Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish features of word usage and organization of speech, which are related to the characteristic features business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions"and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the union if - if) are most widely used:
Russkaya Pravda already uses terms that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), listen (witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno screaming something (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.
After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time obligatory element(props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to Saint George (Yuriev Monastery) the Terpugsky churchyard of Lyakhovichi with land, and with people, and with horses, and forest, and boards, and traps on Lovat ..." (from "Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery in 1125-1137").
Letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.
In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge amount of foreign words(province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language is basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - begin to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details.
Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Establishment of Ministries", actively formed specific traits clerical style: formal-logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (predominance of nominative and genitive), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.
In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. 20th century work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.
· business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first code of laws appears Kievan Rus"Russkaya Pravda" is an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence complex structures with coordinating unions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction asche - if) are most widely used: In Russian Truth, terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), posluh (witness ), vira (fine), extracted (property), veno vop koe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.
· After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is "The Diploma of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps for fishing ... ("from" Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137 "). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
· In the "General Regulations" of the Peter's Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
· In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Establishment of Ministries", the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization . As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.
In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the means mass media and in politics language is used in different ways. For each of these areas public life fixed its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinguishing features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations that are implemented in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.) ORD is the center of business writing, the core formal business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. Only a written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. V oral speech it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given language unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thought in a speech fragment (sentence, text).
In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:
The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.
Pursuant to order no.
The standardization of the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that gives the document legal effect. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, one has to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor shall have the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.
The detail of the presentation in the official business style is combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:
Emphasized logic, unemotionality of presentation with a standard arrangement of text material on a sheet also very significantly distinguish written business speech from oral speech. Oral speech is most often emotionally colored, asymmetric according to the principle of text organization. The emphasized logicality of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business oral communication should flow in the background positive emotions- trust, sympathy, goodwill, respect.
The information in the document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of the text design that are mandatory - details. For each type of document, there is a set of details provided for by the state standard - GOST.
A prop is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a specific place on a form, sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the compiler, etc. constantly located in the same place - the first three at the top, and the last one at the bottom of the sheet after the signatures.
The number of details varies and depends on the type and content of documents. The sample key establishes the maximum composition of the details and the order in which they are located. These include:
State Emblem of the Russian Federation.
Emblem of the organization and enterprise.
Image of government awards.
Code of an enterprise, institution or organization according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations (OKPO).
Document form code according to the all-Russian classifier of management documentation (OKUD).
The name of the ministry or department.
The name of the institution, organization or enterprise.
Name of the structural unit.
Post office index, postal and telegraph address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.
Place of compilation and publication.
Document access restriction.
Approval stamp.
Resolution.
Title for the text.
Control mark.
Marking the presence of the application.
Grip of agreement.
Mark of certification of copies.
Artist's name and phone number.
A note on the execution of the document and its direction in the case.
A mark on the transfer of data to machine media.
Admission mark.
In this way, high degree unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of terminating vocabulary, consistency, unemotionality, the information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are characteristic of the language of documents and distinguish it from oral spontaneous business dialogic speech.
The history of the formation of the official business style.
Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction asche - if) are most widely used: In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), posluh ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno vopi koe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.
After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps for fishing ... ("from" Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137 "). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Establishment of Ministries", the characteristic features of the clerical style were actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.
In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Similar Documents
general characteristics official business style and its sub-styles. Text norms of business style. Language norms: drafting text, document. Dynamics of the norm of official business speech. Models of syntactic constructions used in business correspondence.
test, added 11/30/2008
General characteristics of the official business style. Language norms and features of the norms of the official business (chancellor) substyle. Typical construction of an official business text. Syntactic features of business speech. Grammar in the official business sphere.
control work, added 10/26/2011
Speech etiquette in the style and culture of business speech. General characteristics and textual norms of official business style. Lexical norms, grammatical features. Phonation means and dynamics of the norm of official business speech; telephone conversation.
