3.1. General rules

3.1.1. Assigning capital letters

A capital (capital) letter is used: 1) to highlight the beginning of text segments; 2) to highlight individual words, regardless of the structure of the text.

The highlighting of words in the text is used to contrast proper and common nouns: common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, proper ones with a capital letter; cf., eg: lion - Leo, Neva banks - Alexander Nevsky, little red riding hood - Little Red Riding Hood (fairy-tale character), health - Health magazine.

In addition, a capital letter may indicate a special stylistic use of the word: You (in letters, documents) when addressing one person; capitalizing some words expressing lofty concepts, as well as associated with certain stylistic varieties of text. The names of sacred concepts in religion are characterized by peculiarities in the use of capital letters.

3.1.2. Types of proper names

Among the words highlighted with a capital letter, there are: 1) proper names in the narrow sense of the word and 2) names.

Proper names in the narrow sense include names and nicknames of people and animals, geographical and astronomical names.

All words in proper names, except for function words and generic terms, are written with a capital letter, for example: Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, Polar Star, East European Plain, Palace Square.

Names include the names of institutions, organizations, associations, historical eras and events, holidays, public events, orders, architectural monuments, as well as the names of newspapers, magazines, awards, works of art, societies, enterprises, industrial products, etc., highlighted in quotation marks. If a proper name - the name consists of several words, then only the first word is written with a capital letter (except for cases when the name includes other proper names), for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, Museum of History and Reconstruction of Moscow, Peter the Great's era, Battle of Kulikovo, newspaper "Moscow News", novel "War and Peace", medal "Veteran of Labor", perfume "Red Moscow".

3.1.3. Transition of proper names into common nouns

Proper names are often used to generically designate homogeneous objects, becoming common nouns, with the capital letter in many cases being replaced by a lowercase one. Thus, they are common nouns and are always written with a lowercase letter, the names of objects, products (types of clothing, weapons, fabrics, drinks, etc.), formed from personal names, names of companies, geogr. names ( Macintosh, Colt, Winchester, Boston, Bordeaux, Khokhloma, Adidas), as well as names of units of quantities formed from the names of scientists ( ampere, volt, pascal, roentgen). Much less often the names of people are written with a lowercase letter, generalized by character traits and behavior associated with this or that history. face, lit. or a mythological character, which is determined by the tradition of use. Yes, words Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson, Derzhimorda, Judas, philanthropist, Hercules, Cerberus, when used in a common sense, are written with a lowercase letter, and Oblomov, Manilov, Plyushkin, Mitrofanushka, Apollo, Juvenal, Napoleon and many others retain the capital letter. The same applies to the generalized (figurative) use of geogr. names: so, they are written with a lowercase letter Sodom(total disorder, chaos), walker(mass crush of people in the crowd), Kamchatka(back rows in the hall, in the classroom), but retain the capital letter in figurative meanings Mecca, Vendée, Klondike, Hiroshima, Chernobyl etc. The use of similar names in the plural form in the common sense. h. does not require replacing a capital letter with a lowercase one, for example: Ivans, who do not remember their kinship; galloping across Europe; We all look at Napoleons (Pushkin); Soviet Sharikovs.

3.1.4. Integrated, hyphenated, separate spelling of names

The use of personal names and geographical names. names are associated with continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling. The choice of spelling and the use of capital letters in these names also depend on the meaning of the name (for example: Saltykov-Shchedrin- surname, Erich Maria- name), and on the origin and spelling of words in the source language (for example: Charles De Coster, Saint-Just, Park Soo-yeon, Omar al-Sharif), and from the position at the beginning or in the middle of the name (for example: Las Vegas, Frankfurt am Main).

Below (see 3.2 - 3.31.) the rules for using uppercase and lowercase letters are discussed in more detail for individual groups of names.

3.2. First names, patronymics, last names, nicknames, nicknames

3.2.1. General rule

In the names, etc. of persons, all words included in them are written with a capital letter. Eg: first names, last names, patronymics, nicknames: Maxim Gorky (Alexey Peshkov), Franz Liszt, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Isaac Newton, William Shakespeare, Albert Einstein; nicknames: Catherine the Great, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Yuri Dolgoruky, Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vladimir Monomakh, Alexander Nevsky, Peter the Great (Peter I), Helen the Beautiful, Henry the Bird-Catcher, Cato the Elder, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud.

Wed: Dumas the father, Dumas the son, Petrov the elder etc., where the words father, son, elder etc. have not become nicknames and are common nouns.

Proper names in the plural are written with a capital letter. h. For example: two Natashas, ​​several Kuznetsovs, the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, the Morozov merchants, the Tolstoy spouses.

3.2.2. Names that have lost their proper meaning and are used in the sense of common nouns

3.2.3. Proper names in the plural in a contemptuous, derogatory meaning

Hitlers, Quislings, Azefs, latter-day Goebbels. Such writing is allowed as an expressive and stylistic device.

3.2.4. Individual names used as common nouns, but not losing their individual meaning

We... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts (Belinsky). Wed. (acceptable spelling): Surrounded by wild boars, wild animals and feclushes, Katerina’s freedom-loving character developed.

3.2.5. Names of units of quantities formed from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. Eg: ampere, coulomb, newton, ohm, pascal, x-ray. However, abbreviations for the same units are written with a capital letter. For example: A - ampere, Kl - coulomb, N - newton, Ohm - ohm, Pa - pascal.

3.2.6. Names of household items, etc., formed from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. Eg: riding breeches, mackintosh, napoleon(cake), Remington, sweatshirt, French.

3.2.7. Weapon names derived from the names of persons

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. Eg: browning, katyusha, colt, maxim, revolver, kalashnikov(colloquial: Kalashnikov assault rifle).

3.2.8. Russian double, triple surnames and pseudonyms

Each part of a double, triple surname or nickname begins with a capital letter, with a hyphen placed between them. Eg: Mamin-Sibiryak, Melnikov-Pechersky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Novikov-Priboy, Ovchina-Obolensky-Telepnev, Rimsky-Korsakov.

3.2.9. Non-Russian double, triple surnames and pseudonyms

Each part of a double, triple surname or pseudonym is written with a capital letter, regardless of whether they are spelled separately or hyphenated. Eg: Garcia Lorca, Andersen-Nexo, Castro Rus, Sklodowska-Curie, Toulouse-Lautrec, Sholom Aleichem.

3.2.10. Non-Russian double, triple, etc. names

Such European, American, Australian names are written with a capital letter each, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling. Eg: George Noel Gordon Byron, John Desmond Bernal, Pierre Augustin Beaumarchais, Charles Robert Darwin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Stuart Mill, Antoine Francois Prevost, Catharine Susanna Pritchard, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jean Paul Sartre, Robert Lewis Stevenson, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Thorbern Olaf Bergman, Bela Ivan Grünwald, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Niccolo Ugo Foscolo, Pedro Ortega Diaz, Jose Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Hans Christian Andersen, Peter Powel Rubens, Bronislaw Wojciech Linke, Michal Kleofas Oginski, Karel Jaromir Erben, Quintus Horace Flaccus, Marcus Fabius Quintilian, Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marie Antoinette.

Note. There is no uniformity regarding the separate or hyphenated spelling of foreign names. Linguistic articles argue for hyphenation of all multi-part names. The press either focuses on the separate spelling of all names, adopted in encyclopedias (for example, in TSB, “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary”), or allows a hyphenated spelling of some. French names, as a rule, enshrined in tradition (for example: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Marie Antoinette), in accordance with the recommendations of reference publications on the Russian language (for example: Rosenthal D. E. Handbook on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. M ., 1994, III, § 13). It is recommended to adopt one of the solutions used in printing and consistently adhere to it in all publications.

3.2.11. Chinese personal names

In Chinese two-part proper names, both parts are written with a capital letter. Eg: Li Bo, Liu Huaqing, Song Yu, Sun Yat-sen, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi.

3.2.12. Burmese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Korean, Ceylonese, Japanese personal names

All parts of personal names are written with a capital letter. Eg: Kim Il Sung, Le Duan, Pham Van Dong, Ho Chi Minh, Mang Reng Sai, San Yu, U Ne Win, U Taung Kyi, Park Soo Yeon, U Dau Ma, Kattorge Publis Silva, Akira Kurosawa, Satsuo Yamamoto, Kim Jong Ir.

3.3. Complex non-Russian names and surnames with articles, prepositions, particles, etc.

3.3.1. Articles, prepositions, particles van, yes, das, de, del, der, di, dos, du, la, le, von, etc. in Western European surnames and given names

They are written with a lowercase letter and separately from other components. Eg: Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Honoré de Balzac, Lope de Vega, Alfred de Musset, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Lucca della Robbia, Andrea del Sarto, Roger Martin du Tart, Jenny von Westphalen, Max von der Grün, Perez de Cuellar Javier.

Exception 1. The indicated articles, prepositions, particles at the beginning of the surname are written with a capital letter:

a) if they merged with another part of the surname into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Van Gogh, Van der Waals, Vandervelde, Descartes, Delavigne, Dubois, Ducersault, La Bruyère, Lamarck, Lamartine, La Mettrie, Lamont-le-Vaye, Laplace, La Rochefoucauld, Lafayette, Lafontaine, Fonvizin;

b) if in the source language they are written with a capital letter: D'Alembert, Charles De Coster, Eduardo De Filippo, De Sica, Di Vittorio, Etienne La Boesie, Le Corbusier, Henri Louis Le Chatelier, El Greco.

Exception 2. If you hesitate between the combined and separate spelling of function words, preference should be given to the combined spelling.

3.3.2. Truncated particle De (de) in Western European surnames

Attached to another part of the surname or given name through an apostrophe. Eg: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Joan of Arc, Agrippa d'Aubigne, Giscard d'Estaing, d'Etaples. Whether it is written with an uppercase or lowercase letter depends on the spelling in the source language.

3.3.3. Particle ABOUT before Irish surnames

It is written with a capital letter, followed by an apostrophe: Frank O'Connor, O'Neal.

3.3.4. Particles Mac, San, Saint, Saint before Western European surnames

McGregor, McMachen, Jose San Martin, Sant Elia, Saint Just, Saint Saens, Saint Simon, Saint Beuve, Antoine de Saint Exupéry.

3.3.5. Component in non-Russian surnames

It is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen. Eg: José Ortega y Gaset, Riego y Nunez.

3.3.6. Words don, donna, dona, donya in combinations with Spanish, Italian, Portuguese names and surnames

These words, meaning “Mr,” “Madam,” are written with a lowercase letter, separately and in indirect cases, declined. Eg: Don Lope Melendeo de Almecdares, Don Fernando, Donna Maria, Dona Clementa, Don Lope, Don Fernando, Dona Clementa.

Exception. Word Don capitalized in two names: Don Quixote(Cervantes hero) and Don Juan(Byron's hero). The names of the heroes of Cervantes and Byron, used in a common noun, are written with a lowercase letter and together: village Don Juan, quixotes.

3.3.7. Components of Arabic, Turkic, Persian and other eastern personal names

Components of such names, denoting social status, family relationships, etc., as well as function words ( aga, al, al, ar, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc.) are usually written with a lowercase letter and are attached to the name with a hyphen. Eg: Kerim Agha, Zayn al-Abi-din, al-Biruni, al-Jahm, Rashid Selim al-Khouri, Harun al-Rashid, Sabah al-Salem al-Sabah, Omar al-Sharif, Ibrahim Bey, Hasan Bey , Tursun-zade, Salah zul-Fikar, Kor-ogly, Mamed-ogly, Abil Pasha, Seif ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Melik Shah, ed-Din, el-Kuni, es-Zayat.

