The basic unit of grammar is the grammatical category. The word category denotes a generic (general) concept in relation to specific (private) concepts. For example, the name dog will be a category in relation to the names of specific breeds - shepherd, terrier, dachshund.
The grammatical category combines grammatical forms with a homogeneous grammatical meaning. A set of homogeneous and opposed grammatical forms of a particular language is called a paradigm. For example, the grammatical category (paradigm) of the case in modern Russian consists of six forms with the grammatical meanings of nominative, genitive, etc. cases; grammatical category of case in English language includes two forms - nominative and possessive (genitive with the meaning of belonging) cases.
grammatical meaning- a generalized meaning inherent in a number of words or syntactic constructions and expressed by regular (standard) means. Grammatical meanings, according to grammatical categories, are morphological and syntactic.
In a word, grammatical meanings are an obligatory addition to lexical ones. The differences between them are as follows:
a) lexical meaning is inherent in a particular word, grammatical meaning is inherent in a number of words.
b) lexical meaning is associated with realities - objects, features, processes, states, etc. The grammatical meaning indicates 1) the relationship between objects and phenomena (gender, number, case); 2) the relation of the content of the utterance to reality (mood, tense, face); 3) the attitude of the speaker to the statement (narration, question, motivation, as well as subjective assessments - confidence / uncertainty, categorical / presumptiveness).
c) lexical meaning is always meaningful. In a sense, the exception is words with an empty lexical meaning. They are called desemantized. The word girl defines female representatives at the age of approximately 15-25 years, and as an address is used in relation to much more mature saleswomen, conductors, cashiers, etc. In this case, the word girl does not mean age, but indicates the professional status of the addressee.
The grammatical meaning is purely formal, i.e. having no prototype in reality itself. For example, the gender of inanimate nouns is a stream - a river - a lake; Spanish el mundo ‘peace’, fr. le choux ‘cabbage’ (m.s.); neuter gender of animate nouns - Russian. child, child; Bulgarian momche ‘boy’, momiche ‘girl’, heap ‘dog’; German das Mädchen ‘girl’. An analogue of formal grammatical meanings are words with empty denotations (goblin, Atlantis, etc.).
The grammatical form is the external (formal) side of the linguistic sign, in which a certain grammatical meaning is expressed. The grammatical form is a representative of the grammatical paradigm. If a language has a certain grammatical category, then the name will always have one or another grammatical form. When describing linguistic facts, they usually say this: a noun in the form genitive, a verb in the form indicative mood etc. Grammatical form is the unity of grammatical meaning and the material means of its expression.
Grammatical meaning can be expressed in two ways - synthetically (within the word) and analytically (outside the word). Within each method, there are various means expressions of grammatical meanings.
Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meanings.
1. Affixation (inflection, suffix, prefix of a species pair): mother (s.p.) - mothers (s.p.); run (infinitive) - ran (past tense); did (non-sov. view) - did (sov. view).
2. Stress - hands (ip, pl.) - hands (r.p., singular).
3. Alternation at the root (internal flexion): collect (non-common view) - collect (owl view); German lesen ‘read’ – las ‘read’.
4. Reduplication - doubling the root. In Russian, it is not used as a grammatical means (in words like blue-blue, reduplication is a semantic means). In Malay, orang ‘person’ is oran-orang ‘people’ (complete reduplication); partial reduplication - Tagalsk. mabuting ‘good’ mabuting-buting ‘very good’.
5. suppletivism - the formation of word forms from another stem: I - to me; good - better; German gut ‘good’ – besser ‘better’ – beste ‘best’.
Grammatical meanings can be expressed in several ways. In the formation of the perfect form of ancient Greek. τέτροφα ‘fed’ from τρέφο ‘I feed’ four means are involved at once: incomplete repetition of the stem τέ-, inflection -α, stress and alternation at the root - τρέφ / τροφ.
Analytical means of expressing grammatical meanings.
1. Actually analytical means - special grammatical means for the formation of analytical forms: to teach - I will read (bud. time); fast (positive degree) – faster ( comparative) is the fastest (superlative).
2. A means of syntactic links - the grammatical meanings of a word are determined by the grammatical meanings of another word. For indeclinable words of the Russian language, this is the only remedy expressions of their grammatical gender. Indeclinable animate nouns belong, as a rule, to the masculine gender: funny kangaroo, green cockatoo, cheerful chimpanzee. The gender of inanimate indeclinable nouns is usually determined by the generic word: malicious tsetse (fly), deep-sea Ontario (lake), sunny Sochi (city), unripe kiwi (fruit).
3. Functional words - grammatical meanings are expressed through prepositions, particles or their significant absence: the highway shines (s.p.) - stand by the highway (r.p.) - approach the highway (d.p.) - drive onto the highway ( v.p.) - turn around on the highway (p.p.); learned (indicative mood) - would have known (subjunctive mood).
