Phraseologism, its signs. Phraseological unions, unity, combinations. Phraseological units and winged expressions

This is a type of phraseological units, consisting entirely of free words.

Example: all ages are submissive to love, spinning like a squirrel in a wheel.

Phraseological expressions can include both phrases and sentences. The function of phraseological expressions, unlike all the above groups, is communication, they are sentences, and these are complete units of communication. For example: Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 35).

In semantic terms, phraseological expressions are more often statements-aphorisms or statements-edifications. Example: Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 36).

In syntactical terms, these are sentences of different types that can be subjected to syntactic analysis (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 38).

But not all linguists include phraseological expressions in phraseology. Opponents of including them in phraseology, scientists S.I. Ozhegov, N.N. Amosov and A.V. Kalinin, justify their opinion by the fact that they are communicative, complete and free units (Babkin, 2001, p. 59).

N.M. Shansky advocates their inclusion in a number of phraseological units, based on the commonality of the characteristics of proverbs and sayings and phraseological units, namely, their common use and the ability to reproduce in speech in finished form (Shansky, 1985, p. 101)

Despite the active use of this classification, it has two drawbacks: firstly, it does not cover the entire variety of phraseological units, and secondly, it is not always possible to correlate a phraseological unit with any of the groups, to classify it. However, the establishment of the main types of phraseological units in accordance with the classification of V.V. Vinogradov currently seems to be the most scientifically substantiated.

The basis for another classification of phraseological units is the grammatical structure of phraseological units. According to the structure of phraseological units N.M. Shansky divided into two groups:

relevant to the offer;

Corresponding to a combination of words (Shansky, 1985, p. 103).

Since phraseological units act as one member of the sentence in a sentence, we can talk about their indivisibility and connectedness. Phraseological units in a sentence can be any of its members.

Another classification is based on the correlation of phraseological units with parts of speech and on the similarity of their syntactic functions; it was substantiated by V.V. Vinogradov, and later clarified by A.V. Kunin (Kunin, 1967, p. 44):

1. Nominal phraseological units. The main component is the noun. They show faces: Kazan orphan (pretending to be unhappy, miserable), forbidden fruit (something tempting, but forbidden. (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 92). In a sentence, nominal phraseological units are used in the syntactic function of the subject, the nominal part of the compound predicate, the complement. For example, White crow(stands out from society)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 23).

2. Verbal phraseological units. The largest group. The main component is a verb or participle. Verbal phraseological units unite general meaning actions. For example: lose one's head (lose self-control), climb into a bottle (get annoyed over trifles)(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 95). In a sentence, verb phraseological units have the function of a predicate. For example, give up (despair, stop acting)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 259).

3. Adjective phraseological units - represent a qualitative characteristic of a person ( ate little porridge - young, not strong enough; on your mind - secretive, cunning) and the qualitative characteristics of the object (with a needle - new, elegant; fingers lick - something tasty, tempting).(Vinogradov, 1977, p.96). In a sentence, adjective phraseological units are used in the syntactic function of an inconsistent definition. For example, fire tower (high)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 137).

4. Adverbial phraseological units - denote a qualitative characteristic of an action (tirelessly - trying; sinfully in half - overcoming difficulties) or the degree of qualitative characteristics (to the marrow of the bones - entirely and completely; one hundred percent - absolute)(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). In a sentence, adverbial phraseological units play the role of various circumstances. For example, slipshod (carelessly)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 341).

5. Interjectional phraseological units. Express various feelings, emotions, will. For example: well, well! when expressing surprise; hell! - an exclamation of surprise, annoyance or indignation (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). For example, Wow!

Some phraseological units are not related to parts of speech, but play the role of appeals or introductory words. An example of phraseological units - introductory words: no matter how! (expression of disagreement) (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 98).

Thus, the classifications of phraseological units are based on various parameters: their structure, the degree of dismemberment of their semantics, the functions that they perform in speech. VV Vinogradov characterized phraseological units from the lexico-semantic side and singled out phraseological units, phraseological unions, phraseological combination and phraseological expression. N.M. Shansky, E.I. Dibrova classify phraseological units depending on their grammatical structure.

It is also possible to classify phraseological units in accordance with their origin, in this case they distinguish the following types FE:

Native Russian phraseology, in which it is possible to single out common Slavic phraseological units ( a goal like a falcon, neither fish nor meat, take it for a living), East Slavic ( neither cola nor court, under Tsar Pea, put a pig), proper Russians ( with gulkin's nose, with the whole world, put it on the back burner, in all Ivanovo, reel in fishing rods, pull the gimp). The former have correspondences in the others Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are typical only for the Russian language.

Phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language represent a separate type: forbidden fruit, the promised land, the fiend of hell, manna from heaven, the talk of the town, daily bread, in the sweat of the face, bone from bone, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was in church books (Bibles, Gospels), which were translated into Old Church Slavonic.

Another type is represented by phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables. It is worth noting the functioning of most of these phraseological units in other languages, which gives them the international character of winged phrases, which are rooted in antiquity.

Phraseologisms borrowed from European languages at a later time. They include idioms from world literature: To be or not to be (W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here (A. Dante).

Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages by tracing. Kalki in this case is a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, killing time (fr. tuer le temps), honeymoon (fr. la lune de miel), that's where the dog is buried (German Da ist der Hund begraben).

In one of the scientific works of V.N. Teliya (“What is phraseology?”) (Teliya, 1966, p. 30). The classification of phraseological units is given in accordance with the nature of the relationship of phraseological units with the lexical level:

1. To the first type, she refers phraseological turns, in which one member is a word in its free use, and the other is a word constituting a turn, with its specific form of existence. For example: Augean stables.

2. The second type includes phraseological units in which there is a complete loss of the semantic connections of their components and elements of the lexical system of the language. As a result, they have become a kind of separate words. For example: Indian summer.

3. The third type includes phraseological units, which are "quoting". In other words, they are reproduced from some source (proverbs, popular expressions, literary and journalistic clichés or clichés) (Telia, 1966, p. 30).

The nature and specificity of phraseological units of the Russian language is largely determined by the function they perform in language and speech:

· nominative - the ability of phraseological units to serve as a name for objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, i.e. phraseological units perform the function of a secondary means of expressing the concept;

communicative - phraseological units act as a means of communication or message;

pragmatic - it is possible to strengthen the pragmatic orientation of the message transmitted to the addressee by phraseological units;

· cumulative - phraseological units of the semantic structure, as well as a reflection of the national and spiritual culture of the people;

stylistic - due to the use of phraseological units in speech, the statement can become more saturated, expressive, emotional;

· emotionally - expressive - phraseological units may express the speaker's emotional assessment in relation to the phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality;

· aesthetic - it is possible to convey the speaker's aesthetic feelings by phraseological units (Shansky, 1985, p. 39).

