Nicholas (1825–1855). Historical dates of Russia and the years of the reign of tsars

Time of Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855)

On December 14 (26), 1825, the Decembrist uprising took place, which turned out to be a failure for the conspirators.

There were several reasons why the performance began. First, the soldiers and officers after Patriotic War 1812, having visited Europe, they saw that the French, Germans, Austrians live better and have more freedom. Also influenced by philosophers who were direct supporters of democracy: Rousseau, Montesquieu, Weiss. They talked about the fact that there are more progressive types of government than the monarchy. One of the main factors was also the very reign of Alexander I, who only in words promised freedom to the peasants, but did nothing for this, and all his reforms were extremely inconsistent.

The opposition movement originated in the Russian Empire in 1814.

However, no one dared to revolt while Alexander I was alive. And after his death in 1825, an interregnum began. Since the emperor had no direct heirs, one of his brothers had to take his place. For a long time, Constantine did not make an official statement about his refusal to the throne, while the whole country had already sworn allegiance to him. Subsequently, after Constantine's refusal, it became clear that Nicholas I would ascend the throne. The members of the Northern Society decided to take advantage of this fact.

Under the pretext of renouncing the oath and allegiance to Constantine, the conspirators decided to raise an uprising. The purpose of the Decembrists was to captivate the troops, to arrest royal family and promulgate a manifesto, convene a Constituent Assembly, which would determine the further form of government. At the time of the uprising, Sergei Trubetskoy was chosen as dictator, who was supposed to lead the country until the end of his work. Constituent Assembly.

On December 26, the officers went to military units and began to campaign among the soldiers, urging them not to swear allegiance to Nicholas I, but to remain faithful to the legitimate heir to the throne, Konstantin. By 11 o'clock, the Guards Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Battalion of the Life Guards of the Grenadier Regiment, and the guards naval crew came to Senate Square in St. Petersburg. In total, about three thousand soldiers and officers gathered on the square.

Meanwhile, Trubetskoy did not appear there, and the conspirators were left without a leader.

The Decembrists did not try to seize Peter and Paul Fortress, Winter Palace and the Senate building. They simply stood in the square and waited for the arrival of additional military forces.

The oath to the new emperor began on the same day at 7 o'clock in the morning. Having learned about the uprising, the newly-made Emperor Nicholas tried to resolve the matter peacefully. He sent the first person of St. Petersburg - Governor-General Mikhail Miloradovich to negotiate with the rebels. This idea was not successful, and Miloradovich was killed.

The new emperor was afraid that the uprising could develop into something more, so he gave the order to shoot at the rebels with grapeshot. By 6 p.m. the same day Senate square was cleared of the rebels.

About 1270 people became victims of the failed uprising. Among them there were 150 children and 80 women who came to the square just to “stare”.

In total, 579 people were involved in the case of the rebellion. 289 people were found guilty. 173 participants in the uprising were convicted. The most severe punishment was suffered by five conspirators: Pavel Pestel, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin and Pyotr Kakhovsky. The court sentenced them to death penalty quartering. But then this terrible punishment was replaced by hanging.

The 40 km long railway was laid in 1825 in the north-east of England between the cities of Stockton-on-Tees and Darlington. It was originally intended to carry coal from the Darlington mines to the port of Stockton. It was the world's first railway using steam traction, in other words, a steam locomotive. Before 1825, railways already existed in Great Britain, carrying out regular passenger transportation, but horses were used as draft power.

The railroad could have been built as early as 1821, but the project was thwarted in every way by entrepreneurs involved in the old-fashioned transport of coal on horseback. The owners of the surrounding lands also belonged to the construction railway with great suspicion and spread rumors about the troubles that she supposedly would bring to the locals. However, the project was still launched, the first train set off on September 27. It consisted of 33 wagons: 12 of them were loaded with coal and sacks of flour, the rest were passengers, more than 600 people who enthusiastically shouted and sang songs all the way. For the direction of the road, a special comfortable wagon, similar to a decorated fair van, was attached to the train.

The train was traveling at a speed of 8 kilometers per hour. In front of him, not in too much of a hurry, rode a man with a flag on a horse. Periodically, he turned to the curious public with a request to get off the tracks and not interfere with the movement of the train. To the sounds of the march, the train reached Stockton safely.

