If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.
It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found in simple colloquial speech, and in fiction.
Definition concept
A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:
- the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
- Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
- “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that give Additional information about the item or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”
- "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions
Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
- adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
- pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
- numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
- “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
- “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
- “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
- Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”
Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- Verb in indefinite form, answering the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
- Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
According to their structure, definitions can consist of:
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separating the participle
The most popular isolated definition, examples of which occur most often, is single participle(participial). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. IN in this example The participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, therefore it is separated by commas on both sides.
- The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:
- The frightened girl silently walked forward.
- The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.
You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
- when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
- when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
- in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Isolation of an adjective
Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).
Isolation with a defined personal pronoun
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went straight to bed.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When the word being defined is shared by other words, a separate definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other definitions
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
- The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.
- Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.
In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.
How to detect sentences with isolated definitions?
Correct placement of punctuation marks is impossible without understanding the syntax of simple and complex sentences. In some cases, a comma is placed automatically: for example, before coordinating conjunctions like a , But. Often indicate the need to put a punctuation mark in speech pauses, as well as intonation when listing (homogeneous members).
In most unclear situations, the placement of a comma, dash or colon is still closely related to syntactic parsing.
In general, any members of a sentence can be isolated, as well as inserted constructions such as addresses and introductory words. Accordingly, before putting this or that punctuation mark, you need to mentally analyze the sentence and discover the construction that needs to be isolated.
Sentences with separate definitions are found very often. This is understandable: without words characterizing objects with different sides, the speech would be inaccurate and unexpressive.
The definition is easy to find out in the sentence by asking adjectives. This member of a sentence is expressed by parts of speech that denote the attribute of the subject (adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers) or point to it (pronouns). But in fact, any significant parts of speech can act as a definition (inconsistent).
A separate definition is, as is clear from the above, a member of a sentence to which the questions apply: “which one?”, “which one?” , “which one?”, “which ones?”. Depending on the place in the syntactic structure, such a definition is distinguished by punctuation marks: at the beginning or end of the sentence - one comma, in the middle - two.
Students often mentally equate participial phrase And separate definition. They are partly right - the structure of a sentence with separate definitions often includes a participle with dependent words. But, firstly, such a definition does not always need to be separated with commas, and, secondly, single participles and adjectives are also separated. For example, if uncommon definitions (two or more) appear after the main word:
The sailor, experienced and brave, returned from a voyage around the world.
The sun, bright and blinding, gradually went below the horizon.
There is another myth regarding sentences with separate definitions. Having remembered that the participial phrase is highlighted only after the main word, students forget about definitions with the meaning of circumstance or addition. Such constructions require a comma, regardless of the position of the word being defined. 
An example of such a sentence with separate definitions:
Fairly tired from the chase, the horse slowed down.(That is, the horse began to run slower because it was tired of the chase - adverbial meaning.)
Also, the place of a participial phrase or a single participle (less often an adjective) does not matter if they refer to a personal pronoun:
Upset by yesterday's incident, we walked in silence and hardly spoke.
Joyful and excited, he heatedly explained something.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated selectively, in cases where such isolation is justified by logical emphasis.
So, a sentence with a separate definition is easy to detect if you understand the syntactic function of this minor member, as well as the ways of expressing it. This is perhaps the main condition for the correct placement of punctuation marks.
What are sentences with separate definitions?
Nata Lipovetskaya
My son, while playing, touched a computer that was not working properly.
“playing” is a separate circumstance expressed by a gerund;
“working poorly” is a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase.
I know, it’s a crooked example, but it’s the simplest))
Type in Google: “Separate circumstances, separate definitions.” =)
Better yet, add the words “punctuation rules for” =3
Because a separate definition will not necessarily be expressed by a participial phrase.
These can also be homogeneous members after the word being defined, connected by the conjunction “and” ^^
Anatoly Ledenev
As a rule, common definitions are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are highlighted on both sides by commas), expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with tender aroma (Chekhov); A pale light, similar to water slightly diluted with blue, flooded eastern part horizon (Paustovsky); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (Gorky).