The listed functions, implemented by phraseological units in language and speech, allow phraseological units to be an important tool emotional and expressive expression, without which no one can do speaking person. Phraseology mainly serves the emotional sphere of the language. Accordingly, the emergence of a phraseological unit facilitates the figurative and expressive characterization of the concept, the expression of the speaker's relationship to this concept, the ability to express emotional attitude/state/assessment of the speaker.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

The phraseological corpus of the Russian language is a source that ensures the enrichment of the literary language with new expressive and pictorial possibilities.

Phraseologism is an independent, nominative unit of the language, which is sustainable combination words, expressing a holistic phraseological meaning and in function correlated with individual words.

Phraseologisms in their totality represent a system in which phraseological units are part of various paradigms (synonymous, antonymic, homonymous), united by integral features; are characterized by lexico-syntactic selective compatibility with other words in speech, have a mandatory and probabilistic verbal environment.

The signs of phraseological units and the basis for their classification were laid down in the works of Sh. Balli and V.V. Vinogradov.

In accordance with the aspect of the study, various classifications of phraseological units have been created.

Phraseological units are usually classified:

· According to the degree of semantic divisibility/indivisibility of phraseological unit components.

Depending on their grammatical structure.

· According to the performed syntactic functions and correlation with parts of speech.

· By the nature of the relationship of phraseological units with the lexical level.

· By origin.

The nature and specificity of phraseological units are largely determined by the functions of phraseological units in language and speech.

The main functions of phraseological units are:

· nominative;

· communicative;

· pragmatic;

· cumulative;

· stylistic;

Emotionally expressive

aesthetic.

The nominative function of phraseological units with an indifferent evaluative meaning is to identify the properties of the signified, idioms with the qualification of the properties of the signified include evaluative and emotive connotations in their semantics.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is not in vain considered “great and powerful”.

It contains not only words with which you can describe the reality of what is happening, but also, the meaning of which does not correspond to the words used in them.

Such phrases (these are phraseological units) cannot be understood “on the forehead” (literally), because the words used in them sometimes create a completely ridiculous picture. For example, “make an elephant out of a fly”, “sit in a puddle”, “lead by the nose”, “like water off a duck's back”, etc. They are used only in a figurative sense and this.

What is it (examples)

Phraseologisms are set expressions (everyday used in this form), one of the features of which is that it is almost impossible to translate them into other languages. And if you do it verbatim, you get a real abracadabra.

For example, how do you translate phrases to a foreigner:

With a goofy nose
Where do the eyes look?
Shot sparrow.

And at the same time, we, as native speakers of the Russian language, will immediately understand what is at stake.

"With a gulkin's nose" - a little, just a little bit.
"Where the eyes look" - directly, without a specific goal.
"Shot sparrow" - experienced in some matters.

This is one of the examples of phraseological units. And here is the definition given to this concept in textbooks:

“Phraseologism is an expression that is well-established in structure and composition, which used in a figurative sense and consists of two or more words.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologism is quite easy to recognize. These phrases have their own distinctive features:

They include two or more words;
Have stable compound;
Have portable meaning;
Have historical roots;
Are unified member of the proposal.

And now let's take a closer look at each of these distinctive criteria of phraseological units.

These are several words that are one member of the sentence

There are no phraseological units in one word at all. Most often they consist of exactly two words, but there are many examples of longer phrases.

Here examples of such phrases with an explanation of their meaning:

"I ate the dog" - experienced, has been doing something more than once.
“You won’t spill it with water” - very friendly.
“Wait for the weather by the sea” - do nothing and hope that everything will be decided by itself.
"Seven Fridays in a week" - constantly change your plans or decisions.
“To fight like a fish on ice” - you do something, but it does not give a result.
“Well, you made a mess” - he did something that provoked a whole chain of events.

When parsing a sentence, phraseological units are not divided into parts. For example, the phrase “worked up a sweat” is a single predicate. Just like "counting the crows" or "wash your hands".

Phraseological units are stable phrases in a figurative sense

Such phrases cannot be distorted adding or removing individual words from them. And cannot be replaced one word to another. In this way, they resemble a "house of cards" that will fall apart if one card is pulled out of it.

By the way, "House of cards" is also an example of a phraseological unit, it is used when they want to say that "something broke very easily or is about to break".

For example:

“Between heaven and earth” means to be in limbo, not knowing what to do.

And in this phrase it is impossible to replace "sky", for example, with "clouds", or "earth" with "field". The result is a completely non-colorful expression that others people won't understand.

More examples of stable phraseological units with an explanation of their meaning:

“Turn up the waters” means to come up with something strange, it’s not good to influence others.
"Slippery" - to do something poorly.
"Roll up your sleeves" - work well and quickly.
"Count the crows" - be distracted, be inattentive.
"Stay with the nose" means to be deceived.
"Getting to grips" - change your behavior or attitude towards something.

These phrases always have a figurative meaning.

As you may have noticed, all phraseological units have a figurative meaning. That is why they simply cannot be translated into another language.

For example, try to translate into English the phrase "disservice". It will sound like “bear service”, and any foreigner will literally understand that “a particular bear provides some kind of service”, and will rather decide that it is a trained bear.

But we understand perfectly well this phraseological unit, which means "Help so that it gets worse".

The same can be said about other expressions:

“Grated kalach” is a wise person who cannot be deceived.
“On the topic of the day” is something relevant that currently attracts a lot of attention.
“Sat in a galosh” - did something awkward, made a mistake.
"Losing your head" - doing unreasonable things.
"Wash the bones" - to discuss someone behind his back.

The history of the origin of phraseological units

Some philologists argue that all phraseological units have some historical roots. It's just that not everything managed to survive before us. But there are phrases about which it is known exactly where they came from.

For example, the expression "beat the buckets", which means "To do nothing". Buckwheat in the old days was called small wooden bars, from which spoons were most often made. Making blanks was very easy, it was trusted to the most inept apprentices. And everyone around thought that they did not really work.

Or phraseological unit "like water off a duck's back", meaning that "everything is forgiven a person." This phrase was born by nature itself. Not only the goose, but also any bird, the water really quickly escapes, since their feathers have a thin layer of fat.

