On the night of July 17, 1918, an execution was carried out in the basement of Ipatiev’s house in Yekaterinburg. royal family Russian Emperor Nicholas II and members of her retinue. The execution took place by order of the executive committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies, which was headed by the Bolsheviks.
Resolution:
“In view of the fact that Czech-Slovak gangs threaten the capital of the Red Urals, Yekaterinburg; in view of the fact that the crowned executioner can avoid the trial of the people (a conspiracy of the White Guards has just been discovered, with the goal of kidnapping the entire Romanov family), the Presidium of the regional committee, in fulfillment of the will of the people, decided: to shoot the former Tsar Nikolai Romanov, guilty before the people of countless bloody crimes.”
To this day, there is no unanimity of opinion among modern historians on the questions of whether sanction was given for the execution of Nicholas II without trial, what actually happened, and whether sanction was given for the execution of the entire family, and not just the emperor. In addition, there is also no consensus among lawyers on the question of whether the shooting was authorized by senior management.
According to the records, the participants in the execution did not know how the “execution” would be carried out. On the night of July 17, a truck arrived at Ipatiev’s house to transport corpses, after which doctor Botkin from the royal retinue was awakened, who was informed that everyone urgently needed to go to the basement due to the alarming situation in the city. IN basement Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, five children (Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, Alexey) and four people from the royal retinue crossed over. Then the Commandant of the Ipatiev House, Yakov Yurovsky, introduced the firing squad and read out the verdict. The emperor was killed first, but the son and daughters of Nicholas II, as well as the maid and doctor, were not killed immediately by the executioners. According to Yurovsky, the emperor’s daughters wore bodices entirely covered with diamonds and precious stones, which, in some way, saved them from fatal bullets. According to the investigation, the survivors were finished off with a bayonet.
After Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks, the collection personal photos royal family was smuggled out of Russia. The albums offer a glimpse into the daily life of the Romanov family.
The photo is one of the few in the Romanov albums that focuses on the ordinary people of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga - firstborn of Nicholas II
Tsarevich Alexei is the heir to the Russian throne. The boy was 13 years old when he and his family were killed
Empress Alexandra with her devoted friend Anna Vyrubova and daughter Olga. Anna Vyrubova was arrested after the revolution, but managed to escape to Finland with albums that contain more than 2,600 photographs of the Romanovs' private lives. She died in Helsinki in 1964
In the photographic heritage of the Romanovs, many photographs are especially associated with the family of Nicholas II. The imperial family was portrayed by many famous photographers. What remains are studio photographs of outstanding masters of Russian photography G. Denyer, S. L. Levitsky, A. Pazetti, C. Bergamasco. While abroad royal family Famous foreign photographers took pictures: in Denmark - L. Danielson, M. Steen, G. Hansen, in Poland - L. Kowalski, in Germany - O. Skovranek, F. Telgman and others. When visiting Romanov cities Russian Empire the shooting was entrusted to the best city photographers: F. Orlov in Yalta, M. Mazur in Sevastopol, V. Barkanov in Tiflis, A. M. Ivanitsky in Kharkov, etc.
Emperor Nicholas II. 1900s
Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with their daughters Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana. 1898
The largest collection of photographs of the last Russian emperor and his family was left by the photo studio “K. E. von Hahn and Co. "The atelier was opened in Tsarskoye Selo in 1887. It was owned by the wife of the assistant senior mechanical engineer Kazimira-Ludviga Evgenievna Jacobson, née Hahn. In 1891, Alexander Karlovich Yagelsky became a co-owner of the atelier, who since 1897 receives the exclusive right to photograph Emperor Nicholas II and his family. A. K. Yagelsky photographed the emperor during diplomatic receptions and visits, on trips around the country, during military maneuvers and reviews, official court events, on vacation on the imperial yacht “Standart”, in the Finnish skerries, in Livadia, while hunting on the estates of Spala and Belovezh. These photographs rarely reached the public and formed the imperial family’s own photographic archive. In 1911, A. K. Yagelsky received honorary title Photographer of His Majesty's Court.
