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Introduction
The growing role of world politics and relations between countries,
the scale relationship between world processes in economic, political, social and cultural life. As well as the inclusion in international life and communication of more and more masses of the population are objective prerequisites for the emergence of global, world problems. In fact, this problem is really topical recently. At the moment, mankind is seriously faced with very serious problems that cover the whole world, besides the same menacing civilization and even the very life of people on this earth.
Since the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, a system of problems associated with the growth of production, political and socio-cultural processes taking place in different countries, regions and in the world as a whole has been clearly visible in society. These problems, which received the name global in the second half of the 20th century, in one way or another accompanied the formation and development of modern civilization.
The problems of world development are characterized by extreme diversity due to regional and local characteristics, socio-cultural specifics.
Studies of global problems in our country were launched with a certain delay during the period of their significant aggravation, much later than similar studies in the West.
At present, human efforts are aimed at preventing a world military catastrophe and ending the arms race; creation of preconditions for effective development world economy and the elimination of socio-economic backwardness; rationalization of nature management, prevention of changes in the natural human habitat and improvement of the biosphere; pursuing an active demographic policy and solving energy, raw materials and food problems; effective use of scientific achievements and the development of international cooperation. Expansion of research in the field of space exploration and the World Ocean; elimination of the most dangerous and common diseases.
1 The concept of a global problem
The term "global" itself derives from the Latin word "globe", that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to denote the most important and serious general planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole ... This is a set of such major life problems, on the solution of which the further social progress of mankind depends and which, in turn, can be resolved only thanks to this progress. new science - the theory of global problems, or global studies. It is designed to develop practical recommendations for solving global problems. Effective recommendations must take into account many social, economic and political factors
Global problems of mankind are problems of all mankind, affecting the relationship between society and nature, issues of joint solutions to resource availability, relations between the countries of the world community. There are no boundaries to global problems. Not a single country and not a single state is able to independently solve these problems. Only with the help of joint large-scale, international cooperation is it possible to solve them. It is very important to be aware of the universal interdependence and to prioritize the tasks of society in order to prevent social and economic disasters. Global problems are different from each other in their characteristics.
Of all the aggregates of the problems of today's world, global issues of vital importance for humanity, a qualitative criterion is acquiring essential importance. The qualitative aspect of defining global problems is expressed in the following main characteristics:
1) problems that affect the interests of all mankind and each person individually;
2) act as an objective factor in the further development of the world, the existence of modern civilization;
3) their solution requires the efforts of all peoples or, at least, the majority of the world's population;
4) non-solution of global problems can lead in the future to irreparable consequences for all mankind and each individual person.
Thus, the qualitative and quantitative factors in their unity and interconnection make it possible to single out those problems of social development that are global, or vital for all mankind and each individual person.
All global problems of social development are characterized by mobility, because none of these problems is in a static state, each of them is constantly changing, acquiring different intensity, and therefore significance in a particular historical epoch. As some of the global problems are resolved, the latter may lose their relevance on a global scale, moving to another, for example, a local level, or disappear altogether (the example of smallpox disease is indicative, which, being a truly global problem in the past, has practically disappeared today).
Aggravation of traditional problems (food, energy, raw materials, demographic, environmental, etc.) that have arisen in different time and among different peoples it is now forming a new social phenomenon - a set of global problems of our time.
In general, it is customary to refer to social problems as global. Which, affecting the vital interests of mankind, require the efforts of the entire world community for their resolution.
At the same time, one can single out global, universal, and regional problems.
The global problems facing society can be grouped as follows: 1) those that may worsen and require appropriate action. To prevent this from happening; 2) those that, in the absence of a solution, can already lead to a catastrophe; 3) those, the sharpness of which was removed, but they require constant monitoring
1.2 Causes of global problems
Scientists and philosophers have put forward hypotheses about the connection between human activity and the state of the biosphere. Russian scientist V.I. Vernandsky in 1944 said that human activity is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of restructuring the biosphere into the noosphere (the sphere of activity of the mind).
What caused global problems? These reasons include a sharp increase in the number of mankind, and the scientific and technological revolution, and the use of space, and the emergence of a unified world information system, and many others.
The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, interstate contradictions, the scientific and technological revolution of the middle of the 20th century, integration aggravated the situation. The problems grew like a snowball as humanity progressed along the path of progress. The second World War initiated the transformation of local problems into global ones.
Global problems are a consequence of the opposition of natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negative feedback, while human culture is based on the principle of positive feedback. On the one hand, it is huge scale human activity, which radically changed nature, society, the way of life of people. On the other hand, it is a person's inability to rationally dispose of this power.
So, we can name the reasons for the emergence of global problems:
globalization of the world;
the catastrophic consequences of human activity, the inability of mankind to rationally dispose of its mighty power.
1.3 The main global problems of our time
Researchers offer several options for classifying global problems. The challenges facing humanity at the present stage development, relate to both technical and moral spheres.
The most pressing global problems can be divided into three groups:
1. Demographic problem;
2. Food problem;
3. Deficiency of energy and raw materials.
Demographic problem.
In the past 30 years, the world has experienced an unprecedented population explosion. While maintaining a high birth rate and as a result of a decrease in the mortality rate, the rate of population growth increased significantly. However, the world demographic situation in the field of population is by no means unambiguous. If in 1800 in the world there were up to 1 billion. person, in 1930. - already 2 billion; in the 70s of the 20th century, the world population approached 3 billion, and in the early 80s it was about 4.7 billion. human. By the end of the 90s, the world population was more than 5 billion. human. While the overwhelming majority of countries are characterized by relatively high rates of population growth, for Russia and some other countries, demographic trends are of a different nature. So, on the face of the demographic crisis in the former socialist world.
In some countries, there is an absolute decrease in the population; in others, rather high rates of population growth are characteristic. One of the features of the socio-demographic situation in the countries of the post-Soviet space is the preservation in most of them of relatively high mortality rates, especially among children. At the beginning of the 1980s, the world as a whole saw a decline in the birth rate. For example, if in the mid-70s, 32 children were born for every 1000 people every year, then at the beginning of the 80s-90s - 29. At the end of the 90s, the corresponding processes tend to persist.
