Participle and participle are special forms of the verb that have different grammatical features and perform different language functions. Understanding the differences between these verb forms allows you to use them correctly in syntactic constructions and accurately express thoughts in speech and writing.
gerund- an invariable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action or state and is semantically related to the main verb:
Smiling, the girl invited the guests into the house. (invited what doing? - smiling)
The dog, growling, leaned out of the kennel. (leaned out what did she do? - growling)
Signs of a verb in a gerund participle are aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.
Imperfect participles answer the question doing what?
caring
dreaming
pondering
Perfect participles answer the question having done what?
rolling up
forgetting
frightened
The participles preserve the transitivity of the verbs from which they are formed:
Drizzle - drizzle (intransitive).
In the sentence, participles act as circumstances.
Participle- this is a form of a verb denoting a sign of an object, phenomenon or state by action:
read book- a book that have read;
played out storm- the storm that played out;
alarming silence- the silence that alarming;
studied property- a property that study.
The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective.
Present participles are formed from the non-derivative or derived stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes –usch- (-yusch-); -ash- (-box-); -em-, -om-:
grow and - grow yi uy
count - count Yusch uy
love it - love crate uy
use - used eat th
Past participles indicate a completed action. They are formed from the stem of past tense verbs with the help of suffixes –enn-, -ann- (-yann-), -vsh-, -sh-, -t- :
bought - bought enn th
test l - test ann th
fall asleep l - fall asleep vsh uy
tar l - tar T th
There is no future participle tense.
According to the semantic content and nature of the expressed sign, participles can be real or passive.
Real participles denote a sign of an action performed by the object of speech itself:
creaking cart (cart creaks);
dropped out snow (snow fell out);
flushed dawn (dawn blushed).
Passive participles denote a sign of action directed at the object of speech:
charged gun (gun charged);
studied topic (subject studied);
raised hand (hand raised).
In Russian, a relatively small group of participles is distinguished, which correspond in meaning to reflexive verbs:
Participles formed from transitive or not transitive verbs, retain the transitivity sign:
The perfect or imperfect form of the participle also coincides with the form of the verb from which it is formed:
what to do?
write — writing(imperfect species);
what to do?
scribble — scribbled(perfect view).
Participles, like adjectives, can change in cases and numbers. Participles have the same system of endings as adjectives, which change with declension according to the rules common to these parts of speech:
bewitched chest
bewitched door (Creator p.; f. p.; singular);
bewitched clades (Gen. n.; pl.).
In a sentence, the participle, like the adjective, acts as an agreed definition.
Findings site
- The participle denotes an additional action and refers to the verb. The participle indicates a sign of an object by action and refers to a noun or substantiated parts of speech.
- Participles and participles answer different questions.
- The adverb does not change. The participle can change according to the type of adjective.
- The syntactic role of the participle is a circumstance. The participle acts as a definition.
The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language says: "Most often, verbal adjectives, derivative service words are incorrectly qualified as parts of speech, participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives are not distinguished."
We want to once again recall the differences from verbal adjectives and participles.
Participles and verbal adjectives
From the same verb can be formed as forms participles , and verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with the suffix - crate - participle is formed burning, and with the help of the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Pr Partials indicate a temporary attribute of an object , associated with his participation (active or passive) in the action, and adjectives denote a constant feature of the subject (for example, ‘arising as a result of the action’, ‘able to participate in the action’), for example:
She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules- participle;
She was educated (=She was educated and educated.
2. The full form of the word with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is an verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from the verb CB and / or has dependent words, cf .:
unmowed meadows ( adjective ),
unmowed oblique meadows ( communion, because there is a dependent word ),
mown meadows ( communion, because SW ).
3. Since passive present participles can only be found in NSV transitive verbs, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a CB verb or an intransitive verb:
? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of ‘let water through’ is intransitive),
? invincible army(adjective, since the verb is to defeat the SV).
Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of forms of some participles and participles.
Participle forms
1. Of the options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second - in colloquial speech.
2. Non-prefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type wither, wither, wither keep this suffix in participles, for example: sluggish, sluggish, drenched, blinded.
