The problem of the clerk in modern public speech. Chancellery

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: A forest of hands went up in the vote. A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and indefinite meanings: question, task, raise, provide etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: work - everyday, level - high, support - hot. Numerous publicistic stamps ( field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism ( exciting image, angry protest)

Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, it begins to be used in figurative meaning expression to get a residence permit (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's Muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses) can become a stamp. However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech clichés that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can distinguish, first of all, stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; Issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made means of expression reproduced in speech used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses the idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, phrases such as household service (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Chancellery- verbal stamps and template expressions, grammatical forms and designs inherent in the official business style writing and the "bureaucratic" version of the oral, a special "clerk" (K. Chukovsky's definition), jargon of officials, "officials". These are, for example, "incoming" and "outgoing" (papers, document numbers), "implementation of the decision to entrust (report)", "provide assistance", "assistance" (instead of "help", "assistance"), "please consider", "work through the issue ( solution)", "engage (resource, people, departments, etc.)", "in accordance with the decision", "in accordance with the decision" (instead of "by decision"), etc. phenomenon; they make it easier to write, read and, ultimately, go through paperwork. authorities". K. - idiomatic expressions of a special kind, among them there are many archaic ones, inherited by the modern bureaucracy from the predecessors of the 19th century. K. can be considered as result linguistic "energy conservation" - with the help of stamps and templates, writing and speaking is much easier and faster than using bright, expressive, artistic speech and language means.

Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical of the official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Married negative side in the activities of the enterprise, if we can say: It is bad when the enterprise produces marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. It narrows them down expressive possibilities compared to verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with auxiliary verb having a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. AT formal business style fixed verb-nominal combinations to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, to fulfill, to exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of simple predicate) in such cases is impractical - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in business, by virtue of, in order to, to the address, in the area, in terms of, at the level, at the expense, etc. They received a lot distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: In order to increase turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay citizens' pensions, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

As weed words most often performed:

particles(index here summarizing well, modal perhaps, affirmative So, interrogative Yes, emotionally expressive simple and direct and comparative as if), modal words (of course, probably, probably, it seems), introductory units (in general, in general, in principle, let's say, it means, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen, as a matter of fact, therefore, so to speak) and pronouns(demonstrative pronoun this is, a combination of demonstrative and definitive pronouns is the same, a combination of an interrogative pronoun what and particles, a combination of a pronominal adverb and a subject-personal pronoun how is it, pronominal adverb there).
Examples:
"Here I came to you ... here ... but you ... here ... I did not find you" (student for grade 7).
“So, when we were on an excursion, well, this ... that's ... when we went down to the river ... that's ... and that ... we saw a beaver ..." (study grade 7).
"In the village... here... every year there are more and more... here... strangers. I come... here... - and I almost don't know anyone... here" .
"Well, let's say the language is divided into styles. Well, let's say there are five styles of the language" (student of the philological faculty).

19. Richness of speech. Word formation as a source of speech wealth.

Richness of speech- a set of linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, stylistic) that an individual owns and skillfully uses in accordance with the situation. The richness of speech is determined by the ability of a person to express the same thought, the same grammatical meaning. different ways.
The richness of speech is associated with a variety of used speaking means of expressing thoughts, synonyms, ways of constructing an utterance, organizing a text.
To achieve this quality, it is necessary to replenish your vocabulary by reading literature, pay attention to grammatical and stylistic features. readable texts, think about the shades of the meanings of words, notice cliches, hackneyed phrases.

Level speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the communication process.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in the innumerable stock of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing in the world, in the life around us and in our minds,” says K.G. Paustovsky, “that could not be conveyed by the Russian word: the sound of music, and ... the brilliance of colors, and the sound of rain, and the fabulousness of dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and baby talk, and the mournful roar of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and sorrow for loss, and the triumph of victory.

The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered to be richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning the less often repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally the same language unit.

Stationery - words and turns of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. The use of clericalism in scientific. and public Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés. This applies primarily to the use of terms and clericalism. On this, perhaps, we will conclude our conversation about clericalism.

natural in business speech, outside of her K. become alien and undesirable. Sufficiently relevant and necessary in repetitive situations of.-cases. No, it’s better without dinner than with such a mandate,” Davydov decided dejectedly, hungry, after reading the note and heading to the regional field and water union (Sholokhov). And the first thing I propose to start with is an analysis of the mistakes and shortcomings that beginner authors make in their writings.

