TRACKS AND STYLISTIC FIGURES.
TRAILS(Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) - words or turns of speech in a figurative, allegorical sense. Trails - important element artistic thinking. Types of tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, etc.
STYLISTIC FIGURES- figures of speech used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of the statement: anaphora, epiphora, ellipse, antithesis, parallelism, gradation, inversion, etc.
HYPERBOLA (Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - a kind of trail based on exaggeration ("rivers of blood", "sea of laughter"). By means of hyperbole, the author enhances the desired impression or emphasizes what he glorifies and what he ridicules. Hyperbole occurs already in ancient epic at different peoples, in particular in Russian epics.
In the Russian litera, N.V. Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin, and especially
V. Mayakovsky ("I", "Napoleon", "150,000,000"). In poetic speech, hyperbole is often intertwinedwith other artistic means (metaphors, personifications, comparisons, etc.). The opposite - litotes.
LITOTA (Greek litotes - simplicity) - a trope opposite to hyperbole; figurative expression, turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength, significance of the depicted object or phenomenon. The litote is in folk tales: "boy with a finger", "hut on chicken legs", "man with a marigold".
The second name for litotes is meiosis. The opposite of litote hyperbola.
N. Gogol often addressed the litote:
“Such a small mouth that it cannot miss more than two pieces” N. Gogol
METAPHOR(Greek metaphora - transfer) - trope, hidden figurative comparison, transferring the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on common features (“work is in full swing”, “forest of hands”, “dark personality”, “stone heart” ...). In metaphor, unlike
comparisons, the words "as", "as if", "as if" are omitted, but implied.
Nineteenth century, iron,
Truly a cruel age!
You in the darkness of the night, starless
Careless abandoned man!
A. Blok
Metaphors are formed according to the principle of personification ("water runs"), reification ("nerves of steel"), distraction ("field of activity"), etc. Various parts of speech can act as a metaphor: verb, noun, adjective. Metaphor gives speech exceptional expressiveness:
In every carnation fragrant lilac,
Singing, a bee crawls in ...
You ascended under the blue vault
Above the wandering crowd of clouds...
A. Fet
The metaphor is an undivided comparison, in which, however, both members are easily seen:
With a sheaf of their oatmeal hair
You touched me forever...
The eyes of a dog rolled
Golden stars in the snow...
S. Yesenin
In addition to verbal metaphor, metaphorical images or extended metaphors are widely used in art:
Ah, my bush withered my head,
Sucked me song captivity
I am condemned to hard labor of feelings
Turn the millstones of poems.
S. Yesenin
Sometimes the entire work is a broad, detailed metaphorical image.
METONYMY(Greek metonymia - renaming) - tropes; replacing one word or expression with another based on the proximity of meanings; the use of expressions in a figurative sense ("foaming glass" - meaning wine in a glass; "forest noise" - trees are meant; etc.).
The theater is already full, the boxes are shining;
Parterre and chairs, everything is in full swing ...
A.S. Pushkin
In metonymy, a phenomenon or object is denoted with the help of other words and concepts. At the same time, signs or connections that bring these phenomena together remain; Thus, when V. Mayakovsky speaks of "a steel speaker dozing in a holster," the reader easily guesses in this image the metonymic image of a revolver. This is the difference between metonymy and metaphor. The idea of a concept in metonymy is given with the help of indirect signs or secondary meanings, but this is precisely what enhances the poetic expressiveness of speech:
You led swords to a plentiful feast;
Everything fell with a noise before you;
Europe perished; grave dream
Worn over her head...
A. Pushkin
When is the shore of hell
Forever will take me
When forever fall asleep
Feather, my consolation...
A. Pushkin
PERIPHRASE (Greek periphrasis - roundabout, allegory) - one of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, as a rule, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech. ("king of birds" instead of "eagle", "king of beasts" - instead of "lion")
PERSONALIZATION(prosopopoeia, personification) - a kind of metaphor; transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (the soul sings, the river plays ...).
my bells,
Steppe flowers!
What are you looking at me
Dark blue?
And what are you talking about
On a happy May day,
Among the uncut grass
Shaking your head?
A.K. Tolstoy
SYNECDOCHE (Greek synekdoche - correlation)- one of the tropes, a type of metonymy, consisting in the transfer of meaning from one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Synecdoche is an expressive means of typification. The most common types of synecdoche are:
1) Part of the phenomenon is called in the sense of the whole:
And at the door
jackets,
overcoats,
sheepskin coats...