Simply put, commas are placed at definitions
Examples of a separate definition (10 sentences)
Julia
Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma.
The prince, red with embarrassment, asked forgiveness for his awkwardness.
Cinderella, excited by the appearance of the fairy and frightened by such an unusual phenomenon, was unable to utter a single word.
The child, loved by everyone and the only one, Svetka united the family for some time
Chickens roam around our straw-covered yard and always give way
Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, swept across the ground
4 is not enough for me yet)
Diana Alieva
Separating for the summer, the guys exchanged addresses. (separate situation_)
An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, sees in the morning. (separate application)
Instead of an answer, Kirill Petrovich was given a letter. (separate addition)
What is a standalone definition?
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that indicates a characteristic of an object and answers the questions: what? which? which? which? whose? whose, whose? whose? which?
The definition can be isolated, that is, distinguished by meaning and intonation, in the following cases:
1) participial phrase AFTER the word being defined. Sounds approaching from the river became clearly audible.
2) a participial phrase or a single definition BEFORE the word being defined has the meaning of reason, concession or condition.
Worried by the approach of the boat, the birds began to stir.
3) an adjective with dependent words AFTER the word being defined.
I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful.
4) two or more single definitions after the word being defined.
The night came, moonlit, clear.
5) definitions that come after the word being defined that already has a definition.
Sad days, autumn days, quiet days, we still love.
6) a phrase or a single definition is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence
Wheat fields lay across the river, drenched in the sun.
7) a definition relating to a personal pronoun, regardless of its location in the sentence
As an adult, I was a little ashamed.
Alarmed and perplexed, it was difficult for him to explain anything.
8) definition expressed by the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, after the word being defined
Two girls, who looked to be between eight and ten years old, were sitting next to her.
9) noun - infinitive...
I came to you with only one motive - to do good.
1. Isolated and separated in writing commas single and common agreed definitions if they refer to a personal pronoun.
For example:
Tired of the long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned(M. Lermontov)
And he, the rebellious one, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms!(M. Lermontov)
But you leapt, irresistible, and the flock of ships are sinking(A.S. Pushkin)
(The isolation in these cases does not depend on where the definition is placed - before or after the personal pronoun).
Note: Adjectives and participles are not separated if they are part of a compound predicate (in which case they can be placed in the instrumental case).
For example:
We hit the road cheerful and rested.(i.e. they set off cheerful and rested)
He[Paul] went home sad, tired(i.e. he went sad, tired) (M. Gorky)
2. Isolated and separated in writing commas common agreed definitions if they come after the noun being defined.
For example:
The fire, carried by the wind, quickly spread(L. Tolstoy)
Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea.(M. Gorky).
(Compare:
The fire, carried by the wind, spread quickly; Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and sea freshness.- there is no separation, since definitions come before the defined nouns).
3. Two or more single agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined are isolated, especially if there is already a definition before it.
For example:
The theater was besieged by a young sea, violent, assertive(N. Ostrovsky)
The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea(M. Gorky)
Note: Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them.
For example:
What awaited Ephraim in the forest was a suffocating, thick atmosphere, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves.
Here's the word atmosphere acquires semantic completeness only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be separated or isolated from it; what is important is not that “an atmosphere awaited” Ephraim, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick”, etc.
Here the common definition is very closely related to the word being defined and therefore is not isolated.
4. Single and common agreed definitions standing before the word being defined are isolated only when they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names.
For example:
Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.
Tired from the day's march, Semenov soon fell asleep
Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich(N. Ostrovsky)
Such definitions can usually (but not always) be replaced by a phrase with the word being.
5. Inconsistent definitions expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions are isolated if they are given greater independence, i.e. when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this is usually the case when they refer to a personal pronoun or proper name.