In Russia, the first railway appeared only in 1837 (by this year the length of railways in Great Britain was already 2390 km), it provided railway communication between the Tsarskoselsky railway station in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk (27 km).

Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil

The end of the 18th century was the time of the birth of ideas about the independence of Brazil from Portuguese rule. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family, fleeing the French troops, fled to Brazil, and even after the defeat of Napoleon, King João VI did not want to return to Europe. In 1815, the state he ruled was transformed into the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

In 1820, a revolution took place in Portugal, which led to the creation of a new constitution, according to which legislature began to belong not only to the king, but also to the Cortes (parliament). The king took an oath to the constitution and had no right to dissolve the Cortes or delay the time of their convocation. Universal suffrage for men, freedom of the individual, and inviolability of the home were also proclaimed. This served as an impetus for freedom-loving sentiments to flare up in Brazil, which had long hatched a plan to liberate itself from the Portuguese.

At the beginning of 1821, unrest began, and already in February, a Legislature; in response to this, King João established a parliament with limited functions in Rio de Janeiro, which further inflamed passions. On February 26, a crowd of rebellious soldiers and agitators gathered in the main square of the city and demanded the adoption of a new constitution, announced by the Cortes in Portugal. Two months later, the People's Convention was established in Rio de Janeiro; the heir to the throne, Pedro, gathered troops and dispersed the Convention by force. The revolution in Brazil was suppressed, but King Juan finally lost his authority. On April 22, 1821, he appointed his son as regent and left Brazil for Lisbon.

In the next few years, war broke out throughout the country. João VI resisted as best he could and for almost four years did not recognize the independence of Brazil, thereby only prolonging the bloodshed. But due to the turbulent situation in Portugal itself, the king could not and did not want to send troops to the colony, and every year the number of people who fought in Brazil on the side of the Portuguese crown decreased.

Therefore, in 1825, with the mediation of Great Britain in Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese-Brazilian Treaty was signed, according to which Portugal recognized the independence of the Brazilian Empire. However, formally Brazil still remained under the rule of the Portuguese royal family. João VI remained King of Portugal and the Algarves and held the title of Emperor of Brazil until his death in 1826.

Sovereignty went to Brazil literally words at a high cost. According to a secret addendum to the treaty, she was obliged to pay £1.4 million of the Portuguese debt to Britain and compensate for expenses in the amount of £600,000 to Portugal itself. At the same time, the newly formed empire was to maintain the trade duties of Britain and Portugal on the Brazilian market and pledged to ban the slave trade in the future.

In the suburbs of Paris, Alexandre Dumas took part in the first duel in his life

It is still unclear by whom and for what reason she was appointed. The only known fact is that during the duel with Alexandre Dumas, his pants fell off. The writer generally had a quick temper, and subsequently he had to defend his honor more than once with a revolver.

In Japan, an order was issued to the Marine Guard to kill on the spot foreigners who landed on the shore.

The attitude towards foreigners in Japan deteriorated in the 17th century. The reason for this is the Shimabara uprising, largely inspired by European missionaries.

In 1637-1638, the Christian population of the Japanese principality of Shimabara rebelled against the cruelty and oppression of the ruler of the island. The rebels captured the ancient castle, hoisted Christian banners and crosses on it, and for ten months defended themselves against the government troops, which were many times superior in number to them. After the suppression of the uprising, more than 37 thousand rebels and sympathizers were beheaded.

The Tokugawa clan, which ruled Japan, fully appreciated the danger to the country of Christianization. European missionary activity in the country was banned, foreigners with whom missionaries arrived in the country - the Portuguese and Spaniards - were expelled, and Japan completely closed itself off from foreign influences and doomed itself to self-isolation for two centuries (until the beginning of the Meiji era). Foreigners were banned from entering Japan, and long-term trade relations with Portugal were interrupted. Throughout the 16th and 19th centuries, very weak contacts with the West continued to be maintained through the Dutch trade mission of Dejima, but were under the strictest control shogunate; in the 18th century, a quota was established for foreign ships entering Japanese ports - two ships a year.

Japanese politics closed doors”, called “sakoku” (literally “country on a chain”), was held by the Tokugawa shoguns for two centuries, from 1641 to 1853. In accordance with this policy, residents of Japan were forbidden to leave the country under pain of death, and foreigners, also under pain of death, were forbidden to visit it.