Prefixed verbs of this type, as a rule, lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deafened, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms are formed with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, bogged down - bogged down, withered - withered and some others).
3. When using reflexive participles with the suffix -sya one should take into account the possibility that they have two meanings - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination "animals going to the zoo" (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).
Forms of gerunds
1. Of the optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-v ) is normative for the literary language, the second (with the suffix-lice ) is colloquial. Forms on-lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given the word, be strong; Having taken off your head, do not cry for your hair .
2. Possible optionsfreezing - freezing, locking - locking, wiping - wiping, stretching - stretching, erasing - wiping (the second form in each pair is colloquial). But onlybringing out (not "bring out"),sweeping (not "sweep"),finding (not "gained"),taking (do not "take"),making a mistake (not "wrong")carrying (not “carrying through”), etc.
In pairs pulling out - pulling out(cf. run with tongue out), put - put(cf. put my hand on my heart), open - open(cf. listen open mouth), fastening - fastening(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking down - breaking down(cf. rush headlong), descending - later(cf. work slipshod), etc. the second forms are obsolete and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed also an outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, parting, seeing, hearing etc.
3. Stylistically colored (under the old folk speech) are the adverbial forms on -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, growing, walking, driving, pitying, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used effortlessly(cf. do playfully), sneaking around(cf. slink), clover(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.
Participial
A large number of errors are made in the use of participial revolutions. Let's break it down into specific example. Let's take a suggestion:
The book lying on the table is read.
Its disadvantage lies in the wrong word order: the noun being definedbookwas in the middle of a communion. According to the rules, the noun being defined must be either before the whole turnover, or after it. Compare: 1)The book lying on the table has been read;2) The book on the table is read. Another example: "A student who writes a summary without a single mistake will receive a high mark. ". Is it possible to say so? Will the combinations created according to this pattern be correct: “an athlete who can run a hundred meters in ten seconds », « prisoner trying to escape "? No, because participles have only two forms of tense - present and past, but they have no future tense. Therefore, from perfective verbs(write, manage, try)communion on-scheyare not formed. In these cases, the participial turnover is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:the student who will write; an athlete who can run; a prisoner who will try to escape. Is it possible to say this:Everyone who would like to speak at the meeting will receive the floor "? No, because from verbs in the form conditional mood(with particlewould)participles are not formed. In these cases, the participial turnover is also replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:Anyone who wishes...« Fruits of the new harvest, sent from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country ". Perhaps, reading this sentence aloud, you will feel a little awkward. And indeed: doesn’t it turn out that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-syain verb forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf .:The disciples govhike),but also a passive meaning, when the subject is affected by someone (cf .:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of participle on-syacommunion onmy(passive participle of the present tense), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruit,sent...Instead of "Girl,brought uplingeringgrandmother..."Girl,educatedgrandmother...
The use of participial turnover helps to eliminate ambiguity in a sentence. For instance:The students had an internshipvone of the workshops of the plant, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).
The participial turnover brings the necessary clarity: 1)... in one of the workshops of the plant, recently reorganized;2) ... in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.
The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:carriage galloping over the bridge; a servant sweeping the room;We talk:who jumps, who sweeps ... "The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns, the better for a skilled writer. Written language is animated every minute by expressions born in conversation, but should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries.
Participial turnover
Everyone knows the textbook phrase from the story of A.P. Chekhov: " Approaching this station, my hat fell off".
Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule of using adverbial phrases is violated.
The adverbial turnover usually moves freely within the sentence: it can stand at its beginning, in the middle and at the end.
For example: 1) Entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher entered the classroom and greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students as he entered the classroom. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund participle (entering) refers to the subject.
This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it deals with two active objects in the grammatical meaning of this word - a passenger (he drove up to the station) and a hat (it flew off), and the passenger's action does not apply to the subject. V wrong construction this proposition is easy to verify if we rearrange participial turnover: "The hat, approaching the station, flew off the passenger."
Compare in a student essay: Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society."(it turned out that in an aristocratic society "habits and views lived and revolved").
