An independent part of speech that systematizes words denoting animate beings and objects is called noun. The meaning of the objectivity of a noun is expressed using independent categories of gender, case, number, criteria of inanimateness or animation.
In most cases, in sentences, nouns act as additions And subject. In rare cases they may be other members of the sentence.
For example: I asked her to give me a letter. The noun “letter” is an object.
Mom goes to work. The noun “mother” is the subject.
Dad bought me a notebook with lined paper. The noun “paper” acts as a definition.
She achieved her goal despite the difficulties. The noun “difficulty” acts as a circumstance.
My father is a doctor. The noun “doctor” is a predicate.
Types of nouns
Depending on grammatical and lexical features, all nouns are divided into the following types:
Common nouns are the names of objects, states or actions: bed, car, house.
Proper nouns are the names of objects that stand out from the group of homogeneous ones (geographical names and names): Vanya, Sveta, Marya Ivanovna, Paris, New York, Singapore, Pacific Ocean.
Abstract nouns - name those objects or phenomena that cannot be materially tangible by a person: care, friendship, love.
Collective nouns - name objects that have similar lexical analogues, as well as those that systematize several concepts into one: sheet, pen, student.
In the Russian language, such types of nouns are also considered as animate and inanimate. Animate nouns name living beings (animals and people), inanimate nouns name objects inanimate nature.
Categories of the genus.
All nouns (except for those that are in the plural in their primary form: scissors, watches) belong to one of three existing genders - feminine, masculine and neuter.
A singular number means one item that stands out from a group of items. For example: sock, boy, table, cup. Plural means an indefinite number among many similar objects. For example: socks, boys, tables, cups.
Noun- this is a part of speech that denotes an object, this is everything that you can ask about: who is this? or: what is this? a student - student; a motor - engine; knowledge - knowledge.
The suffixes -itу, -ment, -ship are indicators of a noun, along with some other, most common living noun suffixes ( living suffix- one that today retains the ability to form new words by entering into new combinations with other word bases) in English:
suffix - ness:good- ness, dark- ness, ugli- ness
suffix - ment: improve- ment, employ- ment,pay- ment
suffix - ation:found- ation, examin- atlon,deleg- ation
suffix - er(or, ar):work- er, teach- er, direct- or,begg- ar
suffix - ity:activ- ity, sincer- ity
suffix - hood:child- hood
suffix - dom: free- dom
suffix - ship:friend- ship
But since many suffixes are similar to suffixes of other parts of speech, most often it is possible to determine what part of speech a given word is only by the function words that precede it (articles, prepositions and particles).
The main features of a noun are the article and the preposition:
a desk - desk to the desk - to the desk
on the desk- on the desk
over the desk - above desk etc.
Syntactic features of a noun manifest themselves primarily in the breadth of syntactic functioning of words in this part of speech. A noun can play the role of a subject, a nominal part of a predicate, an object, a determiner, or act as various circumstances. Of the listed functions, the most characteristic of a noun are the functions of subject and object, because in other cases of syntactic use, along with the noun, other parts of speech are widely used. On the other hand, although other parts of speech can also serve as subject and object in English, the noun, unlike them, is regularly used in this capacity.
Concerning syntactic compatibility with words of other categories, the noun is characterized by the fact that it easily connects with the verb both in the personal form, acting as a subject or object, and in the non-personal form, where, in addition to the function of addition, it appears in cases of the so-called Accusative with the Infinitive (objective/accusative case with infinitive) (for example, I saw the boy run - I saw the boy run).
It is just as easy to combine a noun with an adjective, since, on the one hand, an object has a characteristic, and, on the other, a characteristic is usually characteristic of an object. Thus, the object and the sign are really connected with each other. In English, in compounds of a noun with an adjective, the adjective is subordinate to the noun, acting in relation to it as a definition, because the concept of objectivity more important than the concept quality, since it is the object that is the bearer of the attribute, and not vice versa. However, there are no morphological means (for example, suffixes) to express the connection between an adjective and a noun in English.
