Africa
Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia. Its area is 30.3 million km2, the population is 1.200 million. Most of the mainland is located in the Northern Hemisphere.
The region includes 55 countries. There are several options for dividing Africa into regions.
There are 5 regions:
North: Mediterranean coast
Western: northern part of the Atlantic coast
Central: Chad, Congo, Cameroon
Eastern: Ethiopia Somalia Tanzania
South: South Africa, Seychelles
Of the features of the economic and geographical position of African countries, one can single out: Lack of access to the sea for most states; Access to international sea routes through the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean Sea. Africa is extremely rich in natural resources. Its main wealth is minerals. The region ranks first in the world in terms of reserves of most types of mineral raw materials. Oil and gas are mined here (Libya, Algeria, Nigeria), iron ore (Liberia, Mauritania, Guinea, Gabon), manganese and uranium ores (Gabon, Niger), bauxite (Guinea, Cameroon), copper ores (Zaire, Zambia), gold and diamonds (South Africa and countries West Africa), phosphorites (Nauru). South Africa is richest in minerals. There are almost all types of mineral resources here (with the exception of oil, gas and bauxite)
Rapid population growth. Africa has the highest birth rate and natural increase in the world. The highest rates are in Kenya, Benin, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania. The significant predominance of young people in the age structure of the population is associated with high birth and death rates. Extremely uneven population distribution. The average density is 25 people per sq. km.
At present, Africa's economy is the most backward part of the world economy (with the exception of South Africa). The countries of the continent act on the world market as major suppliers of minerals and agricultural products. In the sectoral structure of the economy, the leading role belongs to the mining industry. For some types of minerals, Africa accounts for a significant part of world production: diamonds (96%), gold (76%), cobalt and chromium ores (67 - 68%), manganese ores (57%).
The extracted raw materials are mainly exported. Main exporters: Oil - Nigeria, Libya, Algeria; Medi - Zaire, Zambia; Iron ores - Liberia, Mauritania; Manganese ores - Gabon; Phosphorites - Morocco; Uranium ores - Niger, Gabon.
Another sector of the economy that determines Africa's place in the world economy is agriculture. It employs up to 90% of the population of individual countries. The leading industry is crop production, in particular tropical and subtropical agriculture. It has an export orientation and often defines a monocultural specialization. For example: agriculture monoculture Senegal - peanuts, Ethiopia - coffee, Ghana - cocoa beans. Other export commodities include dates, tea, natural rubber, sorghum, spices, and cotton.
The Republic of South Africa (SAR) is the only African country that belongs to the group of developed countries. For all indicators economic development it holds the first place in Africa. It accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of industrial production. The economy is based on the mining industry. South Africa ranks first in the world in gold mining, second in diamond mining, and third in diamond mining. uranium ores. Metallurgy and mechanical engineering are highly developed. Monocultural specialization and the low level of economic development of the African states are manifested in an insignificant share in world trade and in the enormous importance that international trade for the continent itself. Thus, more than 1/4 of GDP goes to foreign markets, and foreign trade provides up to 4/5 of government revenues to the budget of African countries. About 80% of the trade turnover of the continent falls on the developed countries of the West.
On the economic map African note.
1.Largest mineral reserves:
Oil, natural gas - Algeria, Libya, Nigeria;
Phosphorites - Morocco;
Manganese ores - Gabon;
Aluminum ores - Guinea;
Copper-cobalt ores - DRC, Zambia;
Diamonds - Namibia, Botswana;
Coal, uranium and manganese and chromium ores, gold, platinum, diamonds - South Africa.
North Africa
1) Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan.
2) Access to the Mediterranean, Red Sea.
3) The population is concentrated in the cities: Algiers, Tripoli, Rabat, Casablanca. (approximately from 1 to 5 million people.). Mostly Arab peoples.
4) This sub-region is located in the tropical zone. In the zone of semi-deserts and deserts, occasionally hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Iron ores, oil, phosphorites, natural gas, polymetallic ores, gold.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land, in the far north - cultivated land and oases. Manufacture of machines, devices, equipment, wood and timber products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil products.
6) big square underutilized lands, development of gas and oil fields.
West Africa
1) Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Ghana.
2) access to the Atlantic Ocean
3) The population is concentrated in cities and rural settlements: Dakar, Conakry, Monrovia, Abidjan, Ouagadougou. Mostly peoples: Akan, Yoruba, Hausa, Fulbe and Arab.