And here is the expression "Trishkin caftan" not so widely known, although it means " failed attempt solve some problem that only leads to more problems.” The phrase appeared thanks to Krylov's fable:

Trishka's caftan was torn on his elbows.
What's the point of thinking here? He took up the needle:
Cut off the sleeves in quarters
And he paid elbows. The caftan is ready again;
Only a quarter of the bare hands became.
What about this sadness?

And here is the phraseology "Monomakh's hat", which means "too much responsibility", gave us Pushkin in his drama Boris Godunov.

Examples of phraseological units and their meaning

And this is not the only example when common expressions appear in the Russian language thanks to literature. For example, a lot came to us from ancient myths and epics, and even from the Bible.

Brief Summary

In conclusion, I will say that phraseological units are found in any language of the world. But such a number of winged phrases, as in Russian, nowhere else.

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The concept of phraseology

In Russian, as in a number of other languages, words are combined with each other, forming phrases. Some of them are free, others are not. Free combinations of words are constantly formed in the course of speech: the speaker selects the words that are necessary in meaning based on knowledge of their meaning and grammatically builds combinations of them in accordance with the intent and structure of the statement: drink tea, write with a pen, participate in a performance, organize a conference etc.

Each word in such free combinations of words retains its independent meaning and performs a certain syntactic function. Such combinations are created in the process of speech to achieve a communicative goal (to inform, ask, etc.) in accordance with personal perception, impression in certain situation. Such combinations are not stored in memory: circumstances will change - new free combinations will arise.

In the language there are related combinations, for example, cross someone's path prevent you from getting what you want: I know why he behaves this way. Once I ran across his path - I won the competition for the position for which he applied. Independent meaning of component words in a phrase cross the road weakened, since the nominative properties of words have disappeared, so the meaning of the entire turnover is no longer associated with the semantics of each word separately. Lexically, such a combination is indivisible and is reproduced in speech as a ready-made speech unit. Syntactically, the role of the phrase as a whole, and not of each word separately, is considered. Such semantically indivisible phrases, which are characterized by the constancy of a holistic meaning, are called phraseological units of the language (or phraseological units, phraseological phrases).

The main semantic feature of a phraseological unit is semantic fusion, cohesion, the essence of which is that the general meaning of a phraseological unit is not derived from the independent meanings of each word included in it (cf., for example, phraseological units small fry- about a person who is insignificant from the point of view of social status, shot sparrow- about an experienced, experienced person, fool someone's head- not allowing to focus on the main thing, the main thing, to confuse, fool anyone).

The meaning of phraseologism is specific. Firstly, the meaning of a phraseological unit (PU) is always richer than the meaning of a synonymous word (or words). It is never equivalent to the volume of the meaning of the word-synonym. So, beat the buckets- it's not just messing around, but doing trifles; put a spoke in wheel- not only interfere or hinder, but do it at a time when someone is doing some business, as if in its course; take the rubbish out of the house- this is when the one to whom they are confidentially told gossips or divulges other people's secrets. And this means that the meaning of phraseological units is always more detailed than the meaning of words.

Secondly, the meaning of most phraseological units is situational. This feature of phraseological units requires not only knowledge of their meaning, but also those situations in which they can be used. Yes, in FE turn up one's nose, in addition to the meaning of putting on airs, contains information that before the speaker and the one in question were on an equal footing, and at present this latter boasts of his higher social or financial position.

The next feature of phraseological units is the evaluative nature of the meaning. Most phraseological units, thanks to the image that underlies them, not only denote some fragment of reality, but also express a positive or negative opinion of the speaker about what is being indicated. At the same time, the speaker evaluates whether it is good or bad, good or evil, useful or harmful. For example, phraseology turn up one's nose, along with the above content, expresses the negative opinion of the person using this phraseological unit: self-importance is a bad human trait.

The images on the basis of which phraseological units are formed can in themselves give an assessment to the signified. So, put sticks in someone's wheels - bad, but give the green light OK.

Most phraseological units, in addition to the speaker's evaluative attitude, also express an emotional attitude. It is also suggested by the image. When they say: We are forced to work to the point of exhaustion, they describe and evaluate only the indicated situation. But if they say: All the juices are being squeezed out of us, then they also count on the sympathy and empathy of the listener, since in the meaning of the phraseological unit there is also conscience - emotional disapproval of what is indicated (cf. in the statement You lead me by the nose the speaker accuses the interlocutor of a dismissive attitude towards him).

From the above examples it can be seen that phraseological units are a kind of microtexts, in which, in addition to the figurative description of the actually designated fragment of reality, there are also connotations (connotations) that express the speaker's evaluative or emotional attitude to the designated. The addition of these meanings creates the effect of expressiveness, or expressiveness of phraseological units.

Phraseologism has a number of essential features:

1) stability,

2) reproducibility,

3) value integrity,

4) separate design.

Sustainability (permanence, stability) and reproducibility is the regular repetition of phraseological units in finished form. PhUs are reproduced, and not constructed in speech each time anew, depending on the communicative situation.

The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is connected with the fact that the meaning of a phraseological unit is difficult or impossible to derive from the meaning of its constituent parts. The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is achieved by complete or partial rethinking of the components. As a result, they tend to diverge in meaning from the corresponding words of free use. So, for example, it is impossible phraseologism break into a cake try, exhausted, to do everything possible to interpret by interpreting the meanings of words break up, cake(cf. count a crow, keep a stone in your bosom, seven spans in your forehead, two steps away).

A separately designed structure is an important feature that characterizes the appearance of phraseological units (plan of expression). All phraseological units have a separate structure, i.e. they are designed according to the model of various combinations of words.

Following V. V. Vinogradov, on the basis of the criterion of syntactic and semantic indecomposability of a word combination, freedom / lack of freedom of the words included in it, it is customary to distinguish several types of phraseological units - phraseological fusions, phraseological units and phraseological combinations.

F razeological adhesions

Phraseological fusions are such lexically indivisible phrases, the meanings of which are not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them (for example, beat the buckets sit back, from the bay thoughtlessly Sodom and Gomorrah turmoil, noise, slipshod carelessly how to drink certainly. The meaning of these turns is not motivated by the value of the constituent elements. The main feature of phraseological fusions is its indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of a whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words. (See also topsy-turvy, in all honesty, out of the blue, from young to old, without hesitation, in broad daylight, on your mind, to tell a joke, to be amazed).