3.3.8. Initial part Ibn, Khan, Ben Arabic, Turkic and other eastern names; Ter in Armenian surnames

It is written with a capital letter and is attached to the subsequent part, usually with a hyphen. Eg: Ibn Yasir, Khan Pira, Shah Ja Khan, but: Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ben Ali; cf: Ali ibn Abd Rahman.

It is recommended to check the spelling of specific proper names of this group using the encyclopedic dictionary of the Great Russian Encyclopedia publishing house of the latest year of publication.

Always written with a capital letter and the initial part separated by a hyphen Ter- in Armenian surnames. Eg: Ter-Gabrielyan, Ter-Petrosyan.

3.3.9. Particle san in Japanese personal names

Attached to names with a hyphen and written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Komiyama-san, Cio-Cio-san.

3.4. Mythological and religious names, conventional proper names, names of characters

3.4.1. Individual religious and mythological names

Written with a capital letter. Eg: Atlas, Pallas Athena, Mother of God, Brahma, Buddha, Venus, Hercules, Zeus the Thunderer, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Perun.

For other names related to religion, see

3.4.2. Generic names of mythological creatures

angel, valkyrie, demon, brownie, devil, goblin, nymph, mermaid, satyr, siren, faun, cherub.

3.4.3. Names of characters in works of fiction (fairy tales, fables, plays, etc.)

They are usually written with a capital letter, even if these names have a common meaning. Eg: The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear decided to play a quartet (Krylov), Falcon (Gorky), Sugar, Bread, Milk, Dog, Cat (Maeterlinck), Santa Claus(But: Father Frost- toy), Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Foundbird, Rike the Tuft, Snow Maiden, Bluebeard(heroes of fairy tales). But: Ivanushka the Fool, Masha the Confused, Little Thumb, Brugnon the Fidget in combinations of a name with a common noun; Also Baron Munchausen, grandfather Mazai, the Frog Princess, Lady Macbeth, King Lear, Doctor Aibolit.

3.4.4. Attachments and components type cinema, television before proper names

Such prefixes and components are written with a hyphen. Eg: non-Gogol, false Christ, pseudo-Pushkin, cinema-Ostap, television-Pechorin, neo-Robinson; But: False Dmitry(traditional spelling).

3.5. Adjectives and adverbs formed from names of persons

3.5.1. Adjectives formed from individual names of persons, mythological creatures, etc. using a suffix -ov- (-ev-) or -in-

Written with a capital letter. Eg: Van Dykov's Madonna, Dalev's dictionary, Marx's Capital, Odysseus's wanderings, Tanya's doll.

Also uncles-Vasin, aunts-Valin, women-Dusin.

3.5.2. Adjectives formed from individual names of persons using a suffix -sk- (-ovsk-, -evsk-, -insk-)

3.5.3. Adjectives with suffix -sk- in the meaning of a proper name, including those having the meaning of “the name of so-and-so”, “in memory of so-and-so”

Written with a capital letter. Eg: Habsburg dynasty, Peter's reforms, Stroganov School, Nobel Prize, Lomonosov Readings, Bulgakov Conference, Vakhtangov Theater, Pushkin Poetry Festival.

3.5.4. Adjectives included in frozen phraseological expressions and compound terms

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Augean stables, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, pillars of Hercules, Gordian knot, Sisyphus's work, Aesopian language, Ariel's weightlessness, Archimedes' lever, Filkin's letter, Voltaic arc, Graves' disease, Bickford's cord, Witt's dance. Wed. 3.5.1.

3.5.5. Adjectives formed from combinations of first and last names, first names and nicknames

Written with a hyphen and lowercase. Eg: Walter Scott(from Walter Scott) Jules-Vernovsky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Childe-Haroldovsky, Kozma-Prutkovsky; but according to tradition: Mao Zedong(from: Mao Zedong).

3.5.6. Adverbs formed from proper names

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Suvorov style, tannin style, Kostya style.

3.6. Astronomical names

3.6.1. General rule

Proper astronomical names are written with a capital letter. In two- and multi-word astronomical names, all words except generic words are written with a capital letter ( star, comet, constellation etc.), ordinal designations of luminaries ( alpha, beta, gamma etc.) and except for function words. Eg: Alpha Ursa Minor, Canes Venatici, Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy, Archduke Charles star, Capella Auriga, Milky Way, Bird of Paradise, Canis Major constellation, Sagittarius, Andromeda nebula, Corona Southern, Southern Cross. See p.

3.6.2. Words Sun, Moon, Earth and so on.

They are written with a capital letter only if they are used in the meaning of astronomical names: planet Earth with satellite Moon; distance from Earth to Sun. However, in a non-terminological sense: sunset, cultivation of the land, moonlight. Wed. Also: Universe [There is no doubt that over time man will begin to remake the Universe(TSB)] and Universe [In the desert, stunted and stingy, / On the ground, hot with heat, / Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, / Stands alone in the whole universe(Pushkin)].

3.6.3. Names of places on cosmic bodies

All words are written with a capital letter. Eg: Swamp of Rot, Rainbow Bay, Sea of ​​Rain, Sea of ​​Clarity, Ocean of Storms(on the moon).

3.7. Geographic names (names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, countries, regions, settlements, etc.) and words derived from them

3.7.1. General rule

All words included in the geogr. are written with a capital letter. names, with the exception of generic geogr. terms ( island, sea, mountain, lake etc.), used in their literal meaning, and function words, as well as words years, years. Eg: Alps, America, Eurasia, Arctic, Volga, Europe, Caucasus, Ural; Eastern Siberia, New Zealand, North America, Central Europe; Great Bahama Bank, Kivach Falls, West Karelian Upland, Kanin Kamen(elevation), Vesuvius volcano, Kara Bay, Tamashlyk Valley, Blagopoluchiya Bay, Great Australian Gulf, Great Lakes Basin, Northern Engilchek Glacier, Dnieper Estuary, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Cape Chelyuskin, Cape of Four Winds, Cape of Good Hope, Abyssinian Highlands, Lake Baikal, Golodnaya Lip(lake), Arctic Ocean, Novaya Zemlya Island, Pioneer Peak, Ustyurt Plateau, Central Siberian Plateau, Caucasian coast, Taimyr Peninsula, South Pole, Great Sandy Desert, Blue Nile(river), Moscow River, Great Barrier Reef, Western Wind Current, Tropic of Cancer, Academy of Sciences Ridge, Main Caucasus Ridge, Valle de la Serena, Rostov-on-Don.

3.7.2. Adjectives formed from proper geographical names

They are written with a capital letter if they are part of complex geographies. names or as nicknames, surnames as part of complex ind. names ( Moscow region, Indian Ocean, Neva Bay, Perekop division), and with lowercase, if they are not part of a complex own geogr. names ( Asian countries, Moscow school, Pacific herring).

3.7.3. Geographical names with a generic concept that has lost its direct meaning (such as forest, clearing, horn, church)

Such nouns are written with a capital letter if they are not used in a literal sense and name the object conventionally. Eg: Golden Gate(strait), Sovetskaya Gavan(city), Tierra del Fuego(island), Czech Forest(mountains), Golden Horn(bay), Krivoy Rog(city), Vyatsky Uval(elevation), White church(city), Pushkinskie Gory(village).

3.7.4. Names of positions, ranks, titles, etc. in compound geographical names

Written with a capital letter. Eg: Prince Olav Coast, Princess Charlotte Bay, Dronning Maud Land(island), Queen Charlotte Islands.

3.7.5. The word Saint in geographical names

It is written with a capital letter. Eg: Saint Elias Mountains, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Saint Helena Island.

3.7.6. Complex geographical names spelled with a hyphen

Through a hyphen (each part with a capital letter) the following is written:

1. Toponyms (nouns or adjectives), consisting of two equal components. Eg: Ilinskoye-Khovanskoye, LikinoDulevo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Port Arthur, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Brus-Kamen Hill.

2. Names that are a combination of a noun followed by an adjective. Eg: Gus-Khrustalny, Dmitriev-Lgovsky, Novgorod-Seversky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Strugi-Krasnye, Moscow-Tovarnaya(station).

3. Names that are combinations of two equal proper names, having a connecting vowel o or e in the first part. Eg: Nikolo-Berezovka, Trinity-Lykovo, Troitsko-Pechorsk. By tradition, the following names are written together: Borisoglebsk, Petropavlovsk, Kozmodemyansk.

4. Names in the form of adjectives, formed from a first and last name, or from a surname written with a hyphen. Eg: Lev-Tolstovsky district, settlements Mikhailo-Kotsyubinskoye, Vorontsovo-Dashkovskoye.

5. Names starting with words East-, West-, North-(North-), South-(South-), Central-. Eg: East Siberian Sea, West Karelian Upland, North Chuisky Range, North-Eastern Cape, South Golostepsky Canal, Yugo-Kama settlement, Central Andean Highlands, Central Yakut Lowland.

Note. In the names of settlements beginning with the words North-, South-, both continuous and hyphenated spelling is possible, for example: Severo-Kurilsk, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Severodvinsk, Severomorye.

6. Names of settlements with the first component Top-, Sol-, Ust-. Eg: Verkh-Neyvinsky, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Ishim, Ust-Kamenogorsk, But: Solvychegodsk(according to established tradition).

7. Foreign language geographies transmitted in Russian. names that are written separately or with a hyphen in the original. Eg: Salt Lake City, New York, Stara Zagora, Buenos Aires, Port Kennedy, Zielona Gora.

Note. Names of residents derived from complex geographies. names whose parts are connected by a hyphen are written together. Eg: Almaty residents, New Yorkers, Orekhozuevites, Ust-Kamenogorsk residents.

3.7.7. Generic foreign words as part of geographical names

These words, which are not used in Russian as common nouns, are written with a capital letter and a hyphen. Eg: Yoshkar-Ola (ola- city), Rio Colorado (Rio- river), Arakan Yoma (Yoma- ridge), Issyk-Kul (cul- lake). However, foreign-language generic names used in Russian as common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Varangerfjord, Berkeley Square, Wall Street, Michigan Avenue, Fifth Avenue, Hyde Park; Wed: Moscow River, Bear Mountain.

3.7.8. Function words (prepositions, articles, particles) at the beginning of foreign geographical names

They are written with a capital letter and appended with a hyphen. Eg: De Ridder, La Asuncion, La Martre, Las Vegas, Le Creusot, De Long Islands; also: Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Saint Gotthard, Saint-Etienne.

3.7.9. Function words (prepositions, articles, particles) in the middle of complex Russian and foreign geographical names

They are written with a lowercase letter and connected by two hyphens. Eg: Ain el Hadjel, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Pinar del Rio, Puer to de Chorrera, Puy de Dome, Rio de Janeiro, Rostov-on-Don, Santa Maria di Leuca, Frankfurt am Main, Chatillon-sur-Indre, Choisy-le-Roi, Abruzzo-et-Molise, Dar es Salaam.

3.7.10. Complex geographical names written together

Names with first component New-, Old-, White-, Red, Black-, Large-, Great-, Small-, Upper-, Upper-, Lower-, Middle- etc. For example: Novokuznetsk, Starobelsk, Krasnoperekopsk, Beloka-mensk, Chernogolovka, Lower Yisei Upland, Middle Amur Plain, Gornozavodsk, Verkhnedneprovsk.

3.7.11. Complex geographical names written separately

Written separately:

1. Names that are a combination of a noun with a preceding adjective or numeral. Eg: South America, Belarusian Polesie, Veliky Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Tsarskoe Selo, Yasnaya Polyana, Second Kuril Strait.

2. Names that include the same combination as indicated above in paragraph 1. For example: Cape of Good Hope, Saint Helena, Cape of the Four Winds, Eighth Degree Strait.

3.7.12. Countries of light

The names of the countries of the world (simple and compound) are written with a capital letter when they are used instead of geographies. titles. Eg: peoples of the East(i.e. eastern countries), Far East, Western countries, Far North, War of the North and South(in USA).