4. Word order - grammatical meanings are determined by the position of the word in the sentence. In a construction with homonymous nominative and accusative cases, the first place of the word is recognized as its active role (subject), and the second as its passive role (object): ) - The mouse sees the horse (mouse - ip, subject horse - ch, addition).
5. Intonation - the expression of grammatical meanings with a certain intonation pattern. ↓Money went to the phone: 1) from logical stress on the word money and a pause after it; the verb went is used in the indicative mood; the meaning of the phrase "Money spent on buying a phone"; 2) with an unaccented intonation pattern, the verb went used in imperative mood; the meaning of the phrase "You need to put money on the phone."
Questions and tasks for self-control:
1. What is grammar?
2. What is the difference between lexical and grammatical meaning?
3. What features does the reflection of reality in grammar have?
4. What means of expressing grammatical meanings do you know?
More on the topic § 2. Grammatical category. grammatical meaning. Grammar form.:
- Basic concepts of morphology: grammatical category (GK), grammatical meaning (GZ), grammatical form (GF).
The words act as building material for language. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be linked into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.
The section of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.
Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.
Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its change.
Syntax- a section of grammar that studies word combinations and sentences.
In this way, word is object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of the word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.
Grammar, on the other hand, studies the word from the point of view of generalizing its features and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house and smoke, table and chair, then for grammar, all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same forms of cases and numbers, have the same grammatical meanings.
Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word in terms of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning, inherent in a number of words, not depending on their real-material content.
For example, words smoke and house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it; smoke- aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be determined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.
Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, constituent parts complex sentence.
Material expression of grammatical meaning is grammatical tool. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed with the help of function words, alternation of sounds, changes in the place of stress and word order, intonation.
Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.
Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).
Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meanings in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): was reading- the verb is in the past tense.
When the grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with an official): I will read, let's read! In Russian, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.
Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural values are combined into a system of number values. In such cases, we are talking about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.
Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, for adjectives - of 24.
The paradigm is:
universal– all forms (full);
incomplete- there are no forms;
private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.
Lexical and grammatical meanings are in interaction: change lexical meaning words leads to a change in both its grammatical meaning and form. For example, the adjective voiced in the phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: voiced, louder, most voiced). It's the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.
And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, the verb run away in the meaning of "move quickly" is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite some time until he collapsed completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning - the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.
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grammatical meaning (formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an additive to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relations (relation to other words in a phrase or sentence, relation to a linden performing an action or other persons, relation of a reported fact to reality and time, a speaker’s attitude to the reported, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country has the meaning of the feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed: a) affixation. Book, book, book, etc. (case values); b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (values of imperfect and perfect form); c) accent. Houses. (genus. falling singular) - at home (named after falling. plural); d) suppletivism. Take - take (values of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison); e) mixed (synthetic and in an analytical way). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).
Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "grammatical meaning" is in other dictionaries:
Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia
grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit along with the grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the name of the noun). ... ...
grammatical meaning- Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its own regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts ... ...
grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal belonging of the word, i.e. the meaning of the relation, expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional in relation to the main (significant) part of the word ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralinguistic meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extralinguistic reality; L.z. correlates a linguistic unit with an extralinguistic one ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative link between the sign and the subject of designation. Words distinguish lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding ... ... Wikipedia
The meaning contained in the word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the mind of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content ( inside), in relation to which the sound ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) is a grammatical category that expresses a quantitative characteristic of an object. Division into singular and plural perhaps is ... ... Wikipedia
Meaning of the word- The meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word ... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary
- (derivational meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; a special type of word meaning that only a derived word can have. The word-building meaning is expressed using the word-building formant and ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Friedrich Nietzsche. Selected Works in 2 Books (set of 2 books), Friedrich Nietzsche. Dear reader, we bring to your attention two books of selected works by the great German philosopher, poet and musician - Friedrich Nietzsche. I would like to immediately note that the entire syntax ...
Words are the building blocks of any language. Sentences and phrases are built from them, with their help we convey thoughts, communicate. The ability of this unit to name or designate objects, actions, etc. is called a function. The suitability of a word for communication, the transmission of thoughts is called its
Thus, the word is the main, main structural unit of the language.
Every word in Russian has a lexical and grammatical meaning.
Lexical is the ratio of the sound (phonetic) design of the word, its sound with the phenomena of reality, images, objects, actions, etc. To put it simply: it makes sense. From a lexical point of view, the words "barrel", "bump", "point" - different units because they refer to different things.
The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning of its forms: gender or number, case or conjugation. If the words "barrel", "point" are considered grammatically, then they will be exactly the same: creatures. feminine, standing in the nominative case and unity. number.
If we compare the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word, we can see that they are not the same, but are interconnected. The lexical meaning of each of them is universal, while the main one is fixed at the root. (For example: "son", "son", "son", "son").