Changes in fertility and mortality rates affect not only the growth rate of the population, its structure, including gender. So in the mid-1980s in Western countries there were 94 men per 100 women, while in different regions the ratio of male and female population is by no means the same. For example, in America, the sex ratio of the population is approximately equal. In Asia, the male is slightly larger than the average; there are more women in Africa.
As we age, the gender imbalance changes in favor of the female population. The fact is that the average life expectancy of women is longer than that of men. V European countries the average life expectancy is about 70 years, and for women -78 the highest life expectancy for women in Japan, Switzerland and Iceland (over 80 years). Men live longer in Japan (about 75 years).
The increase in children and youth ages of the population, on the one hand, an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in the birth rate, on the other, cause the trend of population aging, that is, an increase in its structure in the proportion of elderly people aged 60 and over. In the early 1990s, up to 10% of the world's population fell into this category. Currently, this figure is 16%.
Food problem.
To solve the most acute global problems arising in the interaction of society and nature, collective actions of the entire world community are required. The aggravating global food situation in the world is just such a problem.
According to some estimates, the total number of people suffering from hunger at the beginning of the 1980s was 400 million, and in the 1990s, half a billion. This figure fluctuated between 700 and 800 million people. The most acute food problem is faced by Asian African countries, for which the first priority is to eliminate hunger. More than 450 million people in these countries are reported to suffer from hunger, malnutrition or malnutrition. The aggravation of the food problem cannot but be affected by the destruction as a result of modern economic development of the most important natural life support systems: oceanic fauna, forests, and arable lands. The influence on the food supply of the population of our planet is exerted by: the energy problem, the nature and characteristics of climatic conditions; chronic food shortages and poverty in some regions of the world, instability in food production and distribution; fluctuations in world prices, insecurity of food supplies to the poorest countries from abroad, low agricultural productivity.
Deficiency of energy and raw materials.
It is widely believed that modern civilization has already used a significant, if not most of its energy and raw materials. For a long time, the energy supply of the planet was based on the use of predominantly living energy, that is, the energy resources of humans and animals. If we follow the forecasts of the optimist, then the world oil reserves will be enough for 2 - 3 centuries. Pessimists, however, argue that the existing oil reserves can meet the needs of civilization for only a few more decades. However, such calculations do not take into account the existing discoveries of new deposits of raw materials, as well as new opportunities for detecting alternative sources Similar estimates are made for other traditional fossil fuels. These figures are rather arbitrary, but one thing is clear: the scale of use of industrial power plants of direct resources is acquiring such a character that one should take into account their limitations due to the level of development of science, technology and technology, the need to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems. In this case, if there are no surprises, there is, apparently, every reason to assert: the predicted future for the needs of mankind should have enough industrial, energy and raw materials.
You also need to consider high degree probability, the discovery of new sources of energy resources.
2. Ways to solve global problems
Solving global problems is a task of extraordinary importance and complexity, and so far it cannot be said with certainty that ways to overcome them have been found. According to many social scientists, no matter what separate problem we take from the global system, it cannot be solved without first overcoming the spontaneity in development. earthly civilization, without a transition to coordinated and planned actions on a global scale. Only such actions can save society, as well as its natural environment.
Conditions for solving modern global problems:
States are intensifying their efforts to address major and socially significant problems.
New technological processes are being created and developed based on the principles of rational use natural materials... Saving energy and raw materials, the use of secondary raw materials and resource-saving technologies.
The progress of scientific technologies, including the development of biotechnologies, based on the effective use of chemical, biological and microbiological processes, is becoming all-encompassing.
Focus on A complex approach in the development of fundamental and applied developments, production and science.
Scientists-globalists offer various options for solving global problems of our time:
Changes in the nature of production activities - the creation of waste-free production, heat and energy-saving technologies, the use of alternative energy sources (sun, wind, etc.);
Creation of a new world order, development of a new formula for global governance of the world community based on the principles of understanding the modern world as an integral and interconnected community of people;
Recognition of universal human values, attitude towards life, man and the world as the highest values of humanity;
Rejection of war as a means of resolving controversial issues, finding ways to peacefully resolve international problems and conflicts.
Only together mankind can solve the problem of overcoming the ecological crisis.
One of the most popular points of view for solving this problem is to instill in people new moral and ethical values. So in one of the reports to the Club of Rome, it is written that the new ethical education should be aimed at:
1) the development of world consciousness, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a member of the world community;
2) the formation of a more frugal attitude towards the use of natural resources;
3) the development of such an attitude towards nature, which would be based on harmony, and not on submission;
4) fostering a sense of belonging to future generations and a willingness to give up part of their own benefits in their favor.
It is possible and necessary to successfully fight for the solution of global problems already now on the basis of constructive and mutually acceptable cooperation of all countries and peoples, regardless of differences social systems to which they belong.
The solution to global problems is possible only through the joint efforts of all countries coordinating their actions at the international level. Self-isolation and peculiarities of development will not allow individual countries to stay away from the economic crisis, nuclear war, the threat of terrorism or the AIDS epidemic. To solve global problems, to overcome the danger that threatens all of humanity, it is necessary to further strengthen the interconnection of the diverse modern world, change the interaction with the environment, abandon the cult of consumption, and develop new values.
Conclusion
Summing up, we can say that the global problem is the result of tremendous human activity, which leads to a change in the way of life of people, society and the essence of nature.
Global problems threaten all of humanity.
And accordingly, without certain human qualities, without the global responsibility of each person, it is impossible to solve any of the global problems.
Let's hope that an important function of all countries in the 21st century will be the preservation of natural resources and the cultural and educational level of people. Because, at the present time, we are seeing significant gaps in these areas. It may be such that the formation of a new - information - world community with humane goals will become that necessary link in the development of mankind, which will lead it to the solution and elimination of major global problems.
Bibliography
1.Society - textbook for grade 10 - profile level- Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A. Yu., Smirnova N.M. Social Science, grade 11, Vishnevsky M.I., 2010
2. Social Science - Textbook - Grade 11 - Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu., Kholodkovsky K.G. - 2008
3. Social science. Klimenko A.V., Rumanina V.V. Textbook for high school students and those entering universities
Plan
Introduction ………………………. ………………………………………………… 3
A look at global problems ……………………………………………… 4
Intersocial problems ……………………………………………… ..5
Environmental and social problems ……………………………………………… .9
Sociocultural problems …………………………………………. ……… ..14
Conclusion ………………………………. ……………………………………… .16
References ……………………………………………………. ……… 17
Introduction
From French Global - universal
Global problems of mankind are problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth's atmosphere, the World Ocean and near-Earth space and affect the entire population of the Earth.