test, added 03/28/2012
Key features and features oral business speech, its fundamental differences from the written one. Intonation and semantic discreteness, the main phonetic norms of oral speech, their importance in achieving a positive result in business communication.
test, added 10/19/2009
Features of oral official business speech. Written formal style. Characteristic features of official business speech, factors of a successful conversation. Features of the choice of vocabulary depending on the situation of communication. Organizational and administrative documentation.
abstract, added 11/26/2009
Public functions of the language. Features of the official business style, text norms. Language norms: drafting the text of the document. Dynamics of the norm of official business speech. Kinds speech errors v business letter. Lexical and syntactical errors.
term paper, added 02/26/2009
Characteristics and scope of official business style. Standardization of the language of business papers. The composition of the details of business documentation and the order of their location. The main genres of written business speech. Functions and features of the official business style.
control work, added 04/01/2011
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
higher professional education
Department of Documentation
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STYLE
RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Moscow 2010
Table of contents
| Introduction | 3 | |
Chapter 1. HISTORY FORMING THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
XIV-XVI centuries The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era" The end of the 18th century - "Catherine's Golden Age" 19th century 20th century |
4 4 6 9 12 14 17 |
|
| Chapter 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE | ||
| Conclusion | 24 | |
| List of used literature | 25 |
Introduction
language like social phenomenon performs various functions associated with a particular area of human activity. An important social function of the language is the message inherent in the official business style.
The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property, etc. The need to write down laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, still retains its main distinctive features.
This term paper is a study of the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as a review of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.
The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, on each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word usage of the official business style - style are noted business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern document management.
1. HISTORY FORMING THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
1.1 X-XII centuries
The first business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The annals record the first written texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks, dating back to 907-971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus appeared "Russkaya Pravda" - the main legal monument of Kievan Rus, by which one can judge the development of legal and socio-political terminology at that time.
The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wanting to reconcile with the Novgorodians, unfairly offended by the prince's squad, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his charter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " the best husbands" of Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument appeared - Yaroslav's Truth.
Subsequently, the code was supplemented by articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, compiled at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070. And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included the articles of Vladimir Monomakh's Rules. Thus, the written fixation of legislation designed to justify and protect the feudal system in Kievan state, took place for a long time, naturally reflecting somewhat different stages of language development 1 .
The language of Russkaya Pravda already contains the characteristic features of a business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, listen - witness, mined - property, etc.), the presence of complex sentences and non-union chains.
The oldest document is also "The letter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ("Here I am") becomes from that time an indispensable element of ancient Russian letters. The letters end with a special construction, which indicates who was the witness of the transaction and who seals the letter with his signature.
Consider the language of private correspondence of the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the most ancient monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Kissing from NN to NN." No less characteristic examples of the application of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of letters. Typical in the endings of letters are phrases with various forms of the verb bow, for example: "and we bow to you"; "I bow to you"; "and I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and concise ending: "and on that tobe tsolom." This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time confirms the inseparable connection between the language of Old Russian business writing and book speech.
The given examples prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and ending of writing belong to the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia already in the most ancient era, characterize the speech culture of the writers, their ability to master the processed forms of the long-established literary and written language. 2
1.2 XIV-XVI centuries
A new stage in the development of the Russian national and literary-written language begins in the second half of the 14th century. and is associated with the formation of a centralized state around Moscow - the Moscow principality.
Local chancelleries receive the name orders, and scribes of grand ducal and local offices are called clerk, bastard. Affairs in these institutions were administered by clerks, who developed a special "order syllable", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but keeping in its composition and individual traditional formulas and turns.
Such words and expressions as petition, to beat with a forehead(to ask for something). It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition list all the numerous titles and titles of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to name full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner had to invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a patronymic to his name and adding to it such indications of real or imaginary dependence, as slave, slave, serf. 3
In this historical period, the word charter in the meaning of business paper, document. Complex terms appear in which the noun is determined by adjectives: literacy, spiritual(will), contractual letter, folding letter, ascribed letter, branch letter(establishing the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not limited to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, questioning records.
