Limiting contacts between citizens of opposing camps
Fierce intelligence struggle, military-industrial espionage.
Usage various means negative impact to develop the enemy's economy.
Struggle for influence in third world countries, for their involvement in the orbit of their interests.
4) Arms Race(first of all, the development and deployment of new types of weapons of mass destruction, increasing their number):
§ Plans atomic bombings USSR by the United States
§ 1949 - the creation of the Soviet atomic bomb
7) Checking the enemy in numerous local and regional conflicts:
§ The split of Germany in 1949 into two states - the FRG and the GDR - as a result of the Berlin crisis of 1948.
§ The Korean War 1950 - 1953 - a direct clash between the USSR and the United States. As a result, Korea is divided into 2 states: South Korea(pro-American state) and North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) (pro-Soviet state)
9) Psychological treatment of the population in the spirit of hostility, hatred towards the opposite side. Formation of the "enemy image" of its own population in relation to the ideological enemy. In the USSR, this policy was manifested in the creation of the "iron curtain" - a system of international self-isolation. In the United States, "McCarthyism" is being carried out - the persecution of supporters of "left" ideas.
10) Putting forward attractive ideas, their dissemination.
One of the leading directions of foreign policy in post-war years was establishing friendly relations with states of Eastern Europe. Soviet diplomacy provided assistance to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in preparing peace treaties with them (signed in Paris in 1947). In accordance with trade agreements, the Soviet Union supplied the Eastern European states on preferential terms with grain, raw materials for industry, fertilizers for Agriculture. In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between the countries, an intergovernmental economic organization was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). It included Albania (until 1961), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and since 1949 - the GDR. The seat of the CMEA Secretariat was Moscow. One of the reasons for the creation of the CMEA was the boycott of trade relations by the Western countries with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.
The main directions of relations between the USSR and Eastern European countries were determined by bilateral treaties between them. Provided for military and other types of assistance in the event that one of the parties becomes involved in hostilities. It was planned to develop economic and cultural ties, hold conferences on international issues, affecting the interests of the contracting parties.
Already at the initial stage of cooperation between the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe, contradictions and conflicts manifested themselves in their relations. They were mainly associated with the search and choice of the path of building socialism in these states. According to the leaders of some countries, in particular V. Gomulka (Poland) and K. Gottwald (Czechoslovakia), the Soviet path of development was not the only one for building socialism. The desire of the USSR leadership to approve the Soviet model of building socialism, to unify the ideological and political concepts Led to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict ... The reason for this was the refusal of Yugoslavia to participate in the federation with Bulgaria recommended by the Soviet leaders. In addition, the Yugoslav side refused to fulfill the terms of the agreement on obligatory consultations with the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. The Yugoslav leaders were accused of abandoning joint actions with the socialist countries. In August 1949, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
On Far East The USSR actively supported the construction of communism in China. In 1947-1949 in China there was Civil War led by the Chinese Communist Party against the Kuomintang regime. V 1949 year, with the help of the USSR, the Chinese Communist Party won. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed, The USSR and the PRC became close partners, with the USSR playing the leading role in the partnership. The Soviet Union provided China with enormous economic assistance and sent specialists and workers there.
The results of the foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 40s - early 50s were contradictory. Strengthened its position in the international arena. At the same time, the policy of confrontation between East and West contributed significantly to the growth of tensions in the world.
1.4 USSR and the victorious countries in solving the German question
The most important and the hardest problem post-war peace settlement, further relations of the great powers was the German question. His decision was complicated by the fact that Germany was divided into four zones of occupation.
The Paris Conferences of April 1946 and the Peace Conference, held in Paris from July 29 to October 15, 1946, were mainly devoted to
In the first half of 1948, a series of meetings of representatives of the United States, England, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg took place in London, which culminated in a decision to create the Federal Republic of Germany and hold elections there. In protest against this decision, the Soviet side withdrew from the union for control of Berlin, which led to the liquidation of the four-sided administration of Berlin. Western countries responded by issuing a new currency - the mark, common to their three zones. In turn, the USSR, a few days later, introduced a new currency in its zone, declaring that it would be circulating throughout Berlin. On June 24, 1948, the USSR establishes a complete land blockade of the western sectors of Berlin, the supply of which until May 1949 will be carried out via an air bridge.
On May 23, 1949, the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany was announced. In response to this, convened in East Berlin National Assembly adopted the Constitution of "democratic indivisible Germany". On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed, to which the Soviet Union transferred all civil powers.
Separate, splitting actions of the great powers put an end to the unity of Germany and led to a sharp aggravation of the international situation.