Office types.

Unfortunately, clericalism can be found in almost every work, regardless of authorship, and I think it is not possible to weed them out of the text to the last. This is what we will do now. For example, use in artistic text revolutions " roadbed” instead of “road”, “repair” instead of “repair” and others. Next, I offer you my classification of types of bureaucracy.

See what "Chancery" is in other dictionaries:

The clerical connotation in these words can be further exacerbated by the prefixes non- and under- (failure to detect, underfulfillment). They are very closely related to the concept of speech stamps - that is, words and expressions that have become widespread and have lost their original emotional coloring. This category should also include words of mass use that have fairly broad and vague meanings: question, event, individual, specific, and others.

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. An example of clericalisms: is, given, indicated, stated, function, being, is, aspect, certain, etc.

To K. are treated as separate words with the coloring of. Since the installation is already underway, we ask you to carry out this work directly on the site (from the letter of guarantee). The described vocabulary and phraseology from of.-del. K. only in those cases when it is used in an alien area, outside of office.

Types of offices. Examples of texts with clericalisms

The use of K. in a stylistic context unusual for them (not in official business. The intentional use of K. as a stylistic device is not a speech defect, for example, in artistic speech as a means speech characteristics character: Davydov came out, unfolded the note.

In order to achieve a humorous effect, K. is used in the following example: the Muse was not given to him for a long time, and when it was given, the poet was surprised at what he did with her. In any case, after reading the production, it became clear to him that there could be no question of a fee (Zoshchenko). One of the linguistic achievements of perestroika was the rejection of ritual speech in favor of living, stylistically normal texts, which, unfortunately, were by no means always literate.

The main trouble of clericalism is that they make the language of narration inexpressive and ponderous. 1. Errors in mastering the meaning of phraseological units. The clericalisms also include turns demonstrating superiority over the reader: it is no secret that; no wonder, as you know, etc. In principle, the use of denominative prepositions can often be justified, but their large accumulation in the text gives an undesirable clerical coloring.

The article will discuss such a concept as clericalism. Properties, features, examples of the use of clericalisms that belong to the group of speech stamps. But first you need to understand the concepts.

Speech stamps: definition of the concept

Stamps and clericalisms are closely interconnected, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of speech stamps.

Stamps are words and expressions that are often used in speech and do not have any specificity.

They deprive speech of expressiveness, individuality, figurativeness, persuasiveness. These include: template metaphors, paraphrases, comparisons, metonymy. For example, the light of my soul, their hearts were beating in unison, in unison, and so on. Once upon a time, such expressions had figurativeness, but due to frequent use in speech, they lost their expressiveness and turned into patterns.

Especially often such language forms are used by journalists, especially a lot of such turns in journalism, for example, the expressions include “black gold”, “liquid gold”, “people in white coats” and so on.

In russian language? Concept definition and examples

In our language, there are a number of words that are appropriate to use only in a certain way. Such words include clericalism - these are phrases and words that are allowed only in an official business style, but which are used in an artistic, colloquial, and journalistic style, leading to stylistic errors or For example, "I got a haircut on a free service basis."

Dictionaries provide the following definitions for the term "clericalism":

In the dictionary of Efremova T.F., clericalism is words or language phrases that are used in official business speech.
In the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, these are words, grammatical forms, phrases characteristic of business style, for example, “incoming and outgoing documents”, “I bring to your attention”, and so on.
In the Modern Encyclopedia of the Russian Language and Literature, clericalism is the elements of passive speech that are used in works of art to imitate business style. That is, the authors use this kind of expression in order to depict the bureaucratic language or the image of a business document. For example, they were used by Platonov A.P. in the story "Pit", where he imitates business style when retelling the content of the "dismissal document".
In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy, clericalism is a figure of speech that is characteristic of the style business documents and papers. AT oral speech such expressions cause negative impact to the interlocutor.

The main features and features of clericalism

Among the main features and features of these words and phrases are:

the use of nouns formed from verbs: tailoring, stealing, time off, revealing, finding, inflating, taking;
replacement of a simple verbal predicate with a compound nominal one, for example, instead of “wish” - “show a desire”, “help” - “provide assistance”, and so on;
the use of prepositions formed from a noun, for example, along the line, in part, at the expense of, at the level, in terms of;
excessive use of words in the genitive case, for example, "the conditions necessary for the implementation of the planned plan";
replacing active turns of speech with passive ones, for example, "we decided (active) - the decision was made (passive)".