Parade of troops of the Moscow garrison. Moscow, 1903
Yagelsky was also the only one who was allowed to film the royal family. From 1900 until his death in October 1916, he was the personal cameraman of Emperor Nicholas II and left a very significant film archive.
Rope tug. Finnish skerries, 1911
Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia. Tsarskoe Selo, 1903
The famous reportage photographer K.K. Bulla photographed Nicholas II a lot. In 1904, he received permission to photograph “views of the capital, as well as celebrations in the Supreme presence.” From the Main Headquarters of the War Ministry, Bulla had a certificate of permission to “take photographic photographs during maneuvers and exercises of the Guard troops and the St. Petersburg Military District,” as well as a special certificate from the Main Naval Staff, allowing to take photographs “during maneuvers, reviews, exercises, descents and laying ships and, in general, all events relating to marine life.”
The heir is Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. 1911
The Romanovs themselves left many personal albums with photographs - the Emperor, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, all children, including the heir, were passionate amateur photographers. Since Nicholas II got his first camera in 1896, he has never parted with it. Some of the albums were filled out by the emperor himself, pasting and signing photographs with his own hands. Each family member had personal photo albums, usually annually or for two or three years together.
Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in the costumes of Russian tsars of the 17th century. 1903
Another category of the Romanovs’ photographic heritage is the photo albums of their close associates, those who, on duty, were with the emperor and his family on trips around the country and abroad, and especially during vacations. The Romanovs themselves, their personal photographer A.K. Yagelsky and the emperor’s associates took the largest number of family photographs on vacation, when the members of the august family were left to their own devices and less bound by the conventions of court etiquette. This close circle, which had the opportunity to take informal photographs of the family of Nicholas II, included large court officials, members of the emperor’s retinue, ladies-in-waiting, state ladies, officers of the imperial yacht “Standart” and whole line other people.
Royal hunt in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Sitting: Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (2nd from left), Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (3rd from left), Emperor Nicholas II (4th from left), Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich (6th from left). Standing: Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Jr. (1st from left), Duke of Saxe-Altenburg Albert (2nd from left), head of the court youth section A.A. Grunwald (3rd from left), Baron V.B. Fredericks (7th from left), etc. Belovezh, 1897
The fate of the photographic heritage of the Romanov family in Soviet Russia quite confused and bears the imprint tragic fate their owners. After the execution, documents and photographs of the Romanov house were transferred from archive to archive more than once. The photographic heritage is still insufficiently studied. We do not even know the approximate number of photographic objects in state repositories Russian Federation; It is also unknown what legacy has been preserved in the CIS countries and abroad.
Nicholas II in his office, 1900
From July 6 to September 9, 2018, the State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSPHOTO will host an anniversary exhibition dedicated to Emperor Nicholas II. This year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the last Russian emperor.
The best photographers of the Russian Empire photographed the imperial family. When traveling abroad, the Romanovs always ordered photographic portraits from famous foreign artists. The exhibition features studio portraits of families Alexandra III and Nicholas II, occupying a special place in the work of their authors, outstanding domestic and foreign photographers.
A unique component of the exhibition is photographs taken by Nicholas II and members of his family. The Emperor himself, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, and all the children, including the heir, were passionate amateur photographers.
Based on materials provided by ROSPHOTONicholas II is a controversial personality, historians speak very negatively about his rule of Russia, most people who know and analyze history are inclined to believe that the last All-Russian Emperor had little interest in politics, did not keep up with the times, slowed down the development of the country, was not a visionary ruler, was able to catch the current in time, did not keep his nose to the wind, and even then, when everything practically went to hell, dissatisfaction was already building not only among the lower classes, but also at the top, they were indignant, even then Nicholas II was unable to draw any correct conclusions. He did not believe that his removal from governing the country was real; in fact, he was doomed to become the last autocrat in Rus'. But Nicholas II was an excellent family man. He should be, for example, a Grand Duke, not an emperor, and not delve into politics. Five children are no joke; raising them requires a lot of attention and effort. Nicholas II loved his wife long years, he was sad in separation from her, and did not lose his physical and mental attraction to her even after many years of marriage.