In the literal sense, the names of the countries of the world and directions in space are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: east, west, south, north. The steamer headed south and then turned southeast.

3.7.13 Parts of the world

Written with a capital letter: Australia, Asia, America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe.

3.7.14. Unofficial names of geographical units, parts of countries

In these names all words except generic ones ( shore, coast, mainland, continent Asian continent, Atlantic coast, Upper Volga region, Eastern Siberia, East coast of the USA, European continent, Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia, Western Siberia, Arctic region, Lower Volga region, New World, Orenburg region, Moscow region, Poltava region, Cis-Ural region, Amur region, Baltic states, Transnistria, Primorye, North Caucasus, Northern Urals, Smolensk region, middle Asia, Stavropol region, Old World, Central Tien Shan, Black Sea coast, Southeast Asia, Southern coast of Crimea, Southern Urals.

3.7.15. Geographical areas and zones

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: forest-steppe zone, forest-tundra zone, coastal region.

3.7.16. Zoogeographical and floristic regions and subregions

They are written with a capital letter, except for provinces. Eg: Australian region, New Zealand sub-region, But: Guinean province.

3.7.17. Geological basins, fossil deposits, river basins

In such names, all words except generic ones are written with a capital letter. Eg: Volga basin, Volga-Ural oil and gas basin, Vyatsko-Kama phosphorite deposit, Illinois coal basin, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Mediterranean basin.

3.7.18. River flow areas and reaches

Such names are written with lowercase letters unless they are part of complex proper names. Eg: upper Pripyat, lower Berezina, middle reach of the Volga; but: Upper Tura, Lower Tunguska(name of the river).

3.7.19. Sea routes

Northern Sea Route, Volga Trade Route.

3.8. Names of states. Administrative-territorial names

3.8.1. Official names of states

In them, all words, except service words, are written with a capital letter. Eg: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, State of Bahrain, Principality of Liechtenstein, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kingdom of Belgium, United Mexican States, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Commonwealth of the Bahamas, French Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Ukraine , Republic of Estonia.

Note. For the use of capital letters in the names of ancient states, principalities, and empires, see

3.8.2. Names of subjects of the Russian Federation

In the names of the republics of the Russian Federation, all words are written with a capital letter. Eg: Altai Republic, Bashkortostan Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, North Ossetia Republic.

In the names of territories, regions, districts, the generic or specific concept is written with a lowercase letter, and words denoting an individual name are written with a capital letter. Eg: Primorsky Territory, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd Region, Moscow Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous District.

3.8.3. Groups, unions and associations of states of a political nature

In their names, the first word is capitalized, as well as proper names. Eg: Asia-Pacific Council (AZPAC), Entente, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Benelux, European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Community (EEC), League of Arab States (LAS), Organization of American States (OAS) , North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), Colombo Plan, Holy Alliance, Northern Council, Council of Concord, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC), Triple Alliance; But: Commonwealth Independent States(CIS).

3.8.4. Groups of states by their geographical location

The first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: Balkan countries, Transcaucasian republics, Baltic countries, Scandinavian countries. But: Danube countries, northern countries, southern countries(there is no fixed composition of states).

3.8.5. Unofficial common names of countries and their parts

All words in them, except generic ones ( shore, coast, mainland, continent, center, zone, empire etc.) are written with a capital letter. Eg: Albion, English Empire, England, Inner and Outer Mongolia, European Turkey, Northern Italy, United Kingdom, Left Bank Ukraine, Western Belarus.

3.8.6. Figurative names of states and cities

Either the first word or a word emphasizing a characteristic feature of the named object is written with a capital letter. Eg: Liberty Island(about Cuba), Land of the Rising Sun(about Japan) Land of morning freshness(about Korea), Maple Leaf Country(about Canada), Northern Palmyra(about St. Petersburg), but: Foggy Albion(about England).

3.8.7. Administrative-territorial units of foreign states

In their names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations ( department, province, state etc.), as well as function words. Eg: counties East Sussex, North Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire, West Yorkshire(Great Britain); cantons Valais, Grisons(Switzerland); West Bengal state(India); area of ​​Valle d'Aosta, Emilia-Romagna(Italy); departments Bouches-du-Rhone, Hautes-Pyrenees, Loire-Atlantique, Côte-d'Or, Côtes-du-Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Seine-Maritime, Seine-Saint-Denis(France); provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Hunan(PRC); states South Carolina, West Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island(USA); Baden-Württemberg(Germany); Hokkaido prefecture(Japan).

3.9. Streets, alleys, city landmarks

3.9.1. Avenues, streets, squares, alleys, dead ends, bridges, etc.

In these names all words except generic ones ( alley, boulevard, line, embankment, lane, square, passage, clearing, avenue, descent, dead end, street, highway), it is recommended to write from a capital letter to general rule writing geogr. titles. Eg: Komsomolsky Avenue, Mira Avenue; Butyrsky Val street, Karetny Ryad street, Kuznetsky Most street, Likhoborskie Bugry street, Pushkinskaya street, People's Militia street, Serpukhovskaya Zastava street, Sivtsev Vrazhek street, Teply Stan street, Tyufeleva Roshcha street, Champs Elysees(street in Paris); Peasant Outpost Square, Nikitsky Gate, Revolution Square; Bolshoi Kozikhinsky Lane, Krivokolenny Lane; Sytinsky dead end; Big Stone Bridge, Bridge of Sighs; Rostov embankment; Entuziastov Highway.

3.9.2. Street names, etc., starting with a number

Words following a number are written with a capital letter, except for words years And of the year. Eg: st. 26 Baku Commissioners, st. 1905, 40 Years of October Square.

3.9.3. Composite street names, including names of military, scientific and other ranks, professions, etc.

In these names, all words except generic ones are capitalized. Eg: Admiral Makarov Street, Academician Korolev Street, Architect Vlasov Street, General Belov Street, Cosmonaut Volkov Street, Pilot Babushkin Street, Pilot Nesterov Street, Marshal Zhukov Avenue, Sailor Zheleznyak Boulevard; Also: Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge.

3.9.4. Names of city landmarks

In such names, all words, except generic common nouns, are used in their literal meaning ( palace, castle, cemetery etc.) are written with a capital letter. Eg: Grand Kremlin Palace, Winter Palace, Engineering Castle, Novodevichy Cemetery, Peter and Paul Fortress, Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, Tsar Bell, Tsar Cannon, Bronze Horseman(monument), The Colossus of Rhodes; But: Wall of Tears(in Jerusalem) Walk of Fame, Mound of Immortality, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier(as expressing sacred concepts).

3.9.5. Kremlin

This name is capitalized when it is the proper name of a part of the city. Eg: In the center of Moscow there is the Kremlin, surrounded by stone walls, the second ring is Kitai-Gorod, the third is Zemlyanoy Gorod (wall). But: In Novgorod, Kazan, Pskov and other cities there are kremlins, that is, ancient fortresses; Novgorod Kremlin.

3.10. Railway stations, train stations, airports, metro stations, ground transport stops

3.10.1. Railway stations, train stations, airports

In these names, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations. Eg: Vnukovo air terminal, Domodedovo airport, Orly airport, Kursky station, Leningrad-Passenger, Moscow-Sortirovochnaya, Moscow-Tovarnaya, Peredelkino, Catullus airport.

3.10.2. Metro stations, ground transport stops

They are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter (the first word). Eg: metro stations "Arbatskaya", "Okhotny Ryad" “Izmailovsky Park”, “Alexandrovsky Garden”, “Oktyabrskoye Pole”(second word from the name of the street), “Preobrazhenskaya Square”, “Ryazansky Prospekt”, “Prospekt Mira”; stops “Nikitskiye Vorota”, “Children’s Clinic”, “Tallinskaya Street”, “10th Microdistrict”.

3.11. Authorities, institutions and organizations

H.11.1. General rule

There is a difference in the spelling of higher state and international organizations, in which all words are written with a capital letter, and other institutions and organizations of an individual nature, in which the first word, as well as the proper names included in the name, are written with a capital letter. Eg: United Nations, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, But: World Peace Council, Security Council of the Russian Federation.

3.11.2. Supreme state bodies and organizations of the Russian Federation

In the state In official documents, all words in such names are written in capital letters. Eg: Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, State Duma, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation.

Note. In printing practice, there is a tendency, supported by linguists, to use a capital letter only in the first word of a name. Yes, academician “Russian Spelling Dictionary” (M., 1999) recommends writing according to the general rule: State Duma (Duma), Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Navy of the Russian Federation.

3.11.3. Major international organizations

In their names, all words except service words are capitalized. Eg: Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, United Nations (UN), UN Security Council, League of Nations.

3.11.4. Government bodies, ministries, committees, public and other organizations and institutions of the Russian Federation of a single nature

In their compound names, the first word is capitalized, as well as the proper names included in them. Eg: State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan, People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia, Legislative Assembly Republic of Karelia, State Council of the Komi Republic, Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Altai Regional Legislative Assembly, State Duma of the Stavropol Territory, Moscow City Duma; Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS), Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North and Far East, Interregional Association for Economic Cooperation of the Subjects of the Federation of the Far East and Transbaikalia, Bank foreign trade(Vneshtorgbank), Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Russian Commodity and Raw Materials Exchange, Morozov Children's Clinical Hospital, Central Animal Search Bureau, Information Technology Bureau, Guild of Film Directors of Russia, Moscow Department of External Relations, Administrative Department of the Government of the Russian Federation, Central Chess Club, Commission on issues of international humanitarian and technical assistance under the Government of the Russian Federation, Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, Russian Olympic Committee, Russian State Insurance Company, All-Russian Confederation of Labor, State Investment Corporation, Russian Professional Boxing League, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Federal Supervision of Russia on Nuclear and Radiation Safety, Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights, Russian Red Cross Society, Russian Defense Sports and Technical Organization, Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Russian Book Chamber, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Council on Agrarian Policy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Union of Artists of Russia, Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Glasnost Defense Fund, Center Flight Control, Headquarters for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of Moscow.

Note. Incomplete names instead of full ones when repeated may begin with a capital letter, but if the full name of the word is not in the text department, main department, administration, ministry etc. are written with a lowercase letter.

3.11.5. Names of institutions in the plural and not as proper names

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: ministries of the Russian Federation, main departments of ministries, committees and commissions of the State Duma, agencies, federal services.

3.11.6. Institutions and organizations of a non-individual nature

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: city ​​accident bureau, housing exchange bureau, regional liaison office, board of a housing construction cooperative, deputy commission, conciliation commission, clinic No. 140 of the Gagarinsky district.

3.11.7. Names of institutions and organizations with a conventional name in quotation marks

1. The first word of the name in quotation marks is written with a capital letter. The text preceding the conventional name is written with a lowercase letter if it does not begin with the word All-Russian, Russian, State, Central. Eg: Interfax news agency, Renaissance association, Knowledge humanitarian foundation; but: Russian News Agency “Novosti”, Russian Charitable Foundation “Intellect”, Interstate TV and Radio Company “Mir”.

2. In names starting with geogr. definitions, geogr. the definition is written with a capital letter if it is part of the full official name, and with a lowercase letter if it is not part of it. Eg: Kaliningrad publishing house "Business World"; But: Moscow publishing house "Sovremennik"(the official name is used without a geographical definition).

3.11.8. Parts and departments of institutions and organizations

Names of parts and departments of institutions, organizations, other than those indicated above, as well as words like presidium, academic council, artistic council, faculty, department, division, sector, group are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: at the Faculty of Philology, at the editorial and publishing department, in the educational and methodological department, the Russian language department, the personnel department, the dialectology sector, the electronic system control group.