By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of court decisions, for example, Ivan III's "Sudebnik" (1497), "Pskov Judicial Charter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. Terms reflecting new social relations appear in business writing (younger brother, older brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed in the Moscow period (bondage, money etc.). 4 The development of abundant social terminology, brought to life by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with a direct impact on the literary and written language of the folk colloquial speech element.
The language of business monuments of the XV-XVII centuries. - despite the relatively great proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written orthographic tradition, which originates from the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Russia in all periods of historical development could be free from such a traditional influence.
The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres writing and, ultimately, contributed to the overall progressive development of the literary and written language of Muscovite Russia. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.
From the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 17th-18th centuries. - Mandatory details of a business letter. State command language of the 15th–17th centuries. for all the lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than live colloquial speech. He introduces into use a number of command formulas, which become clichés and clericalism (to bail, this is given in that, to confront, put on trial, inflict reprisals, etc.). There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.
Thus, in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system was formed with an extensive system of functions serviced through various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and they included institutions serving written business communication - the office, mail, archive (which determined the era of order clerical work). The activities of these tools had to be based on a certain system of working with documents, and such a need necessitated the development of regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations on the execution of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents, a system of rules for their execution, begins to take shape.
1.3 The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era"
The Petrine era in the history of Russia is characterized by significant reforms and transformations that affected statehood, production, military and naval affairs, and the life of the ruling classes of the then Russian society. So, the new administrative structure, the transformation of the Moscow State into Russian empire, brought to life the names of many new ranks and titles included in the "Table of Ranks", speech features of bureaucratic subordination: formulas for addressing lower ranks to higher ranks.
The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Muscovite Russia, gave rise to many relevant manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely replaced the words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order. . Along with this, to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanized nobility, various manuals were created that regulated the everyday life of the higher social classes.
In connection with the restructuring of public administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence is becoming much more complicated and enriched. It is moving further and further away from the old Moscow norms and traditions and is noticeably moving closer to the living colloquial speech middle strata of the population.
Peter I, recommending to refrain from bookish Slavic sayings when translating from foreign languages, advised translators to take the language of the embassy order as a model: "You don’t need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the embassy order." 5
The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Petrine era was especially evident in the sphere of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly by borrowings from German, Latin, partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era falls precisely on the "words of the administrative language", which displace the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a herald master, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police master, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. committees, offices, town halls, senate, synods and other administrative institutions that have replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, ballot, confiscate, correspond, claim, second-hand, interpret, ex-authorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, bills, bonds, warrants, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. 6 This administrative vocabulary includes the names of persons by their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents.
And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. For violation of the rules of documentation, for the incorrect preparation of documents, the distortion of their meaning, punishment was provided for both "higher and lower ranks", and the obligatory reference to legislation is introduced when reporting on cases.
In the language of business writing of the Petrine era, old, traditional, and new elements coexisted, opposing each other. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialectal word usage, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.
During the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system was restructured (orders were replaced by collegiums), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, a strict system of document management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of business writing acts, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts came from the state authorities and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documenting norms, which served as an impetus for the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents placed in "general forms" were developed - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal element in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee, indicating the rank, title, rank.
1.4 The end of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine II"
The "age of Catherine", the "golden age" was called by the Russian nobility the years of the reign of Empress Catherine II, which fell in the last third of the 18th century. (1762-1796). This time is the highest point in the development and flourishing of the economy and culture of the Russian nobility, its political domination. At the same time, this is the beginning of the crisis of the nobility in Russia, which is shaken by peasant uprisings. There were also echoes of the French bourgeois revolution in the late 1780s and 1790s. The social conditions for the functioning of the literary language are noticeably changing in comparison with the beginning and the first half of the century. The network of periodicals is expanding, book printing is developing.etc.................