I.P. - Who? What?
R.P. - (No) who? What?
D.P. - (Give) to whom? Why?
V.P. - (I see) who? What?
T.P. - (Proud of) who? How?
P.P. - (About) whom? (About what?
Now, in order to learn how to decline correctly, you need to be able to identify a noun.
First declension
The first declension includes feminine nouns with endings - a (-я) and several masculine nouns: dad, uncle, young man. You just need to remember them. Also included in the first declension are nouns ending in –ia.For example, consider the words horde and commission.
I.P. hord-a, commission-i
R.P. hordes, commissions
D.P. order, commission
V.P. ord-u, commission-yu
T.P. oh, commission
P.P. order, commission
Please note that this noun ending in -a in the nominative case has the ending -e in the dative and prepositional cases, and the noun ending in -(i)ya in the nominative case ends in -i in the same cases. This rule will work with all first declension words.
Second declension
The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with the ending –е(-и). For example, table, house, field, sea, core, singing. As you can see, neuter nouns can have a hard or soft base. They have slight differences in the formation of endings during declination.For example, we can consider the masculine noun wedge and two neuter nouns – bucket and singing.
I.P. wedge ( null ending), bucket-o, peni-e
R.P. wedge-a, bucket-a, penalty-ya
D.P. wedge, bucket, penalty
V.P. wedge (zero ending), bucket-o, penalty-e
T.P. wedge, bucket, penalty
P.P. wedge, bucket, penalty
Neuter nouns with a hard base have the ending -e in the prepositional case, and - the ending -i. This should be remembered.
Third declension
The third declension includes all feminine nouns with a zero ending and a soft sign at the end. This is daughter, mother, night, rye, . They should not be confused with second declension masculine nouns such as ray, knife, .
As an example, we can consider the declension of the noun steppe.
I.P. steppe (zero ending)
R.P. step-i
D.P. step-i
V.P. steppe (zero ending)
T.P. steppe
P.P. step-i
Please note that third declension nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the same endings (-i).
Many of us remember from school what is called declination. But not everyone will be able to reproduce all aspects associated with it. But knowledge of the rules associated with the declension of names nouns, will help us avoid making spelling mistakes in the future.
Actually any independent part of speech (except for adverbs and gerunds) can change according to its own rules. Verbs, changing in persons and numbers, conjugate, and nominal parts of speech are declined. What does this mean anyway? Declension of words is the ability of nouns, adjectives, numerals and participles to change according to:
- Childbirth (male, middle, female, not counting nouns).
- Numbers (singular and plural).
- Cases.
The set of Russian rules, Grammar-80, recognized by many, explains differently what is called declension. He proposes to define it as a change in the class of words by case. Which of the definitions is closer and what is called declension, everyone is free to choose for themselves.
Based on the definition of declination in Russian language, we need to remember what case is. They are called grammatical form, connecting any noun with words of other parts of speech. Case indicates how the parts of speech specifically agree with each other.
For a long time, the case system was subject to changes. IN Old Russian the language counted not 6, as in our time, but seven cases. The next one was called vocative. Today it has already been abolished, and now there are 6 of them left.
- Nominative. A special case, since only it is called direct (who? what?), others are indirect. In the form named after pad. subjects appear in sentences. Another feature of it: it is the original form for nominal parts of speech.
- Genitive. This form answers the questions Who? What? In order not to confuse it with other cases, you can substitute the auxiliary word no: cat to them. p, (no) cat born. P.
- Dative. This case is named so because it answers the questions To whom? Why? Declension of words will be easier if you substitute the word give: cat date. P.
- Accusative. Quite a controversial form. Has a question similar to the nominative case for inanimate objects- What? True, in relation to living creatures they ask the question Who? The word blame, substituted for what he is checking. noun will help you understand the rules of declension: (blame) cat wine. P.
- Instrumental. Special case. Answers questions by whom? How? The test word for him is to create: cat TV. pad.
- Prepositional. Form answering questions About whom? About what? For easy memorization, we substitute the word think: about the cat sentence. P.
We remembered the case system that the Russian language is studying. Declension also depends on the category of number. There are only two of them in our language - singular and plural. Almost all nouns have both forms. But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. Some words are used exclusively in one single form. An example of those that only have a singular number: the sun (well, that's reasonable, it exists in one copy), milk, foliage, highway (it is foreign language).
But Russian the language is so diverse that it has in its arsenal words that are used only in the plural. Example: scissors, pants, glasses, watches, people.
The declension system in the Russian language, as is clear, consists of 3 groups. Each of them has its own characteristics. The 1st declension has the following special features:
- Words naming certain male persons with the endings a or -ya. uncle, man, dad, Vanya.