3.11.9. International and foreign central organizations and institutions

The first word, as well as proper names, are written with a capital letter. Eg: World Health Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions, International Monetary Fund, European Economic Community, European Union, International Court of Justice, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Labor Organization, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Commission of the European Communities, Organization of African Unity, National Congress of the Argentine Republic. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, General Secretariat of the Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, European Parliament, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, International League for the Defense of Culture, UN Commission on Human Rights , European Consortium for Political Research, Society of Ethnology and Folklore of Europe, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US Supreme Court, Polish Sejm, French National Assembly, State Great Khural of Mongolia, Legislative Assembly of Bulgaria. see also

3.11.10. Names of CIS bodies and organizations

Council of Heads of the CIS, Executive Secretariat of the CIS, Council of Ministers of Internal Affairs of the CIS Member States, Legal Advisory Council of the CIS Member States, Headquarters for Coordination of Military Cooperation of the CIS Member States, Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States, Economic Court of the CIS, Standing Commission on Problems Environment, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

3.11.11. State elected institutions of foreign countries

They are usually written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Congress, Majlis, Lower House, House of Deputies, House of Lords, House of Commons(In Great Britain), Senate and House of Representatives(in USA), Parliament, Reichstag, Storting.

3.11.12. Elective institutions of a temporary or individual nature in historical literature

Capitalize the first word. Eg: Provisional Government(1917 in Russia), Estates General, State Duma, III Duma(But: city ​​council), Convention, Pre-Parliament.

3.11.13. Foreign news agencies

In their names, all words, except the generic one, are written with a capital letter, and the name is not enclosed in quotation marks. Eg: Agence France-Presse, agency United Press International (UPI), agency Union Française d'Enformation, Associated Press (USA).

3.12. Research institutions, academies, educational institutions

3.12.1. General rule

In the proper names of academies, research institutions, educational institutions, only the first word is written with a capital letter (even if it is a generic name or a name indicating a specialty), as well as proper names included in a complex name. Eg: Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences, Air Force Academy named after. Yu. A. Gagarin, International Academy of Entrepreneurship, Moscow State University of Printing Arts, Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State Linguistic University, Orthodox Theological University. Ioann Bogoslova, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Institute of International Business, Institute of Acoustics named after. N. N. Andreeva, Electromechanical Research Institute, All-American Institute of Business and Economics, Literary Institute named after. A. M. Gorky, Russian Scientific Center "Kurchatov Institute", Russian Center for International and Cultural Cooperation, Pushchino Research Center, Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

3.12.2. Secondary educational institutions (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, colleges, technical schools, schools) of a non-unit nature

Their names are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: medical school No. 1, technical school No. 2 in Moscow, shift school for cooks, pharmaceutical school No. 266, evening school, secondary school No. 59 named after. N.V. Gogol, Moscow secondary school No. 266, children's School of Music No. 3 named after N. Ya. Myaskovsky, professional lyceum No. 319, experimental gymnasium No. 20, auto-mechanical technical school.

However, if the name includes a geogr. If the definition or name is of a singular nature and is equated to a higher educational institution, then it is written with a capital letter. Eg: Russian Republican Medical School, Theater School named after. M. S. Shchepkina, Music College named after. Ippolitov-Ivanov, Novosibirsk Theater School, Moscow Art School in Memory of 1905, State Music School of Wind Art, Moscow Humanitarian Acting Lyceum, Zhukovsky Aviation College.

3.13. Entertainment enterprises and institutions (theatres, museums, parks, ensembles, choirs, etc.)

3.13.1. General rule

Only the first word, as well as proper names included in the name, are written with a capital letter. Eg: State Academic Bolshoi Theater of Russia, Central Academic Theater of the Russian Army, Moscow Taganka Theater, Musical Academic Theater named after. K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Peoples' Friendship Theater(Moscow), Theater of Nations(Paris), Moscow State Conservatory named after. P. I. Tchaikovsky, Concert Hall named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, State Central Concert Hall "Russia", Rachmaninoff Hall of the Conservatory, St. George's Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace(in the first of the last two names the word Conservatory is written with capital as a substitute for the full name - see), Column Hall of the House of Unions, Academic Large Concert Orchestra, Russian State Symphony Orchestra of Cinematography, State Armory Chamber, State Russian Museum, Hermitage, Museum of Oriental Art, Museum of V. A. Tropinin and Moscow Artists of His Time, Museum of Ancient Russian Literature and Art. Andrei Rublev, Metropolitan Museum of Art, International Slavic Cultural Center, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Ballet of Great Britain, State Academic Choir of Russia named after A. A. Yurlov, State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble under the direction of Igor Moiseev, Voronezh Russian Folk Choir, Russian State Library , State Public Historical Library, Central City Library named after. N. A. Nekrasova, Central Sports Club of the Army (CSKA), Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after. M. Gorky, Summer Garden(in St. Petersburg), Botanical Garden of Moscow State University, Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill, Kunstkamera(St. Petersburg).

3.13.2. Names from the generic name and names in quotation marks

1. The first word of the name in quotation marks is written with a capital letter, and the generic name is written with a lowercase letter, if it does not begin with the words International, All-Russian, Russian, Central, State. Eg: theater "Commonwealth of Taganka Actors", exhibition hall "Belyaevo", Russian State Theater "Satyricon" named after. A.I. Raikin, young sailors' club "Brigantine", leisure center "Fantasy", exhibition "Gold of the Scythians", cinema "Khudozhestvenny", but: Central Exhibition Hall "Manege", All-Russian Museum Association "State Tretyakov Gallery".

2. In names starting with geogr. definitions, geogr. the definition is written with a capital letter if it is part of the official name, and with a lowercase letter if it is not part of the name. Eg: Moscow Sovremennik Theater, But: Moscow theater named after. Evg. Vakhtangov(full official name - State Academic Theater named after. Evg. Vakhtangov), Moscow circus "Luch".

3.14. Cultural institutions (palaces, houses, etc.)

3.14.1. General rule

In the complex names of such institutions, the words House And Castle, beginning the name, are written with a capital letter. Eg: House of Friendship with the Peoples of Foreign Countries, House of Culture named after. S. P. Gorbunova, House of Schoolchildren’s Creativity, Palace of Youth Creativity. However, if according to house And castle preceded by words such as those included in the official name All-Union, Central or geogr. definition, then only the first word of the name is written with a capital letter. Eg: Central House of Writers, Central House of Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow House of Composers, Moscow House of Models, Zelenograd Palace of Children and Youth Creativity, State Russian House of Folk Arts, State House of Radio Broadcasting and Sound Recording, The White house; But: Pushkin House, Printing Yard(traditionally).

Wed. Also orphanage, mother and child home, rest home, maternity hospital, Winter Palace(words here house, palace- common nouns) Peredelkinsky House of Creativity(geographical definition is not included in the official name).

3.14.2. Incomplete name replacing the full one

The first (or only) word of the truncated name is written with a capital letter. Eg: State Literary Museum - Literary Museum, Central House of Artists - House of Artists, Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory - Great Hall of the Conservatory, Moscow Theater of Satire - Theater of Satire, State Kremlin Palace - Kremlin Palace, but: Sovremennik Theater.

3.15. Enterprises, firms, trusts, associations

3.15.1. Names of companies, joint stock companies, plants, factories, etc. with a conventional name in quotation marks

3.15.2. Titles with words of so-and-so's name or number

The generic name and the name indicating the profile of the enterprise are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: sewing studio No. 2, metallurgical plant named after. A.I. Serov, pencil factory named after. L. B. Krasin, printing house No. 5, dry cleaning factory No. 3, tram depot named after. P. L. Apakova. Cm. ,

3.15.3. Complex names starting with words State, Russian and so on.

The first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: State Aviation Corporation "Tupolev", Russian State Concern "Cement".

3.15.4. Complex names starting with a geographical definition

They are written with a capital letter if this definition is part of the official name, and with a lowercase letter if the geogr. the definition is not part of the name, but only indicates the location. Eg: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Moscow Mechanical Plant "Red Path", Oryol Machine-Building Plant named after. Medvedev, but: the Stavropol industrial and trading shoe association "Caucasus", the Vologda breeding plant "Zarya", the Moscow Hotel Metropol, the Yekaterinburg JSC "Ural Tire Plant"(full official name does not include geographical definitions).

3.15.5. Names of foreign firms, companies, concerns, banks, etc. from one or more words

They are transcribed in Russian letters and enclosed in quotation marks. The first word in quotation marks and proper names are written with a capital letter in these names. Eg: United States Steel, General Motors, Peugeot, Rolls-Royce, Sony, Coca-Cola, United Fruit Company, Morgan Stanley Bank, and Volkswagen, Fiat.

Note. It is undesirable to print the names of foreign companies in their national language. or state accessories. In scientific publications, the title in the source language may be given in brackets.

3.15.6. Names of foreign firms, companies, etc. in the form of initial abbreviations

These names are not enclosed in quotation marks. Eg: companies AEG, IABG, MBB.

3.16. Abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, etc.

3.16.1. Abbreviated names made up of parts of words

They are written with a capital letter if they denote individual institutions, and with a lowercase letter if they serve as generic names. Eg: Goznak, Vnesheconombank, State Property Committee, But: Special Forces.

3.16.2. Abbreviated conventional names of departments, trusts, associations

3.16.3. Abbreviated mixed names of individual institutions, organizations, institutes (complex abbreviated words in combination with initial abbreviations)

They are written with a capital letter, together, without quotation marks, and initial abbreviations, which are usually written in capital letters, retain the spelling both at the beginning, and in the middle or end of the abbreviated designation. Eg: NIIstroykeramika, NIIpromstroy, NIIcement, TsNIIchermet, GiprodorNII, GlavAPU, But: Dneproges.

3.17. Political parties, social movements and organizations

3.17.1. Full official names of parties and movements

The first word and proper names are written in capital letters. Eg: All-Russian Confederation of Labor, Women's Union of Russia, Democratic Party of Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Peasant Party of Russia, People's Patriotic Union, Socialist Workers' Party of Russia, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of Great Britain, Christian Democratic Union(Germany), Arab Socialist Renaissance Party(Syria), Austrian People's Party, Tunisian Popular Unity Movement, Confederation of Socialist Parties of the European Community, Algerian National Liberation Front, Congress of Jewish Religious Communities and Organizations of Russia, Armenian National Movement, Republican Party(USA), Democratic Party(USA), Labor Party.

3.17.2. Unofficial names

Written with a lowercase letter (including similar names of pre-revolutionary parties in Russia). Eg: conservative party(in the UK and other countries), Kuomintang, Dashnakiutiun, Seyukai, Menshevik Party, Cadet Party.

3.17.3. Symbolic names

They are enclosed in quotation marks and the first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: the consignment " People's will", "Black Panthers"(USA), "Fourth Force" party(Panama), “Democratic Choice of Russia”, the “Yabloko” association, the “Women of Russia” movement, “Our Home is Russia”, the Islamic movement “Taliban”, the “Unity” party.

3.17.4. Political clubs

In the names of political clubs, the first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: English Club, Cordeliers Club, Jacobin Club.

3.18. Positions, ranks, titles

3.18.1. Highest positions and highest honorary titles of the Russian Federation

They write with a capital letter. Eg: senior positions: President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, President of the Republic of Tatarstan; honorary title Hero of the Russian Federation, and honorary titles former USSR: Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Note 1. This spelling of senior positions is accepted only in official documents (laws, decrees, diplomatic documents), but: As the press service of the head of state reported, the president expressed satisfaction that...; The meeting was attended by the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the State Duma, and ministers. see also

Note 2. The list of names of senior positions and their spelling is not established by linguists. Thus, in the Brief Guide to the Formulation of Acts of Federal Government Bodies (M, 1997), it is recommended, in addition to those mentioned above, to write in official documents with a capital letter Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and many more etc.