1.5 Formation of the world socialist system headed by the USSR
The liberation of the countries of Eastern Europe by the Red Army took place with the participation of national-patriotic forces, which led to the victory of the people's democratic revolutions in many of them. Revolutionary transformations in the countries of Europe, as well as in China, Korea and Vietnam took place in a difficult internal and international situation, in conditions of a fierce class struggle in each country and constant interference in their internal affairs by world powers. The struggle was on a fundamental issue - the further path of political and socio-economic development.
The liberation carried great political influence. With the support of the Soviet command of the communist and workers' parties in a number of countries, socialist transformations began with all negative consequences Soviet experience. A new politicized bloc of states of the socialist community began to form, which naturally led to an exacerbation of the contradictions between the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in the division of spheres of influence.
In Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia left-wing, democratic forces came to power. The new governments created in them were headed by representatives of the communist and workers' parties. Their leaders spent in their countries agrarian reforms, the nationalization of large-scale industry, banks and transport. The established political organization of society was called people's democracy. It was seen as one of the forms of the proletarian dictatorship.
In 1947, representatives of the communist parties in Eastern Europe created the Communist Information Bureau (Cominformburo). The conference documents formulated the thesis of the division of the world into two camps - imperialist and democratic. The provision on two camps, on the confrontation on the world stage of two social systems was the basis of the foreign policy views of the leadership of the USSR.
In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between the countries of Eastern Europe, an economic organization was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. (CMEA). One of the reasons for the creation of the CMEA was the boycott of trade relations by the Western countries with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.
However, already at the initial stage of cooperation between the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe, contradictions appeared in their relations. In the opinion of the leaders of some countries, the Soviet path of development was not the only one for building socialism. The USSR's aspiration to approve the model Soviet system development led to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. The Yugoslav side refused to fulfill the terms of the agreement on obligatory consultations with the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. In August 1949, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia. The consequences of the rupture were dire for Yugoslavia. Since all of her economic agreements with Eastern European countries were canceled, she found herself in a blockade.
Elsewhere in eastern Europe, under the control of "advisers" from the Stalinist MGB, there were two waves of purges. The first was directed against the national political leaders replaced by "Muscovites" - people with their past more closely associated with the USSR. The second hit the communists of a predominantly Jewish nationality; their main crime was that, being in the past members of the international brigades or working in the Comintern, they witnessed the Stalinist methods of "cleansing" in the late thirties, now applied in the communist parties of Eastern European countries. Daily criticism of "Hitler-fascist titoism" and the hunt for deviators of all stripes were supposed to show the impossibility of any other path to socialism, except for the chosen USSR.
This is how the alliance of socialist-oriented states of the communist-Stalinist type was formed. Moreover, the weakest political regimes were reinforced by the presence Soviet troops in Romania, Hungary. Poland, Czechoslovakia and the GDR. Political and military pressure was compounded by the economic influence of the USSR.
Man, and the significant contribution that the dependent peoples made to the victory over fascism contributed to the growth of their national and political self-awareness. The elimination of the hotbed of aggression in Europe determined the outcome of the Second World War, but Japan still remained a dangerous adversary. She counted on waging a protracted war. Japan had over 7 million people, 10 aircraft and about 500 ...
Forces in the East and dealt a decisive blow in Western Europe. In April 1940, the Germans occupied Denmark almost without losses and landed airborne assault forces in Norway. Soviet Union during the Second World War and economic recovery / In May 1940, German troops, having captured Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg, bypassed the Maginot Line from the north and reached the English Channel through northern France. Here at ...
Evidenced by the fact that a total of 42 countries were represented on it. Of the 50 original members of the UN in 1945, 20 were Latin American countries. CONCLUSION Basically, the participation of the Latin American republics in the Second World War was expressed in the supply of strategic materials, raw materials and food to the belligerent members of the anti-fascist coalition, mainly the United States - copper, tin, mercury, ...
Since 1948, the situation has gradually improved, and in the 50s. industrial production growth rates unprecedented before were noted. As a result of world wars and the crisis of the early 1930s, the period from 1914 to 1950 was marked by very modest economic indicators. In fact, only the United States of America was able to take advantage of the state of war to some extent in order to increase its “...
FOREIGN POLICY
The victory in the Patriotic War increased the authority of the USSR. In 1945 he had diplomatic relations with 52 states (against 26 in pre-war years). The Soviet Union hosted Active participation in the solution of major international issues, and above all in the settlement of the post-war situation in Europe.
In seven countries of Central and Eastern Europe, left-wing, democratic forces came to power. The new governments created in them were headed by representatives of the communist and workers' parties.
In 1947, at a meeting of representatives of nine communist parties in Eastern Europe, the Communist Information Bureau (Cominformburo) was created. It was entrusted with the coordination of the actions of the Communist Parties of the states of people's democracy, which began to call themselves socialist. The meeting documents formulated the thesis about dividing the world into two camps imperialist and democratic, anti-imperialist.