I collected many photographs of Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Victoria Alice Elena Louise Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IV), their children: daughters Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexei.
This family loved to be photographed, and the shots turned out very beautiful, spiritual, and bright. Look at the attractive faces of the children of the last Russian Emperor. These girls did not know marriage, never kissed their lovers and could not know the joys and sorrows of love. And they died a martyr's death. Although they were not guilty of anything. Many people died in those days. But this family was the most famous, the highest-ranking, and her death still haunts anyone, a black page in the history of Russia, the brutal murder of the royal family. The fate in store for these beauties was this: girls were born in turbulent times. Many people dream of being born in a palace, with a golden spoon in their mouth: to be princesses, princes, kings, queens, kings and queens. But how difficult life was often for people blue bloods? They were caught, killed, poisoned, strangled, and very often their own people, close to the royals, destroyed and occupied the vacant throne, alluring with its limitless possibilities.
Alexander II was blown up by a Narodnaya Volya member, Paul II was killed by the conspirators, Peter III died under mysterious circumstances, Ivan VI was also destroyed, the list of these unfortunates can be continued for a very long time. And those who were not killed did not live long by today’s standards; they would either get sick or undermine their health while running the country. And it was not only in Russia that there was such a high mortality rate for royalty; there are countries where it was even more dangerous for reigning individuals to be there. But all the same, everyone was always so zealous for the throne, and they pushed their children there at any cost. I wanted, although not for long, to live well, beautifully, go down in history, take advantage of all the benefits, live in luxury, be able to order slaves, decide the destinies of people and rule the country.
But Nicholas II never longed to be an emperor, but understood that being the ruler of the Russian Empire was his duty, his destiny, especially since he was a fatalist in everything.
Today we will not talk about politics, we will just look at photographs.
In this photo you see Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, as the couple dressed for a costume ball.
In this photo, Nicholas II is still very young, his mustache is just emerging.
Nicholas II in childhood.
In this photo, Nicholas II with his long-awaited heir Alexei.
Nicholas II with his mother Maria Fedorovna.
In this photo, Nicholas II with his parents, sisters and brothers.
The future wife of Nicholas II, then Princess Victoria Alice Elena Louise Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt.
“Komsomolskaya Pravda” for the first time publishes rare photographs of the emperor from his personal album, which spent almost a century in the storage rooms of the Ural Museum [KP exclusive]
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To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, a real relic was brought to Yekaterinburg - a photo album that belonged to Nicholas II. It contains 210 rare photographs of the royal family, most of which have never been published before. Almost all the photos were taken by Nikolai Alexandrovich or his children.
The emperor was very fond of photography and got his wife Alexandra Fedorovna and children addicted to it,” historian and employee of the Patriarchal Compound Museum Milena Bratukhina tells KP. - There was even a photo workshop in one of the park pavilions in Tsarskoe Selo. Nikolai Alexandrovich shot mainly with American cameras, and the Empress ordered photographic equipment from Great Britain.
The photographs are dated 1913-1916. The album contains many shots of army life. Then came the first World War, and the king, together with his heir Alexei, often visited the troops. But the main value of this album is the cards Everyday life royal family. Among the pictures there is even a photo with an elephant. It turns out that the first zoo in Tsarskoye Selo Park in St. Petersburg appeared under Nicholas I. It closed in 1917. The children of Nicholas II often came to the Tsarskoye Selo elephant sanctuary with their parents. The Emperor wrote about this in his diary: “He and Alexei brought an elephant to our pond and had fun bathing it.”