The global problems of mankind cannot be solved by the forces of one country; jointly developed provisions on environmental protection, a coordinated economic policy, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.
In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still it was a distant prehistory, a kind of "incubation period" of modern global problems. These problems fully manifested themselves already in the second half and, especially, in the last quarter of the 20th century, that is, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. They were brought to life by a whole complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.
The twentieth century is a turning point not only in world social history, but also in the very fate of mankind. The fundamental difference between the outgoing century and all previous history is that humanity has lost faith in its immortality. The understanding became available to him that his domination over nature is not unlimited and is fraught with the death of himself. Indeed, never before has humanity itself increased in quantitative terms by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered the period of the scientific and technological revolution, did not reach the post-industrial stage of development, did not open the way to space. Never before had so many natural resources been required to support it, and the waste it returned to the environment was also not so great. Never before has there been such a globalization of the world economy, such a unified world information system. Finally, never before has the Cold War brought all of humanity so close to the brink of self-destruction. Even if it is possible to avoid a world nuclear war, the threat to the existence of mankind on Earth still remains, because the planet will not withstand the unbearable load that was formed as a result of human activities. It is more and more obvious that the historical form of human existence, which allowed him to create a modern civilization, with all its seemingly endless possibilities and conveniences, gave rise to many problems that require cardinal solutions - and, moreover, urgently.
The purpose of this essay is to give a modern understanding of the essence of global problems and the nature of their interrelationships.
A LOOK AT GLOBAL CHALLENGES
During historical development of human activity, there is a breakdown of outdated technological methods, and with them outdated social mechanisms of human interaction with nature. At the beginning of human history, it was mainly adaptive (adaptive) mechanisms of interaction that operated. Man obeyed the forces of nature, adapted to the changes taking place in it, changing his own nature as it did. Then, as the productive forces developed, the utilitarian attitude of man to nature, to another man, prevailed. The modern era raises the question of the transition to a new path of social mechanisms, which should be called co-evolutionary or harmonic. The global situation in which mankind finds itself reflects and expresses the general crisis of the consumer's attitude of man to natural and social resources. Reason pushes humanity to the realization of the vital necessity of harmonizing connections and relationships in the global system "Man - Technology - Nature". In this regard, comprehension of the global problems of our time, their causes, interrelation, and ways of solving them is of particular importance.
Global problems name those problems that, firstly, concern all mankind, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and in case of their aggravation they can threaten the very existence of human civilization; thirdly, for their solution they require cooperation on a global scale, joint actions of all countries and peoples.
The given definition can hardly be considered sufficiently clear and unambiguous. And their classification according to one or another characteristic is often too vague. From the point of view of an overview of global problems, the most acceptable classification is one that unites all global problems into three groups:
1. Problems of economic and political interaction between states (intersocial)... Among them, the most pressing are: global security; globalization political power and structures of civil society; overcoming the technological and economic backwardness of developing countries and the establishment of a new international order.
2. Problems of interaction between society and nature (environmental-social)... First of all, these are: prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; providing humanity with the necessary natural resources; exploration of the World Ocean and outer space.
3. Problems of relations between people and society (sociocultural)... The main ones are: the problem of population growth; the problem of protecting and promoting human health; problems of education and cultural growth.
All these problems are generated by the disunity of mankind, the unevenness of its development. The conscious beginning has not yet become the most important prerequisite for humanity as a whole. Negative results and the consequences of uncoordinated, ill-considered actions of countries, peoples, individuals, accumulating on a global scale, have become a powerful objective factor in world economic and social development. They have an increasingly significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions. Their solution presupposes the joining of efforts of a large number of states and organizations at the international level. In order to have a clear idea of the strategy and methodology for solving global problems, it is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of at least the most pressing of them
INTERSOCIAL PROBLEMS
Global security
In recent years, this topic has attracted Special attention in political and scientific circles, a huge amount of special research is devoted to it. This in itself is evidence of the realization that the survival and development of mankind are being threatened in a way that it has never experienced in the past.
Indeed, in the past, the concept of security was primarily identified with the country's defense against aggression. Now, it also means protection against threats associated with natural disasters and man-made disasters, economic crisis, political instability, dissemination of subversive information, moral degradation, depletion of the national gene pool, etc.
All these broad issues are, with good reason, a matter of concern both in individual countries and within the international community. It will be considered in one way or another in all parts of the research being undertaken. At the same time, it persists, and in some respects even increases military threat.
The confrontation between the two superpowers and military blocs has brought the world close to a nuclear catastrophe. The end of this confrontation and the first steps towards real disarmament were undoubtedly the greatest achievement of international politics. They proved the fundamental possibility of breaking out of the cycle that inexorably pushed humanity into the abyss, turning abruptly from whipping up hostility and hatred to trying to understand each other, take into account mutual interests, and open the way to cooperation and partnership.
The results of this policy cannot be overemphasized. The main one is the absence of an immediate danger of a world war with the use of means of mass destruction and the threat of the general extermination of life on Earth. But can it be argued that world wars henceforth and forever are generally excluded from history that such a danger will not arise again after some time due to the emergence of a new armed confrontation or a spontaneous expansion of a local conflict to global proportions, equipment failure, unauthorized launch of missiles with nuclear warheads, and other cases of this kind? This is one of the most important issues of global security today.
The problem of conflicts arising on the basis of interfaith rivalry requires special attention. Are traditional geopolitical contradictions lurking behind them, or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades, inspired by various fundamentalists? As unexpected as such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to accept necessary measures to prevent them.
Security concerns also include joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.
Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path towards: collective securityuniversal type, covering all members of the world community; security complex type covering, along with military, and other factors of strategic instability; security long-term type that meets the needs of a democratic global system as a whole.