Friendship treaties were concluded between the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe and mutual assistance. Identical contracts tied Soviet Union with GDR established on the territory of East Germany by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The countries have reached an agreement on joint actions in the event of aggression by any of the states. Diplomatic relations were established with the states that gained independence as a result of the national liberation that unfolded in them.
With the ending Patriotic War there were changes in the relationship between the USSR and the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition ... Cold War This name was given to the foreign policy course pursued by both sides in relation to each other during the second half of the 40s and early 90s. He was characterized primarily by hostile political actions of the parties... The USSR Foreign Ministers of the initial period " cold war"were VM Molotov, and since 1949 AD. Vyshinsky. The confrontation of the parties clearly manifested itself in 1947 in connection with the USA by Marshall Plan... The program developed by the US Secretary of State J. Marshall provided for the provision of economic assistance European countries suffered during the Second World War. The USSR and the countries of people's democracies were invited to participate in the conference on this occasion. The Soviet government regarded the Marshall plan as a weapon of anti-Soviet policy and refused to participate in the conference.
One of the manifestations of the Cold War was the formation of political and military-political blocs. In 1949, the Alliance (NATO) was created. It included USA, Canada and several states Western Europe... Two years later, a military-political alliance was signed between USA, Australia and New Zealand (ANZUS)... The formation of these blocs helped to strengthen the position of the United States in different regions of the world.
In the face of increased confrontation in the relationship of the former allies, the Soviet Union worked against the propaganda of a new war. The main arena of his activities was United Nations Organization (UN). This international organization was created in 1945. It united 51 states. Its goal was to strengthen peace and security and the development of cooperation between states.
The confrontation of the former allies reached its greatest severity at the turn of the 40-50s in connection with the Korean War. In 1950, the leadership of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea made an attempt to unite the two Korean states under their leadership. In the opinion of the Soviet leaders, this association could strengthen the position of the anti-imperialist camp in this region of Asia.
Soviet diplomacy provided assistance to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in the preparation of peace treaties with them (signed in Paris in 1947). In accordance with trade agreements, the Soviet Union supplied the Eastern European states on preferential terms with grain, raw materials for industry, and fertilizers for agriculture. In 1949 d. in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between countries an intergovernmental economic organization, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. It included Albania (until 1961), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and since 1949 the GDR... One of the reasons for the creation of the CMEA was the boycott of trade relations by the Western countries with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.
May 14, 1955 - OVD, the bipolarity of the world for 34 years. The conclusion of the treaty was a response to the FRG's accession to NATO. The treaty was signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR and Czechoslovakia.
Already at the initial stage of cooperation between the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe, contradictions and conflicts manifested themselves in their relations. They were mainly associated with the search and choice of the path of building socialism in these states. According to the leaders of some countries, in particular V. Gomulka (Poland) and K. Gottwald (Czechoslovakia), the Soviet path of development was not the only one for building socialism. The desire of the USSR leadership to approve the Soviet model of building socialism, to unify ideological and political concepts led to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict... The reason for this was the refusal of Yugoslavia to participate in the federation with Bulgaria recommended by the Soviet leaders. The Yugoslav leaders were accused of abandoning joint actions with the socialist countries. In August 1949, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
Outcomes foreign policy activities of the USSR in the second half of the 40s and early 50s were contradictory. Strengthened its position in the international arena. In the same time East-West confrontation policy contributed greatly growing tensions in the world.
Difficulties in the economic sphere, ideologization of social and political life, the increase in international tension such were the results of the development of society in the first post-war years. During this period, the regime of personal power of I.V. Stalin, tightened command and control system... During the same years in public consciousness More and more the idea of the need for changes in society was clearly formed. The death of I.V. Stalin (March 1953) made it easier to find a way out of the contradictions that entangled all spheres of public life.
The first really serious gap in the "socialist camp" was the initial period of its creation and, it seemed, in its most reliable place - in Soviet-Yugoslav relations. After the end of the Second World War, Soviet-Yugoslav relations were the most friendly. This was facilitated by the heroic struggle People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia led by the leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) Joseph Broz Tito against the fascist invaders.
However, since the end of 1947, relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia, and in fact between Stalin and Tito, began to deteriorate. This arose not only " Tito's excessive foreign policy ambitions"(Claims of Yugoslavia in Trieste, encroachments on the Austrian south Carinthia, the Greek part of Macedonia, the spread of the decisive influence of Yugoslavia in Albania), but primarily because Tito was a bright personality and aspired to an independent policy, unlike those puppet communist leaders who were implanted by Stalin in the satellite countries.