- Nouns that also have the endings a or ya. denoting people and objects of the feminine gender: spring, hand, aunt, Anna.
- The same endings (-а/-я) with nouns of the general gender (in other words, they immediately denote both male and female persons): crybaby, grouch, sleepyhead, slob.
- Nouns that have zero endings in their original form and are masculine: table, stump, ceiling, spouse.
- Words spouse. kind, but ending in o or e. little house.
- Them. noun with neuter endings o or e: sky, spot, sea, gun.
This group of nouns is the most special. It includes only words of the feminine gender and only with a zero ending: mouse, oven, life, reality.
Need to keep in mind fundamental rule regarding the third declension: when a word ends in one of the hissing sounds, a soft symbol is certainly written in it (daughter, night, oven). They should not be confused with second declension nouns in sibilant (ray, cloak, mite). They are masculine and therefore do not require a soft sign at the end.
Summarizing the above, we were able to put together the declension of nouns. The table shows everything more clearly. Study it closely.
Now we know what is called declension and what words refer to each of them. But not the entire lexical composition of our language obeys these rules. There are nouns that incorporate endings of both the first and second declension. They are called heterogeneous.
What are the features of such nouns? Firstly, almost all of them end in me: time, name, burden, stirrup and others. And the word path also belongs to this group.
Secondly, the rules for declension of differently indeclinable nouns are such that when changing these words by case, all forms will have the suffix en (except I.p. and V.p.): time, stirrup, seed.
Thirdly, inflecting these words, we can notice that in genitive, dative and prepositional cases they took the ending from the 3rd cl. and in the instrumental the ending -em appeared, as in the 2nd declension.
Our speech is rapid replenished new words of foreign origin. They do not have declension forms in the Russian language and therefore are called indeclinable.
- Foreign words that came to us from other languages starting with o, -e, -i, - u. coat, fillet, Sochi, kangaroo. In all cases they will have the same form, so there is simply no point in declining them. (Walk in a coat, approach a kangaroo, go to Sochi.)
- Surnames ending in ko, -ago, -yh. Yurchenko, Zhivago, Belykh. (To be a visitor to Kozarenko, to come to the Reds.)
- Words formed by abbreviation: USSR, ATS.
Related to this topic correct writing letters i and e at the end of nouns. By observing the rules of declension, we were able to identify that the ending e is written in the words:
- First declension (the exception is gender): to the river (dat.p.), about mother (pr.p.), on the topic (dat.p.).
- Second declension: about the ray (pr.p.), about the sea (pr.p.)
- Third declension: in the steppe (pr.p.), towards the night (dat.p.)
- First class used in birth. case: by the river.
- In words ending in i, i, i. V planetariums, on a promotion, about an event.
- For differently inflected nouns they also write and. on the way, about time.
After reading these simple rules, you will know what is called declination. It should not be confused with inflection of other parts of speech, such as conjugation of verbs.
It is imperative to study it, since our practical literacy depends on theoretical knowledge. From our article we can draw the following conclusions:
- Nouns change not only by cases, but also by numbers.
- But it is worth remembering that not all words of this part of speech have these categories. Some of them cannot be indeclined at all (indeclinable) and do not have one of the number forms (only plural or singular).
- Each of the declinations has its own characteristics, so it is worth studying them carefully. We gave an example of the declension of nouns (table).
- Personal endings that are not accented are subject to a set of specific rules. Depending on the declension and case, the letter will be written either e or i. This topic is one of the most difficult in the course of studying nouns.
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Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!
What is declination?
Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.
The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in weak position, in other words - not under stress.
How many declensions can a noun have?
The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and simple rules does not exist in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.
So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.
A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.
The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.
There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.
And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.
Why do you need to be able to determine declination?
The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!
How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!
Nouns of 1st declension
These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).
There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.
The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.
Nouns 2nd declension
These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.
As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.
Nouns of the 3rd declension
These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in soft sign: mouse, brooch, area, passion and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.
It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.
Nouns starting with -и, -я
The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.
As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.
Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.
Table of declension endings for nouns
Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings of words belonging to different declensions.
| Case | -1 cl- | -2 cl- | -3 cl- | -ies | -and I |
| I.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o, -e house, dish | |||
| R.p. | paws, bullets | home, dishes | |||
| D.p. | paw, bullet | home, dish | |||
| V.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o/-e house, dish | |||
| etc. | -oh/-ey paw, bullet | -om/-em home, dish | greatness | ||
| P.p. | about the paw, about the bullet | about the house, about the dish | about greatness |
Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.
It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are simply the letters with which the word ends. such words are the topic of another article.
Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest that you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.
Indeclinable nouns
There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.
| I.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| R.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| D.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| V.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| etc. | rush-en-em | put-em | dit-yat-ey |
| P.p. | o strem-en-i | about the way | oh dit-yat-i |
As you can see, the word “child” is inclined in a very special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.
You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.
Unbending words
These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can indicate the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as first or last names of people, names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.
- Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
- This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
- Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.
It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.
Let's sum it up
Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.
There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.
All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!
Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.
You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.
And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.
We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.
Be literate!
Education
What is noun declension? Cases in Russian
March 3, 2016Not only schoolchildren and students of linguistic disciplines wonder what the declension of nouns is. After all, competent speech and spelling are not the whim of teachers and not the privilege of philologists. The question of what is the declension of nouns in the Russian language can be answered in different ways, because this word has several, albeit similar, but still different meanings. Let's start with short excursion into etymology.
What is noun declension?
First, let's look at the origin of the term. The word "declension" is a calque of the Latin declinatio, which means "deviation." This is not surprising, since the inflection is a kind of anomaly in comparison with the basic form of the noun. However, the category “declension” does not only mean the process of word transformation itself. It is also a certain type of noun, similar to change according to the same pattern. There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are words that do not belong to any of the categories.
How do nouns change?
The parts of speech that interest us, with rare exceptions, are declined in number and case. With the first criterion everything is very simple - it shows the number of designated items. The number can be singular or plural. In the first case, we are dealing with nouns that denote only one object. For example: garden, hearth. The plural includes words indicating several objects (gardens, hearths). There are also exceptions.
Thus, in the Russian language there is a place for nouns that have only a singular form (the so-called singularia tantum). Example - milk, fame. In the same way, there are nouns that have only a plural form (which are called pluralia tantum). In this case, an example can be given the following words: darkness, scissors.
Video on the topic
What is the declension of nouns by case?
Now let's consider another possible change in the parts of speech that interest us. Declension means adapting a noun for use with other words. This category also shows the syntactic role of inflected parts of speech in a sentence. In most cases, to decline by case means to change the ending of a word. However, this ability does not belong only to this type of transformation of nouns.
The term "case" comes from the Latin cadere - to fall. There are direct and indirect cases. The first of these is the “normal” version of the word. This is, of course, the nominative, and in some cases also the accusative case. The second represents a “deviation” from the norm. This category includes all remaining variants of noun declension.
What cases are there?
In total there are 6 in the Russian case possible options changing nouns to link them with other words. The first of these is the nominative case. As stated above, this is the “correct”, natural form of the word, in Latin it is called a nominative. The genitive case, called the genitive, indicates belonging to someone or something, the dative (dative) - the object to which the action is directed. The accusative is similar to the first, nominative, however, it has its own peculiarity. It is used after transitive verbs to indicate direct object. In Latin it is called accusative. The instrumental case (or instrumentality) most often indicates the method, the instrument of action. In addition, it is used after such verbs: manage, engage, own. And finally, the last, prepositional case is the prepositive. It indicates a place, time, subject of speech or thought, and is used only with prepositions.
We looked at all declension options in the Russian language. There may be differences with other languages. So, for example, in English speech nouns have only two cases. The first of them, the general one, is the usual way of using words. The second, possessive case, indicates, firstly, only animate nouns, which certainly mean a living being. Secondly, the subject must own some thing, attribute or quality. The possessive case is formed using a special ending - “s”. Other languages have other features.
How to decline nouns by case?
This is not difficult to do. It is enough to know the so-called case questions that allow you to identify Russian cases. The table below contains all the necessary data.
It should be noted that the information provided applies to all nouns, both singular and plural. Almost all words of the part of speech we are considering are declined in cases. But there are also exceptions.
What nouns are not declined?
There are many words in the Russian language that are of foreign origin (for example, highway, jalousie). Some of them do not change either by case or by number. In addition, they belong to the category of so-called indeclinable nouns. Surnames ending in -о, -ы (-ы) also remain unchanged. This category also includes complex abbreviated words (for example, deputy director).
What are the declensions of nouns?