It is possible to use the adverbial turnover in impersonal offer with the indefinite form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor the traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (that is, the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: " Approaching the forest, I became cold": there is no infinitive in it, to which the adverbial turnover could refer.
The adverbial turnover, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity, conciseness. Let's compare two sentences: After I completed homework, I'll go for a walk. - Having done my homework, I went for a walk.. It is easy to see that the second sentence, which is more concise in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.
Participles and participles are very expressive, due to which they are widely used in the language. fiction. For instance: The mists, swirling and wriggling, crawled there along the wrinkles of neighboring rocks.(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun.(V. G. Korolenko).
Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object, flowing in time, as an action that an object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected to by another object ( caller - called).
Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like a shape verb the sacrament has grammatical meanings verb:
- transitivity and intransitivity
- pledge
- time
- control
- compatibility with an adverb.
How adjective, participle:
- denotes an attribute of an object
- varies by gender, number and case
- when declining, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
- in the proposal acts as definition and predicate.
gerund- non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. signs verb:
- control
- the ability to be defined by an adverb
There is no passive voice in gerunds. Like adverbs, gerunds do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.
Most often, gerunds adjoin predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the adverb is secondary predicate and can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. Less commonly, the participle adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, a short adjective or noun.
It can also apply to other members of the sentence:
- addition (keeping silence)
- definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
- circumstance-general participle (drinking without grimacing)
The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( having done her homework, the girl went for a walk).
The formation of the sacraments. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles can only be formed from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from the verbs oven, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, real and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only the perfect form. Thus, only real past participles can be formed from perfect intransitive verbs, for example: jumping, standing etc.
Present participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by means of suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-)- for real participles and suffixes -em, -im-- for suffering participles.
Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem indefinite form(or past tense) through suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -enn-, -t-- for suffering participles.
Stylistic characterization of participles.
Participle - essential tool designations of signs of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its sign in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.
In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style . pictorial the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and reassuring his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness. artistic speech: And the wind in round window poured in a wet stream - it seemed that the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).
Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become language tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.
The sphere of wide figurative use of adjectivized participles is journalistic style. Here, participles act in an expressive function, meaning the ultimate a high degree manifestations of the intensity of action: flagrant iniquity, massive blow.
The negative attitude of writers to dissonant suffixes leaves an imprint on the aesthetic assessment of participles. -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yusch-. The writer either completely refuses dissonant verbal forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have "hissing" suffixes.
In common parlance, participles formed from reflexive verbs omit postfix -sya: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.
Replacing a passive participle with a real participle formed from a reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of a change in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive communion is superimposed on the general return).
Like a violation literary norm the formation of verbal forms on -but, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived: start - started, act - arrived.
Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:
- book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
- colloquial colloquial with suffixes -lice, -shi: saying come.
V literary language the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unrestricted. Nowadays they are used as stylistic device to express vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all gerunds in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral and those few gerunds irrevocable verbs, which cannot be formed without -shi: grow up, lay down, stretch out, kindle.
Participles that stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, in our time, words attract the attention of artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -in. It is worth putting such gerunds into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.
Participles, figuratively depicting an action, often play the role of tropes.
In Russian, there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.
Participle and participle are special parts of speech that combine morphological features several parts of speech. This is what makes them different from the rest. By the way, many linguists attribute the participle and gerund to verbal forms, and do not separate it into a separate part of speech. In this article we will talk about them as independent ones.
Communion concept
Participle and participle in Russian are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological features of the verb: the categories of aspect, reflexivity and tense.
However, the participle tends to adjectives and expresses a sign of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, building, reading. This part of speech answers the questions what is he doing? who did what? From the adjective, the participle "inherited" gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun to which they refer: written book - written books (plural) - about a written book (prepositional case) - written novel (masculine) .
Also, the sacrament can be used in full and short forms. Awarded Diploma - Awarded. Unlike adjectives, in short participles, only one letter n is written. Foggy lowland - the lowland is foggy (short adjective); sown field - the field is sown (short participle).
Participles, depending on the meaning, can be real (denoting a sign created directly by an action - building) or passive (denoting a sign of an action experienced from the outside - building).