For example:
In a white dress, with unbraided braids over her shoulders, she quietly walked up to the table(M. Gorky)
Prokofich, in a black tailcoat and white gloves, set the table for seven cutlery with particular solemnity.
Compare: A girl wearing a white down scarf and a tsigay jacket entered the carriage.
Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated:
a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives or participles.
For example:
In Maxim's place they took a Vyatka soldier from the shore, bony, with a small head and red eyes.(M. Gorky)
b) when they stand in front of these definitions.
For example:
The poor guest, with his shirt torn and scratched until he bled, soon found a safe corner(A.S. Pushkin)
Note: Usually inconsistent definitions expressed comparative degree adjectives with dependent words.
For example:
A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy)
Applications and their isolation
Applications There are coordinated and non-coordinated ones.
I. 1. If a single agreed application and the noun it defines are common nouns, then between them is written hyphen.
For example:
The song bird again fluttered in its chest and flapped its eagle wing
From the regiment we thank you for your brave son(A. Tvardovsky)
Hyphen It is also written in the case when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning.
For example:
Beyond the empty outskirts, beyond the Donets River, the peace of the field will tremble and split
Vasilisa and Lukerya said that they saw Dubrovsky and Arkhip the blacksmith a few minutes before the fire(A.S. Pushkin)
But: The Don River flows into the Sea of Azov
The coachman Anton and the blacksmith Arkhip disappeared to an unknown location.(A.S. Pushkin)
Note: No hyphen:
1) If the first noun is a common address (comrade, citizen and so on.).
For example:
Listen, comrade descendants, to the agitator, the loudmouth leader
2) If the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective.
For example:
An old peasant with a farm laborer walked along a fishing line in the evening(Wed. old peasant)
There lived a poor shoemaker in a hut(cf. poor shoemaker)
If such an application appears after the word being defined, then a hyphen is placed.
For example:
An old peasant walked...
a poor shoemaker lived...
2. Inconsistent applications (names of newspapers, magazines and works of art, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks.
For example:
read the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda"
listen to the opera "Boris Godunov"
work at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant
II. 1. The following are isolated and separated in writing by commas:
a) single and common applications related to the personal pronoun.
For example:
We artillerymen were busy around the guns(L. Tolstoy)
I, an old hunter, have spent the night in the forest more than once
Geologist, he traveled all over Siberia
b) common applications related to the word being defined - a common noun.
For example:
A fighter, a blond boy, quietly touching an accordion(A. Tvardovsky)
Only the feedman, the silent northern old man, is awake
Smart animals, beavers winter wisely
c) single and common applications, standing after the defined noun - a proper name.
For example:
Next to Kudryash in the play is Kulagin, a local tradesman and “self-taught mechanic.”. But: Next to Kudryash in the play is a local tradesman and “self-taught mechanic” Kuligin; Zhukhrai, the sailor, talked to us more than once.
Following Deev, Sapozh-
nikov, railway worker
Notes:
1. Single isolated applications, similar to the applications given above, should be distinguished from non-individual applications that appear after a proper name, closely merge with it in meaning and denote its constant, as if an integral feature, name.
For example:
Averka the tailor
Arkhip the blacksmith
Dumas the Father
Dumas the son
2. A common application standing before a proper name stands out when it has an additional connotation of causality (in this case it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being).
For example :
An evil legislator of the theater, a fickle admirer of charming actresses, an honorary citizen of the backstage, Onegin flew to the theater(A.S. Pushkin). But I I began to look closely and recognized my old acquaintance Kazbich(M. Lermontov)
A separate application, instead of a comma, can be separated by a dash in the letter:
a) if it not only defines the word, but also clarifies its content.
For example:
An interesting sports competition was scheduled for the end of August(namely?) - cross country running
The study of plant organs should begin with their elementary organ– cells
Topolev- a tall, bony old man with a gray-greenish mustache- didn't say a word the whole evening
b) if the application needs to be distinguished from homogeneous members.