4) This region is located in the tropical, subequatorial and equatorial belt. In the zone of deserts, savannahs and woodlands, variable-moist forests. Iron ores, Phosphorites, gold, aluminum ores, manganese ores, diamonds.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land, forests with pockets of cultivated land, cultivated lands and oases. Production of wood and timber products, meat products, cocoa and banana distribution area.
6) a large area of underutilized land, the absence of any large-scale production, the potential for the development of the timber industry.
Central:
1) Nigeria, Niger, Chal, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea.
2) access to the Atlantic Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated in cities and rural settlements: Malabo, Yaounde, Brazzaville, Kinshasa and others. Mostly peoples: Tubu, Azande, Hausa.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial and equatorial belt. In the zone of savannahs and woodlands, variable-moist forests, areas altitudinal zonality, constantly wet forests. Oil, Manganese ores, Aluminum ores, Uranium ores.
5) Forests with pockets of cultivated land, pastures. Manufacture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil products, wood and timber products. The area of distribution of rubber-bearing, cotton and bananas.
6) potential for the development of uranium ores and oil production, problems: soil erosion, poaching, undrinkable water.
East Africa
1) Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia.
2) access to the Indian Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated evenly in cities and towns, there is no urbanization. Mostly peoples: Amhara, Somalis.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial zone, the equatorial zone. In the zone of savannahs and light forests, altitudinal zonation, semi-deserts. Gold, Phosphorites, Diamonds, Titanium ores.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land. Leather production. Banana distribution area, coffee, date palm. Breeding of camels and cattle.
6) Problems: overgrazing, desertification, widespread poaching. Potential for breeding camels, cattle and for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
South
1) South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Zambia.
2) access to the Atlantic, Indian Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated in cities: Cape Town, Pretoria, Durban, Lusaka, Harare. Mostly peoples: Bantu, Bushmen, Afrikaners, Gotentots.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial, tropical, subtropical zone. In the zone of savannahs and light forests, altitudinal zonation, semi-deserts and deserts. Manganese ores, Diamonds, Polymatal ores, Gold, Copper ores, Cobalt ores, Chrome ores, Asbestos, Coal, Iron ores.
5) Grassland with pockets of cultivated land, cultivated land and oases. Manufacture of machines, equipment, devices, ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Distribution area: cotton. Breeding: sheep, cattle.
6) Problems: limited stocks drinking water, deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, excessive use of pastures. The potential for the production of meat products, the development of hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants (there are deposits of uranium).
GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF AFRICA
Table 11. Demographic and socio-economic indicators of the world, Africa and South Africa.
general review. Geographical position.
The mainland occupies 1/5 of the land the globe. In size (30.3 million km 2 - with islands) of all parts of the world it is second only to Asia. It is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Figure 14. Political map of Africa.
The region includes 55 countries.
Almost all countries in Africa are republics (with the exception of Lesotho, Morocco and Swaziland, which remain constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states is unitary, with the exception of Nigeria and South Africa.
There is no other continent in the world that would suffer as much from colonial oppression and the slave trade as Africa. The collapse of the colonial system began in the 50s in the north of the continent, the last colony, Namibia, was liquidated in 1990. In 1993, on political map Africa, a new state arose - Eritrea (as a result of the collapse of Ethiopia). Under the auspices of the UN are Western Sahara (Saharan Arab Republic).
Different criteria can be used to evaluate the GWP of African countries. One of the main criteria is separating countries by the presence or absence of access to the sea. Due to the fact that Africa is the most massive continent, no other of them has so many countries located far from the seas. Most of the inland countries are the most backward.
Natural conditions and resources.
The continent is crossed almost in the middle by the equator and lies completely between the subtropical belts of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The peculiarity of its form - Northern part 2.5 times wider than the southern one - determined the difference between them natural conditions. In general, the mainland is compact: 1 km of coastline accounts for 960 km 2 of territory. The relief of Africa is characterized by stepped plateaus, plateaus, and plains. The highest uplifts are confined to the outskirts of the mainland.
Africa is exceptionally rich minerals, although they are still poorly studied. Among other continents, it ranks first in reserves of ores of manganese, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinum, cobalt, diamonds, and phosphorites. The resources of oil, natural gas, graphite, and asbestos are also great.
Africa's share in the world mining industry is 1/4. Almost all extracted raw materials and fuel are exported from Africa to economically developed countries, which makes its economy more dependent on the world market.
In total, seven main mining regions can be distinguished in Africa. Three of them are in North Africa and four in sub-Saharan Africa.