F razeological unities

Phraseological units are such lexical phrases, the general meaning of which is to some extent motivated figurative meaning the words that make up this turn. For example, the general meaning of such unities as splurge, go with the flow, keep a stone in your bosom, go into your shell, suck out of your finger, blood with milk etc. depends on the meaning of the individual elements that make up the figurative "core" of the entire turnover. Unlike fusions, the figurativeness of which is extinct, already unmotivated and completely independent of the meaning of the constituent elements, phraseological units "possess the property of potential figurativeness." This allows some scholars to call revolutions this type metaphorical combinations. Unlike fusions, parts of phraseological units can be separated from each other by inserting some words: pour water on (your, mine, yours) mill;

Phraseological combinations - such stable turns, the general meaning of which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words. Words in a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, but they are not free and show their meaning only in combination with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: word tearfully only goes with words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The meaning of constant words (components) is phraseologically related.

For example: in combination burn with shame and longing takes will be permanent burn down and beret, since it is these words that will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: burn down - from shame, from shame, from shame; burn down- from love; burn down- from impatience, envy; beret- annoyance, anger; takes - fear, horror; beret- laugh. The use of other components is not possible (cf.: *burn with joy, *takes a smile).

The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the data system of turnovers, i.e., they are realized only with a certain circle of words. Despite the phraseological isolation of this type of phrases, even lexically non-free components can be (without prejudice to the overall phraseological meaning) replaced by a synonym (cf.: bow your head - lower your head; sit in a puddle - sit in a galosh; furrow eyebrows - furrow eyebrows). This creates conditions for the emergence of phraseological units, and often synonyms. Phraseological units have idiomatic semantics, reproducibility, syntactic articulation, which does not prevent them from performing functions in a phrase similar to the functions of individual word forms, in their nominative nature, phraseological units are almost equal to a word.

Syntactic phraseological units

At present, it is also customary to single out a special group of phraseological units, which are called syntactic phraseological units. These are such “non-standard, specific constructions, the structural properties and semantics of which go beyond the framework of regular syntactic links and patterns. For example: Wouldn't it be nice to come in the summer!; What a rest there!; So that when he is late!. "Russian Grammar" calls syntactic phraseological units "such constructions in which the connections and relationships of the components from the point of view of living grammatical rules turn out to be inexplicable." Syntactic phraseological units in Russian grammar include sentences in which "word forms are connected with each other idiomatically" and where "functional and pronominal words, particles and interjections function not according to the current syntactic rules." The syntactic phraseological unit differs from the lexical one in that it "is not reproduced, but is built." Syntactic and lexical phraseological units differ, as a rule, in stylistic and emotional expressiveness.

Syntactic phraseological units, unlike lexical ones, are not among the nominative means of the language, they play a somewhat smaller role in the storage and transmission of cultural information, but consideration of these units in the sociocultural aspect allows us to identify characteristics reflections in the language of the specifics of national perception and categorization of the surrounding reality. A.V. Velichko rightly points out: “When considering syntactic phraseological units (SF) in the sociocultural aspect, their dual nature can be traced. On the one hand, SF reflect in their semantics the properties of a human personality, a person outside of his national identity. On the other hand, the SF are specific Russian constructions, since they reflect the peculiarities of the Russian national mentality, the nature of the understanding of the real world by a Russian person. This explains, for example, the extremely detailed assessment presented by large quantity evaluative syntactic phraseological units (These are flowers! Roses are flowers / Flowers for all flowers! Why not flowers! Flowers for me too!) ”.

Phraseology and the national image of the world

Since the peculiarity of a phraseological unit is the irreducibility of its meaning to the sum of the meanings of its constituent units, it is obvious that phraseological units present special difficulties for foreigners studying the Russian language. So, for example, in Korean there is a phrase eat kuksu. Even knowing what kuksu, you can not guess that we are talking about a wedding. The fact is that the etymology of this expression is associated with the ancient Korean wedding custom of eating guksu. Therefore, the question "When will we eat guksu?" should be understood as "When will you get married?".

Phraseological units arise on the basis of a prototypical situation, i.e., a situation corresponding to the literal meaning of a phraseological unit. Prototypes reflect the national (in our case, Russian) culture, since "genetically free phrases describe certain customs, traditions, details of everyday life and culture, historical events, and much more." (For example, the prototypes of phraseological units can tell about the typical Russian flora: from the forest and from the pine, some into the forest, some for firewood, like in a dark forest). A certain content is assigned to the situation - the result of rethinking this situation in this specific cultural code.

This situation is symbolic, because it stands out and is fixed in the collective memory. Its rethinking is born on the basis of some stereotypes, standards, myths, which are the implementation of the cultural concepts of a given society. Due to the fact that the stereotypes and standards on which the images that form phraseological units are oriented have a certain value, any phraseological unit that fits into the system of the cultural code of a given community acquires an evaluative meaning. It automatically accepts a general assessment of the concept, on the basis (or within) of which the given phraseological unit is formed.

Patterns of rethinking the prototype situation arise within a certain area formed on the basis of religious, mythological, ideological views. Therefore, for example, in languages common in the area of Christian civilization, common conceptual metaphors are found that have their origins in common for Slavic peoples customs, traditions and cultural attitudes. However, each linguistic and cultural ethnic community has its own, nationally specific rethinking.

One of the significant oppositions for Slavic (including Russian) culture is the opposition of top and bottom. In the mythological (and later - religious) consciousness, the top was associated with the location of the divine principle, the bottom is the location of hell, the Underworld is the symbolic space of the fall. In the XVII-beginning of the XIX century. there was a miniature depicting a sinner and a sinner being dragged by a demon down a hill to hell. Based on these ideas, ascent, spiritual ascent were associated with approaching God, the divine principle, with moral perfection, moving an object down was associated with moral decline, immoral behavior. Thanks to these ideas, probably, the phrases roll down, roll down the slippery path, moral decline, fail from shame, fall through the ground, fall in the eyes of someone have gained stability and reproducibility in the Russian language.

FE to stand / stand across the road for someone to stand on life path for someone, to interfere with the achievement of someone's goal, to create obstacles for someone in life, is associated with a superstitious prohibition to cross a walking road - otherwise he will not have good luck (the phraseologisms have the same origin to cross / cross the road, cross / cross the road to someone or).

In general, on the linguistic metaphors "life is movement", "movement is development" is based whole line phraseological units and metaphors, for example, to punch your way with your forehead persistently, stubbornly, at the cost of great efforts to achieve success in life, pave your way with your chest to achieve success, overcoming all obstacles, climb uphill to achieve high position in society, to put someone on the road to help someone find their job and place in life, creating the necessary conditions turn to the path of truth under the influence of someone to change their behavior in better side, to go far ahead to change significantly, not to advance a single step at all, not at all; cf. also a ticket to life, on the road to success, to stand at a crossroads.