V. Mayakovsky
2) The whole in the meaning of the part - Vasily Terkin in a fist fight with a fascist says:
Oh, how are you! Fight with a helmet?
Well, isn't it a vile parod!
3) Singular in the meaning of general and even universal:
There a man groans from slavery and chains...
M. Lermontov
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn ...
A. Pushkin
4) Replacing a number with a set:
Millions of you. Us - darkness, and darkness, and darkness.
A. Blok
5) Replacing a generic concept with a specific one:
We beat a penny. Very good!
V. Mayakovsky
6) Replacing a specific concept with a generic one:
"Well, sit down, luminary!"
V. Mayakovsky
COMPARISON - a word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. (“Strong as a lion”, “said how he cut off” ...). A storm covers the sky with mist,
Whirlwinds of snow twisting;
The way the beast she howls
He will cry like a child...
A.S. Pushkin
"Like a steppe scorched by fires, Grigory's life became black" (M. Sholokhov). The idea of the blackness and gloom of the steppe evokes in the reader that dreary and painful feeling that corresponds to the state of Gregory. There is a transfer of one of the meanings of the concept - "scorched steppe" to another - the internal state of the character. Sometimes, in order to compare some phenomena or concepts, the artist resorts to detailed comparisons:
The view of the steppe is sad, where there are no obstacles,
Exciting only a silver feather grass,
Wandering flying aquilon
And before him freely drives the dust;
And where around, no matter how vigilantly you look,
Meets the gaze of two or three birches,
Which under the bluish haze
Blacken in the evening in the empty distance.
So life is boring when there is no struggle,
Penetrating into the past, distinguish
There are few things we can do in it, in the color of years
She will not cheer the soul.
I need to act, I do every day
I would like to make immortal like a shadow
Great hero, and understand
I can't what it means to rest.
M. Lermontov
Here, with the help of expanded S. Lermontov, he conveys a whole range of lyrical experiences and reflections.
Comparisons are usually connected by unions "as", "as if", "as if", "exactly", etc. Non-union comparisons are also possible:
"Do I have curls - combed linen" N. Nekrasov. Here the union is omitted. But sometimes it's not meant to be:
"Tomorrow is the execution, the usual feast for the people" A. Pushkin.
Some forms of comparison are built descriptively and therefore are not connected by conjunctions:
And she is
At the door or at the window
The early star is brighter,
Fresh morning roses.
A. Pushkin
She is sweet - I will say between us -
Storm of the court knights,
And you can with southern stars
Compare, especially in verse,
Her Circassian eyes.
A. Pushkin
A special type of comparison is the so-called negative:
The red sun does not shine in the sky,
Blue clouds do not admire them:
Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.
M. Lermontov
In this parallel depiction of two phenomena, the form of negation is at the same time a way of comparing and a way of transferring meanings.
A special case is the forms of the instrumental case used in comparison:
It's time, beauty, wake up!
Open your closed eyes,
Towards North Aurora
Be the star of the north.
A. Pushkin
I do not soar - I sit like an eagle.
A. Pushkin
Often there are comparisons in the accusative case with the preposition "under":
"Sergey Platonovich ... sat with Atepin in the dining room, pasted over with expensive, oak-like wallpaper ..."
M. Sholokhov.
IMAGE -a generalized artistic reflection of reality, clothed in the form of a specific individual phenomenon. Poets think in images.
It is not the wind that rages over the forest,
Streams did not run from the mountains,
Frost - warlord patrol
Bypasses his possessions.
ON THE. Nekrasov
ALLEGORY(Greek allegoria - allegory) - a concrete image of an object or phenomenon of reality, replacing an abstract concept or thought. A green branch in the hands of a person has long been an allegorical image of the world, a hammer has been an allegory of labor, etc.
The origin of many allegorical images should be sought in the cultural traditions of tribes, peoples, nations: they are found on banners, coats of arms, emblems and acquire a stable character.
Many allegorical images date back to Greek and Roman mythology. So, the image of a woman blindfolded and with scales in her hands - the goddess Themis - is an allegory of justice, the image of a snake and a bowl is an allegory of medicine.
Allegory as a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness is widely used in fiction. It is based on the convergence of phenomena according to the correlation of their essential aspects, qualities or functions and belongs to the group of metaphorical tropes.