- The region of the Atlas Mountains stands out for its reserves of iron, manganese, polymetallic ores, and phosphorites (the world's largest phosphorite belt).
- The Egyptian mining region is rich in oil, natural gas, iron, titanium ores, phosphorites, etc.
- The region of the Algerian and Libyan parts of the Sahara is distinguished by the largest oil and gas fields.
- The West Guinea region is characterized by a combination of gold, diamonds, iron ores, and graphites.
- The East Guinean region is rich in oil, gas, and metal ores.
- Zaire-Zambian region. On its territory there is a unique "Copper Belt" with deposits of high-quality copper ores, as well as cobalt, zinc, lead, cadmium, germanium, gold, silver. Congo (former Zaire) is the world's leading producer and exporter of cobalt.
- The largest mining region in Africa is located within Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. Almost all types of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals are mined here, with the exception of the inclusion of oil, gas and bauxite.
Africa's minerals are unevenly distributed. There are countries in which the lack of a raw material base hinders their development.
Significant land resources Africa. There is more cultivated land per inhabitant than in South-East Asia or Latin America. In total, 20% of the land suitable for agriculture is cultivated. However, extensive farming and rapid population growth have led to catastrophic soil erosion, which reduces crop yields. This, in turn, exacerbates the problem of hunger, which is very relevant for Africa.
Agro-climatic resources Africa is determined by the fact that it is the hottest continent, lies entirely within the average annual isotherms of + 20 ° C. But at the same time, precipitation is the main factor determining differences in climatic conditions. 30% of the territory - arid areas occupied by deserts, 30% - receive 200-600 mm of precipitation, but are subject to droughts; the equatorial regions suffer from an excess of moisture. Therefore, in 2/3 of the territory of Africa, sustainable agriculture is possible only through land reclamation work.
Water resources Africa. In terms of their volume, Africa is significantly inferior to Asia and South America. The hydrographic network is distributed extremely unevenly. The degree of use of the huge hydropower potential of the rivers (780 million kW) is low.
forest resources In terms of reserves, Africa is second only to the resources of Latin America and Russia. But its average forest cover is much lower, besides, as a result of logging, deforestation has assumed alarming proportions.
Population.
Africa stands out worldwide with the highest rates of population reproduction. In 1960, 275 million people lived on the continent, in 1980 - 475 million people, in 1990 - 648 million, and in 2000, according to forecasts, there will be 872 million. Kenya stands out in terms of growth rates - 4, 1% (first place in the world), Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda. Such a high birth rate is explained by centuries-old traditions of early marriages and large families, religious traditions, as well as an increased level of healthcare. Most countries of the continent do not pursue an active demographic policy.
The change in the age structure of the population as a result of the demographic explosion also entails great consequences: in Africa, the proportion of children's ages is high and still growing (40-50%). This increases the "demographic burden" on the able-bodied population.
The population explosion in Africa exacerbates many of the problems of the regions, the most important of which is the food problem. Despite the fact that 2/3 of the population of Africa is employed in agriculture, the average annual population growth (3%) significantly outpaces the average annual growth in food production (1.9%).
Many problems are associated with ethnic composition African population, which is very diverse. 300-500 ethnic groups stand out. Some of them have already formed into large nations, but most are still at the level of nationalities, and remnants of the tribal system are also preserved.
According to the linguistic principle, 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, 1/3 to the Afro-Asiatic family, and only 1% are residents of European origin.
An important feature of African countries is the mismatch of political and ethnic boundaries as a result of the colonial era of the development of the continent. As a result, many united peoples found themselves different sides borders. This leads to inter-ethnic conflicts and territorial disputes. The latter cover 20% of the territory. Moreover, 40% of the territory is not demarcated at all, and only 26% of the length of the borders pass along natural boundaries, partially coinciding with ethnic boundaries.
The legacy of the past is that official languages Most African countries still have the languages of the former metropolitan countries - English, French, Portuguese.
The average population density in Africa (24 people / km 2) is less than in overseas Europe and Asia. Africa is characterized by very sharp contrasts in settlement. For example, the Sahara contains the largest uninhabited territories in the world. Rare population and in the zone of tropical rainforests. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts. The population density in the Nile Delta reaches 1000 people/km2.
In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions. However, the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world. As in many others developing countries, in Africa there is a "false urbanization".
General characteristics of the economy.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome centuries of backwardness. Nationalization was of particular importance natural resources, implementation agrarian reform, economic planning, training of national personnel. As a result, the pace of development in the region accelerated. The restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structures s farms.