The first disagreements began over the creation of Balkan Federation, for which at the beginning of the 20th century, with the aim of uniting the workers' movement in the Balkans, Lenin strongly advocated. In late 1947 Tito and the communist leader of Bulgaria Georgy Dimitrov in the city of Bleda (Yugoslavia) agreed on the phased implementation of this idea. Stalin did not like this, because, in his opinion, it would enable Tito, the influential Balkan leader, to significantly expand his influence in the Balkans. January 28, 1948 the newspaper " Truth "Came out with an article against the Balkan Federation, calling this idea" false" and " artificial».
However, Stalin soon changed his mind, hoping through his influence on Dimitrov to be able to use the socialist Balkan Federation as a significant factor in increasing his influence in the international arena. On February 10, 1948, Stalin convened in Moscow Soviet-Bulgarian-Yugoslavian a meeting at which he put forward his requirements for such a federation. They did not suit Tito, and on March 1, Yugoslavia rejected the Soviet conditions of the federation. From March to June, disputes on other issues arose in the correspondence on this matter. They rose to the point of a crisis in Soviet-Yugoslav relations. Tito acted firmly, even defiantly: he removed two pro-Soviet ministers from his government, refused to appear before Cominform in the form of the accused. None of the leaders of the satellite countries could afford such a thing.
Stalin recalled Soviet specialists from Yugoslavia and threatened to cut off economic aid to Yugoslavia. June 27, 1948 at a meeting Cominform in Bucharest a joint statement was made, which contained strong condemnation “ shameful, pro-Turkish regime "Tito and called upon" healthy forces"The CPY to force its leaders" openly and honestly admit your mistakes and correct them". In case of refusal - change the management, " nominate a new international leadership of the CPY". But the IV Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in July 1948 unanimously rejected all accusations and fully supported Tito.
After that, Sgalin in August 1948 denounced Soviet-Yugoslavian treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance on April 11, 1945 Soviet propaganda began to shame Tito in every possible way, calling him “ Hitler-Trotskyist agent". The Yugoslav press did not remain in debt. Bilateral insults and accusations began. On August 11, the USSR announced that it could not treat Yugoslavia as an ally and considered it a hostile state. November 25, 1948 The USSR officially broke off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
Tito was the only communist leader who dared to contradict " great genius of all times and peoples ”, And Yugoslavia was the only socialist power where Stalin could not dispose of as at home. And although Yugoslavia found itself in a difficult position, it did not become an "easy prey" for the West, as some wanted. Tito signed an agreement with the United States on the inviolability of American investments in Yugoslavian industry, for which the United States unfrozen Yugoslav funds in the United States and on September 8, 1949 provided Yugoslavia with a loan for $ 20 million... On December 28, 1948, Yugoslavia entered into a trade agreement with Great Britain and resumed trade relations with Italy. However, Tito rejected the proposal made to him in 1951 on Yugoslavia's joining NATO, repeatedly reproached this bloc for anti-communism, and in the international arena Yugoslavia took an impartial position towards the USSR and other socialist countries.
Stalin raged and was extremely hostile to Yugoslavia. Fearing that Tigo's position might find followers among the communist leaders of the satellite states, especially those who did not sit in Moscow during the war, but led the Resistance Movement in their countries and enjoyed great prestige among the people, Stalin soon after the war held two " cleaning waves»Among the party and state leaders of the satellite countries. During the first "wave"(1948-1949) were eliminated " national leaders»: In Poland - L. Gomulka (arrested), in Hungary - Laszlo Raik, in Bulgaria - Traycho Kostov, in Slovakia - Clementis (all shot). In time " second wave"(1950-1952) were mainly destroyed" cosmopolitans"(Jews): in Czechoslovakia - Slansky and 13 more people with him (over them" open process "Like Moscow ones), in Romania - the old communist Anna Pauker (all shot). Some of these people fought against fascism in the international brigades in Spain, others fought against the Nazis during the Second World War. They were replaced by those who, during the war, sat in Moscow on Stalin's special rations and were considered obedient and submissive.
In 1952, by order of Stalin, the Soviet special services began to prepare a sabotage action with the aim of destroying Tito. It was not completed in time due to the death of Stalin.
The gap between the USSR and Yugoslavia proved that the Marxist statement that “ antagonistic contradictions"Between socialist countries excluded, is erroneous.
Head of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito who managed independently, with the support of Western countries, and not only Soviet Union, to form the armed forces during the Second World War to fight the Germans, was the least of all Eastern European communists owed its rise to Stalin.
Unlike other Eastern European communist governments, there was no problem of diplomatic recognition from the United States and Britain. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia in the first post-war years occupied a special, more influential position in the communist bloc. The Yugoslav capital, Belgrade, was chosen as the seat Cominform- heir Comintern.