Unlike a metaphor, in an allegory, the figurative meaning is expressed by a phrase, a whole thought, or even a small work (fable, parable).
GROTESQUE (French grotesque - bizarre, comical) - an image of people and phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form, based on sharp contrasts and exaggerations.
Enraged at the meeting, I burst into an avalanche,
Spouting wild curses dear.
And I see: half of the people are sitting.
O devilry! Where is the other half?
V. Mayakovsky
IRONY (Greek eironeia - pretense) - an expression of mockery or slyness through allegory. A word or statement acquires in the context of speech a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning or denies it, calling it into question.
Servant of powerful masters,
With what noble courage
Thunder with speech you are free
All those who had their mouths shut.
F.I. Tyutchev
SARCASM (Greek sarkazo, lit. - tear meat) - contemptuous, caustic mockery; the highest degree of irony.
ASSONANCE (French assonance - consonance or respond) - repetition in a line, stanza or phrase of homogeneous vowel sounds.
Oh spring without end and without edge -
Endless and endless dream!
A. Blok
ALLITERATION (SOUND)(lat. ad - to, with and littera - letter) - the repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving the verse a special intonational expressiveness.
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
Storm is near. Beats on the shore
A black boat alien to charms ...
K. Balmont
ALLUSION (from Latin allusio - a joke, a hint) - a stylistic figure, a hint through a similar-sounding word or mention of a well-known real fact, historical event, a literary work ("the glory of Herostratus").
ANAPHORA(Greek anaphora - pronouncement) - repetition initial words, lines, stanzas or phrases.
You are poor
You are abundant
You are beaten
You are almighty
Mother Russia!…
ON THE. Nekrasov
ANTITHESIS (Greek antithesis - contradiction, opposition) - a pronounced opposition of concepts or phenomena.
You are rich, I am very poor;
You are a prose writer, I am a poet;
You are blush, like a poppy color,
I am like death, and thin and pale.
A.S. Pushkin
You are poor
You are abundant
You are powerful
You are powerless...
N. Nekrasov
So few roads traveled, so many mistakes made...
S. Yesenin.
Antithesis enhances the emotional coloring of speech and emphasizes the thought expressed with its help. Sometimes the whole work is built on the principle of antithesis
APOCOPE(Greek apokope - cutting off) - artificial shortening of a word without losing its meaning.
... Suddenly, out of the forest
The bear opened its mouth on them ...
A.N. Krylov
Lay, laugh, sing, whistle and clap,
People's talk and horse top!
A.S. Pushkin
ASYNDETON (asyndeton) - a sentence with no conjunctions between homogeneous words or parts of a whole. A figure that gives speech dynamism and richness.
Night, street, lamp, pharmacy,
A meaningless and dim light.
Live at least a quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no exit.
A. Blok
POLYUNION(polysyndeton) - excessive repetition of unions, creating additional intonational coloring. The opposite figureunionlessness.
Slowing down speech with forced pauses, polyunion emphasizes individual words, enhances its expressiveness:
And the waves are crowding, and rushing back,
And they come again, and hit the shore ...
M. Lermontov
And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand to ...
M.Yu. Lermontov
GRADATION- from lat. gradatio - gradualness) - a stylistic figure in which definitions are grouped in a certain order - the increase or decrease in their emotional and semantic significance. Gradation enhances the emotional sound of the verse:
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
S. Yesenin
INVERSION(lat. inversio - rearrangement) - a stylistic figure, consisting in a violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of the phrase gives it a peculiar expressive shade.
Traditions of antiquity deep
A.S. Pushkin
Doorman past he's an arrow
Flew up the marble steps
A. Pushkin
OXYMORON(Greek oxymoron - witty-stupid) - a combination of contrasting, opposite in meaning words (a living corpse, a giant dwarf, the heat of cold numbers).
PARALLELISM(from the Greek. parallelos - walking side by side) - an identical or similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, creating a single poetic image.
Waves crash in the blue sea.
The stars are shining in the blue sky.
A. S. Pushkin
Your mind is as deep as the sea.
Your spirit is as high as mountains.
V. Bryusov
Parallelism is especially characteristic of works of oral folk art (epics, songs, ditties, proverbs) and close to them in their own way. artistic features literary works (“The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Who Lives Well in Russia” by N. A. Nekrasov, “Vasily Terkin” by A. T, Tvardovsky).