The greatest success along this path has been achieved in the mining industry, which now accounts for 1/4 of the world's output in terms of production. In the extraction of many types of minerals, Africa holds an important, and sometimes even a monopoly, place in the foreign world. The main part of the extracted fuel and raw materials is exported to the world market and provides 9/10 of the region's exports. It is the extractive industry that primarily determines Africa's place in the MGRT.
The manufacturing industry is poorly developed or non-existent. But some countries in the region differ more high level manufacturing industry - South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco.
The second branch of the economy, which determines Africa's place in the world economy, is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation.
But in general, Africa is still far behind in its development. It ranks last among the regions of the world in terms of the level of industrialization and crop productivity.
Most countries are colonial sectoral structure economy.
- It is defined:
- the predominance of low-commodity extensive agriculture;
- underdeveloped manufacturing industry;
- a strong backlog of transport - transport does not provide communications between the hinterland, and sometimes - foreign economic relations of states;
- the non-productive sphere is also limited and is usually represented by trade and services.
The territorial structure of the economy is also characterized by general underdevelopment and strong disproportions remaining from the colonial past. On the economic map of the region, only separate centers of industry (mainly metropolitan areas) and high-commodity agriculture stand out.
The one-sided agrarian and raw material development of the economy of most countries is a brake on the growth of their socio-economic indicators. In many countries, one-sidedness has reached the level of monoculture. monocultural specialization - narrow specialization economy of the country in the production of one, as a rule, raw or food product, intended mainly for export. The emergence of such specialization is associated with the colonial past of countries.
Figure 15. Monoculture countries in Africa.
(click on image to enlarge image)
Foreign economic relations.
Monocultural specialization and the low level of economic development of African states are manifested in an insignificant share in world trade and in the great importance that foreign trade has for the continent itself. Thus, more than 1/4 of Africa's GDP goes to foreign markets, foreign trade provides up to 4/5 of government revenues to the budget of African countries.
About 80% of the trade turnover of the continent falls on the developed countries of the West.
Despite the huge natural and human potential, Africa continues to be the most backward part of the world economy.
GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF AFRICA.
GENERAL REVIEW. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.
The mainland occupies 1/5 of the land mass of the globe. In size (30.3 million square kilometers with islands), it is second only to Asia from all parts of the world. The region includes 55 countries.
There are several options for dividing Africa into regions. In the scientific literature, the five-term division of Africa is most accepted, including the North (the Maghreb countries, the Mediterranean coast), the West (the northern part Atlantic coast and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea), Central (Chad, Tsar, Zaire, Congo, etc.), Eastern (located east of the Great African Rifts), South.
Almost all African countries are republics (with the exception of Lesotho, Morocco and Sutherland, which are still constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states, with the exception of Nigeria and South Africa, is unitary.
There is no other continent in the world that would suffer as much from colonial oppression and the slave trade as Africa.
Different criteria can be used to assess the EGP of African countries. One of the main criteria is dividing countries by the presence or absence of access to the sea. Due to the fact that Africa is the most massive continent, no other of them has so many countries located far from the seas .Most inland countries are the most remaining.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES.
The continent is almost crossed by the equator in the middle and lies completely between the subtropical belts of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The peculiarity of its shape - the northern part is 2.5 times wider than the southern one - determined the difference in their natural conditions. sedimentary rocks (at the base in the north). Stepped plateaus, plateaus, and plains are typical for the relief of Africa. manganese, chromites, bauxites, gold, platinum, cobalt, diamonds, phosphorites. There are also large resources of oil, natural gas, graphite, asbestos.
Africa's share in the world mining industry is 1/4. Almost all extracted raw materials and fuel are exported from Africa to economically developed countries, which makes its economy more dependent on the world market. In total, seven main mining regions can be distinguished in Africa.
1. The region of the Atlas Mountains stands out for its reserves of iron, manganese, polymetallic ores, phosphorites (the world's largest phosphorite belt).
2. The Egyptian mining region is rich in oil, natural gas, iron, titanium ores, phosphorites, etc.
3. The region of the Algerian and Libyan parts of the Sahara is distinguished by the largest oil and gas reserves.
4. The West Guinean region is rich in oil, gas, metal ores.
6. Zaire-Zambian region - on its territory there is a unique "Copper Belt" with deposits of high-quality copper, as well as cobalt, zinc, lead, cadmium, germanium, gold, silver
Zaire is the world's leading producer and exporter of cobalt.