The abuse of clericalism

The abuse of such expressions and words in speech deprives it of expressiveness, individuality, figurativeness and leads to such linguistic shortcomings as:

mixing styles;
the ambiguity of what was said, for example, "the professor's statement" (someone claims him or he claims something);
verbosity and loss of meaning.

Naturally, clericalism looks only in business speech. But the examples show that they are often used in other styles, which is a stylistic mistake. To prevent this, you should know exactly which words refer to clericalism.

They are characterized by:

solemnity: the giver of this, the above-mentioned, to claim, it is necessary, such;
everyday efficiency: to speak (discuss), puzzle, hear, developments, specifics;
official and business coloring of nouns formed from verbs: taking, non-detection, underfulfillment, time off, and so on.

Offices include:

nouns, participles, adverbs, adjectives that are used in a strictly business communication environment: customer, principal, party, person, owner, vacant, victim, reporting, outgoing, free of charge, available;
service words: at the expense, to the address, on the basis, according to the charter, in the course of research;
compound names: diplomatic relations, law enforcement agencies, public sector.

You can use such words and phrases only if they do not stand out against the background of the text, that is, in business correspondence or official documents.

The use of clericalism as a stylistic device

But such expressions are not always used only in official business documentation, often the authors of literary works use them to figuratively characterize the character's speech or to create a humorous effect. Such methods were used by: Chekhov, Ilf and Petrov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Zoshchenko. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin: "it is forbidden to take the head off ...".

Chancellery in our country reached its maximum distribution during times of stagnation, they began to be used in all areas of speech, and in everyday life. spoken language. Which once again confirms that the language reflects all the changes that happen in society and the country.

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Introduction

clericalism speech stamp

An important part of literary activity is stylistics. Even the most interesting literary work may repel the reader with poor writing style. One of the types of stylistic "deformities" is the stationery. What does he represent?

In an age of bureaucracy and business communication many "infect" the official style of speech, and use it under the most inappropriate circumstances. Remember your friends. People who try to appear more serious resort to business speech and technical terms, often of foreign origin.

Such a defect of speech is called chancellery. This term was introduced by K. I. Chukovsky. Few people know that he was not only a brilliant writer, but also an equally gifted linguist. As a true philologist, he loved his native language and tried to identify speech diseases in order to be able to cure them.

As you can understand, clerical work is an inappropriate and incorrect use of business speech, the use of speech stamps official language. So, often we hear phrases like "I made a guess" instead of a simple phrase "I guessed." People often replace Russian words with foreign ones, for example "electorate" instead of "voters".

All this complicates speech, makes it ugly and angular. The use of bureaucratic tongue-tied tongue is often found in journalism and even in modern literature. Poorly oriented in literary speech, people use clichés of business communication. It dries up speech, distracts from the meaning of what is written.

In view of this, the topic of our study was "The problem of the clerk in modern public speech".

The fundamental problem of our study was the use of clerical writing in journalism, public speaking, both orally and in writing, regarding the status and features of which there is still no consensus.

The purpose of the study is to study the problem of office work in modern speech.

The object of research is the concept of office worker.

The subject of the research is the use of clerk in public speech.

The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of the use of stationery in modern speech.

To achieve the goal of our study, we set the following tasks:

Consider the history of the study of office work and office work;

Explore the features of speech stamps and clericalism;

Conduct a practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech.

Research structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, conclusion, list of references.

Chapter 1

1.1 Problems of the study of clericalism

Many people think that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it's a language cultured people. The modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

Works of art are created in the Russian literary language and scientific works, is the language of theater, school, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, among friends, in public places. The fact that the same language performs both functions enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerging meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: the very everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of a nationwide culture. Literary language is lovingly protected from everything that can harm it.

In different eras, the dangers that threaten the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this was an influx of borrowed words (moreover, borrowed without need), slang vocabulary, vernacular, i.e. non-normative, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of dialects on the literary language, against the influx of jargon. Maxim Gorky wrote: “The speech vagaries of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, to select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not to get carried away with rubbish like such meaningless words as yelling, basing, shrinking and etc." This danger was overcome in the 1930s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, and scientists fought against it.