3.18.2. Other positions and titles

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Chairman of the Foreign Policy Council under the President of the Russian Federation, Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation, Acting State Advisor 1st Class, Head of the Legal Department of the Federation Council, Head of Administration, Governor, Mayor, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Minister, Prime Minister, Academician, Corresponding Member , President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, attaché, ambassador, marshal, general, major, honored cultural figure, Nobel Prize laureate, director, general director, leader, scientific secretary, collective farm chairman.

For the names of clergy titles and positions, see

3.18.3. Positions and titles of foreign countries

Names of higher and other state positions are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Emperor of Japan, Queen of the Netherlands, Pasha, Chairman of the People's Council of the Syrian Arab Republic, President of the French Republic, Prime Minister of India, Federal Chancellor of Germany, Khan, Sheikh.

In diplomatic documents and reports of summit meetings, the names of senior positions and titles are written in capital letters. Eg: President of the French Republic, President of Georgia, Prime Minister of India, Emperor of Japan, Queen of the Netherlands, Prime Minister of Great Britain.

3.18.4. Top positions in major international organizations

These job titles are written in lowercase letters. Eg: Secretary General of the League of Arab States, Secretary General of the UN, Chairman of the UN Security Council.

3.19. Historical eras and events, revolutions, popular uprisings and movements, congresses, congresses, conferences

3.19.1. Historical eras and periods

Renaissance, Renaissance, High Renaissance(Also: Early, Late Renaissance), Renaissance(But: Renaissance style), Reformation, Age of Enlightenment, Middle Ages, Peter's era(But: pre-Petrine era, post-Petrine era- like normal periods) Time of Troubles, Second Empire, June Monarchy, Paris Commune, Third Republic.

3.19.2. Revolutions, uprisings, riots, popular movements

The first word (except for generic concepts) and proper names are written with a capital letter. Eg: Great October Socialist Revolution (October), Great French Revolution, August Revolution(in Vietnam), English bourgeois revolution, February Revolution of 1917 (February), Bulavinsky uprising, December armed uprising of 1905(But: December uprising of 1825- in this phrase December- only a designation of the time of the uprising, not part of the name), Jacquerie(specific historical event, But: jacquerie- meaning “peasant uprising”), Kronstadt uprising, Lyon uprising, Copper riot, Salt riot, Pugachev uprising, September uprising(1944, Bulgaria), Pugwash movement, resistance movement.

3.19.3. Congresses, conferences, conventions

In these names, the first word is capitalized, as well as proper names. Eg: World Congress of Trade Unions, All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920, Potsdam (Berlin) Conference 1945, San Francisco Conference (1945), Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, International Astronomical Congress, But: congress of entrepreneurs, congress "Teachers for Peace", plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, emergency session of the General National Congress.

3.19.4. Names of historical eras, events, etc. that are not proper names

Written with a lowercase letter: ancient world, civil war(but as a proper name: Civil War in Russia 1918-1921), Napoleonic wars, feudalism.

3.20. Scientific and historical terms. Names of ancient states

3.20.1. Mounds, burial grounds, sites of ancient man

In these names, the first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: Baksilsky mound, Borkovsky burial ground, Velskoye fortification, Kirillovskaya site, Smolensk fortification, Shaitanov mound.

3.20.2. Centuries, cultures, geological periods

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Bronze Age, Stone Age, Ice Age, Mesozoic era, Cretaceous period, Tertiary period, Trypillian culture, Paleolithic era, Jurassic period.

3.20.3. Ancient states, principalities, empires, kingdoms

In these names, all words except generic concepts are capitalized. principality, empire, kingdom etc. For example: Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Eastern Roman Empire, Galician Principality, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rus', the Mughal Empire, Kievan Rus, Moscow Rus', Russian land.

3.20.4. Names of monarchies

Usually these names are not official, so they are written in lowercase. Eg: Bourbon monarchy, German monarchy, Russian monarchy.

3.20.5. Dynasties

These names are written with a capital letter, with the exception of the word dynasty. Eg: Habsburg dynasty, Romanov dynasty, Merovingians, Han, Bourbons, Ptolemies, Great Mughals.

3.21. Significant dates, holidays, public events

3.21.1. General rule

In the names of significant dates, revolutionary holidays, large public events, the first word and proper names are written in capital letters. Eg: May Day, World Population Year, World Aviation and Space Day, Year of the Child (1979), Constitution Day of the Russian Federation, Day of Harmony and Reconciliation, Day of Remembrance and Sorrow, New Year, International Women's Day(March 8), Independence Day, National Uprising Day(Cuba), Victory Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day, Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, International Writing Week, International Year of the Book, Peace Week.

The names of some political, cultural, sports and other events of national or international significance are also written. Eg: World Economic Forum, Peace March, World Festival of Youth and Students, 1980 Olympic Games, Football World Cup, Davis Cup, Goodwill Games, White Olympics.

For names of religious holidays, see

3.21.2. Names with an initial ordinal number in digital or verbal form

In such a complex name, the word following the number(s) is written with a capital letter: May 1, March 8, XI international competition named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Words International, Worldwide, All-Russian etc. They are written with a capital letter, regardless of whether the one at the beginning of the name is indicated serial number number or word.

3.21.3. Names of regularly held public events (months, days, decades)

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. Eg: alumni meeting day, deputy day, donor day, open day.

3.22. Names associated with religion

The writing of names associated with religion is subject to general rules, but the traditional ways of representing individual groups of names that have developed in church-religious and religious-philosophical texts are taken into account.

3.22.1. Names of gods, apostles, prophets, saints

The word is written with a capital letter God(in the meaning of a single supreme being) and the names of gods in all religions. Eg: Jehovah, Hosts, Yahweh, Jesus Christ, Allah, Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, names of pagan gods, for example: Perun, Zeus, Moloch, Osiris, Ra, Astarte, Aurora, Bacchus, Dionysus. The proper names of the founders of religions are also written. Eg: Buddha(But: Buddha- religious teacher; a person who has achieved spiritual enlightenment) Muhammad (Mohammed, Magomed), Zarathushtra (Zarathustra); apostles, prophets, saints, e.g.: John the Baptist, John the Theologian, Nicholas the Wonderworker, St. George the Victorious.

All names of persons of the Holy Trinity are written with a capital letter ( God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit) and the word Mother of God, as well as all words used instead of the word God(eg: Lord, Savior, Creator, Almighty, Almighty, Creator, God-man) and words Mother of God(eg: Queen of Heaven, Blessed Virgin, Mother of God), as well as adjectives formed from words God, Lord, eg: the grace of God, the Lord's will, the will of God for all, the temple of God, the Divine Trinity, Divine Liturgy (but in figurative meaning- lowercase letter, e.g.: divine voice, lady dandelion, ladybug).

Note 1. In church-religious texts (prayers, sermons, etc.) and religious-philosophical texts, pronouns replacing words are written in capital letters God, God's. Eg: Hallowed be it your name may His holy will be done.

Note 2: Word God in the meaning of one of many gods or in a figurative meaning, it is written with a lowercase letter. Eg: god Apollo, god of war, gods of Olympus.

Note 3: Words apostle, prophet, saint, reverend, martyr, blessed etc. before proper names are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Apostle Paul, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Martyr Irenaeus, St. Basil the Great, Blessed Xenia of Petersburg, But: Most Holy Theotokos, Most Holy Trinity.

3.22.2. Stable combinations with the words god, lord

In numerous stable combinations that are constantly used in colloquial speech without direct connection with religion, one should write God(and lord) with a lowercase letter. These include: (not) God knows or (not) God knows (who, what, which)- about someone, something not very important, significant; god (lord) knows him- unknown, I don’t know; God be with him (her, you, you), (don’t) God forbid, for God’s sake, God kill me, as God puts it on my soul, God forbid (God), offended by God, forgotten by God, to God in heaven, not to believe neither God nor the devil, don’t drive God into the forest if he got into the hut, and etc.

Interjections should also not be capitalized. By God, God, my God, Lord, My God, My God, God forbid, God forbid, in contrast to those cases when the forms oh my god express an appeal to God.

In some cases, the choice of spelling depends on the context. Yes, it could be written God bless(if the context indicates that the speaker really thanks the Lord God) and God bless(if the context makes it clear that a common colloquial expression is used: That time, thank God, he came on time!

But in combination no thank god capital letter is not possible ( He's not doing well, thank God).

3.22.3. Words denoting the most important concepts for the Orthodox tradition

Such words are used in the meaning of proper names and are written with a capital letter. Eg: Heaven (Humility is a protective sword, with it you will safely pass through earth, hell and reach Heaven), the Cross of the Lord, the Last Judgment, the Holy Gifts, the Holy Spirit(But: holy spirit- unknown how).

3.22.4. Names of various faiths

The first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: Russian Orthodox Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church.

3.22.5. Names of religious holidays

The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter. For example: in Christianity: Easter of Christ, Christmas, Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, Trinity, Baptism of the Lord, Presentation, Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Elijah's Day; in other religions: Eid al-Adha, Ramadan (Ramadan), Navruz, Hanukkah, Shabbat and etc.

The names of fasts and weeks (weeks) are written with a capital letter: Great Lent, Peter's Lent, Bright Week, Holy Week, Fomina week, as well as words Maslenitsa (Shrovetide Week, Cheese Week), Christmastide.

3.22.6. Names of church governing bodies

The first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Council of Bishops, the Local Council, the Moscow Patriarchate, the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia and European countries CIS, Higher Coordination Center for Spiritual Administrations of Muslims of Russia.

3.22.7. Names of clergy titles and positions

All words, except official words and pronouns, in the official names of senior religious officials are written with a capital letter. Eg: Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', Locum Tenens, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Pope of Rome, but: During the conversation, the President and Patriarch...; During his visit to Cuba, dad visited...

The names of other clergy titles and positions are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and Yuryevsk, archbishop, cardinal, archimandrite, abbot, priest, deacon, protodeacon.

3.22.8. Names of churches, monasteries, icons

3.22.9. Titles of cult books

Written with a capital letter. Eg: Bible, Holy Scripture, Gospel, Old Testament, New Testament, Book of Hours, Menaion, Psalter, Koran, Torah, Talmud, Vedas; the same in the names of written monuments, for example: Ostromir Gospel, Ostroh Bible.

3.22.10. Names of church services and their parts

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: liturgy, vespers, matins, mass, procession, all-night vigil, compline.

3.23. Titles related to military themes

3.23.1. The most important military names of the Russian Federation, types of troops

The first word, as well as proper names, are written with a capital letter. Eg: General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Strategic Missile Forces, Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces, Air Force, Military Space Forces, Airborne Forces, Railway Troops of the Russian Federation. But in the official documents: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Navy.

3.23.2. Directorates and divisions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

The first word, as well as proper names, are written with a capital letter. Eg: Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Main Headquarters of the Ground Forces.

3.23.3. Military districts, garrisons

The first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: Moscow Military District, North Caucasus Military District, Saratov Garrison.

3.23.4. Proper names of wars

The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter. Eg: Balkan Wars, Patriotic War of 1812, 1st Punic War, Seven Years' War, Thirty Years' War, Wars of the Roses, Revolutionary War(in North America 1775-1783), World War I, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, Civil War(in Russia 1918-1921), The Second World War, But: The Great Patriotic War(traditional spelling); korean war(1950-1953), Afghan war(1979-1989).

3.23.5. Battles, battles, directions, fronts

In these names, the first word is written with a capital letter (with a hyphen - both parts of the name). Eg: Berlin direction, battle of Borodino, Battle of the Nations(near Leipzig 1814), Oryol-Bryansk operation, 1st Ukrainian Front, Battle of Sinai, Battle of Stalingrad, Steppe Front, Southwestern Front.

