Oral speech has a number of features that distinguish it from the one formed on its basis writing. At the same time, the matter is not reduced only to the fact that oral speech is based on the sound of words, and written speech is based on their outline, or that oral speech is perceived by hearing and produced with the help of sound-producing organs, while written speech is perceived by sight and is produced with the help of a hand armed with with a pen, pencil, chalk, or a typewriter striking the keys.
When we talk about "language", sometimes we are talking about speech, sometimes writing. Of course, speech sounds and is heard, but it is written and read. But there are many other differences. Age. We are talking about human principles, perhaps a million years ago. Since then, the idea of writing has spread throughout the world, and in different parts of the world different systems writing.
Universality. People everywhere can talk. But before the Sumerian invention, people were illiterate. Even now there are many non-literary groups and many illiterate people in formally literate societies. Receipt. People around the world start talking within the first two years of life; many of the abilities involved are likely innate rather than learned. Learning to write is usually based on learning to speak.
The differences between oral and written speech are manifold. Despite the fact that writing is based on a graphic code that largely reflects the phonetic structure of oral speech, each of these two types of speech has specific means for expressing meaning.
So, for example, pairs of words mugs - mugs, drank - drank and inflections hands - hands, pour - pour, opposed to each other in oral speech due to stress, they differ in writing only with the help of a graphic designation of stress, which is used in dictionaries, but in most cases is not used either in handwritten or printed texts.
Alphabetic scripts work the same way. In another type of script, the syllabary, the base unit, corresponds to the spoken syllable; The Japanese and Cherokee use this system. Chinese, each character corresponds to the entire morpheme. Interdependence. Most literate people can convey the same messages in speech or writing, but speech usually conveys more explicit information than writing. The Hebrew and Arabic scripts indicate consonants but often omit characters for vowels. In Chinese, characters corresponding to words cannot indicate pronunciation or only partial signals.
The meaning of a sentence is largely determined in oral speech by intonation. To convey intonation in a letter, there is punctuation, such techniques are used as highlighting some words with underlining, spacing, and different fonts. However, these means are still not enough to fully convey the intonation of live speech.
Oral speech addressing
Spoken and written forms of a given language usually correspond to one or more levels and can influence each other, since "through" is written "through". Some formal literary styles, such as classical Chinese, take on a life of their own in writing and are not directly related to speech. Recoverability. Before the invention of magnetic recording, speech could not be captured or stored except through mistaken memory and spelling. But a letter can be preserved for thousands of years.
In some cases, on the contrary, the letter expresses what remains undifferentiated in oral speech. For example, different meanings of sentences An eagle appeared in the distance and Away by
seemed like an eagle or Gotta take the kids and Gotta take the kids expressed in purely orthographic terms.
It follows from what has been said that the material means of oral and written speech used to express and distinguish meaning do not fully correspond to each other, and in some cases the advantage is on the side of the spoken word, in others - on the side of the letter.
Its permanence allowed for the creation of such human institutions as libraries, histories, charts, dictionaries, menus, and what we commonly call "civilization." literary use. Non-literary societies have traditions - songs, rituals, legends, myths, composed orally and preserved by memory. Such texts can be called oral literature. On the contrary, writing resolves what is most often called "literature", i.e. texts that are much larger and encoded than memory allows. But even in literate societies, dramatic performances and reading aloud remain important traditions.
Oral speech is characterized by some features regarding its vocabulary and grammar. These features are most of all due to the fact that, dialogic for the most part, oral speech is used in Everyday life with direct contact between speakers who are in a certain environment, they have the opportunity not only to hear the interlocutor, but also to visually perceive his articulation and a kind of “accompaniment” of speech in the form of expressive movements (facial expressions, gestures, postures of the speaker). In the course of a conversation, the speaker always has the opportunity to take into account the reaction of the interlocutor, repeat, clarify, supplement what is not clearly said.
Prestige. Written language is associated with political and economic power, admires literature and educational institutions which give it high prestige. In literate societies, people often make up their own written language as their primary language; they may regard speech as inferior. However, writing may be perceived as colder or more impersonal than speech.
Standardization. Speaking languages have dialect-forms that differ by geographical area and social groups. But in complex societies that use writing, the need for communication contributes to the movement towards a single written norm, codified by government, educational and literary institutions. Then the prestige of the written standard can affect speech.
Dialogue is especially well represented in the communication of close people, who are well acquainted with each other, in the family circle, in the company of workmates, when mutual understanding is sometimes achieved at a glance.
Speaking about the lexical features of oral speech, it should be noted that, along with commonly used stylistically neutral words, colloquial everyday vocabulary, including dialect and vernacular words, is widely used in it.
Formality. Communication can be formal or casual. In literate societies, writing may be associated with a formal style and speech, with a casual style. In formal circumstances, a person can "speak like a book" by adapting the writing style for use in speech. Formal and informal styles can be very different, eg. on the Arabic, and may actually be different languages.