The main Kominform newspaper, "For a Lasting Peace, for People's Democracy!" Was also published here.
Josip Broz Tito.
Tito avoided following the semi-vowel agreements on spheres of influence in the Balkans, which the USSR and the Western powers concluded during the war years behind the backs of the Balkan countries themselves. However, Belgrade did not question the leadership of the Soviet Union in the world communist movement. In Yugoslavia, industry and banks were nationalized and the private sector was destroyed.
Following the example of other Eastern European vassals of Moscow, she refused to take part in the Marshall Plan.
The hour of truth. History of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict
The reason for the conflict between Belgrade and Moscow was the intention of Tito and the leader of the Bulgarian communists G.
Dimitrov to create a federation of South Slavs in the Balkans, which would help and remove the Bulgarian-Yugoslav conflicts over Macedonia. This federation could prove attractive for connecting other neighbors. In Europe, then the issues of concluding a multilateral convention on the Danube were discussed.
If the project of the federation had grown to the scale of Balkan-Danube cooperation, the center of Eastern European politics would have shifted to Yugoslavia, and a semblance of a two-center would have appeared in the “socialist camp”. This did not suit Moscow.
The USSR first supported the "soft" version of the federation proposed by Dimitrov, according to which Bulgaria and Yugoslavia turned out to be equal parts of it.
But Tito advocated a tougher project - a unified state.
Pug Tito. Soviet cartoon of the era of Stalin's conflict with Yugoslavia
From mid-1947
Stalin began to accuse the leaders of Yugoslavia of striving to achieve an exceptional position. Meanwhile, Dimitrov and Tito began to talk about an all-Balkan unification, including Romania, Hungary, Albania and Greece (in case of a victory of the communists in it).
G. Dimitrov even admitted the possibility of including Poland and Czechoslovakia.
On February 10, 1948, the Yugoslav and Bulgarian leaders were invited to Moscow, where they were told about the inadmissibility of a foreign policy not coordinated with the USSR, and Stalin's conversation with Tito was offensive to the latter. Dimitrov yielded to the pressure, but Tito did not. After a closed exchange of letters that lasted for several months, Stalin demanded that the issue be brought up for consideration by the Cominform.
On June 28, 1948, at the Cominform meeting in Bucharest, a resolution "On the situation in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia" was adopted. The CPY was expelled from the Cominform, and the leaders of the latter called on the "healthy forces" within the Yugoslav Communist Party to oust Tito.
The CPY rejected the resolution. Soviet-Yugoslav relations were severed. Moscow ended trade with Belgrade and withdrew economic advisers from Yugoslavia.
A hunt for "Titoists" and supporters of national models of communism began throughout Eastern Europe.
Prominent communists became its victims: Lucreziu Patrascanu (Romania), Laszlo Raik (Hungary), Traicho Kostov (Bulgaria), Kochi Dzodze (Albania). In Poland, for a "right-wing nationalist deviation" was removed from office and subjected to house arrest Vladislav Gomulka- General Secretary of the Central Committee of the ruling Polish Workers' Party (before its merger with the socialists). In Yugoslavia, the break with Stalin and the persecution of the "Titoists" in other countries entailed retaliatory persecution of the Cominformists by Tito.
All these repressions severely undermined the reputation of the USSR in the West.
Therefore, after the death of Stalin N. Khrushchev hastened to normalize relations with Yugoslavia. At the same time, Tito retained great independence from Soviet influence. Yugoslavia was not included in either CMEA nor in Warsaw Pact... Yugoslav socialism was very different from Soviet socialism in the presence of elements of self-government in the enterprises of labor collectives and closer ties with the capitalist West.
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Preconditions and causes of the conflict
The emergence of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict in 1948.
preceded by events that belonged to the middle of 1947. As noted by NS Khrushchev in his report "On the cult of the individual and its consequences" on February 25, 1956. at a closed meeting of the XX Congress of the CPSU, Stalin became "in the last period more capricious, irritable, rude, especially his suspicion developed ...".
Stalin was irritated by the independence of Tito, whose strong personality contrasted with the gray facelessness of other communist leaders in Eastern Europe. I. Tito enjoyed great prestige and strong influence, due to the successful partisan leadership during the Second World War. After the end of the war, I. Tito visited many countries of Eastern Europe.
According to F. McLean, Tito used these trips to discuss problems of mutual interest, and signed agreements, often without coordinating with Moscow. One of the problems of the discussion was the creation of the Balkan Federation. This behavior of the Yugoslav leader caused a negative attitude from Stalin.