In 1811, Lieutenant Vasily Golovnin landed on Kunashir Island. He was arrested on charges of violating sakoku and spent two years in Japanese captivity. Thanks to the intercession of the influential Japanese merchant Takadai Kahei, whose trade turnover was comparable to that of the entire country, Golovnin and his companions were released, which was the first case in the history of Japan of the release of captives. It was after this incident in Japan that an order was issued to the marine guards to kill foreigners landing on the shore on the spot, in order to surely protect themselves from the invasion of foreigners.

In New York, mechanic Walter Hunt patented a safety pin.

A simple wire fastener was invented and patented by the mechanic Walter Hunt: at one end it had an annular spring, at the other, a small lamellar lock for the tip of the needle. With the help of his invention, Hunt hoped to pay off a debt of $ 15, and he succeeded: a few months later he sold his patent to the owner of a manufacturing company window fittings Charles Rowley for $400. Rowley, in turn, registered a patent in the UK, which is why safety pins began to be called English.

The safety pin has existed before. Similar devices, brooches, were used by many ancient peoples (Greeks and Romans, Celts, Germans, Slavs) as fasteners for raincoats and other types of clothing. However, Hunt was the first to revive the safety pin and managed to capitalize on it. In addition, in 1833, Hunt invented a sewing machine, but he did not produce it or even patent it, but sold his idea (and the rights to it).

France recognized the independence of the Republic of Haiti

Gaining independence was preceded by the Haitian revolution: it lasted 12 years (1791-1803) and became the only successful slave uprising in history that led to the formation of an independent state. The main demand of the rebels was the equalization of the rights of the white and colored population of Haiti.

The French government refused to meet their demands, and unrest broke out in Haiti. In July 1801, the colonial assembly adopted a constitution, according to which the island of Haiti (at that time called Saint-Domingue) remained a possession of France, but received autonomy. Slavery was finally abolished. However, Napoleon Bonaparte refused to recognize the constitution and sent an army to the island under the command of his relative Charles Leclerc to restore the power of France. France briefly managed to regain control of the island, but subsequent uprisings and the yellow fever epidemic that broke out in the ranks of the French significantly weakened their position (Leclerc himself died from the disease), and in 1803 Napoleon's army suffered a final defeat.

In 1804, the creation of an independent state of Haiti was announced, and in 1805 a constitution was adopted that abolished slavery and introduced a ban on the purchase of real estate by foreigners in Haiti. France still refused to recognize Haiti as an independent state, although in fact it no longer had any influence on it. By that time, there was not a single French citizen on the island: even during the Haitian revolution, more than 40 thousand colonists were massacred or fled the country.

In 1825, France nevertheless recognized the independence of Haiti, on the condition that the government of the island pay the former slave owners who suffered during the revolution of 1804 a gigantic indemnity - overall size 150 million francs.

Simón Bolivar elected supreme ruler of Bolivia

In 1810, the liberation campaign began in South America, yesterday's colonies become independent states- the Creole, who spent his youth in Europe and was inspired by the example of Napoleon, leads the struggle Creoles- descendants of European (Spanish, Portuguese, less often French) settlers in the territories of the colonies in North and South America. Simon Bolivar. By 1825, he will liberate Venezuela, New Granada (modern Colombia and Panama), the province of Quito (modern Ecuador) from Spanish domination. In 1819, he will become president of Great Colombia, created on the territory of these countries, in 1824 - president of Peru, and on August 18, 1825 - president of Upper Peru, which will immediately be renamed Bolivia in his honor. The formation of the Republic of Bolivia was part of Bolívar's massive plan to create the Southern United States, which was to include Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, La Plata and Chile. On June 22, 1826, Bolivar convened a congress in Panama from representatives of these states, but it soon collapsed.

Briefly? The coup attempt is surrounded by so many events and is characterized by so many nuances that entire books are devoted to it. This was the first organized protest against serfdom in Russia, which caused a huge resonance in society and had a significant impact on the political and social life the subsequent era of the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Nevertheless, in this article we will try to consecrate the Decembrist uprising briefly.

general information

December 14, 1825 in the capital Russian Empire- Petersburg - there was an attempted coup d'état. The uprising was organized by a group of like-minded nobles, most of whom were guards officers. The goal of the conspirators was the abolition of serfdom and the abolition of autocracy. It should be noted that in terms of its goals, the uprising was significantly different from all other conspiracies of the era of palace coups.