In our time, one of the dangers for literary speech (and, in the end, for language) is the influence on everyday, journalistic, even on artistic speech book stamps, especially official business style stamps. K.I. Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, chancellery is understood as "Soviet language", "totalitarian language", "newspeak". These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, chancellery is studied in an orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of business style language tools in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of chancery can be explained by the development of the literary language mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and average literary types of speech culture, a distinctive feature of which is “possession except for colloquial speech only one - maximum two functional styles.

Thus, there are two understandings of the clerk. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural terms, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the clerk in the conditions of modern speech situation. According to some scientists, the cliches of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, speech is becoming free. According to others, clerical writing cannot be considered a phenomenon only of the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the Chancellery today is the need for official authorities to present any information in a veiled manner.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya notes that the bureaucracy is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it also exists in “democratic” states and performs the functions of political correctness and control, manipulation of the mass audience.

In our opinion, clerical work is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign-style vocabulary. This point of view is proved by the survey we conducted, in which university students and high school students took part (72 questionnaires in total). When analyzing the responses, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered it a mistake to use words and phrases

colloquial nature (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it acceptable to use excessive use of speech stamps and stationery (“fencing of landings”, “based on all of the above”), even in a colloquial style, since (according to 60% of the respondents) such book expressions testify to the “richness” of speech.

Chancery manifests itself at different language levels (the texts of means mass media and speeches of politicians, recordings of live colloquial speech). Most clearly, in our opinion, the following features of the office worker are manifested in modern speech:

Nominalization, i.e. replacement of the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language, focused on the norms of the document.

At the moment, such a replacement of verb forms by nominal forms is found in speech professional journalists, politicians, ordinary people (shooting down a plane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, carrying carry-on luggage, reducing the cost of a loan).

Verbosity (the term of K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple phrases and words with clerical ones is due to the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now, such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of uncertain purpose, engaged in labor activities), while in everyday life they have practically ceased to be used.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep reflection, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicant's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases with the word problem are used (problems with heating, the problem of the family, the material problems of Russians, the problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical cliches are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

Denominative pretexts (in the course of our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a shortage; they were interrogated about dachas and income).

Stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a pattern (democratic rhetoric, praising the leader of the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are devoid of individuality and in this sense differ little from the speeches of politicians of the Soviet era. Such stereotyping is characteristic not only for political speech. This is a “genre-specific feature of mass literature” [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of chancellery at different levels of the language in the Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

The office exists in information societies, he is needed by the authorities in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish between book language and colloquial speech; when creating texts of oral colloquial speech, they take the linguistic features of book styles as a basis.

Modern native speakers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the mass media, therefore, errors in the speech of speakers, public figures are perceived by them as a model.

Chancellery is a common disease, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that grows to unprecedented proportions. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed some kind of stamp, state turnover. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

There are an infinite number of examples of a clerk - from the already quite familiar

he experienced a feeling of joy instead of he rejoiced

moving around the city instead of moving around the city

a large amount of money instead of a lot of money

make a comparison instead of compare

· in the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest...

To real verbal "monsters":

Currently, active work is underway under the strict guidance of...

we are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets

due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...

The process of creating a well-functioning dispute resolution mechanism

organization of food production

Official expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. To people who use them, it probably seems that this sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man, when asked by a girl, “What do you do?” replies: "I am currently working as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." instead of saying "now" or without a tense at all. He probably believes that in this way he will make an indelible impression on the girl, she will seem smart, businesslike, that such a manner of expression gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the sense of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, neither in a mass magazine or newspaper, nor even in a conversation, it has no place (about fiction and nothing to say). The expression “at the present time” sounds just as ridiculous in a conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said “I appreciate a sense of humor in a person”, someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to a feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it's like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these “presence” or “absence”, “presence” (“presence of free time”, for example).

Quite often, the word “active” is used today: “actively working”, “actively used”, “actively communicating”, “actively cooperating”, “actively doing something”, “actively fighting”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting" because there is also passive rest, but you can not use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without a definition: why is it necessary to say “She actively practices yoga” when you can simply say “She practices yoga”? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can also express it like this: "widely used", "working hard", "talking a lot", "fighting zealously". But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively." This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged." And there is no need to make an effort, to look for the right word ... Perhaps this “actively” reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it’s like not working, sort of doing, but kind of not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that it is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, while reading the text, we stumble upon all sorts of “should be noted”, “should be emphasized”, “it is worth mentioning separately”. Before saying something to the point, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging the literary language is verbal clichés - words and expressions devoid of figurativeness, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with stereotyped turns, killing a lively presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: “The language of ready-made expressions, clichés ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the intricate keyboard of our brain.

