It has long been no secret that “ Tatar-Mongol yoke"Was not, and no Tatars with Mongols conquered Russia. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Russia….
There are a large number of facts that not only unequivocally refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also say that history was distorted deliberately, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who and why deliberately distorted history? What real events did they want to hide and why?
If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of "baptism" Kievan Rus... After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism", most of the population of the Kiev principality was destroyed! It becomes unambiguously clear that the forces that stood behind the imposition of this religion in the future also fabricated history, manipulating historical facts for themselves and their goals ...
These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and substantiation, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the basic facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".
1. Genghis Khan
Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or "military prince" took over the reins of control during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.
Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "military prince", which, in modern world, close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is about him that is usually talked about when they talk about Chinggis Khan.
In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description Slavic appearance(L.N. Gumilyov - " Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe ".).
In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Chinggis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide ").
2. Mongolia
The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their "compatriot" created at one time Great Empire, to which they were very surprised and delighted. The word "Mogul" has Greek origin, and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (NV Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").
3. The composition of the army of "Tatar-Mongols"
70-80% of the army of "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% fell on other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.
4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?
Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed in the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lygnitz on April 9, 1241" As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. On following image- "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, rifle caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, “Russia, which did not exist”).
5. Genetic examination
According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences in the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: "The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two different worlds ..." (oagb.ru).
6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
During the period of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has survived. But on the other hand, there are many documents of this time in Russian.
7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
At the moment there are no originals of any historical documents, which would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many forgeries designed to convince us of the existence of an invention called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is declared "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":
“Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, oh Orthodox faith Christian! .. "
There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, this "ancient" document contains the following line: "You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!"
Before church reform Nikon, which was held in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "faithful". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform ... Therefore, this document could have been written not earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" ...
On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected later, you can see the following picture. The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartary ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartary or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).
In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:
“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkassk and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan, living north-west of China ... "
Where did the name Tartary come from?
Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and higher were called Gods.
That is, the meaning of the word God, our ancestors was not at all the same as it is now. Gods were people who went much further in their development than the overwhelming majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, nevertheless, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their limits.
Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, writing and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the disaster and eventually restore civilization.
Therefore, more recently, our ancestors said to strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to the significantly degraded Tarkh and Tara. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtar", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartary ...
Baptism of Russia
What does the baptism of Rus have to do with it? Some may ask. As it turned out, very much to do with it. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count. Let us recall from the school history curriculum, at least, the same “ Birch bark letters"- letters that peasants on birch bark wrote to each other from one village to another.
Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview, on the other hand, gave people an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.
People saw what happened after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population plunged into ignorance and chaos in a few years, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and even then not all ...
Everyone perfectly understood what the "Greek religion", into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him, was going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) did not accept this religion. But behind Vladimir were large forces, and they were not going to retreat.
In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of violent Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, still could not understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").
But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the “holy” baptists, the Vedic tradition has not disappeared. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, and itself continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, however, without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among a part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs remained until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.
But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, who destroyed three quarters of the population of the Kiev Principality. Only her retaliatory actions could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Khan Batu on Kievan Rus.
Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the combined army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they drove us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?
The reason for this absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who had come and why ...
So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was the return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batu had the task of returning the Western European provinces-states under the wing of the Vedic empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians into Russia. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new riots on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be brought to completion (N.V. Levashov "Russia in crooked mirrors", Volume 2.).
conclusions
In fact, after baptism in the Kiev principality, only children and a very small part of the adult population survived, which adopted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of the 12 million population before baptism. The principality was completely ruined, most of the cities, villages and villages were plundered and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke", the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the "Tatar-Mongols"!
As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which he was baptized Kiev principality, and in order to suppress all possible questions, and the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later - Christianity) and rewrote history, where all the cruelty was blamed on the "wild nomads" ...
The date of the liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is traditionally considered to be the year 1480 and to associate this event with the Standing on the Ugra. However, in reality, everything was much more complicated.