Nouns can be classified in different ways, depending on what feature is used as the basis for the classification.
Based on the nature of their lexical meaning, nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.
Common nouns express general concepts, denote entire classes of objects (including substances, abstract concepts, etc.): house, tree, man, cat, water, iron, love, greatness, etc.
Proper nouns express single concepts denoting individual, one-of-a-kind objects. These include:
Proper nouns differ from common nouns in a number of grammatical features: when used in their basic meaning, they cannot change in number and, with the exception of special cases, do not have an article.
Proper nouns often include stable phrases, for example: the United States of America - the United States of America; Regent Street - Regent Street (lit. "Ruler" street); Hudson Bay - Hudson Bay, etc.
According to their structure, nouns in English are divided into simple, derivative and compound. TO simple These include nouns that do not have separate parts - a root and a suffix - and which are inseparable whole words: man, house, face, hook, joy. Many of the simple nouns have the same form as verbs:
clip - paper clip; to clip - clamp t, fastening t
box - box; to box - class t in a box
list - list; to list - compiling t list
Some simple (but polysyllabic, of course) nouns differ from the corresponding verbs in stress:
subject ["sʌbʤɪkt] - object, subject; to subject - to subdue, conquer
object ["ɔbʤɪkt] - subject, thing; to object - object, protest
insult ["ɪnsʌlt] - insult; insult [ɪn"sʌlt] - to insult, offend
Derived nouns- those in which individual parts of the word are highlighted - the root and the suffix: teach- er, white- ness, child- hood, friend- ship, dict- ation.
Compound noun usually formed from two words - from two nouns, or from an adjective and a noun - and, as a rule, has one stress falling on the first word:
an ink-pot [ən "ɪŋkpɔt] - inkwell
a letter-box [ə "letəˏbɔx] - mailbox
a milkman [ə "mɪlkmən] - milk deliverer
a blackboard [ə "blækbɔ:d] - blackboard
a hothouse [ə "hɔthaʊs] - greenhouse
Some compound nouns are formed from two nouns joined by prepositions:
a son-in-law - son-in-law
an editor-in-chief - executive editor
a man-of-war - warship
Materials used in preparing the article
- Barkhudarov, L.S., Stehling D.A. Grammar in English. – M.: Publishing house of literature on foreign languages, 1960. (page 29)
- Big school encyclopedia. Humanities / Compiled by Koshel, P.A. - M.: Olma-Press, 2002. (p. 380)
- Gruzinskaya, I.A., Cherkasskaya, E.B. English grammar for high school. - 15th ed. M.: Educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1955. (pp. 11-12)
- Novitskaya, T.M. Fundamentals of grammar and word formation of the English language. - M.: State Publishing House "Soviet Science", 1957. (pp. 12-13)
- Smirnitsky, A.I. Morphology of the English Language, ed. Passek V.V. - M.: Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 1959. (pp. 108-109)
Nouns refer to people, places or things. In addition, there is a special class of nouns - abstract nouns.
Abstract nouns cannot be detected using the five senses: cannot see, hear, smell, to taste or touch their.
Let's look at such a sentence, a statement by the American writer Alvin Brooks White.
A library is a good place to go when you feel unhappy, for there, in a book, you may find encouragement and comfort.
Encouragement And comfort - some of the nouns in this sentence - are abstract. There are a lot of other nouns in this statement: library, place, book. You can see them, touch them, for example. But you can't do this with encouragement and comfort. Support and comfort do not have color, shape, smell, size, sound, consistency - in general, those properties that can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled. Any noun that is inaccessible to these five senses is abstract.
Don't confuse abstract and concrete nouns.
Concrete nouns are tangible with all our senses.
T-shirt is the best in adding zest to beauty.
T-shirt is an example of a concrete noun. You can touch the T-shirt, smell it, check the material from which it is made. You can do this because it is accessible to all five of our senses.