The album has been in the Zlatoust Local History Museum since the 30s of the last century. Long years it was carefully kept in storage rooms, and only a few knew about its existence. When the “royal” theme came out of the ban, the album was presented to the general public. But you can’t just watch it - only a few people can touch the album. Once a day they turn only one page and immediately put it under glass: museum staff fear for the safety of the photographs.
How the album ended up in Zlatoust is a mystery, says Nadezhda Prikhodko, director of the museum in Zlatoust. - Everyone knows that last days The royal family spent their lives in Yekaterinburg, which is 300 kilometers from our city. There is a version that the director of the Museum of the Revolution, Comrade Chevardin, brought the relic from Yekaterinburg. The museum was located in the house of engineer Ipatiev, and it was there that the august persons lived before their death. In 1933, Chevardin was transferred to Zlatoust, and he may have brought the album with him to save it from destruction. According to the second version, the photograph was transported by a revolutionary nicknamed Kasyan, also known as Dmitry Mikhailovich Chudinov, one of those who escorted the royal family from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. He lived in Zlatoust. And after the terrible reprisal against the Romanovs, he appropriated some of their belongings, and it is possible that this album, too.
“KP” thanks the Chrysostom Local Lore Museum and the Yekaterinburg Diocese for the photos provided.
1914 The royal family traditionally went on a summer trip to the Black Sea on the yacht “Standart”. But the photographs: Grand Duchesses Tatiana, Maria Olga, (from left to right) and Anastasia (in the center). The girls have been accustomed to this yacht since childhood. When they grew up, their parents allowed them to bathe on their own. The Grand Duchesses loved to fool around on deck and communicate with officers and courtiers.
1914 Peterhof. The Emperor poses on the shore. Most likely, this photo was taken by one of his children.
1916 Nicholas II and his youngest daughter Anastasia relax in the city garden of Mogilev (during the First World War there was Headquarters here) Supreme Commander). The Grand Duchess is 15 years old. And don’t let this shot shock you - at that time smoking was not something immoral. In 1915, Anastasia, when the Tsar was at Headquarters and she was in St. Petersburg, wrote to her father: “I’m sitting with your old cigarette that you once gave me, and it’s very tasty.” Of course, the Grand Duchesses did not smoke in public. And this photo is more of a joke.
1916 Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in one of the parks in Tsarskoe Selo. In the hands of the heir to the throne is his beloved black spaniel Joy (translated from English as “joy”). The dog was with Alexei until the end of his days. The boy took him with him into exile. The dog outlived its owner - after his death, the spaniel was sent to London to Buckingham Palace. Please note: the shadow of the author of the photo, the king, is visible in the photo.
1916 The Emperor plays with his son on the banks of the Dnieper. The two of them arrived in Mogilev on October 1, 1915. The Tsar believed that this trip would benefit the future heir to the throne - instead of ordinary classes with a teacher within four walls, Alexey could see the life of ordinary boys.
1914 Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsarevich and his teacher's children are playing war. Alexey spent his entire childhood with them. The boys played together, drew, made snowmen and went canoeing.
1914 Tsarskoye Selo. Nicholas II and his son ride a boat in a local pond. The Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana and Maria are waiting for them on the shore. Nicholas II devoted a lot of time to his children, especially his only heir.
Despite the fact that the royal family in Russia was an example to follow, many rulers hid terrible secrets from the people. Every king and queen had sins behind them, which admirers of the royal family try not to talk about. About these terrible secrets This post will tell us.
Mikhail Fedorovich (from 1613 to 1645)
The first of the Romanovs was crowned king at the age of 16, and at that time he could barely read. The next year, by his decree, the three-year-old son of Marina Mnishek, allegedly the grandson and heir of Ivan the Terrible, to whom several cities had managed to swear allegiance, was hanged in Moscow. This was after the severe Troubles, and fear of new possible impostors forced the elimination of the competitor publicly.