Parallelism can have a broader thematic character in content, for example, in the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The clouds of heaven are eternal wanderers."
Parallelism can be both verbal and figurative, as well as rhythmic, compositional.
PARCELLATION- an expressive syntactic technique of intonational division of a sentence into independent segments, graphically identified as independent sentences. ("And again. Gulliver. Standing. Stooping" P. G. Antokolsky. "How courteous! Good! Mila! Simple!" Griboedov. "Mitrofanov grinned, stirred the coffee. Squinted."
N. Ilyina. “He had a fight with a girl. And that's why." G. Uspensky.)
TRANSFER (French enjambement - stepping over) - a mismatch between the syntactic articulation of speech and articulation into verses. When transferring, the syntactic pause within a verse or half-line is stronger than at its end.
Peter comes out. His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
The movements are fast. He is beautiful,
He's all like God's thunderstorm.
A. S. Pushkin
RHYME(Greek "rhythmos" - harmony, proportionality) - variety epiphora ; the consonance of the ends of poetic lines, creating a sense of their unity and kinship. Rhyme emphasizes the boundary between verses and links verses into stanzas.
ELLIPSIS (Greek elleipsis - loss, omission) - a figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning (most often the predicate). This achieves dynamism and conciseness of speech, a tense change of action is transmitted. Ellipsis is one of the default types. In artistic speech, it conveys the excitation of the speaker or the intensity of the action:
We sat down - in ashes, cities - in dust,
In swords - sickles and plows.
Expressive means are special artistic and rhetorical devices, lexical and grammatical means language that draws attention to the utterance. They are used to make speech expressive, emotional, visual, make it more interesting and convincing. The means of expression have long been regarded as an important component rhetorical canon(see ch. 4).
The means of expression are trails and figures.
trails are turns of speech based on the use of a word or expression in figurative meaning(epithet, comparison, metaphor, etc.). figures of speech, or rhetorical figures are special forms of syntactic constructions that enhance the expressiveness of speech, the degree of its impact on the addressee (repetition, antithesis, rhetorical question, etc.). Tropes are based on verbal figurativeness, figures are based on syntactic figurativeness.
There are several main types of trails.
I. Comparison- a figurative expression built on a comparison of two objects or states that have common feature. Comparison presupposes the presence of three components: firstly, what is being compared, secondly, what is being compared with, and thirdly, on the basis of which one is compared with another. As an example, one can cite the statement of the famous physiologist I.P. Pavlov: “Like a perfect wing of a bird, it could never lift it up without relying on air. Facts are the air of a scientist. Without them, you will never be able to take off. Without your "theories" are empty attempts."
II. Epithet - artistic definition, which makes it possible to more clearly characterize the qualities of an object or phenomenon and thereby enriches the content of the statement. For example, the geologist A.E. Fersman uses epithets to describe precious stones: a brightly colored emerald, sometimes thick, almost dark, cut with cracks, sometimes sparkling with bright dazzling green; bright golden "chrysolite" of the Urals, beautiful sparkling demantoid stone; a whole gamut of tones connects slightly greenish or bluish beryls with dense green dark aquamarines.
III. Metaphor - this is the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena (in form, color, function, etc.): " Golden autumn", "dead silence", "iron will", "sea of flowers". A metaphor is also called a figurative designation in artistic, poetic speech or in journalism of an object or phenomenon based on its similarity with another object or phenomenon: sharks of capitalism, political games, scoring, nationalist card, paralysis of power, dollar injection Metaphor should be distinguished from comparison, which is usually formalized with the conjunctions "like", "as if", "as if" or can be expressed in the instrumental form of a noun. A successful metaphor activates perception, well remembered:
Two steps away rises the dome of the museum, below boils[Zanlavskaya Square - I made a rather big circle (L. Kabakov. Everything is fixable).
“And in general,” Perkhushkov said, choking on longing, “how scary and difficult it is to live in the world, friends! speaking of longjenfyn, they happen at every step in our spiritual life!" (T. Tolstaya. Limpopo).
The Shcherbinsky case has become the "uranium rod" that, being lowered into our Russian political reactor, will start the process of fission of the civilian nucleus ("Results". 2006. M 13).