Day of Remembrance of the deliverance of Russia from the Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat in 1480: the beginning of the conflict with the Horde
In 1478, Ivan III, in the presence of the Moscow boyars and Horde ambassadors, tore up and trampled on the treaty with the Horde, declaring that he would no longer obey the khan and pay tribute. Khan's ambassadors were expelled from Moscow.
The Golden Horde Khan Akhmat decided to fight the rebellious Moscow. In the summer of 1480, with a large army, he approached the Ugra River, which flows into the Oka near Kaluga. The Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV, dissatisfied with the failure to capture Novgorod, promised to help Akhmat and also began to prepare for a campaign against Moscow.
Ivan III placed his regiments on the opposite bank of the Ugra, blocking the Tatars' path to Moscow. Many times the Tatar horsemen tried to cross the river, but the Russians met them with a rain of arrows and cannon fire. The battle on the Ugra lasted for four days. Having lost a fair number of his soldiers, Akhmat refused to cross.
On southern lands The Polish-Lithuanian state was attacked by the Crimean Khan Girey, an ally of Ivan III. Akhmat received news that Russian detachments, sent on ships along the Volga by Ivan III, attacked the territory of the Golden Horde. November has come. Frost began. Summer-dressed Tatars began to suffer greatly from the cold. Akhmat left with his army to the Volga. He was soon killed by his rivals.
Day of Remembrance of the deliverance of Russia from the Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat in 1480: the fight against the conquerors
The struggle of the Russian people with the conquerors, which began in the middle of the 13th century, gave its results: during the 13th-15th centuries, the forms of Rus' dependence on the Horde gradually changed towards weakening, and in the 15th century this dependence was reduced mainly to the payment of tribute, while, at the same time, at the end of the 14th and 15th centuries there were long periods of time when the tribute was not paid at all and Muscovite Rus was actually an independent state.
In addition, the sources available in the data allow us to assert that the end of tributary dependence, and hence the liberation of Russia, took place somewhat earlier than 1480.
Day of Remembrance of the deliverance of Russia from the Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat in 1480: the first mention of the Russian state
In 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash between the Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. At the head of the Horde troops was Ahmed Khan, who made an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV.
Ivan III managed to win over to his side the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, whose troops attacked the possessions of Casimir IV, disrupting his action against Moscow. Having stood on Ugra for several weeks, Ahmed Khan realized that it was hopeless to enter the battle; and when he learned that his capital Saray was attacked by the Siberian Khanate, he took his troops back.
The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke provided Russia with conditions for intensive economic, political and cultural development. The international prestige of the Moscow principality has greatly increased, both in the East and in the West.
From that time on, Russia again began to exist as an independent state. of Eastern Europe, but in a new capacity. It was from this time that the unification of the Russian state around Moscow actually led to the creation of the Russian state, although the term "Russia", " Russian state”Formally entered the political lexicon during the reign of Ivan IV.
The date of the liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is traditionally considered to be the year 1480 and to associate this event with the Standing on the Ugra. However, in reality, everything was much more complicated. The struggle of the Russian people with the conquerors, which began already in the middle of the 13th century, gave its results: during the 13th-15th centuries, the forms of dependence of Russia on the Horde gradually changed towards weakening, and in the 15th century this dependence was reduced mainly to the payment of tribute, while, in at the end of the XIV and in the XV centuries there were long periods of time when the tribute was not paid at all and Muscovite Rus was actually an independent state. In addition, the data of sources at our disposal allows us to assert that the end of tributary dependence, and hence the liberation of Russia, took place somewhat earlier than 1480.