Most often, speech stamps are created using so-called clericalisms - standard formulas for official business speech, in some genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and convenience of formalizing business papers.

Examples of clericalisms: “event”, “if available”, “is hereby certified” “notice”, “shall”; "to assist" (instead of "help"), "hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with genus. case instead of the common literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. a case like "recovery of property damage from an employee", etc.

Unlike traditional use, when used inappropriately outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of clericalism may conflict with its environment; such usage is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: "Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to steal paper" (Gogol); "In the same way, it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, bite off a nose ... taking away a head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... flying in and breaking glasses with a crow ..." (Pismsky); "The killing happened because of drowning" (Chekhov).

The use of language means assigned to the official business style, outside of this style, leads to clogging of the language - stationery.

Usually transmitted through written contact. It is carried by the Clerical Tick, the main habitat of which is the Bureaucratic Chair. The disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paper activities. The adults of Homo Bureaucraticus are most susceptible to infection.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, incomprehensible construction of phrases, in ponderous and unnatural turns of speech. The colloquial speech of the sick loses its simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, becomes gray, monotonous and dry.

Prevention - protection from casual business connections.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy language environment.

1.2 Speech stamps and clericalism

The purity of speech is violated due to the use of the so-called speech stamps of hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness, and clericalism - words and expressions characteristic of official business style texts used in live speech or in fiction (without a special stylistic task) .

Writer L. Uspensky in the book "Culture of Speech" writes: "We call stamps different devices that are unchanged in shape and give many identical prints. Linguistics and literary scholars have a "stamp" turn of speech or a word that was once brand new and brilliant, like a coin just issued, and then repeated a hundred thousand times and become captured like a worn penny": the frost was getting stronger, eyes wide open, colorful (instead of colorful), with great enthusiasm, completely and completely, etc.

The disadvantage of speech stamps is that they deprive speech of originality, liveliness, make it gray, boring, in addition, they create the impression that what is said (or written) is already known. Naturally, such a speech cannot attract and maintain the attention of the addressee. This is the reason for the need to fight stamps.

Widely introduced into speech and clericalism; we often meet them in oral presentations and in print, noting that they are not always necessary. Here is an example from B.N. Golovina "How to speak correctly": "Let's remember what kind of "load" the word "question" in all its variants receives in the speech of some speakers: here and "illuminate the question" and "link the question", and "substantiate the question" and "raise the question" , and "promote the issue", and "think over the issue", and "raise the issue" (and even to the "proper level" and "proper height").

Everyone understands that the word "question" in itself is not so bad. Moreover, this word is necessary, and it has served and serves our journalism and our business speech well. But when in an ordinary conversation, in a conversation, in a live performance, instead of the simple and understandable word "told", people hear "heard the question", and instead of "offered to exchange experience" "raised the question of the exchange of experience", they become a little sad ". consider such phrases as this opinion (instead of this opinion), due attention, properly, I will dwell on academic performance, dwell on shortcomings, dwell on absenteeism, etc. K. I. Chukovsky believed that clogging speech with such words is his own kind of illness, clerical. Even N.V. Gogol ridiculed expressions like: before reading; tobacco addressed to the nose; to prevent his intention; an event that will happen tomorrow. Often high school students write in essays on the Russian language and literature in such style: Andrei Bolkonsky wants to escape from the environment; Oak played a big role in starting a new life.

Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn. In oral and written speech, phrases with derivative prepositions are used without any measure and need: from the side, by, along the line, in the context, in order, in deed, by virtue, etc. However, in fiction, such constructions can be used with a special stylistic task , act as an artistic device.

Chapter 2. Practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

Replacing a verb with a verbal noun, participle, participle.

Here's an example with a verbal noun: "Are you having beer with friends on a Friday night about algorithms for increasing sales?" It sounds hard, but you can say this: “On a Friday night over beer with friends, talk about how to increase sales?”