Union of Salvation

The War of 1812 had a significant impact on all aspects of people's lives. There were hopes for possible changes mainly to the abolition of serfdom. But in order to eliminate serfdom, it was necessary to constitutionally limit the monarchical power. The history of Russia of this period was marked by the massive creation on an ideological basis of communities of guard officers, the so-called artels. Of the two such artels, at the very beginning of 1816, its founder was Alexander Muravyov, Sergei Trubetskoy, Ivan Yakushkin, and later Pavel Pestel joined. The goals of the Union were the liberation of the peasants and the reform of state administration. Pestel in 1817 wrote the charter of the organization, most of the participants were in Masonic lodges, because the influence of the rituals of the Masons affected the everyday life of the Union. Disagreements among members of the community over the possibility of assassinating the tsar in the course of a coup d'etat caused the Union to be dissolved in the fall of 1817.

Welfare Union

At the beginning of 1818, the Welfare Union, a new secret society, was organized in Moscow. It included two hundred people who were preoccupied with the idea of ​​forming an advanced public opinion, creating a liberal movement. For this, it was supposed to organize legal charitable, literary, and educational organizations. More than ten union councils were founded throughout the country, including in St. Petersburg, Chisinau, Tulchin, Smolensk and other cities. “Side” councils were also formed, for example, the council of Nikita Vsevolzhsky, the “Green Lamp”. Members of the Union were to actively participate in public life, try to take high positions in the army, government agencies. The composition of the society changed regularly: the first members started families and retired from political affairs, they were replaced by new ones. In January 1821, for three days, a congress of the Welfare Union was held in Moscow, due to disagreements between supporters of the moderate and radical movements. The activities of the congress were led by Mikhail Fonvizin and it turned out that the scammers informed the government about the existence of the Union, and it was decided to formally dissolve it. This made it possible to get rid of people who got into the community by accident.

Reorganization

The dissolution of the Welfare Union was a step towards reorganization. New societies appeared: Northern (in St. Petersburg) and Southern (in Ukraine). The main role in the Northern society was played by Sergey Trubetskoy, Nikita Muravyov, later - Ryleyev Kondraty, famous poet, who rallied the fighting Republicans around him. The head of the organization was Pavel Pestel, the officers of the guard Mikhail Naryshkin, Ivan Gorstkin, naval officers Nikolai Chizhov and the brothers Bodisko, Mikhail and Boris took an active part. The Kryukov brothers (Nikolai and Alexander) and the Bobrischev-Pushkin brothers participated in the Southern Society: Pavel and Nikolai, Alexey Cherkasov, Ivan Avramov, Vladimir Likharev, Ivan Kireev.

Background of the events of December 1825

The year of the Decembrist uprising has come. The conspirators decided to take advantage of the difficult legal situation that developed around the right to the throne after the death of Alexander I. There was a secret document according to which Konstantin Pavlovich, the brother of the childless Alexander I, next in seniority to him, renounced the throne. Thus, the next brother, Nikolai Pavlovich, although he was extremely unpopular among the military bureaucratic elite, had an advantage. At the same time, even before the secret document was discovered, Nikolai hastened to renounce in favor of Konstantin from the rights to the throne under the onslaught of M. Miloradovich, the governor-general of St. Petersburg.

Change of power

On November 27, 1825, the history of Russia began a new round - formally appeared new emperor, Konstantin. Even a few coins were minted with his image. However, Constantine did not officially accept the throne, but he did not renounce it either. A very tense and ambiguous position of interregnum was created. As a result, Nicholas decided to declare himself emperor. The oath was set for December 14th. Finally came the change of power - the moment that members of the secret societies have been waiting for. It was decided to start the Decembrist uprising.

The uprising on December 14 was the result of the fact that, as a result of a long night meeting on the night of 13 to 14, the Senate nevertheless recognized the legal right of Nikolai Pavlovich to the throne. The Decembrists decided to prevent the Senate and the troops from taking the oath to the new tsar. It was impossible to hesitate, especially since the minister already had a huge number of denunciations on the table, and arrests could soon begin.