In the first century of the yoke, the fight against the Tatar-Mongols took place in the form popular uprisings and individual cases of armed confrontation with the Horde on the part of the princes. However, in the conditions of the overwhelming military superiority of the Tatar-Mongols and the lack of unity of the Russian principalities, such actions, even if they ended successfully (such as the uprising of 1262 or the defeat of the Tatar detachment by Dmitry Pereyaslavsky in 1285), could not lead to liberation, and even such goals our princes, apparently, did not set themselves before themselves, the cases of armed resistance to the Tatars, with rare exceptions, were associated with princely civil strife. Nevertheless, already at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, significant results were achieved, the situation began to change: by the end of the 13th century, the collection of tribute passed to the Russian princes, the Baskaks disappeared. In the last quarter of the XIV century, a radical change took place in the relations between Russia and the Horde, the national liberation struggle of Russia with the Mongol-Tatars, in contrast to the previous period, took on an organized character and had as its goal a complete liberation from foreign domination. The strengthening of the Moscow principality and the favorable foreign policy situation associated with prolonged civil strife in the Horde allowed Moscow to refuse to pay tribute in 1374, a number of battles with the Horde took place in 1377-1378, and finally, in 1380, the Russian people won Great Victory on the Kulikovo field. And even despite the fact that in 1383 Moscow, in connection with the invasion of Tokhtamysh and the transition to the side of the Horde of neighboring principalities, was forced to temporarily resume the payment of tribute, the significance and results of the Kulikovo Victory and the struggle that preceded it were enormous: the most difficult forms were finally a thing of the past. the dependence of Russia, connected with the establishment of the power of the Russian princes by khan's labels, the great reign was established for the Moscow princes, i.e. in fact, the yoke was reduced mainly to the irregular payment of tribute. In addition, tributary dependence was restored for a sufficient short term until 1395, when taking advantage of the defeat of the Horde by Tamerlane, the Moscow principality again stopped paying the "exit" and even took offensive actions against the Horde, so in 1399 the Moscow troops made a successful campaign on the lands that were part of the Golden Horde. Thus, Moscow Russia entered the 15th century as an independent state, completely free from the Horde domination.
Naturally, the Horde could not come to terms with the loss of power over Russia, and in 1408 the Horde ruler Edigei launched a large-scale invasion, but failed. Despite the significant damage caused by the devastation of a number of cities in the Moscow principality, Edigei failed to take the capital and force Vasily I to resume the payment of tribute. From the message sent by Edigey to Vasily in next year, you can get information about the relationship between Russia and the Horde at the beginning of the 15th century: the trips of the Grand Duke to the Horde are stopped: “Tako Temir-Koutlui sat down on the kingdom, the sovereign went to the ouloous, you have never been in the horde from those places of the king, you did not know the king, neither the princes, nor the old bolyar, nor the lesser, nor the one you sent. So that kingdom passed away, and then Shadibik reigned for 8 years: oh, you have never been like that, I have not sent a son or brother with any word. Shadibik's kingdom has passed away, and now Boulat has sat down on the kingdom, for the third year already reigning: you have never been, neither a son nor a brother and an old boyar "(Novgorod IV Chronicle. PSRL. Vol. 4 http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_04.shtml) ,; at the same time, sometimes Moscow even tried to use the horde for its foreign policy purposes, for example, in the period 1404-1407, Moscow, promising to resume the payment of tribute, but in reality not paying it ( “And how do you send complaints and letters of complaint to us every year, but the rkouchi is so tired that you are tired of being tired, and there’s nothing to take out?” But we didn’t know your owous before, because we heard it; and that your orders or your letters to us, then you lied to us all; but what do you imal in your drjava from every ouulus with two soh ruble, and where can you get the silver pack? "(Novgorod IV Chronicle. PSRL. Vol. 4), used (in 1407) hired Tatar detachments to fight Lithuania. However, in 1412 Vasily Dmitrievich made a trip to the Horde, accompanied by the payment of tribute. The reason for the change in Moscow's policy was the unfavorable political environment. Soon after the invasion of Moscow, Edigei, having not achieved his goals by military means, restores the independence of the Nizhny Novgorod principality annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1410, Nizhny Novgorod and Tatars plundered Vladimir. Military actions against the princes of Nizhny Novgorod, undertaken the following year, were unsuccessful, the Moscow army was defeated. The need to return the Nizhny Novgorod land to Moscow's rule was the reason for the renewal of relations with the Horde. Nevertheless, there was no return to the times of the XIII-XIV centuries: the great reign remained with the Moscow princes, in foreign policy matters Moscow acted quite independently, while showing open disobedience to the will of the khan, for example, having not achieved the return of Nizhny Novgorod during his trip to the Horde , Vasily I in 1414 still regains control over the Nizhny Novgorod land, forcibly removing the Nizhny Novgorod prince from power, despite the fact that the latter received a khan's label.