The concept of participle
The gerund participle gravitates grammatically to the adverb: from it the part of speech has adopted immutability, but from the verb the gerund participle has a form (listening - listening) and reflexivity (washing - washing).
The participle denotes an additional, additional action, it can easily be replaced by a homogeneous predicate.
- I walked down the street, enjoying the spring sun. - I walked down the street and rejoiced in the spring sun.
The additive action indicates how the main verb acts. She walked rejoicing - the gerund "rejoicing" means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action "walked" is performed.
Real participles: education, suffixes
Participles and gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of specific suffixes. As for the real participles of the present tense, their generating stem is the verb of the same tense. In the latter, the ending is simply swept aside and a characteristic participle suffix is attached: - yy-/-yy- and - ash-/-box-.
It should be remembered here that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, - ash-/-box- are used in participles from verbs of II conjugation.
- Sunbathe - I sunbathe (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (real participle of the present tense).
- To glue - to glue (verb of the present tense, II conjugation) - gluing (real participle of the present tense).
The same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense with the help of suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.
- Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawled - crawled.
The unstressed vowel before the suffix is also checked (the word is put in the past tense) winnow - winnow - winnow.
Passive participles: education, suffixes
Suffering participles of the present tense must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -em-/-im- respectively.
- Decide - decide - solved; wear - wear - wearable.
Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form the passive participles of the past tense. The generating stem is an infinitive verb: decide - decided; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - enn- only the letter e is always written after the hissing ones. For example, burned, resolved.
In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix n. This participle differs from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes and dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut(verbal adjective) - mother's sauerkraut (participle, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a prefix)
Participles: education, suffixes
The participle and the participle are similar in that for both, the derived basis is the verb.
If we talk about imperfect participles, then the stem of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix is attached to it - a- or - I am-.
- Guard - watchman; shine - shining; move - moving; breathe - breathe.
There are a number of verbs from which the formation of a gerund is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.
If we talk about gerunds of the perfect form, then they should be formed from the stem of the infinitive. The suffixes involved -in-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - writing, writing; bring - bring.
Thus, the spelling of suffixes of participles and gerunds depends on the type of the verb of the generating stem, its conjugation. Also, sometimes you should take into account the type (this is especially true for adverbs). Suffixes of participles and gerunds different meanings should be known by heart, then their correct spelling will not cause difficulties.
Spelling not with participles and gerunds
It should be said about one more spelling, often causing difficulties. How to write a particle not, communion and participle. The rules regarding the latter are quite simple: with the gerund, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: not doing, not thinking, not grasping, not bringing, but indignant, hating.
The participle will be written with not separately in the following cases:
- It has dependent words. In other words, if there is no single communion, but participle turnover (Flowers, not plucked yesterday, bloomed in all their glory).
- The sentence has an opposition built with the help of the union a ( They were not faded, but completely fresh flowers).
Slitno not with participles will be written outside of participial revolutions: an incessant downpour, an unplowed field, an unread book.
Also spelled together with not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.
Participles and participles
Rule: If the participial turnover is after the word being defined, then it is distinguished by commas on both sides: The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy. Rule: In the suffix -enn-, after hissing under stress, e (e) is written, although it is pronounced [o]: burned, resolved. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter n is written: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from verbs in -at, -yat, then the letters a or i are written before -nn- and -n-: plow - plowed - plowed; to oblige - obligated - obligated. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not on -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -nn- and -n-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with suffixes -enn- and -nn-, two letters n (nn) are written if:
1) the sacrament has a prefix (except not): boiled fish, plowed field;
2) the sacrament has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If the word does not have any of the listed features, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(p.146)
Rule:
Not with full participles is written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participial turnover: On the table lay a letter that I had not sent. There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains a contrast with the union a: The vase contained not wilted, but fresh flowers. Not with full participles it is written together:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the sacrament is not used without not: a hating look. With short participles, the particle is not written separately: The letter was not sent. Book not read.(p.146)
Rule: Particle not with gerunds is written separately: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The adverbial turnover is always distinguished by commas: Howling angrily, a cold autumn wind blows. Blowing, howling angrily, cold autumn wind. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.
Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin ascending to participles. These include:
1) Real participles of the present tense and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
bluish - blue;
whitening - white.
2) Present participles of the active voice (as well as reflexive ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles by origin:
flowing - loose;
seated - seated;
prickly - prickly.
3) The real participle of the present tense (usually with negation) and an adjective coinciding with the passive participle of the present tense with a negative prefix non-: Non-burning - fireproof;
not fading - unfading;
waterproof - waterproof.
4) Passive participles of the present tense (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix non- and the suffix -imy:
Invalid - invalid;
not conquered - invincible;
untamed - untamed.
5) Real past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.
6) Further in meaning from participles are non-prefixed adjectives in -ly, which do not have participles that fully correspond to them; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripe - ripe;
mature - mature;
withered - sluggish.
7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Welded - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - broken.
8) Real and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
a) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape protruding into the sea is an outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile. A director calling a technician is a calling tone.
b) A respected person is a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.
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Communion and participle
Communion and gerund in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which the? Doing what? What did you do? What has done? Participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What do you do? Having done what?
The rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.
the presence of a full and short form;
-usch-/-yushch-/-asch-/-yashch-(real participles HB);
-vsh-/-sh-(real participles PV);
-em-/-om-/-im-(passive participles HB);
-nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).
The syntactic role is a circumstance.
The girl was walking down the street smiling.
The syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Features of participial and participle turnovers
Participle and participle turnovers are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and the function in the sentence:
Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence, as well as a singular gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (they are separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.
Topic quiz
Did not like? - Write in the comments what is missing.
- 1. Natalia Starostina - a bookstore gift card for 500 rubles.
- 2. Nikolai Z - a bookstore gift card for 500 rubles.
- 3. Mikhail Voronin - a bookstore gift card for 500 rubles.
- checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
- checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).
- view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
- recurrence(pretending camping).
The cards are electronic (code), they will be sent in the coming days by Vkontakte message or e-mail.
Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table "The difference between a participle and a participle"
The table will help to understand the differences between participle and participle
Preview:
Table 1. Differences between participle and participle
What is he doing? What did you do? What did he do? What are you doing?
AS? HOW?
What am I doing? What did you do in? What did the lice do?
Developing, remembering, writing, moving
I develop, remember in, write lice
Refers to a noun (pronoun)
Refers to the verb (predicate)
Present tense: -usch-(yushch), - asch-(yashch) - valid.
Em-, -im- - passive
Vsh-, -sh- - real
Nn-, -enn-, -t- - passive
Imperfect form (present tense):
Perfect form (past tense):
Participle turnover is a participle with words dependent on it
Software is a separate definition
A participle turnover is a participle with words dependent on it
DO is a separate circumstance
There was a man on the porch who was engaged in arming people.
Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Lesson of repetition and generalization of the studied material on the topics "Communion" and "Communion". Students are given a variety of assignments. The lesson is built using modular technology. Attached pre.
Synopsis of a lesson in the Russian language on the generalization of what was studied in the form of the game "Hour of Stars".
I taught this lesson while participating in the competition "Teacher of the Year". The class to which I was giving a lesson was unfamiliar to me (such was the condition of the test). But thanks to the skit at the beginning of the lesson, the guys a.
Synopsis of a generalizing lesson in the 6th grade according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.
Selected material control work allows you to check knowledge on the topics: "Communion" and "Gernal participles" most fully.
The lesson reinforces the skills of forming participles and gerunds, spelling their suffixes.
The collection consists of control tests, verification work, allowing in practice to work out a difficult topic for sixth graders: "Communion and gerund". Tasks work out op.
2.7. Communion and participle
Difficulties associated with the use in speech of a special form of the verb - participles, can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.
Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in the incorrect design of the formative basis (cf.: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of the normative galloping) and in the wrong choice of the formative suffix. Since the choice of the form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, then in case of difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph 2.6.
When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of the participle form Special attention look at the following cases.
1. Most of the real past participles are formed using suffixes -vsh- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:
write - wrote, decide - decider.