Politics and power in a globalizing world
As in other areas of life, globalization entails fundamental changes in the field of politics, structure and distribution of power. The ability of humanity to keep the process of globalization under control, using its positive aspects and minimizing Negative consequences, adequately respond to the economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other challenges of the XXI century.
"Shrinking" space thanks to the revolution in the field of communications and the formation of the global market, the need for universal human solidarity in the face of impending threats are steadily reducing opportunities national policy and multiply the number of regional, continental, global problems. As the interdependence of individual societies increases, this trend not only dominates in foreign policy states, but more and more makes itself felt in domestic political issues.
Meanwhile, sovereign states remain the basis of the "organizational structure" of the world community. In the conditions of this “dual power”, there is an urgent need for a reasonable balance between national and global politics, an optimal distribution of “responsibilities” between them, and their organic interaction.
How realistic is such a pairing, whether it will be possible to overcome the opposition of the forces of national and group egoism, to use the unique opportunity that opens up to form a democratic world order - this is the main subject of research.
An experience recent years does not allow an unambiguous answer to this question. The elimination of the split of the world into two opposing military-political blocs did not lead to the expected democratization of the entire system of international relations, to the elimination of hegemonism or a reduction in the use of force. There is a great temptation to start a new round of geopolitical games, redistribution of spheres of influence. The disarmament process has noticeably slowed down, the impetus for which was given by new thinking. Instead of some conflicts, others flared up, no less bloody. In general, after a step forward, what was the termination of “ cold war”Was taken half a step back.
All this does not give grounds to believe that the possibilities for a democratic reorganization of the international system have been exhausted, but it indicates that this task is much more difficult than it seemed ten years ago to the politicians who dared to tackle it. Remains open question about what will replace the bipolar world with its new version with the replacement Soviet Union some kind of superpower, monocentrism, polycentrism, or, finally, democratic management of the affairs of the world community through generally acceptable mechanisms and procedures.
Along with the creation of a new system of international relations and the redistribution of power between states, other factors are acquiring growing importance, actively influencing the formation of the world order of the 21st century. International financial institutions, transnational corporations, powerful information systems such as the Internet, global communication systems, associations of related political parties and social movements, religious, cultural, corporate associations - all these institutions of the emerging global civil society may in the future acquire a strong impact on the course of world development. They will become the conductors of limitedly national or even selfish private interests or an instrument of global politics - an issue of great importance that needs in-depth study.
Thus, the emerging global system needs a reasonably organized legitimate government that expresses the collective will of the world community and has sufficient powers to solve global problems.
The global economy is a challenge for national economies
In economics, science, technology, globalization manifests itself most intensively. Transnational corporations and banks, uncontrolled financial flows, a unified world system of electronic communications and information, modern transport, the transformation of the English language into a means of “global” communication, large-scale migration of the population - all this erodes national-state barriers and forms an economically integrated world.
At the same time, for a huge number of countries and peoples, the status of a sovereign state appears to be a means of protecting and ensuring economic interests.
The contradiction between globalism and nationalism in economic development is becoming an urgent problem. Are nation-states really and to what extent losing the ability to determine economic policy, giving way to transnational corporations? And if this is so, then what are the consequences for the social environment, the formation and regulation of which is carried out mainly at the national-state level?
With the end of the military and ideological confrontation between the two worlds, as well as progress in the field of disarmament, globalization has received a powerful additional impetus. The relationship of market transformation in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space, in China, the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and economic globalization, on the other, is a new and promising area of research and forecasting.
Apparently, a new sphere of confrontation between two powerful forces is opening up: the national bureaucracy (and everything that stands behind it) and the international economic environment, which is losing its national "registration" and obligations.
The next layer of problems is the offensive of the globalizing economy on the institutions of social protection, the welfare state, created over many decades. Globalization sharply exacerbates economic competition. As a result, the social climate inside the enterprise and outside it worsens. This also applies to transnational corporations.
So far, the lion's share of the benefits and fruits of globalization goes to the rich and powerful states. The danger of global economic shocks is noticeably increasing. The world's most vulnerable financial system, which breaks away from the real economy and can fall prey to speculative scams. The need for joint management of globalization processes is obvious. But is it possible and in what forms?
Finally, the world will apparently have to face the dramatic need to rethink the basic foundations of economic activity. This is due to at least two circumstances. First, the rapidly deepening environmental crisis requires significant changes in the dominant economic system, both nationally and globally. A “market failure” in regulating the scale of environmental pollution may in the not too distant future really become “the end of history”. Second, the “social failure” of the market is a serious problem, which manifests itself, in particular, in the growing polarization of the rich North and the poor South.
All this raises the most difficult questions regarding the place in the regulation of the future world economy of the classical mechanisms of market self-regulation, on the one hand, and the conscious activity of state, interstate and supranational bodies, on the other.
ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
The essence of this circle of global problems lies in the disruption of the balance of biospheric processes that is dangerous for the existence of mankind. In the twentieth century, technological civilization came into a threatening conflict with the biosphere, which for billions of years was formed as a system that ensured the continuity of life and the optimality of the environment. Having failed to solve social problems for the majority of mankind, the technogenic development of civilization has led to the destruction of the habitat. The ecological and social crisis has become a reality of the twentieth century.
Environmental crisis is the main challenge for civilization
It is known that life on Earth exists in the form of cycles of organic matter based on the interaction of the processes of synthesis and destruction. Each type of organism is a link in the circulation, the process of reproduction of organic matter. The synthesis function in this process is performed by green plants. Destruction function - microorganisms. At the first stages of his history, man was a natural link in the biosphere and biotic circulation. The changes he made to nature did not have a decisive effect on the biosphere. Today man has become the largest planetary force. Suffice it to say that annually about 10 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, 3-4 billion tons of plant mass are consumed, about 10 billion tons of industrial carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. More than 5 million tons of oil and oil products are discharged into the World Ocean and rivers. The problem of drinking water is getting worse every day. The airy atmosphere of a modern industrial city is a mixture of smoke, toxic fumes and dust. Many species of animals and plants are disappearing. The great balance of nature has been disturbed to such an extent that a gloomy forecast about "ecological suicide of mankind" has appeared.