In the current international situation, Stalin believed that it was necessary to maintain due caution and prudence. He did not hide his discontent when the Soviet state was presented with a fait accompli.
Stalin with E. Kardel, Stalin approvingly reacted to the Yugoslav intention after the ratification of the peace treaty with Bulgaria. Sign a treaty with her, similar to the one we have with Albania. The Soviet leadership officially notified the Yugoslav and Bulgarian governments that they would not conclude the Yugoslav - the Bulgarian treaty.
Until the restrictions associated with the peace treaty cease to operate. The head of the Bulgarian government G. Dimitrov and I. Tito, taking into account this wishes, and not wanting to give a reason for the Western strange to disrupt the ratification of this treaty, they chose not to announce the text of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation ... However, in the official protocol on the negotiations held from July 30 to August 1, 1947 ., published on August 2, the fact of the development of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the two countries was made public.
It was also announced that the contract is indefinite.
Upon learning of this, Stalin sent Tito a telegram in which he called the conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance a mistake, since the peace treaty had not yet entered into force. As stated, the Soviet leadership such a step contributed to the strengthening of military intervention in Greek and Turkish affairs against Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.
The official ceremony of signing the writing of the treaty between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on November 27, 1947. The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance was amended due to the wishes of Stalin.
The contract was concluded for 20 years.
The signed treaty in Western countries was perceived as a direct threat to Greece. They also perceived the intensive cooperation between Yugoslavia and Albania negatively.
In reality, Yugoslav-Albanian relations were not perfect. There were many contradictions associated with trade and economic relations between the two countries.
Within the framework of these contradictions, the Yugoslav government accused the chairman of the State Planning Commission of Albania, Nako Spiru, as an "agent of imperialism."
In the Albanian leadership, a split related to the economic issue was outlined, and another accusation was brought against Nako Spiru "of chauvinist anti-Yugoslav activity, in an effort to impose economic autarky, in establishing ties with class enemies and even in espionage." The charges brought against him led to the suicide of Nako Spiru.
In a conversation between Stalin and M. Gilos held in January 1948, Stalin said: “So the members of the Central Committee in Albania are killing themselves because of you! This is very bad, very bad. " M Djilo tried to explain the situation, emphasizing that Nako Spiru was against the unification of Albania with Yugoslavia.
In response, Stalin declared that the Soviet government agreed to the unification of Yugoslavia with Albania.
January 21, 1948 Moscow received a message from the USSR Ambassador to Yugoslavia A. I. Lavrentiv, which said that "the Yugoslavs have resolved the issue of redeploying the 2nd rifle division to Albania in the area of the city of Korca." This issue was resolved without the participation of Soviet military advisers to the Yugoslav army. E. Hoxha argued this behavior by the need to protect Albania from attacks from Greece.
Stalin did not like such behavior of Yugoslavia and Albania, in addition, he believed that such a step in the west would be regarded as an occupation one.
We found that the emergence of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict was preceded by a number of events related to the relationship between the two countries.
The reasons for the conflict were a number of discrepancies between the USSR and Yugoslavia associated with the conduct general policy the Communist Party, contacts of Yugoslavia, with the countries and parties of Eastern Europe, bypassing the approval of the Soviet leadership.
Relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia during the conflict
Since the summer of 1948.
the conflict between the USSR and Yugoslavia became apparent. June 19-23, 1948 a meeting of the Cominform took place in Bucharest. At it, the participants adopted a resolution "On the situation in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia." It said that the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia “... lately has been carrying out domestic policy the wrong line, representing a departure from Marxism-Leninism ... "," the leadership of the Yugoslav Communist Party is pursuing a policy that is unfriendly towards the Soviet Union and the CPSU (b) ... " theory of classes and class struggle ... "and so on.
At the end of the resolution, a decision was put forward, it was that if the current leadership does not admit its mistakes, then it should be replaced with a new one.
At the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Soviet accusations were unanimously rejected, and Tito's policies received full support.
In response, Stalin denounced the April 1945 treaty. From this point on, the Yugoslav government was viewed as hostile.
Additional tension in the conflict was brought about by the exchange of notes in the summer of 1949.
about the arrest in Yugoslavia of Russian emigrants who lived there after the October Revolution and received Soviet citizenship.
They were accused of anti-Yugoslav activities.
The final termination of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia took place on October 25, 1949.
Initially, the Soviet government counted on the "healthy forces" of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, who would be able to remove Tito from power.
When it became obvious that this option was impossible, military-political pressure was organized on Yugoslavia, any provocation threatened to escalate into an open conflict. According to indirect information, the invasion was to be carried out in three directions, from the territory of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
Actions from the Adriatic Sea were also quite probable. Both large-scale operations and "pinpoint actions" were discussed. They could be carried out by both the Soviet Army and the armed forces of the "people's democracy" countries. In carrying out the operation, it was planned to involve the intelligence service.