7. The largest mining region in Africa
located within Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. Almost all types of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals are mined here, with the exception of oil, gases and bauxites.
The mineral resources of Africa are distributed unevenly. There are countries in which the lack of a raw material base hinders their development. Africa's land resources are significant. However, extensive farming and rapid population growth have led to catastrophic soil erosion, which reduces crop yields. This, in turn, exacerbates the problem cities, very relevant for Africa.
The agro-climatic resources of Africa are determined by the fact that it is the hottest continent, lies entirely within the average annual isotherms + 20 "C. Africa's water resources. In terms of their volume, Africa is significantly inferior to Asia and South America. value is second only to the resources of Latin America and Russia. But its average forest cover is much lower, moreover, as a result of deforestation, which exceeds natural growth, deforestation has assumed alarming proportions.
POPULATION.
Africa stands out worldwide for the highest rates of population reproduction. In 1960, 275 million people lived on the continent, in 1980-475 million people, in 1990-648 million people, and in 2000, according to forecasts, there will be 872 million
In terms of growth rates, Kenya stands out - 4.1% (first place in the world), Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda. Such a high birth rate is explained by centuries-old traditions of early marriage and large families, religious traditions, as well as an increased level of healthcare. active demographic policy.
The change in the age structure of the population as a result of the demographic explosion also entails great consequences: in Azerbaijan, the proportion of children's ages is still growing (40-50%). This increases the "demographic burden" on the able-bodied population. problems of the regions, the most important of which is food problem.Many problems are also connected with the ethnic composition of the population of Africa, which is very diverse. 300-500 ethnic groups stand out. origin. An important feature of African countries is mismatch of political and ethnic boundaries as a consequence of the colonial era of the development of the continent. The legacy of the past is that the official languages of most countries of A.
there are still languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions. However, the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world. Like in many others developing countries, in Africa is experiencing "false urbanization".
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. Of particular importance were the nationalization of natural resources, the implementation of agrarian reform, economic planning, and the training of national personnel. As a result, the pace of development of the region accelerated. The restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy began. paths have been reached in mining industry, which now accounts for 1/4 of the world's output in terms of production. In the extraction of many types of minerals, Azerbaijan has an important, and sometimes even a monopoly, place in the foreign world. It is the mining industry that primarily determines the place of Azerbaijan in the MGRT. Manufacturing industry poorly developed or absent altogether. But some countries in the region have a higher level of manufacturing industry - South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco.
The second branch of the economy, which determines the place of a. in the world economy, is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. But on the whole, Azerbaijan lags behind in its development. It occupies the last place among the regions of the world in terms of the level of industrialization and crop yields.
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS.
The monocultural specialization and low level of economic development of the African states are manifested in an insignificant share in world trade and in the enormous importance that foreign trade has for the continent itself. 5 government revenues to the budget of African countries. About 80% of the trade turnover of the continent falls on the developed countries of the West.
OUTPUT.
Despite the huge natural and human potential, Africa continues to be the most backward part of the world economy.
report made:
weaver natalia and
Dudarova Olga...
Literature: CHERNOV A.V., POLYAKOVA M.O. "GEOGRAPHY"
Theme: “Africa. The composition of the territory. Economic and geographical position. Population".
Lesson Objectives:
1. To study the features of the EGP, the composition and population of African countries
2. To consolidate the ability to characterize countries according to a standard plan
3. Improve the skills of working with the text of the textbook, thematic maps atlas and wall maps.
Lesson steps:
1.Explanation of the new material .
Demonstration of political map of Africa from SDG No. 2 "Economic and social geography peace." Entrance through the content to the section "Africa" and then "political map".
Class task:
- look at the map, listen to the speaker's text and answer the questions :
How many countries are in Africa?
How many mainland and island countries?
How many countries are landlocked?
Using the text of the textbook on page 243, answer the question:
What are the features of the EGP of African countries? (write them in a notebook)
Class task:
Working with the political map of Africa and the business card on the flyleaf, highlight:
Largest countries in Africa by area
The largest countries by population
(write them in a notebook)
Consider the history of the formation of states.
A map is projected on the screen from the hyperlink "Africa's territorial division". The map is called "Obtaining state independence by the countries of Africa."
Assignment to the class on the map:
Which countries were not colonies?
Which countries had colonies in Africa?
When did African countries gain independence?
The screen displays countries and years of independence in chronological order.
What year is called the year of Africa?
Which states were the last to appear on the map of Africa?