For example:
At Kaleria Alexandrovna's apartment... Elizaveta Alekseevna gathered- Volodya's mother, his sister Lyudmila and aunt Marusya with two girls
3. Separate, separate commas union-attached applications that is, or(meaning that is), words even, for example, especially, by nickname, by name, including and so on.
For example:
My father showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.(Aksakov)
Many people have been sulking at me since the last ball, especially the dragoon captain(M. Lermontov)
I went hunting with Starostin’s son and another peasant named Yegor.(I.S. Turgenev)
About two hundred yards away the Yaik was divided into two branches, or channels(Aksakov)
Most of these applications have a clarifying meaning. Some are excretory in nature.
Note: A proper name, standing after a common noun, can also act as a clarifying application.
For example:
Pushkin owed especially much to his grandmother, Marya Alekseevna Hannibal
Pushkin's childhood friend was his sister, Olga Sergeevna
4. Applications attached by the union How, stand out commas, if causality matters; if the union How equal in value to the expression as, then there are no commas.
For example:
As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic objects for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry(V. Belinsky)
Compare: Krylov wrote very wonderful comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not help but overshadow his fame as a comedian(V. Belinsky)
5.2.7.4 Isolation of circumstances
I. Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds.
1. Separate and separate commas:
a) participial phrases (i.e. participles with words dependent on them).
For example:
Holding the jug above her head, the Georgian woman walked along a narrow path to the shore. Sometimes she slipped between the stones, laughing at her awkwardness(M. Lermontov)
The boat, tilting to the right and then to the left, jumped over the waves
b) single gerunds.
For example:
Having made some noise, the river calmed down and returned to its banks.
The steppe turned brown and began to smoke, drying out
2. Single gerunds and participial phrases connected by a non-repeating connecting or dividing conjunction are not separated from each other by a comma.
For example:
The shelves move, swaying and sparkling(M. Lermontov)
The wind, whistling in the ears and pouring coolness, instantly filled the sail(A. Serafimovich)
Whether studying in the reading room or working at home, he skillfully used every minute
Notes:
1. Not separated and, therefore, not separated by commas:
a) gerunds that have turned into adverbs (reluctantly, silently, slowly, without looking, moaning, lying down, jokingly, sneaking etc.), and phraseological units of an adverbial nature (sleevelessly- "carelessly" headlong- "very fast", rolling up my sleeves- “friendly, persistent”, etc.).
For example:
The carrier rowed while standing(K. Paustovsky)
Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.
We will work with our sleeves rolled up. But: The father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.
b) participle or participial turnover associated with another circumstance similar to it - not a participle.
For example:
Everyone usually approached the office door whispering and on tiptoe.(L. Tolstoy)
Having stopped Vlasova, in one breath and without waiting for answers, he bombarded her with flowing and dry phrases(M. Gorky)
2. The participle and the participial phrase are moving away comma from the previous union.
For example:
The batteries gallop and rattle in copper formation, and the wicks burn, smoking as before a battle.(M. Lermontov)
Tonya wanted to express her surprise, but, not wanting to embarrass the guy who already felt awkward, she pretended that she had not noticed the dramatic change in his appearance(N. Ostrovsky)
An exception is the use of the participial phrase after the conjunction A, when the participial phrase cannot be separated from this conjunction.
For example:
Read the conditions of the problem carefully, and after reading them, proceed to solve it.(you cannot say: “Read..., but proceed...”)
When contrasting, a comma is used.
For example:
Do not immediately start solving the problem, but after reading the conditions, think through the sequence of solving it(the participial phrase can be separated from the conjunction a: Don’t start right away... but think about it...)
II. Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns.
1. The circumstances of the assignment, expressed by nouns with prepositions, are isolated despite, despite.
For example:
Despite the difference in character and the apparent severity of Artyom, the brothers loved each other deeply(N. Ostrovsky)
The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Daria Alexandrovna got ready to go(L. Tolstoy)
The day was hot, bright, radiant, despite the occasional rain
Despite the weather, we decided to go back to the sea
2. Isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Isolation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of the sentence.