3.23.6. Military units, formations

Proper names are written with a capital letter. Eg: Belomorsky 35th Dragoon Regiment, Vyatka Regiment(But: first battalion, second company, engineer battalion), Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Siberian Cossack Army, Separate Primorsky Army, 1st Cavalry Army, Smolensk Infantry Division, 119th Kolomna Regiment, Kantemirovskaya Tank Division.

3.24. Orders, medals, insignia, prizes

3.24.1. Names of orders not highlighted in quotation marks

order. Eg: Order of Courage, Order of Friendship, Order of Honor, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, Order of St. George, Order of Victory, Order of Nakhimov, Order of Suvorov, Order of Glory. Also: Medal of Motherhood.

Note. In the names of orders and insignia of the former USSR, according to tradition, all words are written with a capital letter, except the word order, eg: Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the October Revolution.

3.24.2. Names of orders, medals and insignia, highlighted in quotation marks

The first word of the name in quotation marks and proper names are written with a capital letter. Eg: Order of "Mother's Glory" 1st degree, medal "Defender of a Free Russia", Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", anniversary medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", medal "In Memory of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow", medal “For Distinction in the Protection of the State Border”, insignia “For Impeccable Service”, badge “Marshal Star”.

3.24.3. Names of foreign orders and international medals

The first word of the name is written with a capital letter (except for the word order) and proper names. Eg: Iron Cross, Legion of Honor(France), Gold Medal of Peace named after. Joliot-Curie, Order of the Garter(England).

3.24.4. Awards

The first word except the word is written with a capital letter bonus. Eg: Goncourt Prize, Lomonosov Prize, Nobel Prize, International Peace Prize, Booker Prize, State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art, Grand Prix, But: Prize named after Dimitrova, Golden Mask Award(with the name in quotation marks).

3.25. Documents, printed works, musical works, monuments of art and architecture

3.25.1. Titles of documents without a preceding generic word outside the title ( charter, instructions and so on.)

It is customary to not enclose such names in quotation marks and begin with a capital letter. Eg: Treaty of Versailles, UN Declaration, Decree on Peace, Erfurt Program, Constitution of the Russian Federation, Treaty of Social Accord, Founding Act of Russia and NATO, Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, Law on the Fundamentals of the Tax System, Regulations on the Procedure for Considering Issues of Citizenship of the Russian Federation, Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of the Health of Citizens, Memorandum on economic policy, Regulations on joint stock companies, State Convention on Refugees.

Note. If the title of a document is incomplete or inaccurate, lowercase lettering is used, e.g.: At the next meeting, the law on pensions was not approved.

3.25.2. Titles of documents with a preceding generic word not included in the title

The generic word is written with a lowercase letter, and the name is enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. Eg: federal constitutional law “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation”, decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to improve public finances”, law “On freedom of conscience and religious associations”, program “Partnership for Peace”, resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation “On the formation of committees” State Duma» (the names of the documents are given in exact accordance with their spelling in government documents).

3.25.3. Literary works, magazines, newspapers and press organs

The first word and proper names are written with a capital letter in the names of books, newspapers, magazines, etc., highlighted in quotation marks. For example: comedy “Woe from Wit”, play “Marriage”, story “Singers”, novel “War and Peace”, newspaper “Arguments and Facts”, “Literary Newspaper”, magazine “New World”.

Note 1. The spelling of all words of the name with a capital letter, adopted in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. (up to the 20s), is not modern and is not preserved even in documents. texts, with rare exceptions.

Note 2. In the text, bibliogr. descriptions of the titles of printed works are not enclosed in quotation marks (see Chapter 31), but this does not affect the spelling of the titles themselves.

3.25.4. Alternative title of a literary work (publication)

The first word of the second part of the title after the conjunction is also written with a capital letter. or. Eg: "Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro", "Twelfth Night, or Whatever".

3.25.5. Publication names

Do not enclose in quotation marks and write with a lowercase letter such names as collected works, selected works when these names are used to mean the type of publication: ...in all collected works of M. Yu. Lermontov...; It is planned to publish selected works of poets. But if we are talking about a specific publication that bears such a typical name, then it is written in capital letters without quotation marks. IN Full meeting works of A. S. Pushkin, volume of Selected Works of A. N. Tolstoy.

3.25.6. Foreign books, newspapers and magazines

In the text of the publication in Russian, the names of newspapers and magazines are reproduced in Russian transcription (transliteration), the names of books are reproduced in Russian translation or transcription (untranslatable titles). Uppercase and lowercase letters are written according to the general rule for formatting names in quotation marks. Eg: “Al-Ahram”, “Washington Post and Times Herald”, “Zemedelsko Znamé”, “Corriere di Roma”, “Christian Science Monitor”, “France Nouvelle”, “Letras de Ecuador”, “New York Times”, “ Di Zeit", "Humanité", "United States News and Word Report", the novel "Les Miserables", "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius.

Note. Reproduction of the name of a magazine, newspaper, lit. works in the text in the original language are permissible only in cases where the mention of these names is simultaneously given and bibliogr. character. It is more expedient, however, in such cases in scientific. In publications, indicate next to the transcribed name the name in the original language in parentheses, or if names are frequently repeated, place a list of names in the original language, indicating the transcribed name next to each.

3.25.7. Musical works

These names are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter (the first word and proper names), if the gender or type of musical work is not included in the name itself. If the title of a musical work is a combination of a generic word ( symphony, sonata etc.) with a number or musical term, then it is written with a capital letter, but is not enclosed in quotation marks. Eg: ballet “The Bronze Horseman”, song “Russian Field”, opera “Queen of Spades”, oratorio “For the Ages in Tradition”, symphony “Jupiter”, sonata “Appassionata”, But: The Seventh Symphony of D. Shostakovich, the Leningrad Symphony, the First Concerto for Piano and Orchestra of P. I. Tchaikovsky, the Second Ballad of Chopin, Suite No. 3, Quartet in F major were performed.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the names of musical works that coincide with the name of the genre (they are written with a capital letter without quotation marks: The performer's program included the Concerto by A. Saint-Saëns and the Symphony-concert by A. Prokofiev; But: The composer worked for a long time on the piano concerto), and genre designations (written with a lowercase letter: march, elegy, serenade).

3.25.8. Ancient monuments

In the names of cathedrals, temples, etc., the first word (if this is not a generic concept) and proper names are written with a capital letter. Eg: St. Isaac's Cathedral, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Sistine Chapel, Notre Dame Cathedral, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, St. Basil's Cathedral, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, Church of St. Sophia, Church of the Savior Nereditsa.

3.25.9. Names of churches and cathedrals with elements San, Santa, Saint

Written with a capital letter and a hyphen. Eg: Cathedral of San Marco (Venice), Church of San Francisco, Church of Santa Croce, Sainte-Chapelle.

3.25.10. Titles of works of fine art

Proper names are written with a capital letter and the first word of the name is written in quotation marks. Eg: bust of Voltaire, monument of Glory, monument to A. S. Pushkin, statue of M. Yu. Lermontov, portrait of L. N. Tolstoy, monument “Mask of Sorrow”, “Last Judgment” by Michelangelo, painting “The Creation of Adam”, “Sistine Madonna” by Raphael , “Girl illuminated by the sun” by V. A. Serov.

In such names of memorial buildings and collections of documents as Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Wailing Wall, Mound of Immortality, Book of Remembrance, The first and subsequent words expressing high sacred concepts are written with a capital letter; but in combination Eternal flame- traditionally only the first word.

3.26. Musical terms

3.26.1. Keys

Those denoted by Russian letters are written with a lowercase letter separately ( C major, G minor), and adjectives formed from them are hyphenated with lowercase ( C major, G minor); denoted by Latin letters - variously: major ( dur) - capitalized (for example: D major), minor ( moll) - with lowercase (for example: es-moll). In adjectives formed from the names of keys, indicated in Latin letters, Russian case endings are added through an apostrophe. Eg: D-dur"ny, es-min"ny.

Note. The names of keys are not highlighted in the text, unlike the names of musical sounds (they are usually highlighted in italics: do, re, mi, h, fis).

3.26.2. Names of altered sounds and adjectives derived from them

Written with a lowercase letter and a hyphen. Eg: D-flat, G-sharp, G-sharp-minor.

3.27. Nicknames and names of animal and bird breeds

3.27.1. Nicknames of animals and birds (general rule)

They are written with a capital letter and are not separated by quotation marks. Eg: horses Farlaf, Shutter, Biryuk, Sivka, cows Oda, Pestrushka, Mashka, Nymph, bulls Ulov 2nd, Barin Young, Groza, dogs Fafik, Guess, Polkan, Kashtanka, pigs Novice, Khivrya, boar Tur, cat Murka, cat Barsik, tiger Pursh, elephant Sambo, parrot Screamer, magpie Chatterer.

3.27.2. Animal names assigned to their groups

They are written with lowercase letters, even if they are formed from proper names. Eg: Vaskas and murkas were rushing around the attics; All the mashkas, maruskas, and pestroskas walked along the streets of the village, leaving the smell of milk; sivkas and burkas; bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; Balls and bugs barked loudly.

3.27.3. Breeds of animals and birds

Their names are written in lowercase letters without quotation marks. Eg: large cattle - Bushuevskiy, zebu-shaped, Simmental(breed), Swiss, Shorthorn; pigs - Alabuzinskaya(breed), Berkshire, Kemerovo tallow; sheep - Azerbaijani mountain merino, bal-baz, Gissar(breed), Caucasian fine-fleece; goats - Angora(breed), Mingrelian; horses - Akhal-Teke(breed), Percheron, Russian Trotter, Bityug; chickens - white leghorn, brahma, cochin(breed); geese - Arzamas; ducks - Indian runners; cows - Kholmogorka; dogs - lapdog, poodle.

3.28. Conventional names of goods and plant varieties

3.28.1. Product names

Conventional names of grocery, perfume, etc. products are enclosed in quotation marks and written in capital letters. Eg: "Russian" cheese, "Little Red Riding Hood" candies, "Inspiration" chocolate, "Children's" soap, "Marlboro" cigarettes.

The names of grocery products in household use are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: We bought Poshekhonsky cheese, sandwiches with amateur sausage, Borodino bread and Fanta.

3.28.2. Conventional names of species and varieties of plants, vegetables, etc.

They are highlighted in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter. Eg: strawberries "Victoria", tomato "Joseph the Beautiful", apples "Pepin Lithuanian", plum "Nikolskaya", winter rye "Ulyanovka", cucumbers "Golden Cockerel", "Pirento", watermelon "Rose of the South-East", eggplant "Donetsk harvest" ».

Note. In special lit. The first word after the generic name and proper names are written without quotation marks and with a capital letter. Eg: early Grushovka apple tree, Michurinskaya beauty pear, Vladimirskaya cherry, Tula black ogiva, Marlboro raspberry, Nantes carrot, Epicurus potato, Dneprovskaya-521 wheat, Black Prince tulip, Parma violet.

3.28.3. Common plant names

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. Eg: aloe, Antonovka, pansy, belladonna, white bud, valerian, Victoria regia, grapefruit, jute, Ivan da Marya, fireweed, china, watercress, long flax, tiger lily, marin root, oats, meadow fescue, papirovka, squash, rye, celery, tulip, lemon eucalyptus, barley.

3.29. Wines, mineral waters

3.29.1. Wine varieties

Written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks. For example: table wines: Bordeaux, Burgundy, Cabernet, Kakhetian, Mukuzani, Napareuli, Riesling, Tsinandali; dessert: Cahors, Madeira, Marsala, Muscat, port, Tokaj, sherry; sparkling: Don, Russian, champagne and etc.