The history of the Decembrist uprising

The conspirators planned to occupy the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Winter Palace, arrest the royal family and, if certain circumstances arise, kill them. Sergei Trubetskoy was elected to lead the uprising. Further, the Decembrists wanted to demand from the Senate the publication of a national manifesto proclaiming the destruction of the old government and the establishment of a provisional government. Admiral Mordvinov and Count Speransky were supposed to be members of the new revolutionary government. The deputies were entrusted with the task of approving the constitution - the new fundamental law. If the Senate refused to announce a nationwide manifesto containing items on the abolition of serfdom, the equality of all before the law, democratic freedoms, the introduction of mandatory for all estates military service, the introduction of a jury trial, the election of officials, the abolition, etc., it was decided to force him to do this forcibly.

Then it was planned to convene an All-People's Council, which would decide the choice of the form of government: a republic or If a republican form were chosen, the royal family should have been expelled from the country. Ryleev at first suggested sending Nikolai Pavlovich to Fort Ross, but then he and Pestel conceived the murder of Nikolai and, perhaps, Tsarevich Alexander.

December 14 - Decembrist uprising

Let us briefly describe what happened on the day of the coup attempt. Early in the morning, Ryleyev turned to Kakhovskiy with a request to enter the Winter Palace and kill Nikolai. He initially agreed, but then refused. By eleven in the morning, the Moscow Guards Regiment, the Grenadier Regiment, and the sailors of the Guards Naval Crew were withdrawn. In total - about three thousand people. However, a couple of days before the Decembrist uprising of 1825 began, Nikolai was warned about the intentions of members of the secret communities by the Decembrist Rostovtsev, who considered the uprising unworthy of noble honor, and the chief of the General Staff, Dibich. Already at seven in the morning, the senators took the oath to Nicholas and proclaimed him emperor. Trubetskoy, appointed leader of the uprising, did not appear on the square. The regiments on Senatskaya continued to stand and wait for the conspirators to come to a common opinion on the appointment of a new leader.

Climax events

On this day, the history of Russia was being made. Count Miloradovich, who appeared before the soldiers on horseback, began to say that if Constantine refused to be emperor, then there was nothing to be done. Obolensky, who had left the ranks of the rebels, urged Miloradovich to leave, and then, seeing that he did not react, he lightly wounded him in the side with a bayonet. Kakhovsky at the same time shot the count with a pistol. Prince Mikhail Pavlovich and Colonel Stürler tried to bring the soldiers into obedience, but all attempts were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the rebels twice repulsed the attack of the horse guards, led by Alexei Orlov.

Tens of thousands of residents of St. Petersburg gathered on the square, they sympathized with the rebels and threw stones and logs at Nicholas and his retinue. As a result, two "rings" of people were formed. One surrounded the rebels and consisted of those who came earlier, the other was formed from those who came later, the gendarmes did not let them into the square, so people stood behind the government troops that surrounded the Decembrists. Such an environment was dangerous, and Nicholas, doubting his success, decided to prepare the members royal family carriages in case of need to escape to Tsarskoye Selo.

Unequal Forces

The newly-made emperor understood that the results of the Decembrist uprising might not be in his favor, so he asked the metropolitans Eugene and Seraphim to turn to the soldiers with a request to retreat. This did not bring results, and Nikolai's fears intensified. Nevertheless, he managed to take the initiative into his own hands, while the rebels chose a new leader (Prince Obolensky was appointed to him). Government troops outnumbered the army of the Decembrists by more than four times: nine thousand infantry bayonets, three thousand cavalry sabers were assembled, later artillerymen were called (thirty-six guns), in total - about twelve thousand people. The rebels, as already noted, numbered three thousand.

Defeat of the Decembrists

When guards artillery appeared from the side of Admiralteisky Boulevard, Nikolai ordered a volley of grapeshot to be fired at the "mob" that was on the roofs of the Senate and neighboring houses. The Decembrists responded with rifle fire, and then, under a hail of buckshot, they fled. Shots continued after them, the soldiers rushed onto the ice of the Neva in order to move to Vasilyevsky Island. On the Neva ice, Bestuzhev made an attempt to establish battle order and go on the offensive again. The troops lined up, but were fired upon by cannon balls. The ice cracked, people drowned. The plan failed, hundreds of corpses lay on the streets and squares by nightfall.