In fiction and journalistic texts, a detailed metaphor can be used, which is based on several similarity associations:
Your health ship has run aground. It must be taken in tow, refloated, and then, when it has free water under the keel, it will float itself. Medicines are the tugboat, free water is time, and the ability to swim on your own is restored adaptive capacity (advertising).
Metaphors play a significant role in shaping the picture of the world. A well-known researcher of political rhetoric A.P. Chudinov proceeds from the fact that the system of metaphors is a kind of key to understanding the spirit of the times. He studied the following basic metaphors of modern Russian reality: criminal ("political showdowns"), militaristic ("opposition camp", "show a united front"), medical ("paralysis of power", "separatism syndrome"), game ("nationalist card" , "score points"), sports ("come to the finish line", "gain speed").
The idea that the type of politician can be determined by the nature of his speech behavior, in particular by the metaphorical models that he chooses, has firmly established itself in the public mind. For example, the persistence of the militaristic model "Russia is a military camp" is explained by the fact that numerous wars have influenced all generations of Russians. This model provokes the speech deployment of the "War and all its varieties" scenario: informational, psychological warfare, election campaign, ideological, pre-election front, go on the offensive, all-round defense, smoke screen, take revenge, state of siege, economic blockade, ordinary soldiers of the party. The militaristic metaphor is dangerous because it simplifies reality by imposing alternatives: either enemy or friend, or black or white.
IV. Metonymy based on adjacency. If, when creating a metaphor, two objects, phenomena, actions must be somewhat similar to each other, then with metonymy, two objects or phenomena that have received the same name must be adjacent, closely related to each other. Examples of metonymy are the use of the names of capitals in the meaning of "government of the country", the words "audience", "class", "school", "apartment", "house", "factory", "collective farm" to refer to people, naming a product made of material like this the same as the material itself (gold, silver, bronze, porcelain, cast iron, clay), for example: Moscow is preparing a return visit; London has not yet made a final decision; Negotiations between Moscow and Washington; Five houses in our district have changed management companies; Gold and silver went to our athletes, bronze went to the French.
v. Paraphrase - replacing a word with a descriptive expression that allows you to characterize any signs of what is being said. Often, paraphrases are based on metaphorical transfer. Paraphrases are often found in the means mass media. Successful, fresh paraphrases help to enliven speech, help to avoid repetition, enhance emotional assessment: earthquake - "underground storm", forest - "green wealth", forest (forests) - "lungs of the planet", journalists - "fourth estate", AIDS - " plague of the 20th century", chess - "mind gymnastics", Sweden - "land of the Vikings", St. Petersburg - "Northern Venice", Japan - "land of the rising sun".
VI. Hyperbole - this is a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, phenomenon, object or its properties; it is used to enhance the artistic impression, emotional impact ("He raced faster than lightning"; "The berries this year grew like a fist"; "He is so thin, just a skeleton"). The subject of speech due to hyperbole appears exceptional, often unbelievable: "From the Urals to the Danube, To the big river, Swaying and sparkling, The regiments are moving" (M. Lermontov). Hyperbole is actively used both in commercial advertising to exaggerate the functional qualities and aesthetic properties of goods and services ("Bounty - heavenly delight"), and in propaganda ("fateful decisions", "the only guarantor of the Constitution", "evil empire").
VII. Litota - a trope that is the opposite of hyperbole and consists in deliberately weakening, downplaying the property or sign that is being spoken of ("a man with a fingernail", "two steps away", "wait a second").
VIII. irony - the use of a name or even a whole statement in the opposite literal sense, the deliberate statement of the opposite of what the speaker actually thinks. The highest degree of manifestation of irony - sarcasm. Irony is usually revealed not formally, but on the basis of background knowledge or context ("Listen to this intellectual: now he will dot all the i" - about a poorly educated, narrow-minded person; "Well, how could this man of honor break the law" - about a swindler).
IX. Among the rhetorical figures stands out repeat, intended primarily for demonstration strong feeling. Often this is just a repetition of a particular word. Here is an example of using the repetition technique in a speech by D. S. Likhachev:
Russian culture, by the mere fact that it includes the cultures of a dozen other peoples and has long been associated with the neighboring cultures of Scandinavia, Byzantium, the southern and western Slavs, Germany, Italy, the peoples of the East and the Caucasus, is a universal culture and tolerant of the cultures of others peoples. This last feature was clearly characterized by Dostoevsky in his famous speech at the Pushkin celebrations. But Russian culture is also European because it has always been devoted to the idea of individual freedom in its deepest foundations ... ("Oh
There are several types of repetition.