Voices are heard louder and louder about the need to abandon all industrial interference in the natural equilibrium, to stop technological progress. However, solving the ecological problem by throwing humanity back to a medieval state is a utopia. And not only because people will not give up the achievements of technical progress. But, on the other hand, many in the world of science and politics still rely on an artificial mechanism for regulating the environment in the event of a deep destruction of the biosphere. Therefore, science is faced with the task of finding out whether this is real or is it a myth generated by the “Promethean” spirit of modern civilization?
Meeting mass consumer demand is recognized the most important factor internal socio-political stability. And this is put by influential political and economic elites above global environmental security.
Unfortunately, a biosphere catastrophe is quite possible. Therefore, an honest awareness of the scale of the environmental threat and intellectual fearlessness in the face of this challenge to humanity is necessary. The fact is that changes in the biosphere, including catastrophic ones, have occurred and will continue to occur independently of a person, therefore, we should not talk about complete obedience to nature, but about the harmonization of natural and social processes based on the humanization of scientific and technological progress and a radical reorganization of the entire system of social relationships.
Endowment with natural resources
Mineral resources
Despite the acute crisis phenomena that have manifested themselves from time to time in developed countries and countries with economies in transition, the global trend is still characterized by further growth in industrial production, accompanied by an increase in the demand for mineral raw materials. This stimulated the growth of the extraction of mineral resources, which, for example, over the period 1980-2000. in total exceeds the production for the previous twenty years by 1.2-2 times. And as forecasts show, this trend will continue. The question naturally arises: are the resources of mineral raw materials contained in the bowels of the Earth sufficient to ensure the indicated tremendous acceleration of mining in the near and long term? This question is logical especially because, unlike other natural resources, mineral resources on the scale of the past future history of mankind are non-renewable, and, strictly speaking, within the limits of our planet, are limited and finite.
The problem of limited mineral resources has become especially acute because, in addition to the growth of industrial production, which is associated with an increasing demand for mineral raw materials, it is aggravated by the extremely uneven distribution of deposits in the bowels of the earth's crust across continents and countries. This, in turn, aggravates economic and political collisions between countries.
Thus, the global nature of the problem of ensuring humanity mineral resources predetermines the need for the development of broad international cooperation here. The difficulties experienced by many countries of the world due to the lack of certain types of mineral raw materials could be overcome on the basis of mutually beneficial scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Such cooperation can be very effective when jointly conducting regional geological and geophysical research in promising zones of the earth's crust or through joint exploration and exploitation. large deposits minerals, by assisting in the industrial development of complex deposits on a compensatory basis, and finally, through the implementation of mutually beneficial trade in mineral raw materials and their products.
Land resources
The peculiarities and properties of the land determine its exclusive place in the development of the productive forces of society. The "man-earth" relationship that has developed over the centuries remains at the present time and in the foreseeable future as one of the determining factors of world life and progress. Moreover, land provision problem due to the trend of population growth will be constantly exacerbated.
The nature and forms of land use in different countries differ significantly. At the same time, a number of aspects of the use of land resources are common to the entire world community. This is primarily protection of land resources, especially land fertility, from natural and anthropogenic degradation.
Modern trends in the use of land resources in the world are expressed in a wide intensification of the use of productive lands, the involvement of additional areas in economic circulation, the expansion of land allotments for non-agricultural needs, the strengthening of activities to regulate the use and protection of land at the national level. At the same time, the problem of economical, rational use and protection of land resources should be under increasing scrutiny of international organizations. The limited and irreplaceable land resources, taking into account the growth of the population and the continuous increase in the scale of social production, require their effective use in all countries of the world with ever closer international cooperation in this area. On the other hand, the earth simultaneously acts as one of the main components of the biosphere, as a universal means of labor and as a spatial basis for the functioning of productive forces and their reproduction. All this determines the task of organizing scientifically grounded, economical and rational use of land resources as one of the global ones at the present stage of human development.
Food resources
Providing food for the ever-growing population of the Earth is one of the long-term and most difficult problems of the world economy and politics.
According to experts, the aggravation of the world food problem is the result of the combined action of the following reasons: 1) excessive load on the natural potential of agriculture and fisheries, preventing its natural recovery; 2) insufficient rates of scientific and technological progress in agriculture of those countries that do not compensate for the declining scale of natural renewal of resources; 3) the ever-increasing instability in world trade in food, fodder, fertilizers.
Of course, scientific and technological progress and an increase on its basis in the production of high-quality agricultural, incl. and food, crops can be allowed in the future to double and triple. Further intensification of agricultural production, as well as the expansion of productive land are real ways of solving this problem on a daily basis. But, the key to its solution lies all the same on the political and social plane. Many rightly point out that without the establishment of a just economic and political world order, without overcoming the backwardness of most countries, without socio-economic transformations in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, which would meet the level of requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress, with mutually beneficial international mutual assistance - the solution of the food problem will remain a distant future.
Energetic resources
A characteristic feature of the future development of world energy will be the constant growth of the share of converted energy carriers in the final use of energy (primarily electrical energy). The rise in prices for electricity, especially the base one, is taking place much more slowly than for hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, when nuclear energy sources play a more prominent role than at present, stabilization or even a decrease in the cost of electricity should be expected.
In the future, the share of world energy consumption by developing countries is expected to grow rapidly (up to 50%). The shift in the center of gravity of energy problems during the first half of the 21st century from developed countries to developing countries presents humanity with completely new tasks for the social and economic restructuring of the world, which need to be addressed now. With a relatively low supply of energy resources to developing countries, this creates a complex problem for mankind, which can develop into a crisis situation during the 21st century, if appropriate organizational, economic and political measures are not taken.
An immediate transition to new energy sources that can reduce their dependence on imports of liquid fuels and end the unacceptable destruction of forests, their main source of fuel, should be a priority in the energy strategy in the developing region.
In view of the global nature of these problems, their solution, as well as the above, is possible only with the further development of international cooperation, by strengthening and expanding economic and technical assistance to developing countries from developed countries.