The written language, because of its permanence and standardization, shows slower and less radical changes; writing in English much less has changed than its pronunciation since Chaucer's time, which in turn is due to factors of formality and prestige.
The grammatical features of oral speech are most of all manifested in its syntax, which is characterized primarily by the predominance of simple sentences, coordinating constructions over subordinating ones, all kinds of incomplete sentences over complete ones.
However, if we turn from dialogic oral speech to monologue, to a coherent narrative, then the features of oral speech are largely smoothed out and it approaches expanded written speech, which is characterized by a more rigorous, largely original selection of words and more complex syntactic constructions.
Culmas, Florian. Blackwell's Encyclopedia of Writing. Oxford: Blackwell. Pissing systems of the world. Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright. writing systems in the world. New York: Oxford University Press. Sampson, Geoffrey. Writing systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Oral speech and its features
Characteristics of good speech, definition of speech, meaning of speech, business speech. Speech is an important tool oral communication, through which a message is sent to the audience orally from the speaker. This is about public speaking spoken by one of the speakers in some cases. This is a formal conversation large quantity people, but it can also be informal.
It should be emphasized the primacy of oral speech in relation to the written one, which is secondary, derivative from it. This is expressed not only in the fact that written speech is formed in a normally hearing child later than oral speech and on its basis, but also in the fact that in adults the psychophysiological mechanism of the processes of reading and writing is closely dependent on oral speech. This dependence is especially clearly expressed in writing disorders caused by a disorder of oral speech, for example, with aphasia, dysarthria, dys-lalia.
Federal Agency for Education
Industrialists and businessmen should speak at various conferences or seminars or at some public meetings. With increasing awareness of the value of public relations in business, most companies are encouraging their executives to participate in public functions and present themselves in front of the public and to accept invitations to be the chief guest or speaker at meetings. The salesperson also has to make hundreds of mini speeches unavoidable in business.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, "a speech is a formal conversation that a person gives to an audience." Thus, we can define a speech as a formal or informal conversation, or a speech delivered by a person before collection. Some speeches are unstructured and flexible, and some are very structured, strict or rigid.
An essential feature of sounding speech is its transience, the successive change of its elements, merging into more or less widespread continuous chains.
In written speech, sentences are clearly separated by intervals into words, and in printed texts, words into letters.
Due to the static character of words, they are presented both in the form of sequentially arranged individual elements-letters, and in the form of an integral configuration made up of these elements.
Characteristics of good quality speech
Speech is one of the main means. We find different speeches v different situations but good speeches are not always found. A good speech is really enjoyable and informative. But it is very difficult to deliver a speech that can captivate the audience. Good speech has the following characteristics or qualities.
There must be changes in style, tone, voice, approach depending on the situation and time, otherwise the audience will lose their focus and suffer from a monotonous presentation. A speech must be successful in conveying the ideas or emotions, facts or arguments to the audience that the speaker wants to express. If the audience does not immediately grasp your point, you have failed as a speaker. Bright and specific: Good speech is bright and specific in nature. Include facts in a specific and comprehensive way. Speeches should not contain any significant or overarching material. For example, India's population is growing at a rate of 3% - a striking statement. The speech should be shorter and more specific, but comprehensive. The average audience concentration lasts no more than fifteen to twenty minutes. Thus, it is best to complete your speech within five to twenty minutes. Interesting: A good speech is always interesting. Quotes, anecdotes and humor make the speech bright and interesting. An interesting speech always grabs the audience's attention. Audience Oriented: A good speech is always audience oriented. The speaker must convey the speech in the way that the audience would like. The speaker should take into account age, education, social and economic condition, number, etc. audience to prepare your speech accordingly. A mistake in speech can make the audience confused and lose the identity of the speaker. Authentic: The facts and figures presented in the speech must be authentic and correct. A false statement or information misleads the audience and interferes with the acceptability of the speech. Well Organized: A good speech is always well organized and well organized. The points or points of the speech should be organized in a logical sequence to grab and hold the attention of the audience.
- Dynamism: dynamism - important quality good speech.
- Informal conversation: The speech should be like an informal conversation.
- A good speech is closer to a personal and informal conversation between two close friends.
- When you speak, there must be a perfect connection between you and your audience.
Another feature of oral speech is that the conditions of dialogue, live communication create direct motives for speech activity. In contrast, written speech, carried out, as a rule, in the absence of the one to whom it is addressed, is devoid of such immediate motives and has the character of a much more abstract and arbitrary activity.
General characteristics of speech forms
Written communication is a process of communication in which messages or information are exchanged or transmitted in the sender and recipient in writing. On the other hand, it is a process of communication in which messages or information are exchanged or transmitted in the sender and recipient through word of mouth. The differences between oral and written communication are as follows.