The image is highly productive due to the fact that the perception of life as a path is fixed in the ordinary consciousness of Russians (cf. He also went the way to the end, and in Korean - He went the circle of life; On the way I met many good and good people; cf. advanced in jargon, slow down). In Russian culture, the image of the path is one of the central ones due to the richness of the semantic structure of the concept underlying it, which gives unlimited possibilities for a variety of metaphorical constructions when creating images.

Many phraseological units are, according to V. N. Telia, figuratively motivated secondary names that reveal associative links, culturally significant frames and specific images of abstract concepts. Thus, using the example of the cited author, one can describe the image of “conscience” in the national consciousness of Russians: “Conscience is a kind and at the same time punishing messenger of God in the soul, a “channel” of God’s control over the human soul, which has its own voice - voice conscience, he says - the conscience has spoken, cleanses - a clear conscience, an unclean conscience - sick, it torments, torments the subject, acting according to conscience means divinely, justly, and when there is no conscience, then the soul is open to spiritual permissiveness and etc. All these connotations indicate that conscience and Russian consciousness is the regulator of behavior according to the laws of higher morality.

Phraseologisms probably most clearly reflect the national image of the world, imprinted in the language, determined by it and fixed in it. They embody the "objectification" of general concepts, the names of which, acting as non-free combinations, turn out to be metaphorically and metonymically associated with specific persons or things. These concepts are subject to "materialization" in the language, it is the non-rational compatibility of the name that opens up in clichéd phrases, which include phraseological units, that makes it possible to identify the linguistic archetypes behind the name, to recreate the linguistic picture of the world. It is no coincidence that scientists involved in conceptual analysis in their research turn Special attention to non-free combinations of a name followed by a concept of interest to them. So, for example, hope is presented to Russians as something fragile, a kind of shell, hollow inside - broken hopes, empty hope-yes; authority - something massive, columnar and at the same time devoid of stability - crush with your authority, shaken authority, knowledge, wisdom - something liquid, because they can be drunk (cf. thirst for knowledge) etc.

We agree that the study of such combinations, which most fully reveal the associative and connotative connections of names that denote the key concepts of national culture, allows us to describe such concepts.

Case statements

Let us now turn to another type of cliched combinations, which E. M. Vereshchagin and V. G. Kostomarov call linguistic aphorisms and which, in their opinion, have the syntactic form of a phrase, while phraseological units have the syntactic form of a phrase.

Understanding a linguistic aphorism as “a phrase that is known to everyone and therefore is not created anew in speech, but is retrieved from memory”, these scientists distinguish the following types of such units:

1) proverbs and sayings - short oral sayings dating back to folklore: They count chickens in the fall, Don't say gop until you jump over, It's time for business, it's time for fun;

2) winged words, i.e. short quotations, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures that have entered our speech from literary sources: To be or not to be. That is the question; And nothing has changed; We wanted the best, but it turned out as always;

3) calls, mottos, slogans and others catchphrases which express certain philosophical, social, political views (Study, study, and study again ...; Freedom, equality, fraternity);

4) social scientific formulas ( Being determines consciousness) and natural science formulations.

The authors point out that “phraseologisms act as signs of concepts, and therefore they are meaningfully equivalent to words; aphorisms are signs of situations or relations between things, and they are semantically equivalent to sentences.

As you can easily see, the above classification is carried out on the basis of the origin of those units that Vereshchagin and Kostomarov call linguistic aphorisms. D.B. Gudkov uses the term case statement (PV), the definition of which has already been given above (see lecture 6).

The semantics and functioning of SPs is determined not so much by their origin as by other factors. As observations on the modern Russian language show (primarily - oral speech and the language of the media), it is very difficult to distinguish between the use of, for example, “folklore” case statements and precedent statements-citations from classical works. It seems justified to distinguish between precedent statements: 1) rigidly associated with any precedent text (Tell me, uncle ...; At the behest of the pike, at my will ...); 2) "autonomous" a) lost contact with the PT that gave rise to them (How good, how fresh were the roses) b) never had one (Quietly you go— you will continue).

The generation and perception of PVs related to the first and second types will differ from each other. As already mentioned, for the formation of the meaning of the text in which the SP appears, the most important is, as a rule, not the superficial, but the deep meaning of the latter. So, the surface value of the PV Was it a boy?(doubt about the existence of a certain boy, expressed in the form of a question) turns out to be “transparent”, its deep meaning comes to the fore, and this statement is used to express doubt about the existence of something / someone at all. Precedent statements are almost always associated with a precedent text and / or with a precedent situation (cf. But that's a completely different story.) Accordingly, when using and perceiving SP, a certain precedent situation and / or some precedent text is actualized in the minds of the speakers.

When generating "autonomous" precedent statements in the mind of the speaker, the real situation of speech reproduces some precedent situation, which acts as a standard for situations of this type in general. Accordingly, when perceiving such a precedent statement, the recipient understands it as a signifier, the signified of which is some precedent situation, and this latter is compared by the recipient with the situation of speech (cf. the use of such statements as Eureka!; Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat!).

A somewhat different picture is observed when the communicants operate on the SP, which is rigidly connected with the precedent text. In this case, when general action mechanism described above, the picture is somewhat different, because in the linguistic consciousness of the bearers of a certain national cultural code, the precedent situation finds its reference expression in one or another TP and is updated through the actualization of the TP in which it is presented. (I gave birth to you, I will kill you!- about a strict father punishing his son, and not necessarily as radically as in the corresponding PT; Manuscripts don't burn!- about the incorruptibility of the results of human creativity, and not necessarily literary).

In accordance with the three levels of the meaning of the utterance (superficial, deep and systemic meaning), one can single out SPs, the use of which actualizes various of these levels:

1) PVs that have only a superficial value:

Frost and sun- wonderful day!

There are two troubles in Russia-roads and fools!

The functional meaning of the statement (i.e. “who, when and where uses the precedent statement, what, why and why the author of the text containing this statement wants to say” can be understood without knowledge of the corresponding PF;

2) PV with surface and deep values:

The people are silent...- the superficial meaning (universal silence) is present, but it turns out to be “transparent”, and this PV begins to be used to express “submissive disobedience”, acquiring an additional symbolic meaning of the relationship between the authorities and the people;

3) PV, the surface meaning of which is actually absent, and through the deep, the systemic meaning is updated:

You are heavy Monomakh's hat- we are talking, of course, not about a cap and not even only about the burden of power, but about the burden of worries taken on by someone.

The use of SPs of all three mentioned types turns out to be quite frequent in the speech of modern Russian speakers (especially in the language of the media of various directions), while understanding texts in which precedent statements of the last two types appear presents great difficulties for foreigners, even those who are fluent in in Russian.