There is no exact data on how regularly the tribute was paid after 1412. An indirect confirmation of the fact that Muscovite Russia at least in the second half of the 20s and before the beginning of the 30s of the XV century. did not pay the "exit" may be the Tatar raids on Galich and Kostroma in 1429 and the campaign against the Horde of Moscow troops in 1431. Although it is possible that these attacks of the Tatars could be ordinary predatory raids committed without the sanction of the khan, while about some or the invasions of the likes of Edigeyev or Tokhtamyshev, which were undertaken by the Tatars in the event of Moscow's refusal to pay tribute, the sources do not report. But on the other hand, it is also possible that due to the almost constant Horde strife, the khans simply did not have the opportunity to organize a large-scale invasion, and it is likely that in 1413-1430, the tribute was either not paid at all, or was paid rarely and irregularly. ...
It is only reliably known that the payment of tribute resumed after 1431, when the son and brother of Vasily I, Vasily II Vasilyevich and Yuri Dmitrievich, vying for the grand princely throne, visited the Horde, seeking to win over the khan to their side, and continued in the 30-50s. XV century, despite the collapse of a single Horde state. In the 30s, civil strife resumed in the Horde once again, which ultimately lead it to disintegration: the independent Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Horde of Said-Akhmad, and the Siberian Khanate were formed. The Big Horde became the largest state entity - the "successor" of the former Golden Horde. Thus, as during the "great hush" of the XIV century, quite real prerequisites were created for complete liberation Rus from the remnants of Horde dependence, but this did not happen, the reason for which was the long-term civil strife in the Moscow principality, which was called the "feudal war." Only united Russia was able to successfully resist the Horde, but in the absence of unity and internecine war, dependence on the Horde continued to persist. As for the trip in 1431-1432 to the Horde of Vasily II and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich and the dispute between them about the label, at first glance it may seem that it is no different from the trips of Russian princes to the horde of the XIII-XIV centuries, but unlike Those times when the princes were obliged to appear in the Horde at the request of the khan, the reason for visiting the horde in 1431-1432 was not the will of the Horde ruler, but the initiative of the warring princes themselves, each of whom, in the face of the struggle for power, expected to find an ally in the person of the khan. As you know, Yuri Dmitrievich failed to achieve the great reign with the help of the Tatars, Khan Ulu-Muhammad preferred to give the label to Vasily II. Nevertheless, no one took into account the will of the khan for a long time, so immediately upon returning to Russia, Vasily II violates the khan's order and takes away from Yuri the city of Dmitrov, given by the khan to Yuri, and Yuri himself in 1433 overthrows Vasily. Thus, even during the feudal war, the situation continues, in which the dependence of Russia on the Horde was expressed exclusively in the payment of tribute. In addition, in the 40s, in connection with the collapse of the Horde, Muscovite Russia had to deal with several Tatar hordes, paying tribute to some khans and repelling the raids of others. After the overthrow of Ulu-Mukhamed, tribute was paid to the Great Horde of Kichi-Mukhamed, as a result of the defeat in 1445 from Ulu-Mukhamed, who founded an independent khanate and the capture of Vasily II, the latter was forced to pay tribute to the Kazan Khan, but dependence on Kazan did not last long: under 1447 there are information about the payment of the "exit" to Said-Akhmad, and under 1448 about repelling the invasion of the Kazan Tatars on Vladimir and Murom, in the same 1448 tributary relations with the horde of Said-Akhmad ended, while the latter repeatedly (in 1449, 1451, 1454, 1455, 1459) undertook attacks on the Moscow principality, which were successfully repelled by Russian troops. The armed clashes of 1448-1459 with the hordes of Ulu-Muhamed and Said-Ahmad are proof of the absence of tributary relations with these state entities... However, based on this, it is not necessary to draw a conclusion about the end of the Horde yoke. The fact is that the sources do not mention any military clashes with the Great Horde of Kichi-Muhamed, in connection with which it can be argued that tribute was paid in the period from 1448 to 1459 to the Great Horde.