For example:
Field crops, due to lack of water for irrigation, were poor. But: Ticket sales have been discontinued due to lack of available seats.
A circumstance isolated in this way is closer in meaning to a subordinate clause: In the coastal region, due to the long autumn and late spring, bird migration is also delayed.
Compare: I am writing to you from a village where I visited due to sad circumstances.(A.S. Pushkin)
Most often, separation occurs:
1) circumstances, reasons with prepositions thanks, according to, in view of, as a result of or with prepositional combinations for a reason, by chance, for lack of, due to and etc.;
2) adverbial conditions with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, provided and etc.;
3) the circumstances of the assignment with a pretext contrary to.
For example:
I went by postal service, and he, due to heavy luggage, could not follow me(M. Lermontov)
Yacht racing, weather permitting, will take place next Sunday
Our stay in the bay, contrary to the expectations of many, was delayed
If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.
It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
Definition concept
A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:
- the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
- Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
- “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”
- "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions
Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
- adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
- pronoun - (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
- numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
- “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
- “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
- “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.
Isolated (this was shown) can appear both before and after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
- Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”
Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
- with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
According to their structure, definitions can consist of:
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separating the participle
The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are found most often, is a single participle with this type of definition is placed if it comes after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
- The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:
- The frightened girl silently walked forward.
- The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.
You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
- when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb 1st conjugation, the suffix is written -ushch -yushch (thinks - thinking, write - writers);
- when created in the present day. time of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yasch (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
- in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Isolation of an adjective
Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).
Isolation with a defined personal pronoun
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went straight to bed.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other definitions
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
- The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.
- Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.
Such constructions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.
A21, B5. Dedicated Applications
APPLICATION is a definition that is expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. The application is always used in the same case, the same as the noun to which it refers. The application may be undistributed(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).
For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) walked to the sleigh. railway worker(I.p.).(application railway worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), tough guy(I. p.), was not happy about either the guests or the profit.
(application tough guy common, refers to a noun master)
Some applications may be used with the conjunction HOW.
For example: Like any literary innovator Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.
Cases of separation.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:
a) if it's worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (before such an application you can insert a conjunction namely)
For example: Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf Swede.
b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing the application with a homogeneous member:
For example: The mistress of the house and her sister were sitting at the table. my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.
c) to highlight with two sides of applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains
- covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.
d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence is raging in the forests.
Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotes, are NOT separate!
For example: Girls- teenagers On the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched the ballet "Swan Lake".
A21, B5. Separate Consensus Definitions
Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are CONSENTED and DISAGREED.
AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)
SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
| Separated by commas | Examples |
| 1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they relate to a personal pronoun | Friends With childhood, they never parted. They, agronomists, went to work in the village. |
| 2. Agreed common definitions and applications if they come after the noun being defined | The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time. |
| 3. Two or more homogeneous agreed-upon non-common definitions appearing after the defined noun | The wind, warm and gentle, woke up the flowers in the meadow. |
| 4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the defined noun), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional). | Exhausted by the difficult road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause). |
| 5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they come after the word being defined - a proper noun. Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not highlighted. | The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer. In my adolescence I read books by Dumas the Father. |
APPLICATIONS WITH UNION HOW
§1. Separation. General concept
Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Are separated only minor members offers. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
- Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members proposals are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed upon
- inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
- participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She, excited, could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional meaning of reason)
Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.
(additional value of concession)
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:
And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.
§4. Standalone Add-ons
Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:
- simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
- similes: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with a union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:
1. are of a phraseological nature:
It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:
We're walking in circles.
(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)
3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":
It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late, until nightfall.
Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What can be separate definitions?
- common and not common
- agreed and uncoordinated
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?
In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?
- if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
- if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed
Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?
- about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
- except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?
Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?
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