When analyzing the use of PS, one more classification of these units seems necessary, which can be divided into two groups:

1) "canonical" PVs; they act as a strict quotation that is not subject to change: For what? - Just; Birds don't sing here...;

2) transformed PVs; they undergo certain changes. Despite this, the full text of the PV is easily identified and restored:

When the actors were big;

Kuchma does not give up our proud "Varyag".

What is eternity - this is a bathhouse,

Eternity is a bath with spiders.

If this bathhouse

Forget Manka,

What will happen to the Motherland and to us?

(V. Pelevin. "Generation" P»).

The difference in the functioning of these two types of statements lies in the fact that the transformed case statement is first compared with the “canonical” one, and then the mechanism mentioned above begins to work. At the same time, the surface meaning of the transformed PV is never “transparent”, it always actively participates in the formation of the meaning of the statement. The main emphasis in this case falls precisely on the word or phrase that replaces the “classical” in the “canonical” PV, i.e., a technique that can be called “deceived expectation” is actively used. Consider an example we borrowed from I.V. Zakharenko and V.V. Krasnykh.

"East- bad business"- the subtitle of the section of the article about the collapse of the USSR, which deals with the Central Asian republics. The deep meaning of the statement is the emphasis that the situation is delicate, requiring knowledge and careful handling; this is emphasized by the exact PV: East is a delicate matter. The indicated meaning is “removed” due to the use of a “low” word in the transformed PV, on which the main semantic load falls. In this way, the author expresses his skepticism about the possibilities of any serious transformations in the Central Asian republics.

Let's repeat the main points of the lecture. When ICC, it is necessary to pay attention to the phenomena of proverb, namely, to the ways of storing and presenting cultural information in language and speech clichés of various types.

Among the latter, we single out, firstly, phraseological units, which can be divided into lexical and syntactic ones. The main feature of both is the irreducibility of their value to the sum of the values of their constituent units. Lexical phraseological units vividly and clearly reflect the national "image of the world", the specifics of worldview and worldview of the surrounding reality, inherent in a particular linguocultural community. In these units, the key concepts of national culture and national consciousness are “materialized”, “reified”.

In addition to phraseological units, precedent statements are distinguished. They are included in the CB of the linguocultural community, are in close relationship with other precedent phenomena, are actively used by native speakers and present serious difficulties for foreigners.

PV can be classified:

a) on the basis of connection with the case text (related to the PT / "stand-alone");

b) on the basis of connection with the three levels of meaning of the statement (superficial, deep, systemic meaning);

c) based on the mode of reproduction (transformed / non-transformed). Texts in which SPs are present, as a rule, are distinguished by pronounced expressiveness.

Phraseological unions such lexically indivisible phrases are called, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them. For example, the meaning of turns to beat the buckets is “to mess around”, from the bay-floundering is “rashly”, Sodom and Gomorrah is “bustle, noise”, carelessly, how to give drink is “certainly” and others are not motivated by the meaning of the components components, because, firstly, in the lexical system modern language there are no self-existing words that are complete in meaning buckets, bays, flounders, sodom, gomorrah; second, the meaning of the words beat, lower (later), sleeves, give, drink under the conditions of this phrase, it turns out to be lexically weakened, even devastated (cf .: the main meanings are to beat - “to strike”, to lower - “to move from top to bottom”, sleeves - “part of clothing covering the arm”; give - “hand over”, drink - “ absorb liquid).

Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of a whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.

Semantically, fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: inside out- "vice versa", hand on heart- “frankly, sincerely”, out of hand - “badly”, coward (or coward) celebrate- “to be afraid, to be afraid”, etc.

The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological fusion can sometimes change. For example, in sentences Prokhor also invited Protasov: he was universally educated and ate a dog in mining(Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I am not an expert in them, ask Queen Mary about them. The women ate the dog on that(A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word ate and the subject of the action is preserved: he ate, they ate etc. However, such a change in grammatical forms does not affect the general meaning of the fusion.

In some splices grammatical forms words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained, motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaisms. For example: from young to old, on bare feet, in broad daylight, without hesitation(or hesitating) so-so, no matter what, on your mind, tell a joke, wonder etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words (and sometimes the word as a whole) and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity.

Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of the sentence. For example, in a sentence He reproached me all the way for the fact that we ... do nothing, we work carelessly(S. Antonov) the highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of the circumstance of the mode of action. In a sentence By his speech confuses you(Vyazemsky) fusion is a predicate.

Note. Phraseological fusions are called idioms in a different way (gr. idiōma - an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to this language, from Greek idios - peculiar).

Phraseological combinations such stable turns are called, the general meaning of which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words. Words in a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, however, they are not free and show their meaning only in conjunction with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word is tearfully combined only with words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of permanent and variable members in combination noticeably distinguishes them from adhesions and unities. The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in combinations burn with shame and longing takes constant will burn and takes, since it is these words that will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: to burn - from shame, from shame, from shame; burn - from love; burn - from impatience, envy; takes - longing, meditation; takes - annoyance, anger; takes - fear, horror; takes - envy; beret - hunting; beret - laughter. The use of other components is impossible (cf.: “burn with joy”, “takes a smile”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these revolutions (see § 2), i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.

Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological unions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological isolation of this type of phrases, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the general phraseological meaning (cf.: bow your head - lower your head; sit in a puddle - sit in a galosh; furrow eyebrows - furrow eyebrows etc.). It creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological units, and often synonyms.

The syntactic connections of words in such phrases correspond to the existing norms, according to which free phrases are also created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in one or another phraseological unit.

Trishkin's caftan, a man in a case, from a ship to a ball, an idealist carp, etc. The same can be said about proverbs that have lost their instructive part, for example: hunger is not an aunt (the continuation is already forgotten - the pie will not slip), a dog in the manger (the second part is omitted: she does not eat herself and does not give to others) etc. Sayings are mostly included in different groups of phraseological units.

Of the complex terms, phraseologized expressions include those that have acquired a new meaning, for example: absolute zero - about the low significance of a person, etc.

This page contains phraseological units of various kinds, everything is described in detail and sorted out, so that everything is convenient. Otherwise, they are called phraseological turns. These are phrases that, in terms of the composition of their words, do not correspond true words, but at the same time they are consistent in meaning. Proverbs and sayings do not count :-)

As you have already noticed, sorted into groups. The most popular of them concern water, body parts (nose, tongue, etc.) and bread. And also about animals and food. So let's go.