However, in the next decade, the situation changes. In 1459, the Russian troops defeated the Said-Akhmad horde, the state itself soon ceased to exist, Said-Akhmad, who was captured and died there, and under the 1460th year the chronicles report an attack on Ryazan by the more Horde troops. It should be borne in mind that since 1456 the Ryazan principality, while formally continuing to remain an independent grand principality, was actually annexed to Moscow, the young Ryazan prince was in Moscow, and Ryazan itself was ruled by Moscow governors. So the attack on Ryazan was also a hostile action against the Moscow principality. In this regard, it can be assumed that in 1459, after eliminating the danger from Said-Akhmad, Vasily the Dark broke off relations with Kichi-Mukhamed, which was the reason for the Tatars' campaign against Ryazan. However, another explanation of this event is also possible: it is known that after the death of Kichi-Mukhamed, his two sons Mahmud, who was the khan during the invasion of Ryazan, and Akhmat (the same "hero" of standing on the Ugra) remained. In the annals, the khan who led the campaign to Ryazan is called in one case "Akhmut", and in the other - Mehmet ", i.e. it is not clear who was the organizer of this invasion: if he was Mahmud Khan at that time, then in this case the reason for the invasion could well have been Moscow's refusal to pay tribute, if it was Akhmat's unauthorized raid, then talk about stopping the payment of tribute in 1459-1460. prematurely. Thus, the question of whether tribute was paid at the end of the reign of Basil II the Dark remains open. But from the beginning self-government Ivan III can be confidently asserted about the termination of tributary relations, as evidenced by the failed invasion of 1465: “The same summer, the godless Tsar Makhmut went to the Russian land with all the Horde and was on the Don. By the grace of God and His Most Pure Mothers, King Azigiri came to him and took him and the Horde. And start fighting between you, and so God save the Russian land from the nasty "(Nikon Chronicle. PSRL.Vol. 12, pp. 116-117 http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_12.shtml)
At the same time, this chronicle message contains an important detail that the khan went to Russia "with the whole horde", from which it becomes clear that this was not just a raid, but a large-scale action of the Horde, the reasons for which were nothing more than non-payment of the "exit »Cannot be explained. Then the Tatars did not succeed in carrying out their plans, the more Horde army was suddenly attacked by the Crimeans and defeated, and Mahmud was soon overthrown by Akhmat. And although until the end of the 60s there were no major Horde invasions, nevertheless, the danger from the Great Horde remained: in 1468. there were attacks of the Tatars on the southern outskirts of Russia, therefore, in the second half of the 60s, tribute was not paid, and Russia was in a state of war with the Horde. However, there is information about the resumption of tributary relations in the early 70s. The Vologda-Perm chronicle, when describing the Standing on the Ugra, explaining the reasons for Akhmat's campaign in 1480, provides important information that makes it possible to establish the date of the final termination of the payment of tribute: "Ivan has come to share, but for his lies, that he does not come to me, but he does not hit me with his forehead, and NINE YEARS DOES NOT GIVE ME OUT."(Vologda-Perm chronicle. PSRL. T. 26.http: //psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_26.shtml).
Consequently, in the years 1470-1471, after a long break, the tribute was paid again. What caused such an unexpected decision of Ivan III. The answer lies in the difficult situation associated with the relations of Muscovite Rus with Novgorod and the ON. From the chronicles it is known that in 1470 a Lithuanian ambassador arrived to Akhmat with a proposal for a joint Lithuanian-Tatar campaign against Russia. In addition, it was at this time in Novgorod that important events, which eventually led to the Battle of Shelon and submission Novgorod Republic Moscow Russia. Considering that the threat and attacks of the Tatars and the joint Lithuanian-Tatar invasion was quite real, it can be assumed that Ivan III chose not to risk it, and decided to pay tribute, thereby securing Russia from a possible attack, since the invasion of the Tatars, while the main military forces of Moscow Rus were involved in the Novgorod campaign, creating a serious danger for the Moscow principality. An indirect confirmation of this is the chronicle report about the presence of the Russian ambassador Grigory Volnin at Akhmat in 1472, whose tasks probably included the delivery of tribute to the Horde, as well as an attempt to upset the plans of the Lithuanian-Tatar campaign to Russia. In fact, this payment of tribute had little to do with the usual practice of tributary relations between Russia and the Horde, in fact it was a diplomatic move in order to prevent the invasion of the Horde at an unfavorable time for Moscow. And as subsequent events showed, Ivan III managed to achieve his goals: in 1471, during the war with Novgorod, when the military-political situation was favorable to the Tatars, the invasion did not take place, most likely as a result of the timely paid "exit".