3.29.2. Conventional brand names of wines

They are enclosed in quotation marks, the first word is written with a capital letter. Eg: wines “Bull's Blood”, “Sunny Valley”, port wine “Aige-shat”, champagne “Abrau-Durso”.

3.29.3. Mineral water

Written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Borjomi, Essentuki No. 17, Narzan, Slavyanovskaya.

3.30. Ships, trains, planes, cars

3.30.1. Conditional individual names

They are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. Eg: armored train "Death to the Enemy", cruiser "Aurora", icebreaker "Admiral Makarov", aircraft "Maxim Gorky", schooner "Running on the Waves", express "Red Arrow".

3.30.2. Conventional names denoting production brands of machines

They are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. Eg: cars - "Volga", "Zhiguli", "Moskvich-412"; combines - "Sibiryak", "Khersonets-7"; washing machines - "Vyatka", "Eureka"; tractor "Belarus"; refrigerators - Biryusa, Saratov.

3.30.3. Official serial names of aircraft and machines of foreign companies

They are written with a capital letter and enclosed in quotation marks. Eg: Boeing-707, Caravel, Leopard-2, Messerschmitt-109, Phantom, Focke-Wulf-18, Heinkel-111, Junkers-88, Opel Omega ", "Rolls-Royce", "Jaguar", "Skoda 1000NB", "Mercedes E430".

3.30.4. Unofficial names of aircraft, cars

These names without digital designations in a non-terminological meaning convey in writing colloquial speech, it is customary to write with a lowercase letter in quotation marks. Eg: “Moskvich”, “Toyota”, “Mercedes”, “Boeing”, “Phantom”, “Cadillac”, “Ford”, But: "Volga", "Oka", "Lada", "Tavria"(coincide with proper names - personal and geographical), with the exception of the name "Zhiguli".

Note. In everyday use, car names can be used without quotation marks, for example: arrived in an old Muscovite, a luxurious Cadillac. Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Muscovite, Zhiguli, Ford.

3.30.5. Serial designations of vehicles in the form of initial abbreviations combined with numbers, or without numbers

Such designations are written without quotation marks. Eg: An-22, BelAZ, V-52, V-1, ZIL-114, GAZ-51, Il-18, KamAZ, MAZ-500, HTZ tractor, Tu-104, Yak-9, Su-30.

3.30.6. Means of space exploration

Conventional names are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. Eg: geophysical rocket "Vertical-4", artificial Earth satellite "Cosmos-1443", spacecraft "Vostok-2", "Apollo-12", "Shuttle", interplanetary stations "Luna-3", "Venera-7", orbital station "Mir", "Gemini", communication satellite "Molniya-2".

3.30.7. Lists of conventional serial designations

If the text lists several conventional serial designations of vehicles in a row, differing only in numbers, then it is permissible to use a hanging hyphen. Eg: “Mars-5 and -6”, “Mars-1, -2, -4, -6”, “Apollo-11 and -12”, MAZ-500, -503, -504.

3.31. Capital letters in special stylistic use

3.31.1. Names in the texts of official documents, contracts, etc.

In a special stylistic use, nek is written with a capital letter. common nouns, when they strive to convey the special high meaning attributed to them. Eg: Homeland, Fatherland, Man, Master, Honor and etc.

3.31.2. Pronouns You And Your

Written with a capital letter as a form of polite address to one person in official documents and personal letters. Eg: I ask you..., We inform you...

When addressing several persons, these pronouns are written with a lowercase letter. Eg: Dear colleagues, your letter...

The indicated pronouns are also written with a capital letter in the questionnaires. Eg: Where did you live before? Composition of your family.

proper names?

What are: 1.proper names and 2.proper names??

A proper noun is a noun that denotes a word or phrase intended to name a specific, well-defined object or phenomenon, distinguishing this object or phenomenon from a number of similar objects or phenomena. A proper name is opposed to a common noun. Proper nouns are written with a capital letter. These include: - first names, last names, patronymics and nicknames of people (Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov); - animal names (Sharik, Tuzik, Muska); - names of heroes of literary works (Ilya Ilyich Oblomov); - geographical names (Moscow, Frankfurt, Caucasus, Neva); - astronomical and astrological designations (Moon, constellation Canes Venatici); - names of magazines, newspapers, literary works, etc. (newspaper "Pravda", magazine "Our Garden"); - names of car brands, cigarettes, etc. (Moskvich car, Druzhok cigarettes). Please note that names are written not only with a capital letter, but also in quotation marks! History knows many examples when proper names became common nouns. Here are some of them: - So, the large improved harmonica accordion received its name from the name of its own Bayan (Boyan). - Cake and Napoleon cake, according to legend, owe their name to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery. - Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagan are famous inventors of weapons. - The Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument - the saxophone. - One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissus, who was so in love with himself that he did not notice anyone or anything around him, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. The white narcissus flower leans to one side and seems to be looking down at its reflection with its yellow eye. .. - Sometimes objects get their names from the place from which they were exported: coffee (from the name of the country of Kaffa, located in Africa), peach (from Persia - modern Iran), orange (the Dutch word appelsien literally translates as " Chinese apple\"). The word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges. Proper names do not have a plural form (with the exception of the surnames of persons belonging to the same family - the Ivanov family, Messrs. Petrovs). Because nouns can be common and proper. Proper - these are those nouns that denote the names of rivers, cities, names of people and names of animals.Accordingly, common nouns are all other nouns.

How does a proper name differ from proper nouns? Explain with examples

A proper name is an application, written with a capital letter and enclosed in quotation marks (Newspaper \"Pravda\"), and proper nouns are written without quotation marks (A Dog named Pravda).

what does the concept of proper names mean?

Help me name my own company with all types of names so that money flows into it like a river. What will you name the yacht?

Just call it MONEYRIVER

\"Yellow Fanari\"...

Gazprom-2

Could you at least write what the company does...

OJSC \"Multi-Profi\"

Draw up a statement of claim and a court decision, filling in the missing data at your own discretion (name of property)

In the Nikolaevsky - on - Amur City Court of the Khabarovsk Territory PLAINTIFF: (last name, first name, patronymic in full, residential address according to registration and actual) DEFENDANT: (last name, first name, patronymic in full, residential address according to registration and actual) Statement of claim for damages, caused by a traffic accident (by way of recourse) “__” __ 200 _ in the city (specify the city, address of the scene of the incident) a traffic accident occurred: a collision of a car (make, state number), under control the defendant-driver (last name, first name, patronymic) with a car (make, state number) owned by the group (last name, first name, patronymic) on the right of personal ownership. The traffic accident was the fault of the defendant. By the decision of (name of the court) of the city court dated “__” ___ 200 _, the enterprise was recovered from the enterprise in favor of the victim (last name, first name, patronymic) (specify the amount) rubles. Currently, the said amount has been fully transferred to the claimant. An organization that has compensated for damage caused by the fault of its employee during the performance of his labor duties is vested with the right of recourse (recourse) to this employee in the amount of compensation paid. Based on the above, guided by art. Article 1081 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 119 (or 121) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, I ASK: To recover from the defendant (last name, first name, patronymic) in favor of (name of enterprise) in compensation for damage (amount in figures and words) rubles. and in order to return the state duty, the amount (amount in figures and words) RUB. Attachments: 1. A copy of the court (arbitration) decision on the recovery of damages. 2. Certificate from the accounting department confirming the transfer of money to the claimant. 3. Certificate of salary of the defendant. 4. A copy of the statement of claim. 5. Bank receipt for payment of state duty. Date Signature of the head of the enterprise Stamp

compound adjectives, which: are proper names and begin with the words east-, west-, north-, but-, yu

East-Siberian Sea, West Siberian Plain, Northeast China (region), South China Sea. These are geographical names.

Brothers! How can I see the name of my own motherboard? The name of the processor is written in the System, but the name of the mother is not. How do I find out what kind of motherboard I have?

On herself!

Remove the side wall and look at the board. Or Everest, if laptop

Everest, there you will learn everything about your system unit

Everest or take it out and look))))))

Everest. any version is free

What is a proper name????

names of rivers, cities, names and nicknames, etc.

what are proper names???

During a lesson, the teacher tells the children: - in Old Russian they often replaced the name with "ra" city - city, gate - gate... Vovachka holds out her hand: Marvanna, how do you say forty in Old Russian?

Maybe \"Proper names\"? These are names of cities, names of people, nicknames.

What are proper names?

I know there is such a thing as proper names: Ira, Masha, Glasha or names of cities, rivers, etc. and so on...

Please teach me the procedure for correcting the names of your own photos

Go to your photo album by clicking on the album cover, hover over the photo and the Properties button will appear at the bottom. Click on it and you will be taken to the editing page where you can adjust the name.

If the father did not raise the child, did not help him, but the mother raised him, why not give him a name after his mother?

I actually did just that, I’ve been using my new surname for 5 years now :-)

What is the "name"? Yes, and "on the mother's side" sounds ambiguous. There are no restrictions on choosing a name.

so you can at least call him a Tsar... there’s no problem...

How about the Jews? They have many maternal surnames. Since often she herself does not know from whom she gave birth.

name - is it your middle name or last name?

Common names for the genital organs and, in fact, the act: What do you call them? ;)

by their own names

Where can I download a sample corner stamp with my own name???

On typographic sites

Use the program Stamp 0.85 or Stamp 1.5. Whatever you need, that’s what you’ll do.

A proper name is Name a noun expressed by the word or, naming a specific object or phenomenon. Unlike a common noun, which immediately denotes a whole object or phenomenon, Name own is intended for one, very specific object of this class. For example, "" is a common noun Name is a noun, whereas “War and Peace” is a proper noun. The word "river" represents Name a common noun, but “Cupid” is Name proper. Proper names can be names of people, patronymics, titles of books, songs, films, geographical names. Proper names are written with a capital letter. Some types of proper names require quotation marks. This applies to literary works (“Eugene Onegin”), paintings (“Mona Lisa”), films (“Only Old Men Go to Battle”), theaters (“Variety”), and other types of nouns. When translating proper names into other languages, transcription methods are used: Gogolya-street (Gogol Street), radio Mayak (Radio “Mayak”). Proper names are not specially distinguished. Proper names and common nouns are not separated from each other by an impenetrable wall. Proper names can turn into common nouns, and vice versa. For example, “avatar” was just a common noun until Avatar was made. Now this word, depending on the context, plays the role of a common noun or a proper noun. “Schumacher” is the surname of a certain racing driver, but gradually all lovers of fast driving began to be called “Schumachers.” Trademarks that are unique producers of a certain type of product or simply monopolists can become common nouns from proper names. A striking example is the company Xerox, which produces electrophotographic copiers. This company still exists today, but “copiers” are now called all copiers in general.

Sources:

• how to write proper names

Tip 2: How to determine whether a proper name or a common noun

Nouns name objects, phenomena or concepts. These meanings are expressed using the categories of gender, number and case. All nouns belong to the groups of proper and common nouns. Proper nouns, which serve as names of individual objects, are contrasted with common nouns, which denote generalized names of homogeneous objects.

Instructions

To determine proper nouns, determine whether the name is an individual designation of an object, i.e. does it make it stand out? Name» an object from a number of similar ones (Moscow, Russia, Sidorov). Proper nouns name first and last names of persons and names of animals (Nekrasov, Pushok, Fru-fru); geographical and astronomical objects (America, Stockholm, Venus); , organizations, print media (Pravda newspaper, Spartak team, Eldorado store).

Proper names, as a rule, do not change in number and are used only in the singular (Voronezh) or only in the plural (Sokolniki). Please note that there are exceptions to this rule. Proper nouns are used in the plural form if they denote different persons and objects that have the same name (both Americas, namesake Petrovs); persons who are related (the Fedorov family). Also, proper nouns can be used in the plural form if they name a certain type of people, “selected” according to the qualitative characteristics of a famous literary character. Please note that in this meaning, nouns lose the attribute of belonging to a group of individual objects, therefore it is acceptable to use both capital and lowercase letters (Chichikovs, Famusovs, Pechorins).