The verb is action, dynamics, life itself. The verbal noun is motionless, frozen, dead - accordingly, your text will be dry and dull, tiring for the reader. Verbs will help bring it to life.

The abundance of participles and participles (breathing, admiring, turning around and smiling) make the text dissonant. The use of several participles and gerunds at once in one sentence creates a continuous hiss. Participles are almost never used in colloquial speech, and you should be careful when writing with them: they make the text heavier, make it cumbersome, confusing.

A heap of nouns in oblique cases, in particular a chain of nouns in the genitive case.

So in our example - “algorithms for increasing sales volumes” - there are three nouns in the genitive case. And there is much more! Such constructions complicate reading. The sentence needs to be restructured, in our case it is enough to use the verb again.

Another example: “the reduction in staff is due to increased efficiency through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management.” Judge for yourself whether such a sentence is easy to read. But its meaning can also be conveyed as follows: “the reduction in staff is due to the desire to increase efficiency by reducing costs and reorganize risk management.” The use of two verbs instead of verbal nouns ("increase" instead of "increase" and "reorganize" instead of "reorganize") makes the sentence simple and clear.

The use of passive turns instead of active ones.

For example: "We see that the company understands the problems" instead of "We see that the company understands the problems." The passive turnover is more bookish and is perceived more difficult than the active one. Active is alive and natural, and it is impossible to replace it with a passive one without good reasons.

The use of foreign words instead of Russian, complex instead of simple and understandable.

For example, more and more often you hear from educated people the phrase "articulate your position" instead of "express the position", "explain the position".

In a word, not the best, but the worst are chosen from linguistic means. The richness of the language is replaced by a limited number of ready-made stamps. Instead of reflecting life in all its diversity, such language deadens everything it touches.

Examples of a clerk from editorial practice

Consider examples of a clerk from editorial practice, we give with a corrected version so that you can compare and see the difference.

Summing up all that has been said, I would like to focus on how to choose the right insurance conditions and company.

What should you know when choosing insurance terms and company?

Lexus boasts a rare, at the moment, phenomenon - the ability to operate frontal airbags in two modes.

Lexus boasts a rare feature today: frontal airbags can work in two modes.

The car has a pronounced tendency to skid.

Car lifts easily.

I wanted more comfort and that was one of the driving factors for changing cars.

I wanted more comfort, and this was one of the reasons to change the car.

This is partly due to the emergence and awareness of the many risks associated with our life.

The reason for this was the realization of the many risks to which we are exposed.

Often, many clients are not interested in the terms of payment of compensation when concluding an insurance contract, which subsequently leads to various kinds of conflicts between the client and the company.

When concluding an insurance contract, clients are often not interested in the terms of compensation, which subsequently leads to conflicts between the client and the company.

However, despite the significant power reserve of the accelerator pedal and the tachometer needle, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

However, although the accelerator pedal was not pressed all the way down and the tachometer needle did not go off scale yet, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I encounter a number of problems.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I endure inconvenience.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for clients to service their debt to banks.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for customers to service their debt to banks.

For now, we remain optimistic about improvements in NPLs by the end of the year.

By the end of the year, we expect improvements in non-performing loans

This significant staff reduction is attributed to efficiency gains through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management, while continuing to provide loans to customers.

This significant reduction in staff is driven by a desire to improve efficiency through cost reduction and reorganize risk management, while the bank continues to lend to customers.

Although such a factor as the quality of the loan portfolio has not reversed its downward trend over the past two years...

Although the quality of the loan portfolio has not stopped deteriorating over the past two years...

This assumption can be supported by the relatively stable economic situation last year and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine, which showed a significant slowdown in the growth of bad loans in the banking system of Ukraine as a whole.

This assumption is based on the fact that last year the economic situation was relatively stable, and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine showed that the growth rate of bad loans in the Ukrainian banking system as a whole has significantly decreased.

Let's compare two more versions of the sentences:

1. Over the past ten years, achievements have been made in Ethiopia in the eradication of such eternal enemies of mankind as ignorance, disease, poverty.

1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty.

2. Hans Weber crashed on the line of a high-speed race as part of a motorcycle competition.

2. Hans Weber crashed in a motorcycling competition during a high-speed race.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city ).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

1. It is very important to use chemicals for this purpose.

1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals.

2. A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop.

2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity.

