suffix, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind... In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, bogged down - bogged down, withered - withered and some others).
3. When using return participles with the suffix -sya one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and recurrent, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination "animals going to the zoo" (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).
Forms of participles
1. Of the optionstaking - taking, meeting - meeting, buying - buying etc. the first (with the suffix-v ) is normative for literary language, the second (with the suffix-lice ) is colloquial. Forms on-lice are stored in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; Having taken off their head, they do not cry for their hair .
2. Options are possiblefrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - stretched, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is colloquial). But onlybringing out (do not "bring out"),sweeping (do not "sweep"),having found (not "got"),taking (do not "drive"),mistaken (not "mistaken"),carrying (do not "carry"), etc.
In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run sticking out your tongue), putting - putting(cf. in all honesty), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open-mouthed), having fastened - fastened(cf. reluctantly agree), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), lowering - later(cf. work slipshod), etc. the second forms are outdated and remain only in stable phraseological expressions... Wed also an obsolete shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, converting, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, separating, seeing, hearing etc.
3. Stylistically colored (under the old folk speech) are adverbial forms on -uchi (-yuchi) : looking, warm, walking, traveling, pitiful, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the following forms are used playfully(cf. playfully), sneak(cf. slink), chirping(cf. live happily), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.
Participial
A large number of mistakes are made in the use of participial phrases. Let's break it down into specific example... Let's take an offer:
The lying book on the table is read.
Its disadvantage is the wrong word order: the designated nounbookended up in the middle of the participle turn. According to the rules, the noun being defined must be either before the whole turnover, or after it. Wed: 1)The book on the table has been read;2) The book on the table has been read. Another example: "A student who writes a presentation without a single mistake will receive a high mark ". Can you say that? Will the combinations created according to this sample be correct: “athlete who can run a hundred meters in ten seconds », « prisoner trying to escape "? No, because participles have only two forms of tense - present and past, but they have no future tense. Therefore, from the perfect verbs(write, be able, try)communion on-shyare not formed. In these cases, the participial turnover is replaced by a relative clause:student who will write; an athlete who can run; a prisoner who tries to escape. Is it possible to say so: “Anyone who wishes to speak at the meeting will be given the floor "? No, because from verbs in the form conditional mood(with particlewould)participles are not formed. In these cases, the participial turnover is also replaced by a relative clause:Anyone who wishes ...« The fruits of the new harvest, sent from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country. ". You may feel a little awkward as you read this sentence aloud. And really: does it not turn out that fruits "send themselves" to the north? The point is that the suffix-syain verb forms has not only a reflexive meaning (cf .:The disciples govhike),but also a passive meaning when an object is undergoing someone's influence (cf.Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle on-syacommunion onth(passive participle of the present tense), that is, instead of the construction “Fruit,departing ... "we write:Fruits,shipped ...Instead of "Girl,raisedgrowinggrandmother ... "-Girl,brought upgrandmother ...
The use of participial phrases helps to remove ambiguity in the sentence. For example:Students completed internshipvone of the workshops of the plant, which was recently reorganized(was one of the shops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).
The participial phrase makes the necessary clarity: 1)... in one of the workshops of the plant, recently reorganized;2) ... in one of the workshops of a recently reorganized plant.
The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across the bridge; a servant throwing a room;We are speaking:who gallops, who sweeps ... "The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the "expressive brevity of the participles", has the following continuation: "The richer the language in expressions and phrases, the better for a skilled writer. The written language is revived by the minute by the expressions that are born in the conversation, but it must not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries. "
Participial turnover
Everyone knows the textbook phrase from the story of A.P. Chekhov: " Approaching this station, my hat flew off".
Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is not built well: the rule of adverbial use is violated.
The adverbial turnover usually moves freely within the sentence: it can stand at its beginning, in the middle and at the end.
For example: 1) Entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the classroom, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students as he entered the classroom. As the examples show, the action expressed by the participle (entering) refers to the subject.