For more clear example We have compiled a table of the differences between concrete and abstract nouns.
Table 1. English concrete and abstract nouns
A few more examples:
I love my husband.
In this sentence, the word love expresses action, and therefore acts as a verb.
Send them my love.
In this sentence, the word love is an abstract concept because it exists outside the five senses.
Maria could taste cilantro in the salsa.
In this sentence, auxiliary"could" illustrates the action. After all, Maria can physically taste the salsa.
Abstract forms of nouns are very common and they are an important part of communication. In many cases, these types of nouns are formed by adding a suffix or changing the root of the word. Child is a concrete noun, and childhood- abstract.
As a rule, abstract nouns have the following suffixes:
Tion
-ism
-ity
-ment
-ness
-age
-ance
-ence
-ship
-ability
-acy
Typical mistakes of English-speaking bloggers
Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding a suffix -ness: happy / happiness, sad / sadness, kind / kindness, cheerful / cheerfulness.
However, a large group of adjectives have various nouns that do not require addition - ness or other suffix. General stylistic error, is the addition of -ness, to adjectives that already have corresponding noun forms.
For example, the adjective humble
there is a corresponding noun humility
, but many native English speakers do not know about this and write humbleness.
Politicians Need More Humbleness.
Here are some additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that are often confused by journalists and bloggers.
Table 2. English abstract nouns and adjectives
| angry/angry | angry/anger |
| anxious / anxiety | excited/excited |
| brave / bravery | brave/courage |
| curious / curiosity | curious / curiosity |
| generous / generosity | generous / generosity |
| imaginative/imaginative | figurative/imaginative |
| intelligent/intelligence | smart/mind |
| jealous/jealous | jealous / jealousy |
| loyal/loyalty | devoted / devotion |
| mature/maturity | mature / maturity |
| peculiar/peculiarity | special/feature |
| sane / sanity | reasonable/reason |
| sensitive/sensitivity | sensitive/sensitivity |
| strong / strength | strong/strength |
| stupid / stupidity | stupid / stupidity |
| tolerant / tolerance | tolerant / tolerance |
| warm/warm | warm / warm |
| wise / wisdom | wise/wisdom |
MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.
PARTS OF SPEECH are lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are divided due to the presence of
- semantic feature (some general meaning, accompanying a specific lexical meaning of this word),
- morphological character (system grammatical categories, specific for this category of words),
- syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).
In the Russian language, there is a distinction between independent and function words.
INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH
Independent (notional) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or indicate them and which have independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).
Independent parts of speech include:
24. NOUN- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? What? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as subjects and objects, but they can also be other parts of the sentence.
24.1. Classes of nouns: common nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns.
Depending on their lexico-grammatical features, nouns are divided into:
- common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed
- proper (names of individual objects, isolated from a number of homogeneous ones - first names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;
- concrete (name specific objects and phenomena from real reality): boy, station and abstract (name an object or sign abstractly from the actor or bearer of the sign): hatred, love, care;
- collective (denote a collection of identical or similar individual objects as one whole): students, sheet.
24.2. Lexical-grammatical categories of nouns:
24.1. The category of animate-inanimate: animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns denote an object in the proper sense of the word, as opposed to living beings. This category appears in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative case plural: the accusative plural form of animate nouns is the same as genitive case, and inanimate ones - with the nominative case form. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.
The masculine gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change, and in animate nouns, by the belonging of masculine creatures to it (father, cat, table, house).
The feminine gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change, and in animate nouns - by the belonging of feminine creatures to it (mother, cat, bench, terrace).
There are common nouns that can be associated with both masculine and feminine persons: slob, orphan, incognito, protégé.
The neuter gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change (partially coincides with the form change of the masculine gender) and the meaning of inanimateness (window, sky, sun);
24.2.3. Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denotes one item in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and a plural form (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.