For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

Conclusion

The problems of studying bureaucracy are not new. However, it also attracts the attention of modern linguists who are stubbornly fighting for the purity of Russian speech.

The term "clerk" was introduced by Korney Chukovsky. He defined it as the style of the language of officials and lawyers. The main task of bureaucrats is to create the appearance of vigorous activity, hence these loud, verbose expressions, behind which in reality there is nothing. They only fill in the fog so that no one guesses what exactly is hidden behind these words, and often the bad is hidden, what is harmful to society. For bureaucrats, there are no living people, they think abstractly, which is reflected in their speech.

Only the clerk has long gone beyond the bureaucratic environment and penetrated into all spheres. Very often on the websites of companies there is a text saturated with official expressions. According to those who wrote, this should probably give the impression of solidity, reliability, they say, we do not knit brooms, but we are engaged in serious activities. But in reality, the reader gets bogged down in heavy constructions and cannot master even a short text.

In conclusion, it must be said that, in themselves, speech stamps, business vocabulary and phraseology are needed in certain types of speech, however, one must constantly ensure that their use is appropriate so that stylistic errors do not occur.

List of used literature

1. Bykov L.P., Kupina N.A. Linguistic naturalism of texts of mass literature as a problem of orthology // Problems of language norm. Abstracts of the International Conference Seventh Shmelev Readings. M., 2006. S. 29-31.

2. Vasiliev A.D. Word on Russian TV: Essays on the latest word usage. M., 2003.

3. Vinogradov V. V. On the theory of artistic speech. - M., 1971.

4. Vinogradov V. V. Stylistics, theory of poetic speech, poetics.-- M., 1963.

5. Vinokur T. G. Patterns stylistic use language units.-- M, 1980.

6. Grigoriev V. P. Poetics of the word.-- M., 1979.

7. Zemskaya E.A. Newspeak, new speak? Nowomowa…What's next? // Russian language of the end of the XX century (1985-1995). M., 2000. S. 19-25.

8. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof.

9. L. K. Graudina and prof. E. N. Shiryaeva. - M.: Publishing group NORMA - INFRA M, 1999. - 560 p.

10. Poetics and style of Russian literature. Collection of memory of academician V. V. Vinogradov.-- L., 1971.

11. Romanenko A.P. The image of a rhetor in Soviet verbal culture. M., 2003.

12. Sirotinina O.B. Characteristics of the types of speech culture in the sphere of the literary language // Problems of speech communication. Interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. Issue. 2. Saratov, 2003. S. 3-20.

13. Solganik G.Ya. Text style: Proc. allowance. -M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997. - 256s.

14. Stepanov Yu. S. Stylistics // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: SE, 1990.

15. Stylistics of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. L., 1989.

16. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. M., 2003.

17. Tomashevsky B. V. Theory of Literature. Poetics. M., 1996.

18. Textbook for universities, ed. prof. V.I. Maksimova, "Russian language and culture of speech", M.: Gardariki, 2001.

19. Textbook under the general. ed. L.A. Novikova, "Modern Russian language", St. Petersburg: Ed. "Lan", 1999.

20. Textbook, ed. V.D. Chernyak, "Russian language and culture of speech", M .: Higher school; St. Petersburg: Publishing house of RGPU named after A.I. Herzen, 2005

21. Fedorov A. V. Essays on general and comparative stylistics. M., 1971.

22. Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life About the Russian language // K.I. Chukovsky Works in 2 vols. T. 1.M., 1990.

24. Schwarzkopf B. S. Official business language // Culture of Russian speech and communication efficiency. M., 1996.

25. Shmelev D. N. Russian language in its functional varieties. M., 1971.

Application

Glossary of clerks

abroad, from abroad

imported (meaning foreign)

cultural (person)

Food)

young man, woman (as a title)

order table

mutual aid fund

quality mark

hero city

farce

commission

branded, firmA (about "imported" things)))

white death, black gold

at the forefront

staging (of a film, performance)

car enthusiast (about the owner of the car)

intellectual

overseas hosts

American (and any other) military

spiritual ideals, spirituality

Our values

welfare of the people

cooperative

plant

meeting

citizen

policeman (in the 90s there was already a cop, garbage, etc.)

friendly

decent

acquire

health resort

What are speech stamps

Let's start by looking at the most common mistakes that are made both in writing and in communication.