Arrest and trial

Questions about the year in which the Decembrist uprising took place and how it ended will probably not be answered by many today. However, this event largely influenced the subsequent history of Russia. The significance of the Decembrist uprising cannot be underestimated - they were the first in the empire to create a revolutionary organization, develop a political program, prepare and implement an armed uprising. At the same time, the rebels were not ready for the trials that followed after the uprising. Some of them after the trial were executed by hanging (Ryleev, Pestel, Kakhovsky and others), the rest were exiled to Siberia and other places. A split occurred in society: some supported the tsar, others supported the failed revolutionaries. And the surviving revolutionaries themselves, defeated, shackled, captured, lived in deep spiritual anguish.

Finally

How the Decembrist uprising took place was briefly described in the article. They were driven by one desire - to oppose the autocracy and serfdom in Russia in a revolutionary way. For enthusiastic young men, outstanding military men, philosophers and economists, prominent thinkers, the coup attempt became an exam: someone showed strengths, someone weak, someone showed determination, courage, self-sacrifice, and someone began to hesitate, could not save the sequence of actions, retreated.

The historical significance of the Decembrist uprising lies in the fact that they laid the foundations of revolutionary traditions. Their speech marked the beginning of the further development of liberation thoughts in serf Russia.

1801 - 1825. BOARD of his son Alexander I Pavlovich

1801 - Decree on amnesty, liberal measures, establishment of the Permanent Council. Restoration of the “Charter to the nobility” canceled by Paul I. Legalization Masonic lodges. Settlement of relations with England. Peace of Paris with France.

1802 - Reform of the Senate, establishment of ministries.

1803-1813 - War with Prussia.

1805 - War between Russia and Austria against Napoleon. Defeat at Austerlitz.

1805 – 1806. Russian-Turkish union treaty. Occupation of Bessarabia, Moldavia and Wallachia. Capture of Baku. 1806-1812 - War between Russia and Turkey.

1807 — Russo-Prussian union convention. Russian defeat at Friedland.

Treaty of Tilsit for a defensive alliance with France. Accession of Russia to the continental blockade of England.

1808-1809 - War with Sweden.

1808 — Erfurt date Alexander I and Napoleon the conclusion of the convention.

1809 - Russian detachments near Stockholm. Dana Constitution Finland. Convention with France. Regarding Poland."Plan of State Transformation" M.M. Speransky.

1810 - REFORM M.M. Speransky. Establishment of the State Council.

1812-1815. Patriotic War. Battle of Borodino. Napoleon's entry into Moscow. Retreat of the "Great Army". Napoleon safely crossed the Berezina and recruited a new army in Paris. 1813 — Armistice with Austria. Russian entry into Berlin, Hamburg, Lübeck and Dresden. 1814 - Surrender of Paris. Treatise on the abdication of Napoleon. Peace treaty with France.

1814-1815 - Participation of Russia in the Congress of Vienna. Vienna Declaration and Treaty of the Union. Accession of Poland. Act of the Holy Alliance. Parisian peace treatise. The first Russian steamship.

1816 - The emergence of the "Union of Salvation"- Decembrist organization. Riot of military settlements in the Novgorod province.

1818 - Opening of the Polish Sejm. Formation of a secret society "Union of Prosperity".

1819 — Opening of Petersburg University. Revolt in Georgia.

1820 — Unrest in the Semyonovsky regiment.

1821 - Organization of the Northern and Southern societies in the Guard and in the Army with the aim of overthrowing (and even killing) the Emperor and establishing constitutional monarchy or a parliamentary republic.

1822 - Decree on the prohibition of "secret societies" (Masonic lodges).

1823 - Organization of the "Society of United Slavs". congress Southern Society in Kiev.

1824 — Verdict in the case of a secret society in Vilna. Mass expulsion of Poles to Russia. The conclusion of the Russian-American convention.

Nicholas I to the throne. Establishment of the Commission of Inquiry on the case of the "Decembrists"

1825 - 1855. BOARD Nicholas I

1826 - Clash of the Chernigov regiment with troops loyal to the king. Formation of the Corps of Gendarmes and the III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Verdict of the Supreme Criminal Court in the case of "Decembrists". The invasion of Persian troops in the Caucasus. victory over the Persians.