Phraseologisms with the word "water" and related to it

Storm in a teacup- strong excitement or irritability over trifles.
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- purely theoretical; that is, it is not known what will happen next.
Carry water in a sieve- to waste time in vain, to idle.
Get water in your mouth- to be silent, as if in fact the mouth is full of water.
Bring to clean water- reveal the truth, expose, find out the true face.
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without consequences.
ride the wave- provoke aggression, raise unnecessary noise.
Money is like water- they disappear very quickly, and it is not so easy to return them.
To stay afloat- to continue to develop in spite of difficulties, to successfully conduct business.
Wait by the sea for the weather- expect pleasant events that are unlikely to wait.
Life abounds- when life is full of bright events, it does not stand still.
How to look into the water- predicted, as if he knew in advance. By analogy with divination by water.
How to sink into the water disappeared, disappeared without a trace.
Down in the mouth- about sadness, sadness.
Like water through your fingers- about what goes quickly and imperceptibly. Usually in pursuit.
The same- very similar.
How to drink to give- very simple; exactly, no doubt.
Like water off a duck's back- all for nothing. Similar to phraseologism - Come out dry from water.
Like snow on your head- about an impending event. Suddenly, suddenly, out of nowhere.
Sink into oblivion- to disappear forever, to indulge in oblivion.
Bathe in gold about very rich people.
The ice has broken- about the beginning of any business.
Pour water- to show negativity, to provoke.
A lot of water has flowed- a lot of time has passed.
Reckless- about a brave man who cares nothing.
Darker than clouds- Excessive anger.
muddy the waters- confuse, bewilder.
At the top of the wave- to be in favorable conditions.
Do not spill water- about a strong, inseparable friendship.
Pour from empty to empty
To go with the flow- act passively, obeying the prevailing circumstances.
Underwater rocks- about any hidden danger, trick, obstacle.
After the rain on Thursday Never, or not at all soon.
Last straw- about an event in which a person's patience is running out.
Pass fire, water and copper pipes - go through difficult trials, difficult situations.
a dime a dozen- a lot, a lot.
Don't drink water from your face- love a person not for appearance, but for internal qualities.
Get from the bottom of the sea- solve any problem without looking at any difficulties.
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime.
Quieter than water, lower than grass- about quiet, modest behavior.
Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.
Wash your hands- to evade participation or responsibility in any business.
pure water- about something obvious, not having any doubts.

Phraseological units with the word "nose" and other parts of the body

grumble under your breath- to grumble, to speak indistinctly.
hang your nose- to be discouraged, upset.
lead by the nose- to deceive, to lie.
Chin up!- a command not to lose heart, not to be upset.
Turn up one's nose- to put oneself above others, to put on airs, to think of oneself as the main one.
Nick down- to remember completely.
nod off- doze with your head down.
Wrinkle your nose- think about a difficult task.
On the nose- about an event that should happen in the near future.
Can't see beyond your nose- limit yourself, do not notice what is happening around.
Nose to nose or Face to face- very close, on the contrary, very close.
Keep your nose to the wind- be aware of all events, make the right decision.
Stay with your nose or Get away with your nose- do without what you expected.
Right under your nose- Very close.
With a goofy nose- about a dove that has a small nose, that is, very little.
Poke your nose into other people's business- about excessive curiosity.
Poke your nose- that is, until you poke your nose, you yourself will not see.
Wipe your nose- to prove one's superiority, to win over someone.
bury your nose- Get completely immersed in something.

speak through teeth- that is, to speak indistinctly, barely opening your mouth.
speak teeth- divert attention from the essence of the conversation.
Know by heart- that is, to know firmly, firmly.
Bare teeth or Show teeth- snarl, get angry; mock.
Too tough- not under force.
Not in the tooth with a foot- to do nothing, to know nothing.
Put your teeth on the shelf- starve, annoy, lacking in something.
Grit your teeth- go into battle without despair. Restrain yourself without showing your weakness.

Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say a word.
Long tongue- about a person who likes to talk a lot.
bite your tongue- refrain from words.
Dissolve language- to say too much without refraining.
Tongue swallow- be silent, not having the desire to speak.

Be careful- be careful to avoid an emergency.
Keep ears up- be careful, careful, do not trust anyone.
For eyes and ears- about giving time with a surplus to complete any business.
Can't see your ears- about an item that will never get.
Blush up to your ears- to be very ashamed, embarrassed.
hang your ears- listen with excessive enthusiasm, trust everything.

Eyes popped out- about sincere surprise, amazement.
Eyes lit up- longing for something.
shoot with eyes- expressively, coquettishly look at someone.
Like an eyesore- to bother someone, to annoy.
Pull the wool over someone's eyes- create a false, overly pleasant impression of yourself. Boast.
From point of view- about someone's opinion, judgment on a particular topic.
See through your fingers- look inattentively at the problem, do not be picky.
Ogle- to attract attention, to suck up.

You won't take it in your mouth- about food cooked tastelessly.
Lip no fool- about a person who knows how to choose something to taste.
pout lips- to make a displeased face, to be offended.
Roll your lip- wanting a lot with minimal opportunities.
With an open mouth- listen attentively; be surprised.

Flew out of my head- about forgetfulness, inattention.
Have a head on your shoulders- to be smart, quick-witted.
To be puzzled- to think hard, hard, trying to understand something.
fool your head- to deceive, fool, confuse.
From head to toes- completely, in full growth.
Put upside down- to give the opposite meaning to something, to distort.
Breaking my head- very fast.
Hit your face in the dirt- disgrace, disgrace before someone.

be at hand- about something accessible, close.
Keep yourself in hand- to maintain self-control, to be restrained.
How it was removed by hand- about the quickly passed pain, illness.
Bite your elbows- regret what you have done, with the inability to return back.
Hands down- Do the work diligently, without interruptions.
Hand in hand- about a joint, agreed deal or friendship.
At hand- about an object that is nearby, very close.
Grab with both hands- to take pleasure in any business.
Skillful fingers- about talented person capable of handling any job.

Get up on the wrong foot- Wake up feeling down.
Wipe your feet (about someone)- to harm, to get on your nerves, to annoy.
making feet- go, move.
Step on your heels- to catch up with someone or pursue, hanging on it.
Legs to hands- Do something immediately.
The devil himself will break his leg- about disorder, chaos in business or anywhere.
Get off your feet- very tired in any business or path.