The grammatical meaning of a word is conveyed with the help of word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes. So, "forest", "forester", "forester" will be quite close: their meaning is determined by the root "forest". From a grammatical point of view, they are completely different: two nouns and an adjective.
On the contrary, the words "came", "arrived", "ran", "ran", "flew off", "shot down" will be similar in grammatical orientation. These are verbs in the past tense form, which are formed with the suffix "l".
The following conclusion follows from the examples: the grammatical meaning of a word is its belonging to a part of speech, the general meaning of a number of similar units, not tied to their specific material (semantic) content. "Mom", "dad", "Motherland" - creatures. 1 declensions, standing in the form of I.p., units. numbers. "Owl", "mice", "youth" - female nouns. kind, 3 declensions, standing in R.p. The grammatical meaning of the words "red", "huge", "wooden" indicates that these are adjectives in the form of a husband. kind, unique. numbers, I.p. It is clear that the lexical meaning of these words is different.
The grammatical meaning of a word is expressed in a certain form, corresponding to the position of the words in a sentence (or phrase), expressed using Most often, these are affixes, but often the grammatical form is formed using service words, stress, word order or intonation.
From how the form is formed, its appearance (name) directly depends.
Simple (they are also called synthetic) grammatical forms are formed within the unit (with the help of endings or formative suffixes). The case forms (no) of mother, daughter, son, Motherland are formed with the help of endings. the verbs "wrote", "jumped" - using the suffix and and the verb "jumped" - using the suffix "l" and the ending "a".
Some forms are formed outside the lexeme, and not inside it. In this case, there is a need for official words. For example, the verbs "I will sing" and "let's sing" are formed using function words (verbs). The words "I will" and "let's" in this case have no lexical meaning. They are needed to create In the first case - the future tense, and in the second - the incentive mood. Such forms are called complex or analytical.
Grammatical meanings are defined into systems or clusters of gender, number, and the like.
Grammatical meaning and grammatical form of the word
MORPHOLOGY AS A SECTION OF GRAMMAR
Subject of morphology
Morphology and syntax are two sections of grammar, the subject of which is the grammatical meaning and the forms of expression of this meaning. If at the level of syntax the forms of expression of grammatical meaning are a phrase and a sentence, then at the level of morphology - word forms, i.e., individual forms specific word (table, table, table etc.).
Morphology studies words in their grammatical forms and functions, the rules for changing words, determines the range of correlative grammatical meanings that make up one or another grammatical category.
Morphology also includes the doctrine of parts of speech - the largest grammatical classes of words.
Thus, the subject of morphology is the grammatical classes of words (parts of speech), their grammatical categories, systems of word forms and rules for their inflection.
Grammatical meaning and grammatical form of the word
The grammatical meaning accompanies the lexical meaning of the word. If the lexical meaning correlates the sound shell of the word with the reality (object, phenomenon, sign, action, etc.), then the grammatical meaning forms a specific form of the word (word form), which is necessary mainly to link this word with other words in the text.
The lexical meaning of a word is concrete and individual, while the grammatical meaning is abstract and generalized. Yes, the words mountain, wall, hole denote different objects and have different lexical meanings; but from the point of view of grammar, they are included in the same category of words that have the same set of grammatical meanings: objectivity, nominative case, singular, feminine, inanimate.
An indicator of lexical meaning in a word is the basis of the word, and for grammatical meaning - special indicators: ending (window- about, handsome- th, rast- ut), formative suffix, prefix (the game- l, bel- her, With-do), stress (neg e zat- cut a t), phoneme alternation (sl ag at- sl oh it), official word (will play, about coat) and etc.
Usually a particular word form has several grammatical meanings. Yes, word form strong has the meaning of the nominative case, singular, feminine, and I read- the meaning of the first person, singular, imperfective form, indicative mood, present tense, etc.
Grammatical meanings are divided into general and particular. The general grammatical (categorical) meaning characterizes the largest grammatical classes of words - parts of speech (objectivity - for a noun, an attribute of an object - for an adjective, action as a process - for a verb, etc.). Private grammatical meaning is characteristic of individual forms of words (meanings of number, case, person, mood, time, etc.).
The general grammatical meaning of a word is made up of a set of particular grammatical meanings. For example, the meaning of the objectivity of a noun is made up of particular grammatical meanings of gender, number, and case. In other words, if a word has meanings of gender, number, and case independent of the words combined with it, then it has the meaning of objectivity and, therefore, it belongs to the class of nouns.
The carrier of grammatical meaning at the word level is a single form of the word - word form. The set of all word forms of the same word is called paradigm. The paradigm of a word depending on its grammatical characteristics can consist of both one word form (adverb rashly), and from several word forms (the noun paradigm house consists of 12 word forms).