1829 — Murder in Tehran A.S. Griboyedov, the defeat of the Russian mission. Occupation of Erzerum. The transition of the Russian army through the Balkans. Peace of Adrianople with Turkey. The beginning of the struggle of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya for independence from Russia (with the help of England)

1830 - 1831 - "Cholera riots". Polish uprising. Deprivation by the Sejm of the Russian tsars of the Polish throne. Election Adam Czartoryski head of the national government. The suppression of the uprising by Russian troops.

1838-1840 - Campaign of the Russian detachment to Khiva. Chechen uprising.

1840 - Armed uprising in Ossetia, a movement of highlanders led by Shamil.

1847-1876 - The conquest of Central Asia.

1848 — Manifesto of Nicholas I countering revolutions by force of arms. Harvest failure in many provinces of the empire. Registered by the police 70 "cases of disobedience of the peasants".

1849 - Arrests Petrashevists . Manifesto on the assistance of Austria in the suppression of the revolution in Hungary. The entry of Russian troops into Galicia and Transylvania. A verdict to the Petrashevites. Convention Concerning the Maintenance of Russian Troops in Austria, Registered by the Police Authorities six "indignations of working people in plants and factories, and forty-two "cases of peasant disobedience."

1850 - Russia has 23.3 million inhabitants.

1851 — Opening of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway. Extradition by Austria of anarchist M.A. Bakunin.

1852 - Proposals of Nicholas I on the division of Turkey.

1853 - The beginning of work in London of the "Free Russian Printing House" by A.I. Herzen with Rothschild money.

1853 1856 — Crimean War. 1853 — Russia's war with Turkey. The destruction of the Turkish squadron in the Sinop roadstead. 1854 - defensive alliance between England and France Turkey vs. Russia , declaration of war. The landing of allied troops in Evpatoria, the beginning of the siege of Sevastopol, the battle of Inkerman.

1855-1881 - The reign of Alexander II.

1855 - Capture of the Malakhov Kurgan by the allies. Fall of Sevastopol.

1856 - Treaty of Paris: Russia was forbidden to have military bases and a fleet on the Black Sea, Russia ceded the southern part of Bessarabia, recognized the collective protectorate of the great powers over Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia and the denial of "protection" of the Orthodox subjects of the Turkish Empire.

1856 - PREPARATION FOR REFORM. Amnesty for the Decembrists.

1859 - The capture of Shamil. The work of the editorial committees for the drafting of the peasant reform.

1861 - Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants. Peasant uprising in the village of Abyss Kazan province. Unrest of the peasants in a number of provinces of the empire. Establishment of the Council of Ministers. Secret organization "Velikoruss". Circle of Agripopulo-Zaichnevsky.

1861-1874 - Institute of peace mediators created in connection with the liberation of the peasants.

1862 — Arrests of D.I. Pisarev, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov. The emergence of the "Land and Freedom" society.

1863 — Uprising in Poland. Military convention with Prussia vs. Polish uprising.

1864 - Regulations on zemstvo institutions. The defeat of the Polish uprising. Judicial reform. The conquest of the Western Caucasus, the eviction of the highlanders to the Kuban, the emigration of the Circassians.

1865 — Foundation of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow. Capture of Tashkent.

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTIONARY TERROR

1866 — Attempted D.V. Karakozov on AlexanderI. . Rescript of the emperor on the fight against revolutionaries and liberals. Colonization of Estonia and Courland. Military operations against Bukhara.

1867 - Sale of Alaska to the United States. Military judicial reform. Establishment of the institution of elected magistrates. 1869 - Student unrest in St. Petersburg. Circles of "People's Reprisal" S.G. Nechaev.

1871 — Conference in London to revise the Paris Treaty. Russian capture of Kulja. Process Nechaevs in Petersburg.

1872 - Release of the first volume of Marx's "Capital". Date German, Austrian and Russian emperors in Berlin. Workers' strikes"Krenholmskaya manufactory" and other enterprises.

1873 - Conclusion of the Union of the Three Emperors (until 1879). The trial of S. Nechaev.

1873-1874 - "Walking to the people" - "enlightenment conspiracy".

1874 — Charter on universal military service. Unrest of workers in many industrial enterprises. Case "dolgushintsev".

1875 — Treatise with Japan about the exchange Kuril Islands to the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The capture of Kokand by Russian troops. "South Russian Union of Workers". Land tax.