1. Anaphora - repetition of words at the beginning of adjacent segments of speech. For example: "Give yourself the unique elegance of French makeup, give yourself a particle french charm". The famous speech of Martin Luther King Jr., a fighter for the rights of the black population of the United States, is built on the anaphora "I have a dream." Another example of an anaphora is a fragment of an article by the famous poet V. I. Ivanov "Thoughts on Symbolism":
So, I am not a symbolist, if I do not wake up with an elusive hint or influence in the heart of the listener of sensations inexpressible, sometimes similar to the original memory ... sometimes to a distant, vague premonition, sometimes to the thrill of someone familiar and desired approach ...
I am not a symbolist... if my words do not convince him directly of the existence of a hidden life where his mind did not suspect life; if my words do not move in him the energy of love for that which until then he did not know how to love, because his love did not know how many abodes it had.
I am not a symbolist, if my words are equal to themselves ...
2. Epiphora - is the repetition of words at the ends of adjacent segments of speech. An example is a fragment of the speech of the American President F. D. Roosevelt "On the Four Freedoms":
In the future... a world will open before us, built on the basis of the four inalienable freedoms of man. The first of these is freedom of speech anywhere in the world. The second is the freedom of religious cultures everywhere and everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want, which ... means mutual understanding in the field economic relations providing for each state a peaceful and prosperous life for its citizens everywhere in the world. The fourth freedom is freedom from fear, which ... means the worldwide reduction of armaments to such an extent that no state will be able to commit an act of aggression against any of its neighbors anywhere in the world.
- 3. Joint - this is the repetition of words at the boundaries of adjacent segments within a sentence or at the boundary of sentences. For example: "Only with us, with us and nowhere else"; "It's impossible not to call it a crime. Other actions of the authorities should also be called a crime."
- 4. Syntax parallelism - this is a repetition of the same type of syntactic units in the same type of syntactic positions. Let us give an example of the use of this figure by Academician D.S. Likhachev:
May we have heroes of the spirit, ascetics who give themselves to the service of the sick, children, the poor, other nations, saints, finally. Let our country again be the birthplace of Oriental studies, the country of "small peoples", their preservation in the "red book of mankind". May the unaccountable desire to give all of oneself to some holy cause, which has so distinguished Russians at all times, again take its rightful place ("Oh the national character of Russians").
Syntactic parallelism is also used in advertising: Children build for fun, you build for them.
Syntactic parallelism can be accompanied by an antithesis: "A strong governor - great rights, a weak governor - no rights; a public politician - the republic is known in the country, a non-public politician - no one knows about it."
x. Antithesis - a figure built on the opposition of compared concepts, for example, in proverbs and sayings: "The smart one will teach, the fool will get bored"; "Easy to make friends, hard to leave." The antithesis was used by Cicero in his famous speech against Senator Catiline:
On our side fighting a sense of honor, on the other - impudence; here - modesty, there - depravity; here - fidelity, there - deceit; here - valor, there - crime; here - steadfastness, there - fury; here - an honest name, there - shame; here - restraint, there - licentiousness; in a word, all virtues struggle with injustice, depravity, laziness, recklessness, all sorts of vices; finally, abundance fights poverty, decency - with meanness, reason - with madness, finally, good hopes - with complete hopelessness.
XI. Inversion - rearrangement of parts of a sentence, breaking the usual word order to highlight certain words. Often this is due to cases when the predicate comes before the subject in order to highlight new information in the sentence. For example: "Good spring evenings"; "History is made by people, not some objective laws of history"; "The hero of the day was honored by the whole team"; "As difficult as it is, we must do it." Inversion can also be used for stylization: "We sit at tables long, oak, uncovered. Servants serve rusk kvass, daily cabbage soup, rye bread, boiled beef with onions and buckwheat porridge" (V. Sorokin. Oprichnik's Day).
XII. Parceling - this is the division of the original statement into two or more independent, intonationally isolated segments, for example: "They know. They remember. They believe"; "A person has always been handsome if his name sounded proud. When he was a fighter. When he was a discoverer. When he dared. When he did not succumb to difficulties and did not fall on his knees before trouble"; "He also went. To the store. Buy apples."