Stamps and clericalism (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interconnected. More precisely, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of cliches (this concept names such words and expressions that are often used, due to which they have lost their meaning). Therefore, such constructions simply overload the speaker's speech and are considered redundant.

Stamps are words and phrases that are often used in speech. Usually such linguistic phenomena do not have any concreteness. For example, the phrase "the meeting was held at the highest level" is used instead of giving a detailed account of the event.

In russian language? Examples

In the Russian language, there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in a specific one. These words include clericalism. This term is usually called words, grammatical constructions and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is fixed in the literary language for official business style. For example: solicit, should, activity not pursuing the purpose of making a profit, exercise control etc.

Signs of clericalism

Now let's define the signs of such words and consider examples.

Chancellery - the words of the official business style, however, in addition to this, they have a number of purely linguistic features. Among them are:

The use of non-suffixes (hijacking, tailoring, time off); suffixal (taking, revealing, inflating, finding).
Replacing a compound nominal predicate with a simple verb (predicate splitting). For example: show a desire- instead of wish to decide- instead of decide to help- instead of to help.
Use of denominative prepositions. For example: in part, along the line, in force, to the address, in the context, in the area, due to, in terms of, in business, at the level.
Stringing cases, usually genitive. For example, conditions necessary to raise the level of culture of the population of the region.
Replacing active revolutions with passive ones. For example, active turnover we installed- to passive the establishment was carried out by us.

Why can't you abuse clericalism?

Chancery and speech stamps (examples confirm this), often used in speech, lead to the fact that it loses its imagery, expressiveness, conciseness, and individuality. As a result, the following shortcomings arise:

For example: after short-term precipitation in the form of rain fell, a rainbow shone over the reservoir in all its glory.
The ambiguity generated by verbal nouns. For example, the phrase "professor's statement" can be understood both as "professors affirm" and as "professor asserts".
Verbosity, heaviness of speech. For example: due to the improvement of the level of service, the turnover in commercial and state stores should increase significantly.

The bureaucracy, examples of which we have presented, deprives speech of figurativeness, expressiveness, and persuasiveness. Because they are frequently used expressions with erased lexical meaning, tarnished expressiveness.

Usually journalists tend to use stamps. Therefore, in a journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.

What words refer to clericalism

It looks natural only in business speech clericalism. Examples of their use indicate that very often these words are used in other styles of speech, which is considered a gross stylistic mistake. In order to prevent such an oversight, it is necessary to know exactly which words belong to clericalism.

So, clericalism can be characterized by:

Archaic solemnity: named, aforementioned, to charge, the giver of this, it is necessary, to claim, such.
At the same time, clericalism can also be businesslike: speak out(in meaning discuss), hear, advances, puzzle, specifics, developments.
Nouns formed from verbs with the following suffixes give speech an official business coloring: - ut, -at, -ani, -eni: beginning, taking, finding; non-suffixed: day off, theft, tailoring, hiring, supervision; words with prefixes under-, non-: non-detection, non-detection, underfulfillment, non-admission.
In addition, a number of nouns, participles, adverbs, linking verbs and adjectives are strictly related to the business sphere of communication. For example: party, customer, client, principal, owner, person, reporting, victim, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free of charge, to be, to be, to be.
A number of official words differ in official business coloring: to, at the expense of, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the contract, in connection with the termination of the agreement, in case of refusal to comply with the contract, as a result of research etc.
Such turnovers include the following compound names: food, law enforcement agencies, vehicle, public sector, diplomatic relations.

In what cases is it appropriate to use the term "clericalism"

Chancery (examples of words we examined in detail above), according to the laws of the literary language, should be used only in an official business style. Then these turns do not stand out against the background of the text.

The very term "clericalism" is appropriate to use only in cases where such words and phrases are used in someone else's style. Then the speech acquires an inexpressive, official character, loses its emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.

Chancellery as a stylistic device

But clericalism is not always attributed to speech shortcomings. Examples from works of art show that such words and expressions are often used as a stylistic device. For example, for the speech characteristics of the hero.

Writers often use clericalism to create a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin - "... it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, take away a head, bite off a nose"; in Chekhov - "the killing occurred due to drowning."

Chancellery (we examined examples of words in some detail) in Russia reached the most widespread during a period of stagnation, when they penetrated into all spheres of speech, including even everyday life. This example once again confirms the idea that the language is a reflection of all the changes that take place in the country and society.