Characteristics or background or main points of oral communication
A good oral communication should have the following characteristics. Preplanned: Before informing the speaker, the speaker must adopt a proper outline of the subject matter. A short but informative speech makes communication effective. Attractive: The sender's message or speech must be attractive. The receiver pays more attention to attractive speech. Realistic: Spoken language should be realistic and relevant to the subject matter. Unnecessary speech should be avoided. Error free form. Another prerequisite for successful oral communication is that the message must be free from all kinds of errors. Useless speech makes communication fruitful. Consideration of the recipient: the message should take into account the status of the recipient, knowledge, educational qualifications and desire. That is, the speaker must be oriented by the receiver. Maintaining Neutrality: Neutrality is a precondition for verbal communication from both the sender's and receiver's perspective. Patience. Patience is essential for successful oral communication, both from the point of view of the presenters and the recipients. Other: Avoid Assumptions, Attractive Presentation of the Message, Regular Practices, etc.
- Clarity: The communicator's speech must be clear in a spoken message.
- The language should be easy and understandable.
- Pre-planned speech can make communication effective.
- Brevity: The speech of the oral message should be concise and meaningful.
Internal oral speech differs from external speech not only in that it is not audible, that the speech movements associated with it are sharply reduced, but also in its extreme lexical and grammatical abbreviation. L. S. Vygotsky (1956), emphasizing the twistedness, ellipticity, shorthand of inner speech, considered it as the direct opposite of written speech, which is distinguished by maximum completeness and development.
Characterizing oral speech, we compared it with written speech. However, in relation to the deaf, one should also mention the finger variety of speech - dactylology. Despite the fact that dactyl signs reproduce the alphabetic code of written speech, dactylology has related features with oral speech. Like successive sounds of oral speech addressed to hearing, dactylology is a successive change of finger signs addressed to vision.
Like oral speech, dactylology is convenient in dialogue, in conditions of direct communication. It is also accompanied by expressive movements. Due to the change in the duration of exposure of individual signs, the rate of their succession, as well as due to the different duration of breaks between series of signs and the addition of forearm movements to finger movements, dynamic and pausal means of intonation can be reflected in dactylology.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
State educational institution of higher professional education
“STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT”
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING
Institute of Sociology and Personnel Management
Department of Philosophy
Abstract on academic discipline
"rhetoric"
on the topic of:
"Features of oral and written speech"
Speciality Personnel Management
Group UP-6-09\3
Student Kuzmina Margarita Andreevna
Student ID № 09-189
OPTION № 89
The address Moscow region, Balashikha, Sportivnaya st., 4, apt. 9
« 25 » august 2010
Job evaluation:
______________________/FULL NAME./
“____” ______________ 2010
Moscow 2010
Introduction…………………………………………………………..2
Types of communication …………………………………………………....4
Types of speech activity and their features………………....5
general characteristics forms of speech……………………………….6
Oral form of speech………………………………………………...8
The written form of speech…………………………………………….12
The interaction of oral and written speech……………………14
Conclusion………………………………………………………..16
References………………………………………………….18
Introduction.
Speech is an integral part of the social existence of people, a necessary condition for the existence of human society. Speech is used in the process of joint work to coordinate efforts, plan work, check and evaluate its results. Speech is a necessary condition for human cognitive activity. Thanks to speech (language), a person assimilates, acquires knowledge and transmits it. Speech is a means of influencing consciousness, developing a worldview, norms of behavior, and shaping tastes. In this function, speech is used to influence the views and beliefs of people, to change their attitude to certain facts and phenomena of reality, to incline them to actions and deeds. Speech is a means of satisfying the personal needs of a person in communication, in joining a certain group of people. Man, being by nature a social being, cannot live without connection with other people: he must consult, share thoughts, experiences, empathize, seek understanding, etc. In general, speech is of fundamental importance in the development of the human personality.
Among the various kinds of human deeds, actions, activities, there is the so-called speech activity. In speech activity, a person produces and perceives information converted into text. There are four types of speech activity. Two of them are involved in the production of the text (transmission of information) - this is speaking and writing; two - in the perception of the text, the information embedded in it - this is listening and reading. Speech activity of all kinds is a complex process in which special psychological and speech mechanisms are involved.
The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use universal human experience, both past and present, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity.
Types of communication:
1. According to the position of the communicants in space and time, communication is distinguished contact - remote.
The concept of contact communication is obvious: the interlocutors are next to each other. Contact communication is based on the situation, gestural-mimic and intonational signals. Here everything is in plain sight, much is clear from a half-word, and often facial expressions, eye expression, gesture, phrasal stress, intonation as a whole speak more than words.
The types of distant communication include all those situations where the communicants are separated by space and time. This may be a telephone conversation, while the interlocutors are at a distance, but connected at the same time. Distant in time and space is communication in letters (and in general with the help of any fixed text).