The Yugoslav leadership began to view the USSR as a serious source of danger, and therefore came to the conclusion that western countries are a means of defense against the USSR.
In November 1952. The CPY was renamed to the SKYU. In the fall of 1949, Yugoslavia became a non-permanent member of the Security Council, thereby gaining international recognition.
In connection with the new circumstances, the USSR had to abandon the plan to overthrow Tito by military means.
According to the testimony of Pavel Sudoplatov, in the proposed to him for development at the end of February 1953. the Kremlin "dossier" on Tito, contained "idiotic resolutions of Molotov: to seek Tito's connections with pro-fascist groups and Croatian nationalists."
"Khrushchev's people - Savchenko, Ryasnoy and Epishev" were also involved in the operation.
The assassination of Tito was supposed to be committed by the intelligence officer Joseph Grigulevich, he was one of the perpetrators of Trotsky's assassination. One of the options for committing the murder was that Grigurevich, at a reception with Tito, should hand him a box with a diamond ring, which contained a mechanism with a deadly gas.
All plans related to the attempt on Tito's life were not implemented, and with the death of Stalin, they were all canceled.
Despite all the efforts of the USSR, it was not possible to carry out a military intervention in Yugoslavia.
The first reason for the failure is the incorrect bet of the Soviet leadership on the internal forces of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which allegedly could act as a powerful force against Tito.
The second reason is Yugoslavia's active cooperation with Western countries.
Settlement of the conflict
After Stalin's death in 1953. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government came to the conclusion that the severance of relations with Yugoslavia caused damage to both the interests of Yugoslavia, the USSR and the entire international communist movement. The USSR was the initiator of the restoration of relations. As part of these efforts, the Soviet government already in 1953.
invited the government of Yugoslavia to resume economic ties, to restore contacts in the field of science and culture, which found a positive response from the Yugoslav side.
In June 1954. The Central Committee of the CPSU sent a letter to the Central Committee of the SKYu with a proposal to carry out a complete normalization of relations, and it was proposed to hold a Soviet-Yugoslav meeting at the highest level.
it was decided to accept the proposal for the summit meeting. As a result of diplomatic contacts, an agreement was reached on holding in Belgorod at the end of May 1955. summit meetings of the leaders of the two countries. As a result of the negotiations held from May 27 to June 2, 1955. The parties came to the conclusion that the period when good relations were broken is a thing of the past, and mutual readiness was expressed to remove all obstacles that hinder the normalization of relations.
As a result of the negotiations, the "Belgrade Declaration" was adopted. The declaration emphasized the importance of observing the principle of cooperation, respect for sovereignty, independence, etc. in relations between states.
In 1955. The Soviet Union canceled over $ 90 million in debt to Yugoslavia. The USSR provided Yugoslavia with new development loans.
I. Tito's visit to Moscow took place. At this meeting, a Declaration on Relations between the CPSU and the SKYU was signed. The declaration emphasized that the Belgorod Declaration had a more favorable impact on the development of international relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia.
It should be noted that the restoration of international relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia was of a long-term nature, and at a certain stage were characterized by a decline.
The reasons for the decline were varied. The final restoration of relations took place in 1988.
Thus, it was established that the USSR and Yugoslavia came to the conclusion that the break in relations was a mistake.
The process of rebuilding the relationship took place enough long time, the reasons for this were varied.
The severance of relations with Yugoslavia
After the end of World War II, J.B. Tito, who came to power in Yugoslavia with the support of England and the USSR, became a loyal companion of Stalin. At the personal request of Tito, in the summer of 1945, the best operatives from Moscow were sent to his guard.
In the spring of 1947, a decision was made in Yugoslavia to move on to building socialism in the country. After the adoption of the Yugoslav five-year plan, the USSR began providing technical assistance in industrialization. One of the first conflicts between Stalin and Tito occurred over Albania - without even informing his senior comrade, Tito demanded that the Albanian government provide a military base in the south of the country to deploy Yugoslav troops there, defending Albania from a possible attack by the Greek army.
Tito's further plans were the unification of Yugoslavia with Albania. But Stalin, who at that moment did not want to aggravate relations with the West, opposed Tito's initiative, and he had to scale back his plans with regard to Albania. Soon there was another serious reason for the conflict between the USSR and Yugoslavia - at a press conference held on January 17, 1948 in Sofia, the leader of the Bulgarian communists G. Dimitrov announced plans to create a confederation of Balkan and Danube states, including Poland, Czechoslovakia and Greece.