Development of the World Ocean
The problem of the development of the World Ocean has acquired a global character due to a complex of reasons: 1) a sharp exacerbation and transformation into global problems such as the above-described raw materials, energy, food, in the solution of which the use of the resource potential of the ocean can and should make a huge contribution; 2) the creation of powerful in terms of productivity technical means of management, which determined not only the possibility, but also the need for a comprehensive study and development of marine resources and spaces; 3) the emergence of interstate relations of resource management, production and management in the maritime economy, which turned the declarative thesis in the past about the collective (with the participation of all states) process of ocean development into a political necessity, caused the inevitability of a search for a compromise with the participation and satisfaction of the interests of all major groups of countries independently from geographic location and the level of development; 4) the overwhelming majority of developing countries are aware of the role that the use of the ocean can play in solving the problems of backwardness, in accelerating their economic development; 5) transformation into a global environmental problem, essential element which is the World Ocean, which absorbs the main part of pollutants.
For a long time man has received food products for himself from the ocean. Therefore, the study of vital activity is very important. ecological systems in the hydrosphere, identifying the possibility of stimulating their productivity. This, in turn, leads to the need to understand the very complex and hidden for direct observation and far from being known biological processes in the ocean, for the study of which close international cooperation is required.
And in general, there is no other alternative to the division of vast spaces and resources than broad and equal international cooperation in their development.
SOCIOCULTURAL PROBLEMS
In this group, the priority is the problem of population. Moreover, it cannot be reduced only to the reproduction of the population and its sex and age composition. We are talking here primarily about the relationship between the processes of population reproduction and social methods of production of material goods. If the production of material goods lags behind the growth of the population, then the material situation of people will worsen. Conversely, if population growth decreases, then this ultimately leads to an aging population and a reduction in the production of material goods.
The rapid population growth observed at the end of the twentieth century in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America is primarily associated with the liberation of these countries from the colonial yoke and their entry into a new stage of economic development. The new "population explosion" has exacerbated the problems generated by the spontaneity, unevenness and antagonistic nature of human development. All this resulted in a sharp deterioration in the nutrition and health of the population. To the shame of civilized humanity, more than 500 million people (every tenth) are chronically malnourished every day, lead a half-starved existence, and this is mainly in countries with the most favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As the analysis carried out by UNESCO experts shows, the causes of hunger in these countries should be sought in the dominance of monocultures (cotton, coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) and the low level of agricultural technology. The vast majority of families engaged in agriculture on all continents of the planet still cultivate the land with the help of a hoe and a plow. Children suffer the most from malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, 40,000 children under the age of 5 die every day who could have been saved. This amounts to about 15 million people a year.
The problem of education remains an acute global problem. Currently, almost every fourth inhabitant of our planet over the age of 15 is illiterate. The number of illiterates is increasing by 7 million annually. The solution to this problem, like others, rests on the lack of material resources for the development of the education system, at the same time, as we have already noted, huge resources are consumed by the military-industrial complex.
No less vital are the issues that in their totality fix the cultural, religious and moral problems of the globalization process.
As basic principle coexistence and free development of civilizations and cultures, the idea of international justice can be declared. The problem of transferring the principles of democracy as a tool for harmonizing interests and organizing cooperation to relations between countries, peoples, and civilizations is becoming relevant in the process of globalization of the world.
CONCLUSION
Analysis of the global problems of our time shows the presence of a complex and ramified system of cause-and-effect relationships between them. The largest problems and their groups are, to one degree or another, intertwined and intertwined. And any key and big problem can consist of many private, but no less important in terms of their topicality, problems.
For thousands of years, a person lived, worked, developed, but he did not even suspect that, perhaps, the day would come when it would become difficult, if not impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow something on the ground, as the air is ¾ polluted, water ¾ is poisoned, the soil ¾ is contaminated with radiation, etc. chemicals... But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. Such people, the owners of large factories, the oil and gas industry, think only of themselves, of their wallet. They neglect safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, sometimes they are reluctant or too lazy to buy new filters for industrial wastewater, gases that pollute the atmosphere. And what can be the conclusion? ¾ Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about it?
Each person should realize that Humanity is on the verge of death, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.
The globalization of world development processes presupposes international cooperation and solidarity within the world scientific community, an increase in the social and humanistic responsibility of scientists. Science for man and humanity, science in order to solve global problems of our time and social progress - this is the true humanistic orientation that should unite scientists from all over the world. This presupposes not only a closer union of science and practice, but also the development of fundamental problems of the future of mankind, presupposes the development of the unity and interaction of sciences, the strengthening of their worldview and moral foundations, corresponding to the conditions of the global problems of our time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alexandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., Beschinsky A.A. and others. Global energy problem. M .: Thought, 1985
2. Allen D., Nelson M. Space biospheres. M., 1991
3. Baransky N.N. Economical geography. Economic cartography. M., 1956
4. Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. 1991
5. Global problems and civilizational shift. M., 1983
6. Global economic processes: analysis and modeling: Sat. Art. M .: TSEMI. 1986
7. Zotov A.F. A new type of global civilization // Polis. 1993. No. 4.
8. Isachenko A.G. Geography in the modern world. M .: Education, 1998
Global problems of our time is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and for their solution require the united efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of human life and affect all countries of the world.
List of global problems
Unsolved problem of reversal of aging in humans and poor public awareness of negligible aging.
the North-South problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
preventing thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world community from unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies, radioactive contamination of the environment;
prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution and decline in biodiversity;
providing humanity with resources;
global warming;
ozone holes;
the problem of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and AIDS.
demographic development (demographic explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed countries).
terrorism;
crime;
Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional tendencies in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negative feedback (see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture exists according to the principle of positive feedback.
Attempts to solve
The demographic transition - the natural end of the demographic explosion in the 1960s
Nuclear disarmament
Energy saving
Montreal Protocol (1989) - Fighting the ozone holes
Kyoto Protocol (1997) - Combating Global Warming.
Scientific prizes for the successful radical life extension of mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.
Club of Rome (1968)
Global problems of our time
Global problems of our time.
Features of integration processes covering a variety of areas of life
people most deeply and sharply manifest themselves in the so-called global
problems of our time.
Global problems:
Ecology problem
Saving the world
Space and oceans exploration
Food problem
Population problem
The problem of overcoming backwardness
Raw material problem
Features of global problems.
1) Are of a planetary, global nature, affect the interests of all
peoples of the world.
2) They threaten with degradation and death to all of humanity.
3) Need urgent and effective solutions.
4) Require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.