1876 — emergence "Northern Union of Russian Workers" and "Northern Revolutionary Populist Group". Demonstration on Kazanskaya Square in St. Petersburg.

1876 — Berlin Memorandum of Russia, Austria and Germany with requirements for Turkey. Agreement between Alexander II and Franz Joseph on the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria, Southwestern Bessarabia - Russia.

1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war. The transition of the Russian army across the Danube. The assault and siege of Plevnm, the battle on Shipka, the capture of Kars and Sofia. San Stefano world; the independence of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria; Russia received Batum, Ardakan, Kars, Bayazet and South Bessarabia.

1877 — Processes on cases of demonstration on Kazanskaya Square and "fifty".

1878 — Shot V.I. Zasulich in F.F. Trepov. Murder S.M. Kravchinsky N.V. Mezentseva. Supreme command to transfer cases of terrorists to military courts. Organization's activities "Land and freedom". Student unrest, strikes.

1879 - The Treaty of Constantinople, which approved the changes adopted at the Berlin Congress.

1879 — The murder of the Kharkov governor D.N. Kropotkin. Assassination attempt on L.F. Mirsky on the chief of the gendarmes A.R. Drenteln. Assassination attempt on A. K. Solovyov to Alexander II. Lipetsk congress of landowners. The collapse of "Land and Freedom" into the parties "People's Will" and "Black Repartition" at the Voronezh Congress. Failed assassination attempt on Alexander II in Nikolaev. Meeting of Alexander II with Wilhelm I. Akhal-Teke (Turkmenistan) expedition. Defensive alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia. Two assassination attempts on Alexander II on the railroad.

1880 — Explosion in the Winter Palace."Supreme Administrative Commission" M.T. Loris-Melikova. Abolition of Section III and formation of the Police Department. "The Case of Sixteen" Narodnaya Volya. Formation of a military organization People's Will».

1880-1881 - Akhal-Teke expedition of M.D. Skobelev.

1881-1894. GOVERNING BODY Alexander III

1881 — The “Constitution” of Loris-Melikov was rejected. Formation of the "Holy Squad". Execution of the First March. Formation of the Commission for drafting a new Code. Meeting of Alexander III with Wilhelm I."Regulations on enhanced security." Convention on the establishment of boundaries with Persia. Renewal of the Union of the Three Emperors (until 1885).

1882 - The Law on the Restriction of Child Labor and the Establishment of the Factory Inspectorate. Manufacturers protest. Student unrest, strikes. "Process of twenty" Narodnaya Volya. The appearance in St. Petersburg of telephones "for private needs."

1883 — People's Will processes in Odessa and Petersburg. Formation of the "Emancipation of Labor" group. The murder of gendarme lieutenant colonel G.P. Sudeikin at the apartment of the provocateur S.P. Degaev.

The first Marxists in Russia― group of D. Blagoev.

1884 — The conquest of the Merv oasis. Commission for the development of measures to combat the revolutionary movement. Treatise with Korea. "Process of fourteen" Narodnaya Volya. Liquidation of the remnants of the executive committee of the "Narodnaya Volya". "Process of twelve" Narodnaya Volya in Kiev.

1886 - Agreement with Prussia on the mutual extradition of participants in the revolutionary movement. Organization of the terrorist group "Narodnaya Volya". Start of construction of the Trans-Caspian railway,

1887 — Law on the limitation of the publicity of the court. Assassination attempt on Alexander III. Circular P.S. Vannovsky about the "mandatory death sentence" in military courts for political cases. Circular "on cook's children" - new rules for admission to educational institutions.

1889 — Law on the strengthening of the police at factories and factories. Murders of political prisoners in Yakutsk. Withdrawal of cases of political and malfeasance from the jurisdiction of the jury.

Marxist circles in various cities Russia.

1890 — Revision of laws on the work of minors and adolescents, which worsened their situation. Strikes, strikes, student demonstrations. The beginning of the rise of industrial production.

1891 - Famine in some provinces of Russia.

An attempt in Japan on the heir to the throne Nikolai Alexandrovich. Arrival of the French squadron. Russian-French agreement. Foundation of the Free Russian Press in London.

1892 — Strikes in the Kingdom of Poland. Secret military convention with France.

1892-1894 - Cholera epidemic. Death of AlexanderIII. Marriage of NicholasII