This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it deals with two active subjects in grammatical meaning of this word - about a passenger (he drove up to the station) and a hat (it flew off), and the passenger's action does not apply to the subject. V wrong construction This sentence can be easily verified if we rearrange the adverbial turnover: "The hat, approaching the station, flew off the passenger."
Compare in the student essay: “ Living and rotating in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed habits and attitudes inherent in this society."(It turned out that in an aristocratic society" habits and attitudes lived and revolved ").
It is possible to use the adverbial turnover in impersonal offer at indefinite form verb, for example: Crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor the traffic... In such sentences, there is no grammatical or logical subject (that is, the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by an indirect noun). But a proposal like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold»: There is no infinitive in it, to which the adverbial turnover could refer.
The adverbial turnover, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted merit is its brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After completing my homework, I went for a walk. - After completing my homework, I went for a walk... It is easy to see that the second sentence, more concise in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.
The gerunds and adverbs are very expressive, due to which they are widely used in the language. fiction... For example: Mists, swirling and wriggling, slid there along the wrinkles of neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time a slight ripple ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V.G. Korolenko).
The participle and participle are special parts of speech that combine morphological signs several parts of speech. This is how they differ from the rest. By the way, many linguistic scientists attribute the participle and gerunds to verb forms, and do not separate them into a separate part of speech. In this article, we will talk about them as independent ones.
The concept of the sacrament
The participle and participle in Russian are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological signs of the verb: the categories of type, recurrence and tense.
However, the participle gravitates towards adjectives and expresses a sign of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, building, reading. This part of the speech answers the questions what is doing? what did you do ?. From the adjective, the participle "inherited" gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun to which they relate: a written book - written books (plural) - about a written book (prepositional case) - a written novel (masculine) ...
Also, the participle can be used in full and short form... The awarded diploma - the certificate was presented. Unlike adjectives, only one letter n is written in short participles. Foggy lowland - foggy lowland (short adjective); sown field - field sown (short participle).
The participles, depending on the meaning, can be real (denote a sign created directly by an action - building) or passive (denote a sign of an action experienced from the outside - built).
The concept of the gerunds
The gerunds grammatically gravitate towards the adverb: from it part of the speech has taken over the immutability, but from the verb the gerunds have remained the form (listening - listening) and reflexivity (washing - washing).
The verbal participle denotes an additional, additional action; it can be easily replaced with a homogeneous predicate.
- I walked down the street, enjoying the spring sun. - I walked down the street and enjoyed the spring sun.
The complementary action indicates how the main verb works. She walked rejoicing - the verbal participle "rejoicing" means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action "walked" is performed.
Valid participles: education, suffixes
The participle and participle are formed from verbs using specific suffixes. As for the real participles of the present tense, their productive stem is a verb of the same tense. In the latter, the ending is simply swept aside and the characteristic participle suffix is added: - uzh - / - yusch- and - asch - / - box-.
It should be remembered here that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, - asch - / - box- used in participles from verbs II conjugation.
- Sunbathing - sunbathing (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (real present participle).
- Glue - glue (present tense verb, II conjugation) - glue (valid present participle).
The same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense using suffixes -wsh-, -sh-.
- Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawl - crawl.
The unstressed vowel before the suffix (the word is put in the past tense) is also checked to blow - blown - blown.
Passive participles: education, suffixes
The painful participles of the present tense must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -em - / - im- respectively.
- Decide - Decide - Decide; wear - wear - wearable.
Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form passive past participles. The generating stem is an infinitive verb: to decide - solved; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - yenn- only the letter e is always written after the hissing ones. For example, burnt, resolved.
In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix. n... This is how participles differ from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes and dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut(verbal adjective) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a prefix)
Gerunds: education, suffixes
The participle and participle are similar in that both have a verb derived stem.
If we talk about imperfective participles, then the base of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix is added to it - a- or - I am-.
- Watchman - watchman; shine - shine; moving - moving; breathe - breathing.
There are a number of verbs from which the formation of the gerunds is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.
If we talk about perfect participles, then they should be formed from the base of the infinitive. This involves the suffixes -v-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - by writing, by writing; bring - bring.