Alexey Mikhailovich (1645-1676)
The father of the future Emperor Peter the Great was a religious maniac, sometimes he prayed for six hours in a row and dealt with those who missed church service: without asking the reasons, he ordered them to be thrown into the icy river.
Peter I (1682-1725)
History describes many terrible scenes when Peter showed himself to be violent, inhumanly cruel and inadequate to the point of madness. Here are just some facts. Streltsy executions. 26-year-old Peter personally chopped off heads in front of a huge crowd and forced each of his retinue to take up the ax (unless the foreigners refused, justifying themselves by saying that they were afraid of incurring the hatred of the Russians). The mass executions actually turned into a grandiose show: the crowd was poured free vodka and they roared with delight, expressing devotion and love to the dashing sovereign. In a drunken stupor, the king immediately invited everyone to be an executioner, and many agreed.
Lifetime portrait of 44-year-old Peter, artist Antoine Pen:
“The Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, Vasily Surikov:
Death of Tsarevich Alexei. In acute conflict with his eldest son, Peter forced him to abdicate the throne and began to zealously investigate his misdeeds, for which he specially created Secret Chancery. 28-year-old Alexei was sentenced to death for treason and, after the verdict, was tortured in prison: in the presence of his father, he received 25 lashes. According to some reports, this is why he died. And Peter the next day noisily feasted, with an orchestra and fireworks, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava.
“Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei in Peterhof”, Nikolai Ge:
“Maria Hamilton before execution”, Pavel Svedomsky:
Execution of a mistress. The very next year, Peter sent his ex-lover, one of the most beautiful ladies-in-waiting at court, Maria Hamilton (Gamontova), having learned that she twice caused miscarriages and strangled the third baby. Although at that time she was already living with someone else, the king, apparently, suspected that the children could be from him, and was furious at such “murder.” At the execution, he behaved strangely: he picked up Mary’s severed head, kissed it and calmly began to lecture the people on anatomy, showing the organs affected by the ax, after which he kissed the dead lips again, threw the head in the mud and left.
Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)
The niece of Peter I, like himself, was a great hunter of entertainment with the participation of dwarfs and “fools” - court jesters. If many of them were indeed distinguished by their wit, then the inventions of the empress herself, which brought her into wild merriment, were rather obscene. Once, for example, one of her favorites, the Italian violinist Pietro Miro, nicknamed Pedrillo (Petrillo, Parsley), laughed off an attempt to make fun of his ugly wife, saying that his “goat” was pregnant and would soon bear “kids.” Anna Ioannovna immediately came up with the idea of putting him into bed with a real goat, dressed for laughs in a peignoir, and forcing the whole courtyard to bring them gifts. Pedrillo, who pleased his mistress, became richer by several thousand rubles on that day alone. “Jesters at the Court of Empress Anna Ioannovna”, Valery Jacobi (Pedrillo on the left, depicted with a violin; in the center of the picture in a yellow caftan the famous jester Balakirev jumps above everyone else):
The Empress generally adored all kinds of obscenity, especially gossip and stories of a pornographic nature. Knowing this, specially selected girls were sent to the court who were capable of conducting such conversations and inventing more and more new stories with juicy details.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1762)
The daughter of Peter I was known as a beauty from childhood and did nothing but have fun and take care of her own appearance, remaining almost uneducated. She had never read and even as an adult did not know that Great Britain was an island. Most of all, Elizabeth was interested in masquerades and especially the so-called “metamorphoses,” where all the ladies had to appear in men's attire, and the men in women's attire. Moreover, the empress was convinced that her court rivals had ugly legs and that in men's leggings everyone except her was making a mockery of themselves. One of the successful rivals, state lady Natalya Lopukhina, who was considered a beauty, was “mercifully” saved by Elizabeth death penalty, ordering instead to flog him with a whip, tear out his tongue and exile him to Siberia. Officially, Lopukhina was arrested and tortured in the case of a political conspiracy, but unofficially it was the empress’s revenge for the repulsed gentlemen and ridicule in her youth.