Parceling usually serves to convey in a written text the features of a living oral speech and is actively used in fiction and journalism: “But she didn’t get sick. She lied. But there is a lie, and there is a lie. And it’s worth lying only to a strong opponent, and then a lie is an event. nothing changes in you. It doesn’t decrease, but it increases ... " (A. Gosteva. The daughter of a samurai).
Parceling is impossible in official business and scientific speech.
XIII. A rhetorical question- an exclamation question that does not require an answer, but conveys a message about something: "Do you think that I do not know this?"; "Is there another city like ours!"; "What does this mean?... The well-known reformer, the 'architect of reforms', could not do anything against the adoption of the law. How can one trust such a country now?"
D. S. Likhachev uses a whole range of rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical questions in his speech "On the National Character of the Russians":
There was legislation, Russkaya Pravda. "Code of Laws", "Ulozhenie", which defended the morals and dignity of the individual. Is this not enough? Is it not enough for us to have a people's movement to the East in search of freedom from the state and a happy Belovodsk kingdom? ... Do not the constant revolts and such leaders of these revolts as Razin, Bulavin, Pugachev and many others testify to the ineradicable desire for individual freedom? And the northern burns, in which hundreds and thousands of people burned themselves in the name of loyalty to their beliefs! What other uprising can we oppose to the Decembrist uprising, in which the leaders of the uprising acted against their property, estate and class interests, but in the name of social and political justice? And the village gatherings, with which the authorities were constantly forced to reckon! And all Russian literature, which has been striving for social justice for a thousand years!
Traditional, centuries-old means of expressiveness are still the most important means of creating effective, influencing speech, but only their skillful, proportionate and appropriate use will avoid artificiality and false pathos.
Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11
"Means of artistic expression".
Goals:
Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)
The development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one's point of view and defend it.
Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.
Task number 1.
Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.
When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.
Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.
If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.
All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.
The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"
The following text is proposed for work:
GREAT JOY...
The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was tangibly viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.
And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.
A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet torment of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.
He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.
The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."
And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...
5. Summing up.
6. Homework.
Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.
THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.
1. Antonyms – different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.
5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.
6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
7. Stylistic synonyms – differ stylistic coloring, sphere of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.
8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have a different structure, but have the same meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.
9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
good people there were, are and, I hope, will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise disharmony would set in in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.
10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a variety of objects or phenomena, the metaphor allows you to rethink the object, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.
11. Metonymy – transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?
13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: The sad fun continued ...
14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.
15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, to create whole art pictures give descriptions of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.
16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.
17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Anything can be an epithet. meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition to another:
1) noun: magpie talker.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.
SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
4 Inversion - Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!
5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.
6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.
7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!
8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
Means of expressiveness of speech
Anaphorasynth.
The same beginning of several neighboring sentences
Take care of each other,
Kindness warm.
take care
each other,
Let's not offend. (O.Vysotskaya)
synth.
Comparison of sharply contrasting or opposite concepts and images to enhance the impression
"Sleep and Death" by A.A. Fet, "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky.
Assonance
sound.
One of the types of sound writing, the repetition of the same vowel sounds in the text
Me
lo, me
lo to sune
the
mle
Sune
etce
de
ly.
Ste
cha goree
la on the tablee
,
Ste
cha goree
la ... (B. Pasternak)
lex.
Artistic exaggeration
bloomers as wide as the Black Sea (N. Gogol)
gradation
synth.
Arrangement of words, expressions in ascending (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance
Howled, sang, took off
stone under the sky
And the whole quarry was covered in smoke. (N. Zabolotsky)
Nominative themes
synth.
A special type of denominative sentences, names the topic of the statement, which is revealed in subsequent sentences
Bread!.. What could be more important than bread?!
Inversion
synth.
Violation of the direct word order
Drops the forest
your crimson attire,
Srebrit frost
withered field... (A. Pushkin)
Irony
lex.
Subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to direct
Count Khvostov,
Poet, beloved by heaven,
already sangimmortal
in verse
The misfortune of the Nevsky banks ... (A. Pushkin)
Composite joint
synth.
Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it
At dawn, the dawn sang. She sang and miraculously combined in her song all the rustles, rustles ... (N. Sladkov)
Lexical repetition
lex.