Thus, the spelling of participles and gerunds suffixes depends on the type of the verb of the generating stem, its conjugation. Also, sometimes the type should be taken into account (this is especially true for gerunds). Participle and participle suffixes different meaning you should know by heart, then their correct spelling will not cause difficulties.
Spelling not with participles and participles
It should be said about one more spelling, which often causes difficulties. How to write a particle not, participle and gerunds. The rules concerning the latter are quite simple: with the gerunds, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: not doing, not thinking, not grabbing, not bringing, but indignant, hating.
The participle will not be written separately in the following cases:
- He has dependent words. In other words, if there is no single participle, but the participial turnover (Flowers, not picked yesterday, blossomed in all their glory).
- There is an opposition in the sentence, built with the help of a union a ( They were not withered, but quite fresh flowers).
Together not with participles will be written outside the participle turns: incessant downpour, unplowed field, unread book.
Also written together with not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.
Goals:
- generalization and systematization of students' knowledge on the topics "Communion" and "Communion";
- consolidation of the practical ability to find participles and participles, participles and participles in the text;
- consolidation of the ability to compose a monologue statement on a linguistic topic;
- development logical thinking, skills of independent work with the text;
- fostering a sense of mutual assistance, developing an interest in reading through analytical work with the text of Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba".
Lesson type: combined lesson in the use of ZUN.
Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.
Equipment:
- Table “N.V. Gogol. "Taras Bulba".
- Information card (4 options).
- Cards for individual work.
- Tblitsa " Features participles and participles ”(to be completed during the lesson).
- Individual counters to calculate the points earned.
Epigraphs:
They [participles] serve as an abbreviation for a human word, enclosing a name and a verb power.
M.V. Lomonosov
[Adverbial phrases] are mainly a part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage ... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness.
D.E. Rosenthal
During the classes
I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Guys! We have finished our study of the topics "Communion" and "Communion". Today in the lesson we will summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling the table "Distinctive signs of the participle and participle." What is such a table for? First, as already mentioned, in order to systematize your knowledge, because the knowledge brought into the system remains in the memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, perhaps some of you will have to take an oral exam in Russian at the final certification at the end of the 9th grade. In this case, the table we have compiled will help you quickly remember all the information about the participle and participle. Thirdly, and most importantly, you will be able to draw up similar comparison tables on other topics.
At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and adverbial phrases from Nikolai Gogol's story “Taras Bulba”, which you will use when compiling a table. Each of you also has an informant card, from where you can take examples to illustrate a particular position of the table.
During the lesson, you will independently calculate the points earned. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team has been determined, the one of you who brings the winning team the most points will receive an additional mark.
II. Epigraph.
We have selected epigraphs for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are about.
(The teacher reads out the epigraphs, the guys add the missing words: participles, adverbial turnover.)
III. Drawing up a table.
What grammatical signs do participles and participles have? How will we compare them?
(Students name the grammatical sign, then tell how it manifests itself in the participle and participle. The teacher at this time fills out the table on the board. It is better to prepare the cards in advance and attach them to the board using magnets.
For each position of the table, the children give examples from homework or from the information card).
| Distinctive signs of the participle and gerunds | ||
| Grammatical signs | Participle | Gerunds |
| 1. What question is answered? | Which? Which? Which?
Thinking, Woven, Telling |
What are you doing? Having done what?
Playing admiring |
| 2. What does it mean? | Object attribute by action: a person who thinks is a thinking person | Additional action: watched admiringly |
| 3. Which word in the sentence does it refer to? | To a noun: falling leaves; sons who studied at the Bursa | To the verb: let's go, constantly looking around |
| 4. How does it change? | By cases, numbers and gender: looking - looking; looking - looking; gazed, gazed, gazed, etc. | Does not change |
| 5. What are the signs of the verb? | Type, time, return: looking - looking; laughing | Type, return: looking, looking, laughing |
| 6. How are (suffixes) formed? | asch-yasch (looking); uzh-yusch (melting); wsh, w (who built, carried) om-em-im (slave, visible, readable); enn, nn, t (seen, read, condensed) |
and I (looking, hearing) in, lice, shea (having dinner, stopping, lying down) |
| 7. Which member of the sentence is (syntactic role)? | By definition: And they brought the Cossacks twisted with ropes onto the shaft. | Circumstance: Partridges prowled under their thin roots, their necks outstretched. |
| 8. How does it stand out in writing with punctuation marks? | The participle turnover is separated by commas if it appears after the word being defined: She clung to the head of the dear their sons lying nearby. | Single adverb and the adverbial turnover are always separated by commas: Sobbing, she looked into their eyes. |
Vi. A coherent story on a linguistic topic.