Most of the problems that we today associate with global problems
modernity, accompanied humanity throughout its history. TO
first of all, they should include the problems of ecology, preservation of the world,
overcoming poverty, hunger, illiteracy.
But after the Second World War, thanks to an unprecedented scale
transformative human activity, all these problems have turned into
global, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world and
denoting with unprecedented power the need for cooperation and unity of all
people of the Earth.
In our time, global problems:
On the one hand, they demonstrate the closest interconnection of states;
On the other hand, they reveal the deep inconsistency of this unity.
The development of human society has always been contradictory. It is permanent
accompanied not only by the establishment of a harmonious connection with nature, but also
a destructive effect on her.
Apparently, Sinanthropus (about 400 thousand
years ago) who began to use fire. As a result of this
Significant areas of vegetation were destroyed by fires.
Scientists believe that the intense hunting of mammoths by ancient people was one of the
the most important reasons for the extinction of this animal species.
The transition from the appropriating character, which began about 12 thousand years ago
farming to producing, associated primarily with the development
agriculture, also led to very significant negative impacts on
the surrounding nature.
The farming technology in those days was as follows: at a certain
the forest was burned out, then elementary tillage and sowing were carried out
plant seeds. Such a field could yield a crop for only 2-3 years, after which
the soil was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site.
In addition, environmental problems in ancient times were often caused by mining
mineral.
So, in the 7th - 4th centuries BC. intensive development in ancient Greece
silver - lead mines, which required large volumes of strong
forests, led to virtually the destruction of forests on the Antique Peninsula.
Significant changes in natural landscapes were caused by the construction of cities,
which began to take place in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and
of course, a significant load on nature was accompanied by the development
industry.
But although these human impacts on the environment were gaining more and more
scale, nevertheless, until the second half of the XX century, they had a local
character.
Humanity, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated
material and spiritual resources to meet their needs, however
he has never been able to completely rid himself of hunger, poverty and
illiteracy. The severity of these problems was felt by each people in its own way, and
ways of solving them have never gone beyond the boundaries of individual
states.
Meanwhile, it is known from history that the steadily growing interactions between
peoples, exchange of industrial and agricultural products
production, spiritual values were constantly accompanied by the sharpest
military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. 14,530 wars occurred.
And only 292 years did people live without wars.
Killed in wars (million people)
XVII century 3.3
XVIII century 5.5
In the first and second world wars, about 70 million people lost their lives.
These were the first world wars in the entire history of mankind, in which
the vast majority of countries in the world participated. They marked the beginning
turning the problem of war and peace into a global one.
And what gave rise to global problems? The answer to this question is, in essence,
pretty simple. Global problems are the result of:
WITH one side of the enormous scale of human activity, radically
changing nature, society, the way of life of people.
WITH the other side of a person's inability to rationally dispose of this
a mighty force.
Ecological problem.
Economic activity in a number of states today is developed so powerfully,
that it affects the ecological situation not only within a separate
country, but also far beyond its borders.
Typical examples:
Great Britain "exports" 2/3 of its industrial emissions.
75-90% of acid rain in the Scandinavian countries is of foreign origin.
Acid rain affects 2/3 of the UK's forests and
countries of continental Europe - about half of their area.
The United States lacks the oxygen that is naturally reproduced in their
territory.
The largest rivers, lakes, seas of Europe and North America intensively
contaminated with industrial waste from enterprises of various countries,
using their water resources.
From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million.
tons to 121 million tons per year. Using them gave 1/3 of the increase
agricultural products.
At the same time, the use of chemical
fertilizers, as well as various chemical plant protection products has become one
of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Delayed
water and air over vast distances, they are included in the geochemical
the circulation of substances throughout the Earth, often causing significant damage to nature,
and to the person himself.
The rapidly developing process has become very characteristic of our time.
the withdrawal of environmentally harmful enterprises to underdeveloped countries.
The huge and ever-expanding use of natural
mineral resources have led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,
but also to a significant depletion of the entire resource base of the planet.
The era of extensive use of potential ends before our eyes
biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:
§ Today there is very little undeveloped land left to manage
Agriculture;
§ The area of deserts is systematically increasing. 1975 to 2000
it increases by 20%;
§ The decline in the planet's forest cover is of great concern. Since 1950
by 2000, the forest area will decrease by almost 10%, but forests are light
the whole earth;
§ Operation of water basins, including the World Ocean,
is carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce what
what the person takes.
Continuous development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.
requires a sharp increase in energy consumption and entails an ever increasing
stress on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human
even climate change is happening.
Compared to the beginning of the last century, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
increased by 30%, and 10% of this increase was given by the last 30 years. Enhancement
its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result
which is warming the climate of the entire planet.
Scientists believe that this kind of change is already taking place in our time.
As a result of human activity, there was a warming within 0.5
degrees. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles in
compared with its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. will increase by another 70%,
then very drastic changes will take place in the life of the Earth. First of all, 2-4
degrees, and at the poles, the average temperature will rise by 6-8 degrees, which, in
in turn, will cause irreversible processes:
Melting ice
The rise in sea level by one meter
Flooding of many coastal areas
Change in moisture exchange on the Earth's surface
Reduction in rainfall
Change in wind direction
It is clear that such changes will pose huge problems for people,
associated with the management of the economy, the reproduction of the necessary conditions for them
Today, as rightly one of the first marks of V.I. Vernadsky,
humanity has gained such power in transforming the surrounding world that it
begins to significantly influence the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.
Human economic activity in our time already entails
climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air
basins of the Earth on the flora and fauna of the planet, on its entire appearance.
The problem of war and peace.
The problem of war and peace has turned into a global one literally before our eyes, and
primarily as a result of the sharply increased power of weapons.
Today, nuclear weapons alone have accumulated so much that their explosive
strength is several thousand times greater than the power of ammunition used in all
the wars that were fought before.
Nuclear charges are stored in the arsenals of different countries, the total capacity is
which is several million times higher than the power of a bomb dropped on
Hiroshima. But this bomb killed over 200 thousand people! 40% of the area
the city turned to ashes, 92% was disfigured beyond recognition. Fatal
The consequences of the atomic bombing are still felt by thousands of people.