The singular and plural numbers differ in different endings and different compatibility with other parts of speech.
There are nouns that have only a singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (foliage, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).
There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only a plural form: some abstract nouns (vacations, twilight), some nouns denoting a substance (cabbage soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components(scissors, trousers);
24.2.4. Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object designated by the noun to other objects, actions or characteristics. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.
24.3. Declension of nouns is the change of nouns by case.
There are three declensions in the Russian language.
| 1 cl. |
2 cl. |
Zskl. |
| Singular: I.p. Mother. uncle |
house, window |
night |
Plural: I.p. moms. uncle |
house, window houses, windows house-am, window-am windows, house, house-ami, windows-ami about the house, about the windows |
nights night night-am nights nights about the nights |
Notes: in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending is written -i; For feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.p. and P.p.
I. p. police, genius, blade
R.p. police, genius, blades
D.p. police, genius, blade
V.p. police, genius, blade
etc. police, genius, blade
P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade
Read more about difficult cases For spellings of noun endings, see the “Spelling” section.
There are differently inflected nouns in the Russian language: these are 10 neuter nouns ending in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shchemia, tribe, name) - inflected with the increasing suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they are declined according to the 2nd declension; the words mother, daughter (declined according to the 3rd declension with the increase -er-), path (declined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is now not used in indirect cases singular).
There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change in case or number). These mainly include words of foreign origin that denote both inanimate objects (cafe, radio) and masculine and feminine persons (attaché, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), first and last names (Helen Frankenstein), place names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.
24.4. Syntactic functions of nouns
In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:
- subject: Mom goes to the store,
- addition: I asked him to give me the book.
- definition: Mom bought me a notebook with squared paper.
- application: The Volga River is very beautiful.
- circumstance: He achieved his goal despite difficulties.
- predicate: My father is an engineer.
§1. general characteristics noun
A noun is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning
- "item".
Nouns include words that answer questions:
Who? , What?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - common/proper nouns, animate/inanimate, gender, type of declension;
- changeable - number, case.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially frequently: subject and object.
Guys love vacations.
As an address and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:
- Sergey!- Mom calls me from the yard.
(Sergey- appeal)
Unfortunately, it's time to go do homework.
(Unfortunately- introductory word)
§2. Morphological features of nouns
Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). Unchangeable features relate to the entire word as a whole, and changeable features refer to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animate, own, f.r., 1 text. No matter what form it takes, these signs will remain. Noun Natalia may be in the form of units. and many more numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconsistent features of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such unstable or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are not constant.
§3. Common nouns - proper nouns
This is the division of nouns according to their meaning. Common nouns nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns name a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:
- child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
- Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, “Turnip” - own
Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:
- specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
- abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
- real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
- collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator
TO proper names nouns include names of people, names of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sashka, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, “Teenager”, “Kolobok” and so on.
§4. Animation - inanimateness
Animate nouns name “living” objects, while inanimate nouns name non-living objects.
- Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale hero acting as a living person)
- Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter
For morphology it is important that
- in plural in animate nouns
Near the school I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.) - singular in animate nouns of the masculine gender wine form pad. coincides with the form of the genus. pad.:
The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns the masculine gender wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I baked a bun (vin. pad. = named pad.)
The remaining nouns have the forms im., vin. and family cases differ.
Means, sign of animate-inanimate can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.
§5. Genus
Gender of nouns- this is permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change according to gender.
There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, classification as masculine or feminine is motivated by gender, since words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender is correlated with gender.
U inanimate nouns The belonging of a word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- of different kinds, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.
The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the word ends:
a, y or a, ohm, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ami, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun
a, s, e, y, oh, e singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun
oh, a, y, oh, ohm, e in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.
Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?
No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting because they can refer to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, mean, bully, slob, mean, bungler, scoundrel, daredevil and so on. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She's so smart! AND: He's so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be determined by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.
Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist and so on. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender: The doctor has arrived. AND: The doctor has arrived.
How to determine the gender of unchangeable words?
There are unchangeable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's not difficult if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:
Monsieur - Madame- for words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.
Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words naming animals, male.
Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - names of cities - male.
Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.
Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.
Coat, muffler- words meaning inanimate objects, happen more often neuter.
Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about unchangeable words and remember how they are used. Gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words do not have endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:
Mississippi wide and deep.
Short adjectives in the form of zh.r. indicate that the word Mississippi w.r.
§6. Declension
Declension is a type of word change. Nouns change according to number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, according to the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.
Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchangeable morphological feature of nouns.
The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings A, I in its initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandpa, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].
The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter with endings O, e
in its initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.
The 3rd declension includes feminine words ending in zero in its initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.
Initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually recorded in dictionaries. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form.
Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on yeah, yeah, th : lecture, building, genius.
How to correctly mark the endings in such words?
Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - does a vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [iya’a], building- [iy’e], and the sound [y’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- zero ending.
Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and average: building- to the 2nd.
One more group of words requires comment. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words way and child. These are indeclinable nouns.
Indeclinable nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. They are all very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.
List of nouns on My name: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.
For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling nouns
§7. Number
Number- this is a morphological feature, changeable for some nouns and unchangeable, constant for others.
The overwhelming number of Russian nouns vary in number. For example: house - houses, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that vary in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: person - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.
The minority of Russian nouns do not change in number, but have the form of only one number: either singular or plural.
Singular nouns:
- collective: nobility, children
- real: gold, milk, curdled milk
- abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, goodness
- some of our own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, St. Petersburg
Nouns that have a plural form:
- collective: shoots
- real: cream, cabbage soup
- abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
- some proper, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
- some specific (object) watches, sleds, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates
Remember:
Most objects denoted by nouns that have only a singular or singular form plural person, cannot be counted.
For such nouns, number is an unchangeable morphological feature.
§8. Case
Case- this is a non-constant, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:
- Nominative
- Genitive
- Dative
- Accusative
- Instrumental
- Prepositional
You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined which case form the noun is in. Since, as you know, nouns can be animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:
- I.p. - who what?
- R.p. - who?, what?
- D.p. - to whom; to what?
- V.p. - who?, what?
- etc. - by whom?, what?
- P.p. - (About who about what?
You see that for animate nouns the questions vin.p are the same. and family etc., and for the inanimate - them. p. and wine P.
To avoid mistakes and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.
For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), person(vin. p.).
Do all nouns change by case?
No, not all. Nouns, which are called unchangeable, do not change.
Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2). This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: -What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5). It's interesting with a cockatoo (6).
Word cockatoo occurred in this context 6 times:
- (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
- (2) approaching (to) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- D.p.
- (3) looking (at) who?, what? - (on) a cockatoo- V.p.
- (4) know (about) whom?, what? - ( o) cockatoo- P.p.
- (5) no who?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
- (6) interesting (with) who?, what? - (from cockatoo)- etc.
In different cases, the form of unchangeable nouns is the same. But the case is determined easily. Case questions help with this, as well as other parts of the sentence. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes according to cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the unchangeable noun itself.
Example: How long can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) whom?. how? - P.p.
§9. Syntactic role of nouns in a sentence
Mother sits by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looking at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. “Mom,” I call her.
Mother - subject
Near the window - circumstance
Magazine- addition
Photos- addition
Of people- definition
Nature- definition
Mother- subject
Teacher- predicate
Geographies- definition
Mother- addresses, like introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What nouns denote individual specific objects, rather than groups of homogeneous objects?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Which group of nouns has the most variety in meaning?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Is animate-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?
How can you find out the gender of a noun?
- By value
- By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings
What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?
- Unbowed
- Divergent
What is the sign of number in nouns? good, evil, envy?
- Permanent (unchangeable)
- Impermanent (changeable)
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