Meanwhile, the governments of many Western European countries then accused the USSR of organizing aid to the partisans-communists of Greece, who were waging an armed struggle against their government.
At the same time, the Soviet Union opposed the upcoming unification of the western zones of occupation of Germany and the creation of the FRG ...
A week after his speech at the press conference, Dimitrov received a telegram from Stalin: "It is difficult to understand what prompted you to make such careless and ill-considered statements at the press conference."
A week later, Tito also received a similar telegram from V.M. about sending your troops to Albania, but not even informing the USSR about this in a subsequent order?
For your information, I would like to inform you that the Soviet government quite accidentally learned about the decision of the Yugoslav government to send your troops to Albania from private conversations between Soviet representatives and Albanian workers.
The USSR considers this order to be abnormal. But if you consider such a procedure to be normal, then I must declare on behalf of the USSR Government that the USSR cannot agree to be faced with a fait accompli. And, of course, it is clear that the USSR, as an ally of Yugoslavia, cannot be held responsible for the consequences of such actions carried out by the Yugoslav government without consultation and even without the knowledge of the Soviet government ... "
But these telegrams did not limit the Stalinist scolding to the younger partners - three days later V.
M. Molotov (on behalf of JV Stalin) sent the following devastating telegrams to the leaders of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. This time, Dimitrov was accused of interfering with his actions. foreign policy Soviet Union: “Unsuccessful interview with comrade. Dimitrova in Sofia gave rise to all kinds of talk about the preparation of the Eastern European bloc with the participation of the USSR ... facilitate the struggle between the aggressive forces of the United States and Britain. "
Six days later, on February 10, 1948, the government delegations of Bulgaria (G.
Dimitrov, V. Kolarov and T. Kostov) and Yugoslavia (E. Kardel, M.
Djilas, V. Bakarich; "Sick" Tito did not come) held trilateral negotiations. In addition to Stalin, they were attended by V. M. Molotov, A. A. Zhdanov, G. M. Malenkov, M. A. Suslov.
Joseph Vissarionovich told Dimitrov: “You and the Yugoslavs do not report your affairs, we will learn about everything on the street.
You are confronting us with fait accompli! " Molotov assented: "And everything that Dimitrov says, what Tito says, abroad is perceived as being said with our knowledge."
The next day, the USSR signed an agreement with Bulgaria and Yugoslavia on mandatory consultations on foreign policy issues.
Seventeen days later, on March 1, an enlarged meeting of the Politburo opened in Belgrade, at which Tito overstepped the “boundaries of what was permitted,” saying the following: “Yugoslavia has confirmed its path to socialism. Russians see their role differently. The question must be viewed from an ideological point of view.
Are we right or are they? We are right ... We are not pawns on the chessboard ... We should be guided only by our own strengths. " In the course of further discussion, Tito agreed with the opinion of one of the members of the Yugoslav Politburo that "the policy of the USSR is an obstacle to the development of the international revolution."
In addition, the USSR delayed the supply of weapons to Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav government refused to provide the USSR with confidential economic information about the country. The USSR unilaterally terminated the protocol on consultations, stopped sending technical equipment and canceled business trips to Yugoslavia of its specialists.
On May 5, 1948, JV Stalin sent a letter to the Yugoslav leaders, which, in his opinion, should have put them in their place: leaders. After successes achieved they were dizzy ... Comrades Tito and Kardel say in their letter about the merits and successes of the Yugoslav Communist Party that the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) previously recognized them, but is now silent.
This is not true. No one can deny the merits and successes of the CPY. They are undeniable. However, the merits and successes of the communist parties of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania are not at all less ... And yet the leaders of these parties behave modestly and do not shout about their merits, unlike the Yugoslav leaders, who buzzed everyone's ears with their irrepressible bragging ... The successes of the Yugoslav Communist Party are explained not by some special qualities, but mainly by the fact that after the defeat of the headquarters of the Yugoslav partisans by German paratroopers, at a time when the people's liberation movement in Yugoslavia was going through a crisis, the Red Army came to the aid of the Yugoslav people, defeated the German occupiers, liberated Belgrade and thereby created the conditions for the coming to power of the Yugoslav Communist Party ... If comrades Tito and Kardel took this circumstance into account as an indisputable fact, they would make less noise about their merits and would behave with dignity and modesty. "
Meanwhile, in Yugoslavia, at the direction of Tito, a member of the Politburo S.
Zhujovic and other prominent Yugoslav communists who openly supported the position of the Soviet Union. A purge was carried out in the Yugoslav party, many of the local communists were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
At Stalin's will, publications appeared in the Soviet and socialist press condemning the "nationalist" Tito. But each of the leaders had already made his choice, and Tito did not back down, as did Stalin's loyal supporter G. Dimitrov ...