Repetition in the text of the same word, phrase
Around the city on the low hills spreadforests , mighty, untouched. Vforests came across large meadows and deaf lakes with hugepines along the coast.Pines all the while making a low noise. (Yu.Kazakov)
Litotes
lex.
Artistic understatement
"Tom Thumb"
lex.
Figurative meaning of a word based on similarity
Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok). Sugrobov white calves (B. Akhmadulina)
lex.
Replacing one word with another based on the adjacency of two concepts
Here on their new waves
All flags will visit us. (A.S. Pushkin)
polyunion
synth.
Intentional use of a repeated conjunction
There is also coal, and uranium, and rye, and grapes.
(V.Inber)
Occasionalisms
lex.
Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our midst, the fruits of the new Russianeducation . (G. Smirnov)
synth.
A combination of opposite words
Tourists in their hometown. (taffy)
lex.
Transfer of human properties to inanimate objects
Silent sadness will be comforted,
And frisky joy will think ... (A.S. Pushkin)
Parceling
synth.
Intentional division of a sentence into semantic meaningful segments
He loved everything beautiful. And he understood this. A beautiful song, poems, beautiful people. And smart.
lex.
Replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase
"people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox)
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal
synth.
Expression of the statement in interrogative form;
to attract attention;
increased emotional impact
Oh Volga! My cradle!
Has anyone loved you like me? (N. Nekrasov)
Rows, paired connection of homogeneous members
synth.
Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text
Amazing combinationyou just anddifficulties , transparency anddepths in Pushkinpoetry andprose . (S. Marshak)
Sarcasm
lex.
Caustic, caustic mockery, one of the methods of satire
The works of Swift, Voltaire, Saltykov-Shchedrin are saturated with sarcasm.
lex.
Replacing quantitative relations, using the singular instead of the plural
Swedish, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts... (A. Pushkin)
Syntax parallelism
synth.
Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines
Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)
Comparison
lex.
Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature
Yes, there are words that burnlike a flame. (A. Tvardovsky)
Default
synth.
Interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect
This fable could be more explained - Yes, so as not to tease the geese ... (I.A. Krylov)
Ellipsis
synth.
Reduction, "omission" of words that are easily restored in meaning, which contributes to the dynamism and conciseness of speech.
We sat down - in ashes, cities - in dust,
In swords - sickles and plows. (V.A. Zhukovsky)
lex.
Figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
But I love springgolden
,
Your solidwonderfully mixed
noise...
(N. Nekrasov)
synth.
Same ending for multiple sentences
Conjure the springsee off the winter
.
Early, earlysee off the winter.
Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines which expressivenesses a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.
Special expressiveness of language
A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.
Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.
Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.
Phonetics
The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate sounds real world- chirping, whistling, rain noise, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont's "Sometimes at Midnight ..." is especially good here.
Almost all poets silver age used sound. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.
There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.
Vocabulary and phraseology
The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.
In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:
- antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
- phraseological units;
- stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.
The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. Data linguistic phenomena not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.
Epithet and comparison
Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.
Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, features, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.
- instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
- comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
- unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
- the words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
- comparative clauses (golden foliage swirled in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).
V folk poetry negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, he serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.
Metaphor and personification
Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.
A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky's "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky's "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.
Metonymy and synecdoche
Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:
- content and content: eat three bowls;
- author and work: scolded Homer;
- action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
- object and material of the object: ate on gold;
- place and characters: the city was noisy.
Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.
In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:
- less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
- part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).
Paraphrase, or paraphrase
Description, or a descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or a combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:
- identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
- avoid repetitions (tautologies);
- vividly evaluate the depicted;
- give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.
Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.
Hyperbole and litote
With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.
Thoughts are given unusual shape, bright emotional coloring, persuasiveness of the assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.
irony and sarcasm
Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: smart person- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not exhausted by it. Like irony in the highest degree, - angry, caustic - sarcasm is quite often used: the contrast between the expressed and the implied, as well as the deliberate exposure of the implied. An unmerciful, sharp denunciation is his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.
Non-special means of language vocabulary
Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for more expressive power. And not only for her:
- clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
- assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
- intense enhancement of expression;
- deep disclosure.
Also not bad means of expression are also antonyms. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper in a flood, and genuine fiction - in a stream. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.
Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy and boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.
Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but with completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used skillfully. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.
It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.
Phraseologisms
Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, lather the neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.