A spelling feature that distinguishes proper nouns is the use of capital letters and. Moreover, all proper names are always letters, and the names of institutions, organizations, works, objects are used as appendices and are enclosed in quotation marks (the motor ship “Fedor Shalyapin”, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”). The application may include any part of speech, but the first word is always capitalized (Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”).

The noun in Russian has various distinctive features. To show the peculiarities of the emergence and use of certain linguistic units, they are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.

Instructions

Common nouns are nouns that denote the name of certain objects and phenomena that have a common set of characteristics. These objects or phenomena belong to any class, but in themselves do not carry any special indications of this class. In linguistics, a common noun is also called an appellative.

Common nouns are signs of linguistic concepts and are contrasted with proper names - which are used as names and nicknames of living beings or names and names of objects and phenomena. When common nouns transform into proper nouns, they lose the name of the linguistic concept (for example, the name “Gum” from the word “gum” - “right”).

There are several types of common nouns, including concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), material or material (sugar), and collective ().

Common nouns can denote not only classes of objects, but also any individual objects within a given class. This phenomenon occurs when the individual attributes of an object lose meaning, for example: “Don’t tease the dog, otherwise it will bite you.” In this case, the word "dog" means any dog, not any specific one. This also includes situations that describe only one object of a certain class, for example: “Meet me at noon on the corner,” that is, the interlocutors know what kind of coal we are talking about. Also, common nouns are used to describe the individual characteristics of an object using additional definitions, for example: “I am the day when I first saw her” - highlighting a specific day among others.

Common nouns are closely related to proper names. For example, common nouns can become proper in the form of names, nicknames and nicknames (for example, “Kalita” as the nickname of Prince Ivan Danilovich), and proper nouns can become common nouns to denote homogeneous objects. Such transitions are called eponyms and are usually used in a derogatory or humorous sense (for example, “Aesculapius” is the collective name for all doctors, “Pele” is for football fans, and “Schumacher” is for fans of fast driving). According to the rules of the Russian language, proper names are accepted with , and common nouns - in capital letters.

There is a huge variety of phenomena in the world. For each of them there is a name in the language. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is. When there is a need to name one object from a number of similar ones, then the language has its own names for this.

nouns

Common nouns are those nouns that immediately designate a whole class of objects united by some common characteristics. For example:

• Each water stream can be called in one word - river.
• Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
• All animals gray, large in size, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
• A giraffe is any animal with a long neck, small horns and tall stature.

Proper names are nouns that distinguish one object from the entire class of similar phenomena. For example:

• The dog's name is Druzhok.
• My cat's name is Murka.
• This river is the Volga.
• The deepest lake is Baikal.

Once we know what a proper name is, we can complete the following task.

Practical task No. 1

Which nouns are proper nouns?

Moscow; city; Earth; planet; Bug; dog; Vlad; boy; radio station; "Lighthouse".

Capital letters in proper names

As can be seen from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are written with a capital letter. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written either with a small letter or with a capital letter:

• bird eagle, city Orel, ship "Eagle";
• strong love, girl Love;
• early spring, “Spring” lotion;
• riverine willow, restaurant "Iva".

If you know what a proper name is, then it’s easy to understand the reason for this phenomenon: words denoting individual objects are written with a capital letter in order to separate them from others of the same kind.

Quotation marks for proper names

To know how to correctly use quotation marks in proper names, you need to learn the following: proper names denoting phenomena in the world created by human hands are isolated. In this case, the markers are quotation marks:

• newspaper "New World";
• DIY magazine;
• Amta factory;
• Hotel Astoria;
• ship "Swift".

Transition of words from common nouns to proper ones and vice versa

It cannot be said that the distinction between the categories of proper names and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common nouns become proper names. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What proper names can you give? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:

• cream "Spring";
• perfume "Jasmine";
• cinema "Zarya";
• magazine "Worker".

Proper names also easily become generalized names for homogeneous phenomena. Below are proper names that can already be called common nouns:

• These are young philanderers to me!
• We mark in Newtons, but we don’t know the formulas;
• You are all Pushkins until you write a dictation.

Practical task No. 2

Which sentences contain proper nouns?

1. We decided to meet at the Ocean.

2. In the summer I swam in a real ocean.

3. Anton decided to give his beloved perfume “Rose”.

4. The rose was cut in the morning.

5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.

6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.

Classification of proper names

It would seem easy to understand what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one object from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:

A number of phenomena	Proper names, examples
Names of people, surnames, patronymics	Ivan, Vanya, Ilyushka, Tatyana, Tanechka, Tanyukha, Ivanov, Lysenko, Belykh Gennady Ivanovich, Alexander Nevsky.
Animal names	Bobik, Murka, Zorka, Ryaba, Karyukha, Gray Neck.
Geographical names	Lena, Sayan Mountains, Baikal, Azovskoye, Chernoye, Novosibirsk.
Names of objects created by human hands	“Red October”, “Rot-front”, “Aurora”, “Health”, “Kiss-kiss”, “Chanel No. 6”, “Kalashnikov”.

People's names, surnames, patronymics, animal names are animate nouns, and geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how proper names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.

Proper names in the plural

It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is determined by the semantics of the studied features of proper names that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to refer to several objects if they have the same proper name:

The surname can be used in plural. in two cases. Firstly, if it denotes a family, people who are related:

• It was customary for the Ivanovs to gather for dinner with the whole family.
• The Karenins lived in St. Petersburg.
• The Zhurbin dynasty all had a hundred years of work experience at the metallurgical plant.

Secondly, if namesakes are named:

• Hundreds of Ivanovs can be found in the registry.
• They are my full namesakes: the Grigoriev Alexandras.

- inconsistent definitions

One of the Unified State Examination tasks in the Russian language requires knowledge of what a proper name is. Graduates are required to establish correspondences between sentences and those included in them. One of these is a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an inconsistent application, does not change according to cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:

• Lermontov was not delighted with his poem “Demona” (poem “Demon”).
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel The Brothers Karamazov (in the novel The Brothers Karamazov).
• A lot is said and written about the film “Taras Bulba” (About the film “Taras Bulba”).

If a proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a defined word, then it can change its form:

• Lermontov was not delighted with his “Demon”.
• Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
• A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.

Practical task No. 3

Which sentences have errors?

1. We stood for a long time in front of the painting “Barge Haulers on the Volga.”

2. In “A Hero of His Time,” Lermontov sought to reveal the problems of his era.

3. The “Pechorin Journal” reveals the vices of a secular person.

4). The story “Maksim Maksimych” reveals the image of a wonderful person.

5. In his opera “The Snow Maiden,” Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of humanity.

The use of terminology in defining parts of speech and their varieties is common among philologists. For a common person, all sorts of sophisticated names often seem like something unclear and complicated. Many schoolchildren are unable to understand abstract terms denoting types of parts of speech, and they turn to their parents for help. Adults have to look again at textbooks or search for information on the Internet.

Today we will try to talk in simple and understandable Russian about what proper and common nouns are, how they differ, how to find them and use them correctly in speech and text.

What part of speech?

Before determining the part of speech in Russian, you need to correctly ask a question about the word and determine what it means. If the word you chose matches the questions “who?” or “what?”, but it denotes an object, then it is a noun. This simple truth is easily learned even by schoolchildren, and many adults remember it. But the question of whether the noun in front of you is a proper or a common noun can already confuse a person. Let's try to figure out what these linguistic definitions mean.

The answer is in meaning

All words belonging to the part of speech we are considering are divided into several types and categories according to different criteria. One of the classifications is the division into proper and common nouns. It is not so difficult to distinguish them, you just need to understand the meaning of the word. If an individual specific person or some single object is called, then it is proper, and if the meaning of the word indicates the general name of many similar objects, persons or phenomena, then this is a common noun.

Let's explain this with examples. The word "Alexandra" is proper because it denotes the name of an individual person. The words “girl, girl, woman” are common nouns because they represent a general name for all female persons. The difference becomes clear, and it lies in the meaning.

Names and nicknames

It is customary to classify several groups of words as proper nouns.

The first consists of the person’s first name, patronymic and last name, as well as his nickname or pseudonym. This also includes cat, dog and other animal names. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Murka, Pushinka, Sharik, Druzhok - these names distinguish one specific creature from others of their own kind. If we select a common noun for the same objects, we can say: poet, cat, dog.

Names on the map

The second group of words consists of names of various geographical objects. Let's give examples: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Washington, Neva, Volga, Rhine, Russia, France, Norway, Europe, Africa, Australia. For comparison, we also give a common noun corresponding to the given names: city, river, country, continent.

Space objects

The third group includes various astronomical names. These are, for example, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Solar System, Milky Way. Each of the given names is a proper name, and you can choose a common noun generalized in meaning to it. Examples of named objects correspond to the words planet, galaxy.

Names and brands

Another group of words that are proper are various names of something - shops, cafes, literary works, paintings, magazines, newspapers, and so on. In the phrase “Magnit store,” the first is a common noun, and the second is a proper noun. Let's give more similar examples: the cafe "Chocolate Girl", the novel "War and Peace", the painting "Water", the magazine "Murzilka", the newspaper "Arguments and Facts", the sailing ship "Sedov", the plant "Babaevsky", the gas stove "Hephaestus", “Consultant Plus” system, “Chardonnay” wine, “Napoleon” cake, “United Russia” party, “Nika” award, “Alenka” chocolate, “Ruslan” airplane.

Spelling features

Since proper names indicate a specific individual object, distinguishing it from all other similar ones, they also stand out in writing - they are written with a capital letter. Children learn this at the very beginning of their schooling: surnames, first names, patronymics, designations on the map, animal names, and other names of something are written with a capital letter. Examples: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Vanka, Ivan Kalita, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Novgorod, Angara, Cyprus, Turkey, Australia, Zhuchka, Pushok, Murzik.

There is another feature of writing proper nouns, it concerns the names of factories, firms, enterprises, ships, periodicals (newspapers and magazines), works of art and literature, feature films, documentaries and other films, performances, cars, drinks, cigarettes and other similar things. words Such names are not only written with a capital letter, but also enclosed in quotation marks. In philological science they are called by their proper names. Examples: Niva car, Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper, Mayak radio, poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, Chanel perfume, Za Rulem magazine, Troika cigarettes, Fanta drink, Prosveshcheniye publishing house , Abba group, Kinotavr festival.

A proper noun begins with a capital letter, and a common noun begins with a lowercase letter. This simple rule often helps a person in determining spelling standards. This rule is easy to remember, but sometimes there are difficulties. As you know, the Russian language is rich in its exceptions to every rule. Such complex cases are not included in the school curriculum, and therefore, in the tasks of the Russian language textbook, even younger schoolchildren can easily determine by the first letter in a word whether the noun before them is proper or common.

Conversion of a proper name into a common noun and vice versa

As noted above, a common noun is a generalized name for something. But the Russian language is a living, changing system, and sometimes various transformations and changes occur in it: sometimes common nouns become proper nouns. For example: earth is land, Earth is a planet in the solar system. Universal human values, designated by the common nouns love, faith and hope, have long become feminine names - Faith, Hope, Love. In the same way, some animal nicknames and other names arise: Ball, Snowball, etc.

The reverse process also occurs in the Russian language, when proper nouns become common nouns. Thus, the unit of electrical voltage - the volt - was named after the Italian physicist Volta. The name of the musical instrument maker Sachs became common noun"saxophone". The Dutch city of Bruges gave its name to the word "trousers". The names of the great gunsmiths - Mauser, Colt, Nagan - became the names of pistols. And there are many such examples in the language.