Natalya Fedorovna Lopukhina, engraving by Lavrenty Seryakov:
Finally, Elizabeth doomed the legitimate heir to the throne, appointed before her death by Anna Ioannovna, to a terrible existence. Emperor Ivan VI was only a year and a half old when Peter's daughter staged a coup and secretly ordered him to be thrown into prison, forever separating him from his parents and protecting him from human contact. The “famous prisoner,” as he was called after the strictest ban on mentioning his name, was stabbed to death by guards at the age of 23, already under Catherine II.
Catherine II (1762-1796)
33-year-old Catherine overthrew and arrested her own husband and second cousin Peter III, the relationship with whom did not work out from the very beginning. They got married when she was 16 and he was 17 years old. According to one version, he was infantile almost to the point of dementia and avoided marital debt, allegedly not knowing what to do in bed with a woman. According to another version (and Catherine admitted this in her biographical notes), he did not love her and made no attempts to get closer. At the same time, he openly took mistresses and even planned to marry one, but died under unclear circumstances 10 days after his deposition.
Coronation portrait of Emperor Peter III, Lukas Conrad Pfanzelt:
Meanwhile, the unhappy marriage made Catherine herself the greatest mistress on the Russian throne. She gave birth to her first child, the future Emperor Paul I, only in the 10th year after the wedding, which gave rise to rumors that he was not from Peter, although he looked like him. The empress had two more children from different lovers, and she gave birth to one in complete secrecy from her husband - in order to distract the emperor and take him away from the palace, her faithful valet started a fire in own home.
Modern painting“The Triumph of Catherine”, Vasily Nesterenko (after right hand from the Empress her famous favorite Prince Grigory Potemkin)
The “depraved empress” took her last favorite at the age of 60: he became the 21-year-old nobleman Platon Zubov, whom she enriched unspeakably and who, five years after her death, participated in the murder of her son Paul I.
Platon Aleksandrovich Zubov, artist Ivan Eggink:
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Catherine's 23-year-old grandson came to power as a result of a conspiracy against his own father: he was convinced that if Paul was not overthrown, he would destroy the empire. At the same time, Alexander did not allow murder, but the perpetrators - officers inflamed with champagne - decided otherwise: in the middle of the night they struck the emperor with a powerful blow to the temple with a golden snuffbox and strangled him with a scarf. Alexander, having learned about the death of his father, burst into tears, and then one of the main conspirators said in French: “Stop being childish, go reign!”
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Having ascended the throne, Alexander, who had previously lived in a happy marriage with many children, began to have favorites, with whom, according to rumors, he had illegitimate children. And at the age of 48, he began secretly dating 18-year-old Princess Katya Dolgorukova, who years later became his second wife.
Their extensive erotic correspondence has been preserved - perhaps the most frank on behalf of the head of state: “In anticipation of our meeting, I am trembling all over again. I imagine your pearl in the shell"; “We had each other the way you wanted. But I must confess to you: I will not rest until I see your charms again...”
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
The most terrible secret was and remains the death of the family of the last Russian emperor. Many more years after the execution in the basement without trial or investigation Soviet authorities They lied to the whole world that only Nikolai was killed, and that his wife, four daughters and son were alive and well and “transported to a safe place where nothing threatens them.” This gave rise to popular rumors about the allegedly escaped princesses and Tsarevich Alexei and contributed to the emergence of a huge army of impostor adventurers. In 2015, at the insistence of the Church, the investigation into the death of the royal family began “from scratch.” A new genetic examination has confirmed the authenticity of the remains of Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and three Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana and Anastasia, found near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Faces of Nicholas II and Princess Anastasia reconstructed from the remains:
Then they began to compare them with the genetic materials of Alexei and Maria, found in 2007. The timing of their burial depends on the willingness of the Church to recognize the remains