A table will appear on the screen with political system countries. Using her data, we answer the questions:
How many monarchies are there in Africa? Which? (write them in a notebook)
How many federal states? Which? (write them in a notebook)
The youngest state?
What are most African countries political structure?
Now consider the population of Africa.
Work with the section "Population" of Africa. Access to it from the main field. After listening to the speaker's text, working with the "Population Density" map (access to it via a hyperlink) and the text of the textbook on page 247,we answer questions:
What is the total population of Africa?
Is the population distributed evenly across Africa? Compare where the density is more, where it is less, why?
We answer questions:
What type of reproduction do African countries belong to?
Which country has the highest birth rate? Mortality?
What is the average life expectancy in Africa?
What is a "population explosion"?
We answer questions:
Which countries have the highest number of people affected by AIDS, why?
We work with the text of the textbook, p.247. Let's find the characteristics of urbanization. Read the content and answer the questions:
What is an "urban explosion"?
name Largest cities Africa, using the map in the atlas and the table "Urban agglomerations" of Africa, which is projected onto the screen (access via hyperlink). Write them down in a notebook.
Using the map "urbanization of the countries of the world" in the textbook p.69, name the most urbanized countries, the least urbanized and write them out in a notebook.
Africa is a multinational region.
We answer questions:
What races live in Africa, and in what part of it?
What do you think transition groups are?
Which language groups are the peoples of Africa? We are looking for the answer to this question in the map of the atlas and on the map on the screen "Peoples of Africa" (access via hyperlink).
Photographs of the population of Africa are projected on the screen (exit via hyperlink).
Working with the map "Religions of Africa" (exit via hyperlink(, we answer the question:
What religions are practiced in Africa, why?
So, summing up the lesson, what can be said about the population of Africa?
1. It is multinational, which causes interethnic conflicts.
2. The second type of population reproduction is the “demographic explosion”.
3. Migration of the population to the cities - "urban explosion".
4. Most African countries are young, emerging economies, as they have recently gained independence.
Consolidation of the studied material : on test questions (exit through the menu on home page theme "Africa").
Homework: topic 8, section 1.
By featuresEGP African countries can be divided into landlocked and inland. Most of the countries located inland belong to the least developed countries peace.
Forms of government . Almost all countries are republics, there are only three monarchies - Morocco,
Natural resources. Among the continents -1st place in terms of reserves of ores of manganese, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinoids, cobalt, vanadium, diamonds, phosphorites. richest in country - South Africa.
Agro-climatic resources . 1/3 of the mainland is desert, 1/3 is characterized by a long dry season and is prone to droughts, the countries of the equatorial belt are characterized by excessive moisture.
Population. The countries are characterized by the highest rates of reproduction in the world. Ethnic composition - 300-500 nationalities. In North Africa, some of the ethnic groups have developed into large nations, but most are at the level of nationalities and tribes. The average density is 22 people/km2. Distribution is uneven. In the Sahara, vast expanses (the largest in the world) are uninhabited; in the tropical forest zone - very rarely; the majority of people live on the coasts. Urbanization: level - 34%, rates - the highest in the world.Economy. After gaining independence, the countries began to overcome the age-old backwardness. The sectoral and territorial structures of the economy are being restructured.
Industry . Industries that determine the importance of the region in the international division of labor: a) mining (in the extraction of many types of minerals, Africa has a monopoly place in the world); b) tropical and subtropical agriculture with an export orientation. But despite this, Africa occupies the last place among the regions of the world in terms of industrialization and agricultural productivity. cultures.
Most countries keepcolonial type sectoral structure of the economy, characterized by: a) the predominance of consumer villages. farms; b) poor development of the manufacturing industry; c) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade.
General characteristics of Africa.
Workshop - work in groups. Group #1.
According to the text (pp. 243-249), the drawings of the textbook, the “visiting card” of the countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the maps of the atlas, determine:
Africa PGP ( general characteristics, peculiarities).
Answer the questions:
1) What changes and why have occurred on the political map of Africa after the Second World War?
2) Which countries are republics and which are monarchies? What are the administrative and state structures?
natural conditions.
1) Using the maps of the atlas and tables 2 and 4 of the textbook appendix, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their wealth in minerals. Give the classification in the form of a table:
Countries rich in diverse mineral resources
Countries rich in 1-2 types of minerals
Countries that are poor mineral resources
3) Draw conclusions about land, water and agro-climatic resources (task 3 p. 256).
Homework: p. 243 - 249, assignment 6 p.257.