As mentioned above, the term we are revealing indicates not only the process of change and its paths, but also generalized types of words that have the same modification models. There are three declensions of nouns in the Russian language. Determine which one to belong to specific word, grammatical gender and ending in the nominative singular helps. You can clearly see the existing declinations and their characteristics in the table below.
| Case | 1st declension (singular) | 2nd declension (singular) | 3rd declension (singular) | plural |
| Nominative | mom, uncle | lake, field, horse | Y, -i, -a, -i mothers, uncles, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
|
| Genitive | mothers, uncles | lakes, fields, horse | Ov, -ev, -ey, - mother, uncle, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
|
| Dative | mom, uncle | lake, field, horse | mothers, uncles, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
|
| Accusative | mom, uncle | lake, field, horse | Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey, - mom, uncle, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
|
| Instrumental | Oh (oh), -ey (oh) mom (mom), uncle (uncle) | lake, field, horse | Ami, -yami mothers, uncles, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
|
| Prepositional | mom, uncle | lake, field, horse | mothers, uncles, lakes, fields, horses, steppes |
Are there exceptions to the rule?
Not all nouns fit the description of any of the above types of declension. There are 4 exceptions in total. The first of them is the inflexible words we discussed earlier. The second exception is nouns that are similar to adjectives. And they bow in the same way as the last ones. Such words are also called nouns of the adjectival declension. For example: passerby, bathroom. The third curiosity is indeclinable nouns. Their peculiarity is that in different cases they have endings that are not inherent in any of them. three types declination. These include words: path, burden, seed, udder, time and others. And finally, the fourth exception is nouns inflected as pronouns (draw).
How are words with the component “sex-” declined?
Such nouns have their own characteristics. In these words, the component “pol-” in indirect cases, with the exception of the accusative, changes to “semi-”. The second half, that is, the noun, changes according to general rules. Don't bow Difficult words with the “gender-” component, in which the main part indicates an animate object, for example: half a horse, half a goat.
Now, after considering all aspects of the topic in great detail, we should summarize. Declension of nouns is a complex linguistic category, which means a certain model of transformation of words, as well as the process of changing them according to cases and numbers. Children should know the basic rules of correct and competent declension from school. And, of course, do not forget them when you become adults, even if their profession is not related to philology.
Declension of nouns is a change in nouns by case.
Declension- a set of changeable forms (inflections) of names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns) according to numbers, gender and cases.
The type of declension (or simply declension) is the category of a name - a certain grammatical type of variability, such that words of the same type of declension have the same or similar forms of change.
Declension forms are determined by both the semantic role and the form of the governing member of the sentence. The semantic role can control case and number, and then declension is a semantic element of the language. For example: the cat is walking - the word cat is in the nominative case, singular and means that one cat performs the action; cats are walking - already plural, which means there are several cats; the cat is fed - the cat is in the accusative case, therefore the action is performed on the cat.
Declension (calque from Latin declinatio, “deviation” from the basic form of a word) is an inflection of nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals). Usually the term “declension” means inflection according to grammatical categories number and case.
The word “declension” is also used to mean “a certain type of declension paradigm.” They talk about the types of declension of individual parts of speech (for example, in the Russian language they distinguish substantive - the declension of nouns, adjective - the declension of adjectives and pronominal declension) and separate groups words within one part of speech. Thus, traditionally in the Russian substantive declension there are I (head - heads), II (table - tables) and III (notebook - notebooks) types of declension, as well as special cases: indeclinable words (which have all the same forms in both numbers: metro, kangaroo, beige, etc.) several words with -en- in indirect cases (time - time), two words with -er- in indirect cases (mother - mother, daughter - daughter), special declension Christ - Christ, etc. etc. Other, more economical ways classification of Russian inflectional paradigms, for example, A. A. Zaliznyak combines the traditional I and II declension into the “I substantive type of declension” with endings that differ depending on the morphological gender.
1st declension- all feminine and masculine words ending in -a or -ya (book, mom, dad, biology, physics, mathematics, computer science).
Nouns of the first declension singular in the dative and prepositional cases have the ending -e, for example: to dad, about the book. But if the noun ends in -iya, then the ending -i is written in the same cases, for example: to chemistry, about biology. When writing the endings of proper names in -iya, you must adhere to the same rule, for example: to Ksenia, about Italy:
2nd declension- all other words are masculine and neuter (poppy, stump, bug, slope, biofield, glass).
In the second declension of nouns, the form of the accusative case in most cases coincides with the form of the nominative case (glass, biofield) or genitive case(slope, stump).
For singular nouns of the 2nd declension, masculine or neuter, the ending -e is written in the prepositional case, for example: about the biofield, about the glass. But if the noun ends in -i or -i, then the ending -i is written in the same case, for example: about consciousness, about trust, about difference:
3rd declension- all other words are feminine (night, fabric).
In the third declension, in most cases the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular coincide.
After sibilant nouns of the feminine gender of the third declension, “b” is written at the end, for example: hush, daughter. And for masculine nouns of the second declension, “b” is not written, for example: rage, kalach, baby.
Publication date: 06/09/2011 09:31 UTC
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