One representative from each team draws a ticket and answers the questions: "What do I know about the sacrament?" or "What do I know about the participle?"
During the response, the class listens carefully and reviews the response.
V. Individual work on cards or graphic dictation.
(at the discretion of the teacher)
Summing up the lesson.
The total is summed up by individual counters:
26-28 points - “5”;
22-25 points - “4”;
17-21 points - “3”.
The student from the winning team with the highest number of points receives an additional “5” mark.
The participle and participle are special forms of the verb that have different grammatical features and perform different linguistic functions. Understanding the differences between these verb forms allows you to correctly use them in syntactic constructions and accurately express a thought in oral and written speech.
Gerunds- an unchangeable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action or state and is related in meaning to the main verb:
Smiling, the girl invited the guests to the house. (invited me to do what? - smiling)
The dog, growling, leaned out of the kennel. (leaned out what to do? - growling)
The signs of the verb in the participle are type, transitivity and reflexivity.
Imperfective participles answer the question what are you doing?
caring
dreaming
pondering
Perfective participles answer the question what having done?
rolling
forgetting
scared
The gerunds retain the transitivity of the verbs from which the following are formed:
Drizzle - drizzle (intransitive).
In a sentence, germs act as circumstances.
Participle Is a form of a verb that denotes a feature of an object, phenomenon or state by action:
read book- a book that read;
played out storm- a storm that played out;
alarming silence- the silence that alarming;
studied property- a property that are studying.
The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective.
Present participles are formed from a non-derivative or derivative stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -Usch- (-usch-); -asch- (-sch-); -em-, -om-:
rast and - rast uzh ui
count - count yusch ui
love - love box ui
use - consuming eat th
The past participles indicate a completed action. They are formed from the stem of the past tense verbs using suffixes -Enn-, -ann- (-yann-), -vsh-, -sh-, -t- :
bought - buy yenn th
tested l - tested ann th
fall asleep l - fall asleep lice ui
resin l - resin T th
The sacrament has no future tense.
According to the semantic content and nature of the expressed sign, participles can be valid or passive.
Real participles denote a sign of an action performed by the object of speech itself:
creaking cart (cart creaks);
dropped out snow (snow dropped out);
browned dawn (dawn blushed).
Passive participles denote a sign of an action directed at an object of speech:
charged gun (gun charged);
studied topic (topic studied);
raised hand (hand raised).
In Russian, a relatively small group of participles is distinguished, which correspond in meaning to reflexive verbs:
Participles formed from transitional or intransitive verbs, retain the sign of transitivity:
The perfect or imperfect form of the participle also coincides with the form of the verb from which it is formed:
what to do?
write — writing(imperfect species);
what to do?
write off — scribbled(perfect view).
Participles, like adjectives, can vary in case and number. The participles have the same system of endings as adjectives, which change during declension according to the rules common to these parts of speech:
bewitched chest (Im. p.;. man. p.; unit h.);
bewitched door (Creator p .; f.r.; singular. h.);
enchanted treasures (Genus. p.; pl. h.).
In a sentence, a participle, like an adjective, acts as an agreed definition.
Conclusions site
- The gerunds denote an additional action and refer to the verb. The participle indicates a sign of an object by action and refers to a noun or substantive parts of speech.
- The participles and participles answer different questions.
- The verbal participle does not change. The participle can be changed like an adjective.
- The syntactic role of the participle is a circumstance. The participle acts as a definition.