For every person currently only in the form of nuclear weapons
there are so many explosives that their trinitrotoluene
the equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had so much food,
how many of all types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet! ..
weapons can destroy all life on Earth many dozen times. But after all
today, even "ordinary" means of warfare are quite capable of causing
global damage to both humanity and nature. In addition, it should be borne in mind that
technology of war is evolving towards greater destruction
civilian population. The ratio between the number of civilian deaths and
Problems that do not concern any particular continent or state, but the entire planet, are called global. As civilization develops, it accumulates more and more of them. Today there are eight major problems. Consider the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them.
Ecological problem
Today, it is she who is considered the main one. For a long time people used the resources given to them by nature irrationally, polluted the environment around them, poisoned the Earth with a variety of waste - from solid to radioactive. The result was not long in coming - according to most competent researchers, environmental problems in the next hundred years will lead to irreversible consequences for the planet, and therefore for humanity.
There are already countries where this issue has reached a very high level, giving rise to the concept of a crisis ecological area. But the threat loomed over the whole world: the ozone layer, which protects the planet from radiation, is being destroyed, the earth's climate is changing - and man is unable to control these changes.
Even the most developed country cannot solve the problem alone, so states unite to jointly solve important environmental problems. The main solution is considered to be the rational use of natural resources and the reorganization of everyday life and industrial production so that the ecosystem develops in a natural way.
Rice. 1. The threatening scale of the environmental problem.
Demographic problem
In the 20th century, when the world's population exceeded six billion, everyone heard about it. However, in the 21st century, the vector has shifted. In short, now the essence of the problem is this: there are fewer and fewer people. A competent family planning policy and improving the living conditions of each individual will help to resolve this issue.
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Food problem
This problem is closely related to the demographic and consists in the fact that more than half of humanity is experiencing an acute shortage of food. To solve it, it is necessary to make better use of the available resources for food production. Experts see two ways of development - intensive, when the biological productivity of already existing fields and other lands increases, and extensive - when their number increases.
All global problems of mankind must be solved together, and this is no exception. The food issue arose due to the fact that most of the people live in areas unsuitable for this. Combining the efforts of scientists from different countries will significantly speed up the solution process.
Energy and raw materials problem
The uncontrolled use of raw materials has led to the depletion of mineral reserves that have been accumulating for hundreds of millions of years. Very soon, fuel and other resources may disappear altogether, therefore, scientific and technological progress is being introduced at all stages of production.
Peace and disarmament problem
Some scientists believe that in the very near future it may happen that there is no need to look for possible solutions to the global problems of mankind: people produce so much offensive weapons (including nuclear) that at some point they can destroy themselves. To prevent this from happening, world treaties are being developed on the reduction of armaments and the demilitarization of economies.
Human health problem
Humanity continues to suffer from fatal diseases. Scientific advances are great, but diseases that cannot be cured still exist. The only solution is to keep going Scientific research in search of medicines.
The problem of using the World Ocean
The depletion of land resources has led to an increase in interest in the World Ocean - all countries that have access to it use it not only as a biological resource. The mining and chemical sectors are actively developing. This gives rise to two problems at once: pollution and uneven development. But how are these issues resolved? At the moment, scientists from all over the world are engaged in them, who are developing the principles of rational oceanic nature management.
Rice. 2. An industrial station in the ocean.
The problem of space exploration
To master outer space, it is important to join forces on a global scale. The latest research is the result of the consolidation of the work of many countries. This is the basis for solving the problem.
Scientists have already developed a layout of the first station for settlers on the Moon, and Elon Musk says that the day is not far off when people will go to explore Mars.
Rice. 3. Model of the lunar base.
What have we learned?
Humanity has many global problems that can ultimately lead to its death. These problems can be solved only if efforts are consolidated - otherwise the efforts of one or several countries will be reduced to zero. Thus, civilizational development and the solution of problems of a universal scale are possible only if the survival of a person as a species becomes higher than economic and state interests.
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Humanity - these are situations on the solution of which the further existence and development of civilization directly depends. The emergence of such problems is due to the uneven development of various areas of life and knowledge of people and the emergence of contradictions in the socio-economic, political and natural system of relations.
Thus, global problems are understood as those that affect the life of all people on the planet, and the solution of which requires the joint efforts of all states. As for the list of these situations, it looks like this:
- Poverty.
- Food difficulties.
- Energy.
- Demographic crisis.
- Development of the World Ocean.
This list is dynamic and structural elements change as civilization progresses rapidly. As a result, not only its composition changes, but also the level of priority of a particular problem.
Note that every global problem of humanity has reasons for its occurrence, these are:
- Increased use of natural resources.
- Deterioration ecological situation on the planet, the negative impact of the development of industrial production.
- Strengthening the mismatch between developed and developing countries.
- Creation of weapons that can destroy masses of people, thus threatening the existence of civilization as a whole.
In order to get acquainted with this issue in more detail, it is necessary to study in detail the existing global problems of mankind. Philosophy is just engaged not only in their study, but also in the analysis of the possible impact that they will have in this or that case on society as a whole.
Note that this situation is only solvable if certain requirements are met. Thus, the prevention of a world war is possible when the rate of development of the arms race will significantly decrease, and a ban on the creation and demand for the elimination of nuclear weapons is adopted.
Also, some of the global problems of mankind can be resolved by overcoming cultural and economic inequality between the populations of the countries of the West and the East, which are developed, and other, underdeveloped, states of Latin America, Africa and Asia.
Note that it will be very important to overcome the crisis that has arisen between man and nature. Otherwise, the consequences will be catastrophic: complete and depletion of natural resources. Thus, these global problems of mankind require people to develop measures aimed at more economical use of the available resource potential and reduction of water and air with various kinds of waste.
Also an important point that will help stop the impending crisis is a decrease in population growth in countries with less developed economic system, as well as an increase in the birth rate in the developed capitalist states.
Remember that the global problems of humanity and their negative impact can be overcome by reducing the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution in the world, as well as strengthening the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, and smoking. AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases that undermine the health of nations as a whole.
Note that these problems require immediate solutions, otherwise the world will find itself in a persistent crisis, which may entail irreparable consequences. Do not think that this will not affect you and me. It must be remembered that a change in the situation depends on the participation of each person. Do not stand aside, because these problems concern each of us.