The suffix -sh- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry - carried, carry - carried.
2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, laid out, drunk). In speech, quite often there is a mistake associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in a sentence: Cleaned up in the room- instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n-, the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.
3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all derivational prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is to drop the -sya suffix when forming participles from reflexive verbs.
For example, in a sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees– the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The grammatically correct sentence would be: The wind blew the leaves off the trees.
4. It should be borne in mind that some verbs are characterized by the absence or uncommonness of certain forms of participles. So, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:
Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with the accusative case without a preposition.
At the same time, the absence of separate forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.
arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, carry, knit, stroke, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, lay, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, heal, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.
2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:
When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.
1. The opposition of real and passive participles is connected with the meaning they express.
Real participles (suffixes -usch-, -yushch-, -asch-, -yashch-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote a sign of who (what) directly performs the action:
singing girl, drawing boy.
Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing the action:
a book being read, a magazine bought.
In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use real participles instead of passive participles, and vice versa.
For example, in a sentence: I had one ticket- the passive participle is unlawfully used, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. on a lucky ticket. Grammatically correct in this situation would be to use the real participle ( winning ticket), since the noun being defined does not experience, but produces an action.
2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.
In some cases, both possible forms are used in the literary language:
a project approved by all - a project approved by all.
In other cases, either only the passive participle is used, or only the real participle from the reflexive verb.
Wed: built house - a house under construction.
Should be remembered that the main exponent of the meaning of passivity is precisely the passive participle, and where it exists, the return participle is usually unacceptable.
So, turns will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressed as a nanny; carpenter-made box. In this case, it is mandatory to use the passive participles: a child dressed as a nanny; a box made by a carpenter.
The reflexive participle is usually used when there is no corresponding passive participle in the language or it is of little use. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are of little use.
Wed: a report written by a student last year; a report written by a student during the year.
3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be participles of the future tense. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:
Within a few years, we will have a whole range of enterprises that can cause an ecological catastrophe.
When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.
1. Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes -а/-я:
take - take - taking; crying - crying - crying.
A number of imperfective verbs also form gerunds using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:
being, riding, pitying, playfully, walking, sneaking.
However, they have not received any wide distribution in the literary language. Usually the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as obsolete or as a means of stylization of folk and ancient speech.
In addition, not all imperfective verbs are able to form gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the stems of the present tense do not form gerunds (cf .: weave - weave):
beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.
There are no or not used gerunds from verbs with alternation in the stems of the infinitive and the present tense of the consonants z–zh, s–sh (cf .: knit - knit, dance - dance j ut):
weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.
Imperfect verbs do not form gerunds for -ch, for -nut:
protect, burn, be able, bake, whip, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, sink, pull.
Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:
arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, be ashamed, want.
2. Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs mainly with the help of the suffix -v:
buy - bought, decide - decided.
From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а / -я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -lice, -shi ( offended, upset and etc.).
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -v are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. Discordant forms of type having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, curled up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -in is also characteristic of many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - grown up; save - save.
The use of the suffix -а / -я in the formation of perfect participles (cf .: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was quite common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: stooping, approaching, descending and others. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.
3. The main mistake in the formation of gerunds is the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in a sentence: I dialed the number, hung up- the form of the participle with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with stems to sibilant, perfective gerunds are usually formed with the suffix -a, but the normative variant is the form with the suffix -v (putting handset).
Errors of this kind are quite frequent when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( put your hand on your heart, oh my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms by modern forms in some idiomatic expressions ( rushed out of the head) is a mistake!
Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in the literary language cannot have gerunds at all (for example: Sleeping, he trembled).
Correct spelling: what is participle and participle, rules with examples
In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.
Morphological features
Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun, adjective or verb.
It declines, that is, it changes according to gender, numbers, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:
Moreover , has a time value. This is a constant feature of these parts of speech, which have the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized sya).
It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).
From the above, the conclusion follows: this part speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.
gerund
The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:
Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.
What is the difference
First of all, it should be noted that gerund does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.
To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:
- Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
- gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).
- definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
- part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).
Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:
The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.
Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.