However, it was not possible to avoid the invasion. Considering that since the beginning of the reign of Ivan III, Russia stopped paying tribute and was a completely independent state, the Horde understood that it was possible to restore the long-lost power over Russia only as a result of inflicting a decisive military defeat on Moscow. And in 1472 the second, after 1465, large-scale invasion of the Great Horde followed. From July 29 to August 1, the confrontation lasted, thanks to the courage of the defenders of Aleksin, who died but did not surrender, the warriors of the governor Peter Chelyadnin and Semyon Beklemishev, the princes Vasily Mikhailovich Vereisky and the brother of Ivan III Yuri Vasilyevich, who stopped the onslaught on the crossing over the Oka superior forces Horde, and the timely concentration of the main Russian forces, reliably covering the Oka line, the invasion of Akhmat ended in complete failure. “According to the same packs, Tatari went vborze to the shore of Otse with a lot of strength and leaned all the way into the river, although still to come to our side, there wasn’t any ratification in that place, and they were brought to a deserted place by our people. But only Petr Fyodorovich and Semyon Beklemishev stood there with small people, and Tatars wandered a lot to them. They began to shoot with them and beat them a lot, they already had few arrows, and run to their thoughts. And at that time, Prince Vasilei Mikhailovich was ready to go to him with his regiment, and the police arrived at the same time, Princess Yuriev Vasilyevich; at the same hour after them, the prince Yurya himself came, and so you began to defeat the Christians with Tatar. "(Simeon Chronicle. PSRL vol. 18, p. 242) http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_18.shtml Russia won not only a military but also a political victory: it was from 1472 that the payment of tribute was finally stopped, therefore, then, in 1472, and not in 1480, and the final liberation of Russia from the Horde dependence took place. As for the famous "standing on the Ugra", it was only Akhmat's attempt to restore the already overthrown yoke. Not having achieved in 1474-1476. By diplomatic means of his goals, in 1480 Akhmat, who by this time had managed to temporarily subjugate the Uzbek and Astrakhan khanates, organized a new invasion, which was the last attempt of the Great Horde to regain its long-lost power over Russia, but as you know, it ended in nothing.
The process of liberation from the Tatar-Mongol domination was long, and went through several stages. The "first liberation" took place already in 1374 during the "peace with Mamai", and although in 1383 tributary relations with the Horde were temporarily resumed, in 1395 the independence of Muscovite Rus was restored for a fairly long period, until 1412. In fact, the period of the late XIV - early XV was a turning point in the national liberation struggle of the Russian people, as a result of which there was a liberation from the most severe forms of dependence associated with the complete control of the Horde of the internal political life of Russia, and the final liberation from the yoke, which was expressed in the 15th century in mainly in the payment of tribute, it was only a matter of time. The long civil strife within the Moscow principality postponed the moment of liberation, but after its termination, Moscow again in 1462 (and possibly in 1459) stops paying tribute. The last time the tribute was paid was in 1470-1471, and in 1472 Russia was finally freed from the remnants of Horde dependence. From the book Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe the author Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich
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o (Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongol, Horde) - the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by nomads who came from the East from the East from 1237 to 1480.
This system was intended to carry out mass terror and robbery of the Russian people by levying cruel extortions. She acted primarily in the interests of the Mongol nomadic military-feudal nobility (noyons), in favor of which the lion's share of the collected tribute came.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke was established as a result of the invasion of Khan Batu in the 13th century. Until the early 1260s, Russia was ruled by the great Mongol khans, and then by the khans of the Golden Horde.