Phraseologisms with the word "bread"

There is a gift of bread- do no good.
And that bread- about the estate of at least something, than nothing at all.
On your bread- live on your salary, without the possibility of anyone.
Not by bread alone- about a person who lives not only materially, but also spiritually.
Beat bread- to deprive the opportunity to earn money by selecting a job.
Survive from bread to kvass (to water)- to live in poverty, starve.
Sit down on bread and water- eat the cheapest food, save on food.
Daily bread- about the necessary for human life, its existence.
Bread and salt- an expensive greeting to guests, an invitation to the table.
Meal'n'Real!– an exclamation about the filing of vital priorities.
Don't feed bread- about a very busy or rich, not hungry person.

Phraseologisms on the topic of cuisine and food

free cheese- bait, luring into a trap.
stew in own juice - live your life. Or help yourself without the help of others.
Not worth a damn- about what is insignificant and not worth any cost.
donut hole- about something empty, not having any content.
For seven miles of jelly slurp- go somewhere unnecessarily.
brew porridge- to create a problem, they say, he brewed it himself - and disentangle it yourself.
And you can’t lure with a roll- about someone who can't be forced to change his mind.
Like chickens in cabbage soup- about getting into unexpected trouble. Kur - in old Russian "rooster".
Like clockwork- very simple, no problem.
Live like a lord- about a profitable, comfortable life.
You can't cook porridge- about joint action with someone with whom there will be no sense.
Milk rivers, kissel banks- about a fabulous, fully provided life.
Not at ease- feel uncomfortable. In an awkward situation.
Not salty slurping- not getting what you expected. To no avail.
For no rugs- an analogue of a phraseological unit And you can’t lure with a roll.
Neither fish nor fowl- about an ordinary person who does not have anything bright, expressive.
cut off hunk- about a person living independently, independent of others.
Professor of sour cabbage soup- about a person who talks about things that he himself does not really know.
Easier than a steamed turnip- nowhere is easier, or very simple.
To fix the mess- Solving complex, advanced problems.
The fish goes out from the head- if the government is bad, then the subordinates will become the same.
Side of the bake- about someone or something unnecessary, optional, secondary.
Seventh water on jelly- about distant relatives, which are difficult to determine.
dog eat- about any business with a rich amount of experience.
Grated roll about a rich man life experience not lost in difficult situations.
Radish horseradish is not sweeter- about an insignificant exchange for something that is not better.
Worse than bitter radish- about something completely unbearable, unbearable.
Nonsense on vegetable oil- that does not deserve any attention. Absurdity.
An hour later, a teaspoon- about inactive, unproductive work.

Phraseologisms with animals

Chasing two rabbits Trying to do two things at the same time.
To make mountains out of molehills- greatly exaggerate.
tease the geese- to annoy someone, to provoke anger.
No brainer (Goat understandable)- about something very clear, obvious.
And the wolves are full, and the sheep are safe- about a situation in which both here and there are good.
look for tails– look for sources for cooperation in any enterprise.
Like a cat with a dog – living together with constant cursing.
Like a chicken paw- to do something carelessly, carelessly, crookedly.
Like a chicken and an egg- about any subject that is difficult to part with.
Like a mouse to groats- to pout, to express dissatisfaction, resentment.
When cancer on the mountain whistles Never, or not at all.
Cats scratch at heart- about a sad, difficult condition or mood.
crocodile tears- crying for no reason, compassion for a non-existent sign.
Chickens for laughter- stupid, absurd, absurd, ridiculous.
Chickens don't peck- a person has a lot of money.
Lion's share- a big advantage in the direction of something. The biggest part.
Martyshkin labor- a useless process of work, vain efforts.
bear stepped on ear- about a person without a musical ear.
bear corner- a remote, isolated place. Far from civilization.
Disservice- help that brings more evil than good.
Cast pearls before swine- to conduct intelligent conversations in front of little understanding fools.
You can't ride on a crooked goat- about any person to whom it is difficult to find an approach.
On a bird's eye- not to have any legal grounds, provisions.
Not in horse food (oats)- about efforts that do not give the expected results.
Don't sew the mare's tail- completely unnecessary, out of place.
I'll show you where the crayfish hibernate- a prediction of revenge, an undesirable position.
Release the red rooster- arson, start a fire
Bird's-eye- With high altitude giving an overview of a large space.
Put a pig- to mischief, to do something unpleasant.
Watch like a ram on a new gate- to look at something with a stupid expression.
dog cold- severe cold, causing inconvenience.
Count the crows- to yawn, to be inattentive to something.
A dark horse- an obscure, little-known person.
Pull the cat's tail- to delay the case, to work very slowly.
Kill two birds with one stone solve two problems at the same time.
Though the wolf howl- about any situation without the possibility of changing it for the better.
The black cat ran- to break off friendly relations, to quarrel.

Phraseological units with objects, other phraseological units

dead hour- for a long time.
Beat the thumbs- to do simple, not so important business.
Throw to the mercy of fate- to leave somewhere without helping and without being interested.
Put a spoke in wheel to intervene, intentionally interfere with someone.
go around the mountain- do something great.
Keep in line- treat someone strictly, for the good of one's will.
Keep your pocket wider- about too high and unrealizable hopes, expectations.
From dirt to Kings- suddenly and abruptly achieve amazing success.
out of the ordinary- different from the usual, special.
Reinvent the wheel- try to do something from an already proven, reliable means.
From time immemorial- a long, long time ago.
The stone fell from the soul (from the heart)- a feeling of relief when getting rid of something oppressive.
oil painting- Everything is well and beautifully converged.
Roll a barrel- act aggressively towards someone.
Mom don't worry- about something extraordinary, beyond the ordinary understanding of things.
Change the awl for soap It's pointless to change one useless thing for another.
Cover yourself with a copper basin- suddenly and abruptly disappear, deteriorate; perish.
Found a scythe on a stone- Faced with an irreconcilable contradiction of opinions and interests.
Does not burn- not so important, not urgent.
Not far away- nearby, not too far away in time or space.
Not a bastard- not simple, not stupid.
It is too expensive- about the inconsistency with someone's income, financial capabilities.
From our table to yours- the transfer of any property to another person.
Shelving- leave something for an indefinite period of time.
Go too far- to be overzealous in something.
The song is sung- someone or something has come to an end.
Shoulder- about the ability to cope with something.
Essentially- Naturally, of course.
Add fuel to the fire- deliberately aggravate the conflict, provoke.
The train left- lost time to do something.
One, two - and miscalculated- about something in a small amount that is easy to count.
Born in a shirt- about a very lucky person who miraculously escaped tragedy.
Make ends meet- Difficulty coping with financial difficulties.
move a mountain- a lot to do.
Sitting on pins and needles- to be impatient, waiting, if you want to achieve something.
At least henna- about the indifference of a person who does not care about someone else's misfortune.