2. By the presence or absence of any mediating “apparatus”, communication is distinguished direct - indirect.
The concept of direct communication associated with a contact is obvious - this is an ordinary conversation, conversation, report, etc. The types of mediated communication include telephone conversation, and writing, and the transfer of information using means of communication. mass media and works of art.
3. From the point of view of the form of existence of the language, communication is distinguished
oral - written
The text, oral or written, has its own characteristics. Oral communication, as a rule, is associated with signs of contact and immediacy, while written communication is associated with signs of distance and mediation. In the written text, more complex forms of thinking are embodied, reflected in more complex language forms. It is here that there are various kinds of isolated turns, including participles and participles, series homogeneous members, structural parallelism. Written text requires reflection, it is subject to more stringent rules of lexical and grammatical selection. Finally, it is fixed. Oral communication does not allow text processing, except for clarifications, reservations. The written text can be returned and, if necessary, revised by its author.
Types of speech activity and their features.
In psychology, there are two main types of speech: external and internal. External speech contains oral (dialogical and monologue) and written. Dialogue is direct communication two or more people.
Dialogic speech is supported speech; the interlocutor puts clarifying questions during her, giving remarks, can help complete the thought (or reorient it). A kind of dialogic communication is a conversation, in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.
Monologue speech is a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, a system of knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, so the speaker has an active, expressive-mimic and gestural effect. In monologic speech, in comparison with dialogic speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. Its content must, first of all, satisfy the requirements of consistency and evidence in the presentation. Another condition, inextricably linked with the first, is the grammatically correct construction of sentences.
The monologue does not tolerate incorrect construction of phrases. He makes a number of demands on the pace and sound of speech.
The content side of the monologue should be combined with the expressive side. Expressiveness is created both by linguistic means (the ability to use a word, phrase, syntactic construction, which most accurately convey the speaker's intention), and by non-linguistic means of communication (intonation, a system of pauses, dismemberment of the pronunciation of a word or several words, which performs the function peculiar underlining, facial expressions and gestures).
Written speech is a kind of monologue speech. It is more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech implies the absence of feedback with an interlocutor. In addition, written speech has no additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and the punctuation marks that organize the sentence.
General characteristics of speech forms.
Russian literary language exists in oral and written forms. Each of them has its own specifics and differs in the system of means of expression, the nature of the addressee and perception. Oral speech is primary, and for languages that do not have a written language, this is the only form of their existence. Literary oral speech is represented by two varieties - colloquial speech and codified speech (lat. Codificatio - systematization of signs of the state according to separate branches of law). Spoken speech implies ease of communication, informality of relations between interlocutors, unpreparedness, strong reliance on an extralinguistic situation, the use of non-verbal means, the fundamental possibility of changing the positions of "speaking" - "listening". Codified speech is used mainly in official situations of communication - meetings, congresses, meetings of commissions, conferences, speeches on television, etc. Most often, such a speech is prepared (report, message, report, information), it does not rely heavily on an extralinguistic situation, non-verbal means are moderately used. Oral speech sounds, it uses phonetic (sound) and prosodic (Greek "prosodia" - the doctrine of the ratio of syllables in a verse - stressed and unstressed, long and short) means. The speaking person simultaneously creates both the form and the content of speech, therefore it is finite in time and cannot be corrected. Orally communicating communicants most often see each other, and direct visual contact contributes to mutual understanding. Oral speech is much more active than written language - we speak and listen more than we write and read. Wider and its expressive possibilities. B. Shaw on this occasion noted that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and fifty ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." one
In written speech, a system of graphic means of expression is used, and it is perceived visually. Writer and reader, as a rule, not only do not see each other, but do not even imagine appearance your communicator. This makes it difficult to establish contact, so the writer should strive as much as possible to improve the text in order to be understood. Written speech exists indefinitely, and the reader always has the opportunity to clarify an incomprehensible expression in the text. 2
In lexical and grammatical terms, it is characterized by strict observance literary norms language - a special selection of vocabulary and phraseology, processed syntax. In writing, book vocabulary is widely used: official business, scientific, public and journalistic. The syntax of written speech is characterized by complex and complicated sentences. Word order, strict sequence, harmony in the presentation of thoughts are of great importance in it. The written form of speech is distinguished by preliminary reflection of statements, editorial processing of the text, which can be performed by the author himself. This determines the accuracy and correctness of the written form of speech.
The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, acting as the leading form of existence of the Russian language, designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized samples. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, i.e. they are recorded in grammar dictionaries, textbooks, etc. The dissemination of these norms is promoted by educational and cultural institutions, the mass media. Literary speech- absolutely universal!
On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.
However, oral and written forms of speech are independent, have their own characteristics and features.