The Russian principalities were not directly part of the Mongolian state and retained the local princely administration, whose activities were controlled by the Baskaks - representatives of the khan in the conquered lands. Russian princes were tributaries of the Mongol khans and received from them labels for the possession of their principalities. Formally, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was established in 1243, when Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received a label from the Mongols for the Vladimir Grand Duchy. Russia, according to the label, lost the right to fight and had to pay tribute to the khans twice annually (in spring and autumn).
There was no permanent Mongol-Tatar army on the territory of Russia. The yoke was supported by punitive campaigns and repressions against the rebellious princes. The regular flow of tribute from the Russian lands began after the census of 1257-1259, carried out by the Mongolian "censors". The units of taxation were: in cities - a yard, in rural areas - "village", "plow", "plow". Only the clergy were exempted from tribute. The main "Horde burdens" were: "exit", or "tsar's tribute" - a tax directly for Mongol Khan; trading fees("Myt", "tamka"); transportation duties ("yam", "carts"); the maintenance of the khan's ambassadors ("feed"); various "gifts" and "honors" to the khan, his relatives and associates. Every year, a huge amount of silver went from the Russian lands in the form of tribute. Large "requests" for military and other needs were periodically collected. In addition, the Russian princes were obliged, by order of the khan, to send soldiers to participate in campaigns and in round-up hunts ("catchers"). In the late 1250s - early 1260s, Muslim merchants ("bessermens") collected tribute from the Russian principalities, who bought this right from the great Mongol khan. Most of the tribute went to the great khan in Mongolia. During the uprisings of 1262, the "besermen" were expelled from Russian cities, and the duty of collecting tribute passed to the local princes.
The struggle of Rus against the yoke acquired ever greater breadth. In 1285, Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich (son of Alexander Nevsky) defeated and expelled the army of the "Horde Tsarevich". At the end of the XIII - the first quarter of the XIV century, performances in Russian cities led to the elimination of Basque people. With the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the Tatar yoke is gradually weakening. The Moscow prince Ivan Kalita (reigned in 1325-1340) achieved the right to collect "output" from all Russian principalities. From the middle of the XIV century, the orders of the khans of the Golden Horde, not supported by a real military threat, were no longer carried out by the Russian princes. Dmitry Donskoy (1359 1389) did not recognize the khan's labels issued to his rivals, and seized the Vladimir Grand Duchy by force. In 1378, he defeated the Tatar army on the Vozha River in the Ryazan land, and in 1380 he defeated the Golden Horde ruler Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo.
However, after the campaign of Tokhtamysh and the capture of Moscow in 1382, Russia was forced to again recognize the power of the Golden Horde and pay tribute, but already Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425) received the Vladimir great reign without the khan's label, as "his fiefdom." Under him, the yoke was nominal. Tribute was paid irregularly, the Russian princes pursued an independent policy. The attempt of the Golden Horde ruler Edigei (1408) to restore full power over Russia ended in failure: he failed to take Moscow. The strife that began in the Golden Horde opened up for Russia the possibility of overthrowing the Tatar yoke.
However, in the middle of the 15th century, Moscow Russia itself experienced a period of internecine war, which weakened its military potential. During these years, the Tatar rulers organized a series of devastating invasions, but they could no longer lead the Russians to complete submission. The unification of the Russian lands around Moscow led to the concentration in the hands of the Moscow princes of such political power, which the weakening Tatar khans could not cope with. Great Moscow Prince Ivan III Vasilievich(1462-1505) in 1476 refused to pay tribute. In 1480, after the unsuccessful campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and "standing on the Ugra", the yoke was finally overthrown.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke had negative, regressive consequences for the economic, political and cultural development Russian lands, was a brake on the growth of the productive forces of Russia, which were at a higher social economic level compared with the productive forces of the Mongolian state. It artificially preserved for long time purely feudal natural character of the economy. In political terms, the consequences of the yoke manifested themselves in the violation of the natural process state development Russia, in the artificial maintenance of its fragmentation. The Mongol-Tatar yoke, which lasted for two and a half centuries, was one of the reasons for the economic, political and cultural lag of Russia from Western European countries.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources.