Sound analysis of the word. Excursion for parents.
Basic rules for composing the sound scheme of a word:
Vowel letters are indicated by circles (large dots),
Solid consonants - in one strip (dash),
Soft consonants - two stripes (two dashes).
The consonant becomes soft if after the consonant letter there is a softening vowel - I, I, Yu, E, E or a soft sign b.
For example, MOUSE -. - -. BEAR =. - -.
There are also exceptions to the rule. So the consonants Y, Щ, Ч are always soft, and Ж, Ш, Ц are always hard.
Some letters make up two sounds after a vowel, a soft or hard sign, and also at the beginning of a word are indicated:
I - consists of sounds (YA), schematically it looks like this =.
Yu - (Y U), schematically =. E - (Y E), schematically =. E - (YO), schematically =.
For example, APPLE =. - -. -. YULA =. -. Hedgehog =. -. -
Stage 1. When you start learning letters and sounds with your child, you gradually need to acquaint your child with the concept of vowels and consonants. Most often in the kindergarten they say that vowels can be sung, but consonants are impossible. Although my daughter long and hard proved to me that consonants can be sung. Not even noticing that at the end of each consonant she added a vowel and thus extended the sound. Therefore, we had to memorize the most common vowel sounds. Over time, she caught the difference and now understands what it means to sing sounds.
When a child can easily distinguish consonants from vowels, feel free to introduce him to the concept of soft and hard consonants.
Stage 2. Word schema is believed to help develop reading skills. From myself, I can say with what better baby reads, the easier and more accurate it is to add word schemes. The poem will not say with certainty which contributes to what more.
The most difficult thing for a baby, both when reading and when drawing up diagrams, is when two consonants are found side by side in a word. Therefore, to begin with, draw up diagrams simple words, consisting of a minimum of letters - HOUSE, CAT, GARDEN. Then - COW, DOG, MAN. And only then TABLE, SPOON, PROTEIN.
We play with children and compose sound analysis the words.
For lessons with a child, cards must be made (see the picture above). On a sheet of cardboard we draw the designations of sounds, 10 of each type are enough. The size of the cards doesn't matter.
Game 1. Shuffle the cards and turn them over with the back side. Take the card one by one. We name a word starting with a sound corresponding to the picture. For example, you came across a card with a circle, you call the word ANANAS, with one strip - CHAIR, with two - BALL. If the child has named the word correctly, he takes the card for himself, if not, he puts it in a common pile. Whoever has more cards at the end of the game won.
Game 2. For this game, you need small toys (you can from a kinder surprise). Place a toy on both sides of the table. Put the word out of the cards between the toys. Parse this word with the baby. Ask the child what is the first letter in the word, what is the last, how this or that is indicated. Where is the vowel in the word, how it is indicated. We made sure that the child understood the scheme - you disassemble the bridge and offer the baby to repair it.
A story for a child: Toys are great friends, but they live on different banks of the river. The river banks are connected by a magic bridge made of cards. An evil wizard flew in and broke the bridge (or a strong wind blew). Help your friends build a bridge. To do this, you need to put together a magic word from cards that will help connect the two banks of the river.
When the baby learns to add word schemes on his own, immediately invite the child to make a bridge.
Game 3. At least two players (mother and child) participate. Mom says the word, and the baby adds up the scheme of this word. Then mom and baby change roles. If the scheme is correctly formed, then the player who made the scheme earns a point. No - a point is earned by the player who made the word, but only if he finds an error in the scheme. Whoever has more points won. Dear Parents do not forget to make mistakes and give the child a chance to feel the most intelligent.
Sound scheme of the word in examples:
Forest =. - Mac -. - Hedgehog =. -. -
Autumn. =. = Iodine -. - Apple =. - -. -.
Yula =. -. Oak -. - Cat - . -
Door - =. = Lizards =. =. =. -. Screen. - -. -
Raccoon =. -. - Bumblebee = =. = Print =. =. =
Hedgehog =. - A pen - . = -. Hare - . =. -
Bone -. - -. = -. Eternal =. = -. =
Hello Losers. I recently wandered around the Internet and came across a textbook on the Russian language. I remembered this school, which I had to go to every day and sit my pants. Despite the fact that I have always studied well…. let's say not bad, I would not want to repeat this experience. In the textbook, I found a lesson about how to correctly compose the structure of sentences. And I decided to write an article about this so that you, caught by nostalgia for school times, or, suddenly, by necessity, do not wander in search of textbooks on the Russian language, but come to my blog. And here's a test for you:
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Question 1 of 10
1 .
Find the structure [__ and __ ======]
Question 2 of 10
2 .
Find the structure [│О│, ...] among the proposals presented.
Question 3 of 10
3 .
Find the structure [│ВВ│,…] among the proposals presented.
Question 4 of 10
4 .
Find the structure [│DO│, X…] among the submitted proposals.
Question 5 of 10
5 .
Find the structure [X, │ PO│,…] among the sentences presented.
Question 6 of 10
6 .
Find the structure "[P!]" - [a] among the proposals presented.
Question 7 of 10
7 .
Find the structure “[P .., │О│!] - [a] among the presented proposals. - [│ВВ│, ... P ..] ".
Question 8 of 10
8 .
Find the structure [… ..], and [… ..] among the proposals presented.
Question 9 of 10
9 .
Find the structure [… ..], (what….) Among the submitted proposals.
Question 10 of 10
10 .
Find among the submitted proposals the structure [… ..], (which….).
Someone will object: "School is over long ago, we will write without schemes." This point of view is quite correct. For those who communicate via SMS and game chats. So, today the topic of our lesson is: "How to draw up a proposal outline?" Moreover, if you are a copywriter or want to become one and earn more than your teacher, knowledge of sentence schemes is, unfortunately, necessary.
The procedure for drawing up an offer scheme
To draw up a diagram, you will need graphic symbols. Equal sentences in a complex sentence are denoted by square brackets... Subordinate together with the union - parentheses. The main word from which the question is asked is a cross.
Simple sentence schema
Let's consider an example right away. Let's start with the easiest elementary school assignment.
This is a simple two-part sentence. A distinction is also made between one-part, when the main members of a sentence are expressed by one subject or one predicate. Simple sentences are common, as in our case, or uncommon, for example:
Pay attention to the predicate. It can be simple or complex:
- Simple: " Michael composed ».
- Compound verb: " Misha wanted to write on the couch».
- Composite nominal: " Misha was a friend for me».
A simple sentence may contain an appeal:
Ivan, sit in the left lane... The scheme of the proposal is as follows
[│O│,… ..].
It is important to separate the reference with commas in the same way as the introductory words.
Unfortunately, this happened quite often.
[│ВВ│,… ..].
Do not forget to find and highlight the adverbial or participle phrases.
Without taking his eyes, the dog looked at her
[│Do│, X ...].
The view that opened before him was like an enchanted kingdom of cold.
[X, │ PO│,… ..].
In literary texts, in text-reasoning, direct speech is often found.
“Don't go into the yard!” The stranger shouted loudly.
"[P!]" - [a].
“Hurray, brothers!” He shouted. "It seems our business is starting to go well."
“[P .., │O│!] - [a]. - [│ВВ│, ... P ..] ".
So, an English teacher. Imagine I have all fives (80 percent), I am going to graduate with honors from a technical school, Olympiads, conferences - everyone knows me. And this ... ... well .... the woman gives me a shake. I tell her: are you not normal, look at my grades, what are you doing? And nifiga is supposedly a principle. Although what the hell was the principle when she gave fours to athletes who did not come to pairs at all and put fives for a can of coffee. And everyone said this to her, Pasha needs to give at least a four. In short, tin. Already at the defense of the diploma, the director himself intervened and she gave me 4 after the defense, but the honors diploma was lost.
Complex sentence schema.
There are several types of complex sentences. Let's consider them in order.
Compound - these are two simple equal sentences, connected by a compositional union.
The walls of the tunnel parted, and the travelers found themselves in a huge sublunary grotto.
The scheme is simple here [… ..], and [… ..].
In a complex sentence, one part is main, the second obeys, accompanies the first.
The individual columns were so huge that their tops reached the very vault.
[…..], (what ….).
The air around him was much cleaner than the air he breathed at home.
[… ..], (which….).
Subordination in such sentences occurs with the help of subordinate unions.
A unionless sentence is similar to a compound one, but it does not have a union.
The TV studio offered a ridiculously small amount - Miga got angry.
[…..] — […..].
In our example, Miga's displeasure is caused by the actions performed in the first part of the complex sentence. But there is no union, it is replaced by a dash.
Do not get confused when making a diagram with different types communication. It can be very difficult to break up such sentences without losing the main idea.
The bottom of the tunnel went down, so it was easy and simple to go: it seemed that someone was pushing in the back, and soon the light would come on ahead.
[… ..], (therefore….): [│ВВ│, ...], and [....].
Difficult sentence may have several subordinate parts arising from one another. This is consistent submission.
The children were informed that tomorrow there will be a holiday, which will end with a carnival procession.
(which the ….).
A distinction is also made between parallel subordination. From the main sentence, different questions are asked to subordinate clauses... The clauses in this case can become separate simple sentences practically without change.
When the photographer came, Serenky wrapped the stock in a handkerchief to hide it in his bosom.
↓ when? ↓ why?
(when….), (to….).
In Russian, there are homogeneous subordination... This listing simple sentences... They are asked the same question from the main part, and they are connected by the same union.
Observing nature in spring, you can see how birds fly in, how delicate leaves appear, how the first flowers bloom.
↓ what? ↓ what? ↓ what?
(as….), (as….), (as….).
The main types of proposals are considered. While reading and analyzing the text, carefully look through the sentences that are large in design. Highlight the main information. Mentally ask questions from the main word or main part to the subordinate or subordinate clause. This will help you grasp the essence and correctly place the punctuation marks.
All creative successes. Well, find 10 differences in these pictures and write how much it cost you to do it.
find 10 differences
When teaching a child to read and develop phonemic hearing, it should be remembered that:
Our speech consists of sentences.
A sentence is a complete thought.
Sentences are made up of words.
Words are made up of syllables. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowel letters (sounds), for example: ma / li / na - this word has 3 syllables, since it has 3 vowel letters (sounds).
Words are made of sounds.
Sound is what we hear and say.
The letter is what we write and read.
The sound in writing is indicated by a letter.
Sounds are vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds are sounds that can be sung with a voice (above-below), while the air leaving the mouth does not meet an obstacle.
There are six vowels in Russian sounds: A, U, O, I, E, Y. On the diagrams, vowel sounds are indicated in red. Vowels letters- ten: six - A, U, O, I, E, Y - correspond to sounds and four - iotated, which denote two sounds: I, Yu, E, E, (I - YA, Yu - YU, E - YE, YO - YO)
- at the beginning of a word (pit, whirligig);
- after a vowel sound (beacon, za-yushka);
- after soft and hard signs (family, rise).
In other cases (after consonants), iotated vowels denote softness in front of the consonant sound and a vowel sound in writing: I - A. Yu - U, E - E, E - O (birch, ball). The vowels A, O, U, Y, E in writing denote the hardness of consonants.
Consonant sounds are sounds that cannot be sung, since the air leaving the mouth when they are pronounced meets an obstacle.
Deafness and voiced consonant sounds are determined by the work of the vocal cords and checked with a hand placed on the throat:
- deaf consonants - the vocal cords do not work (the neck does not tremble): K, P, S, T, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh;
- voiced consonants - the vocal cords are working (the throat is trembling): B, C, D, D, F, 3, Y, L, M, N, R
Always voiced (unpaired) consonants: Y, L, M, N, R. Always voiceless (unpaired) consonants Х, Ц, Ч, Щ. Other consonants form pairs:
B C D E F H - CALLS
P F K T W S - DEAF
The hardness and softness of consonants are determined by ear:
- consonants that can be hard and soft: B, C, D, D, 3, K, L, M, N, P, P, S, T, F, X, Bb, Bb, Gb, Db, Zb , Kb, Lb, Mb, Hb, Pb, Pb, Cb, Th, Fb, Xb;
- always solid consonants: Ж, Ш, Ц;
- always soft consonants: Y, Ch, Shch.
Hard consonants on the diagrams are indicated in blue, soft ones in green.
One of the important tasks of preparing for literacy training is to familiarize children with the sound composition, the sound structure of the word. The original principle of the system preschool education literacy consists in the fact that the child's acquaintance and work with letters should be preceded by a pre-literary, purely sound period of learning. The letter is the sign of sound.
Acquaintance with an alphabetic sign will be ineffective if the child does not know what exactly is indicated by this sign. The pre-literary stage of learning to read and write takes a lot of time and effort. But one should not strive to reduce it, because the success of the further formation of the reading skill depends on the pre-literary stage of learning. If, even in the pre-literary period, the child learns to freely switch from a hard consonant sound to its soft pair and back, then the most difficult step will not cause difficulties for him later primary education reading - merging two letters into a syllable.
Knowing letters without a sense of sounds is the same as knowing the names of colors with color blindness. And it is no coincidence that children with an excellent memory and slightly ambitious parents sometimes recognize and name all the letters by the age of two, but even by the age of seven they do not begin to add them, unless they first get acquainted with the sounds.
The purity of speech depends on many factors: on the development of speech hearing, speech attention, speech breathing, vocal and speech apparatus. Teaching children to analyze words by sound begins with determining the sequence of each sound in it.
So, when analyzing the word beetle, the child must pronounce it three times: zhzhzhuk, zhuuuk, beetle. Then you can build a word model from the squares. Cells correspond to sounds.
Vowel sounds
Sounds, during the formation of which the air passes freely, nothing "interferes" with these sounds - neither teeth, nor lips, nor tongue are called vowels. Such sounds are in the words: mac- [a], bow- [y], dom- [o], forest- [e], whale- [and], smoke- [s]. To make sure that your conclusions are correct, you need to "check" all sounds by pronouncing them, and observing if anything in the mouth interferes with their pronunciation.
The vowel sound in the word model is colored red.
Consonant sounds
Sounds, during the formation of which the air does not pass freely, encounters obstacles, something "interferes" - lips, teeth, tongue, are called consonants. We will denote a hard consonant in blue, and a soft consonant in green.
MOON FOX YULA GUSI
[l] [y] [n] [a] [l] [u] [c] [a] [d] [y] [l] [a] [z] [y] [cb] [u]
Stress vowel sounds
After children learn to distinguish between vowels, hard and soft consonants, it is necessary to introduce them to stress, to teach them how to highlight stressed syllables and stressed vowels in a word. It is better to start learning how to isolate the stressed syllable with two-syllable words with stress on the first syllable (bear, porridge), then move on to words with stress on the second syllable. Learning the ability to isolate word stress is included in the work of conducting sound analysis. Following the stressed syllable, children become familiar with the stressed vowel sound. A slash is placed above the percussive sound.
An example of sound analysis of the word GUSI
[g] [y] [s] [and]
What are the vowel sounds? ([y], [and])
How many syllables are in a word? (Two)
Name them. (GU-SI)
What is the stressed syllable. (GU)
Pronounce the word with emphasis. (GUUUSI)
In the stressed syllable, a vowel is pronounced lingeringly. (UUU)
We read the word with stress, moving the pointer under the diagram.
An adult pronounces HUSII.
What sound is highlighted? (AND)
How to say it correctly? GUUUSI.
A vowel sound in a stressed syllable is called stressed, which is pronounced more drawn out.
Which consonant is soft? [sm]
It is important that the child learns what the sound of speech is, can differentiate sounds, divide words into sounds and syllables. Only then can he easily master the skill of reading.
Letters are a graphic symbol of sounds. Often we are faced with the fact that children are taught to read letter by letter, i.e. children, seeing a letter, pronounce its name, not a sound. The result is "keote" instead of "cat". Children hardly delve into the right to sound letters and letter combinations. This creates additional difficulties in teaching children to read.
In the teaching method of reading in kindergarten provides for the naming of letters by their sound designations: п, б, к…. This makes it much easier for children to master the reading skill.
How to do it right phonetic analysis the words?
Is a characteristic of the structure of syllables and the composition of a word from sounds.
Memo
Phonetic parsing plan
- Spell the word spelling correctly.
- Divide the word into syllables and find the place of stress.
- Mark the possibilities of word hyphenation by syllables.
- Phonetic transcription of the word.
- Characterize all sounds in order: a. consonant - voiced - voiceless (paired or unpaired), hard or soft, what letter it is designated by; b. vowel: stressed or unstressed.
- Count the number of letters and sounds.
- Mark cases where the sound does not match the letter.
Samples phonetic parsing:
I really like to eat carrots.
Phonetic analysis of the word love:
- I love
- any - lЮ (the stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables)
- I love
- [l "ubl" y]
- L - [l "] consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;
Yu - [y] - vowel and unstressed;
B - [b] - consonant, solid, voiced and paired
L - [l "] - consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;
Yu - [y] - vowel and stressed - There are 5 letters and 5 sounds in a word.
Phonetic parsing of the word carrot:
- carrot
- sea-cov (the stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables).
- Transfer: carrot
- [markoff "]
- M - [m] - consonant, hard, voiced and unpaired.
O - [a] - vowel and unstressed.
P - [p] - consonant, hard, voiced and unpaired.
K - [k] - consonant, hard, voiceless and paired.
O - [o] - vowel and stressed.
B - [f "] - consonant, soft, voiceless and paired.
B —————————– - There are 7 letters and 6 sounds in the word.
- o - a, b - a dull sound f, b softens c.
Phonetic transcription video
- When doing phonetic analysis, you need to say the word out loud.
- It is important to always check the transcription.
- Be sure to pay attention to spelling in phonetic analysis.
- Also pay attention to the sounds that are pronounced in weak positions, such as: a confluence of consonants or a confluence of vowels, hissing consonants, unpaired consonants for hardness and softness or voiced and voiceless.
You may also need
As soon as parents begin to think about how to teach their child reading skills, in addition to letters and syllables, the concept of "sound analysis of a word" appears. However, not everyone understands why it is necessary to teach a child who cannot read how to do it, because this can only cause confusion. But, as it turns out, the ability to write correctly in the future depends on the ability to correctly understand words into sounds.
Sound analysis of the word: what is it
First of all, it is worth giving a definition. So, the sound analysis of a word is the definition in the order of their placement of sounds in specific word and characteristics of their features.
Why should children learn to perform sound analysis of a word? To develop phonemic hearing, that is, the ability to clearly distinguish sounding sounds and not to confuse words, for example: Tim - Dima. After all, if a child is not taught to clearly distinguish words by ear, he will not be able to write them down correctly. And this skill can be useful not only when studying the grammar of the native language, but also when studying the languages of other countries.
The order of parsing a word by sound
When performing sound analysis of any word, you must first put stress, then divide it into syllables. Then find out how many letters are in the word and how many sounds. The next step is to gradually analyze each sound. After that, it is calculated how many vowels are in the analyzed word and how many consonants. At first, it is better for children to give simple monosyllabic or two-syllable words for analysis, for example, their names: Vanya, Katya, Anya and others.
When the child gradually figured out how to properly analyze for simple examples, it is worth complicating the parsed examples of words.
Sound analysis of the word: schema
When working with the youngest children, special colored cards are used for better assimilation of information.
With their help, children learn to create a sound analysis circuit.
Card scarlet used to indicate vowel sounds. Blue - hard consonants, green - soft. To indicate syllables, two-color cards are used in the same colors... With their help, you can teach a child to characterize sounds and whole syllables. You also need a card to indicate stress and a card showing the division of the word into syllables. All these designations, which help teach a child to do sound analysis of a word (the scheme plays an important role in this), are approved by the official school curriculum of Russia.
Vowel sounds are their brief characteristics. Diphthongs
Before you start analyzing a word, it is important to know what features all phonetic sounds (vowels / consonants) have. When teaching children in the early stages, it is necessary to give information only about the simplest properties, everything else the child will study in high school.
Vowel sounds (there are six of them: [o], [a], [e], [s], [y], [and]) are percussive / unstressed.
Also in Russian there are letters that, in a certain position, can give a couple of sounds - yo [yo], yu [yu], i [ya], e [ye].
If they follow the consonants, they sound like one sound and give softness to the preceding sound. In other positions (the beginning of the word, after the vowels and "ъ" and "ь") sound like 2 sounds.
Brief characteristics of consonants
There are thirty-six consonants in our language, but only twenty-one characters represent them graphically. Consonants are hard and soft, as well as voiced and voiceless. They also may / may not pair.
The table below lists voiced and dull sounds that can form pairs, and those that do not.
It is worth remembering: the consonants [y`], [h`], [ny`] in any position are soft, and the consonants [w], [c], [w] are always hard. Sounds [q], [x], [h`], [uch`] - are absolutely always deaf, [m], [n], [l], [p], [y`] - (sonorous) or voiced ...
Soft and firm mark and do not give sounds. Soft sign makes the previous consonant soft, and the hard sign plays the role of a separator of sounds (for example, in Ukrainian, the apostrophe plays a similar role).
Examples of sound analysis of words: "language" and "group"
With the theory out, it's worth trying to practice.
For example, you can perform a sound analysis of the word "language". This word is quite simple, and even a beginner will be able to make out it.
1) B this example two syllables "I-zyk". 2 syllable is stressed
2) The first syllable is formed with the help of the diphthong "I", which stands at the beginning of the word, and therefore consists of 2 sounds [y'a]. The sound [y`] is a consonant (acc.), Soft (soft) (green card), the second sound [a] is a vowel, unstressed (scarlet card). To designate this syllable in the diagram, you can also take a two-color green-red card.
4) Syllable 2 "tongue". It consists of three sounds [z], [s], [k]. Consonant [z] - firm., Voiced (card of blue color). Sound [s] - vowel, shock (red card). Sound [k] - acc., Firm., Deaf. (blue card).
5) Stress is put and checked by changing the analyzed word.
6) So the word "language" has two syllables, four letters and five sounds.
It is worth considering one point: in this example, the word "language" was understood as for first grade students who do not yet know that some vowels in an unstressed position can produce other sounds. In high school, when students deepen their knowledge of phonetics, they will learn that in the word "language" unstressed [a] is pronounced as [and] - [yizyk].
Sound analysis of the word "group".
1) In the analyzed example, there are 2 syllables: "gru-ppa". 1 syllable is stressed.
2) The syllable "gru" is composed of three sounds [gru]. The first [g] - acc., Firm., Bell. (blue card). Sound [p] - acc., Firm., Bell. (blue card). Sound [y] - vowel, shock. (scarlet card).
3) A card is placed in the scheme, indicating the separation of syllables.
4) The second syllable "ppa" has three letters, but they produce only 2 sounds [p: a]. Sound [p:] - acc., Firm., Deaf. (blue card). It is also paired and pronounced long (blue card). Sound [a] - vowel, unstressed (scarlet card).
5) The accent is put in the scheme.
6) So, the word "group" consists of 2 syllables, six letters and five sounds.
The ability to do the simplest sound analysis of a word is not something difficult, in fact it is a fairly simple process, but a lot depends on it, especially if the child has problems with diction. If you figure out how to do it correctly, it will help you pronounce words in your native language without mistakes and will contribute to the development of the ability to write them down correctly.