Demonstrative pronouns list. Pronouns in Russian

It is difficult to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them, it is impossible to build almost a single phrase. Here are the previous two. That is, of course, you can. But why bother.

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you get an impressive document in terms of volume. But just dumping everything in a heap does not make sense. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better understand everything necessary knowledge about pronouns in Russian. And examples from literary works help you visualize how grammatical characteristics pronouns are put into practice.

What are pronouns

pronoun name an independent part of speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their features and quantity) without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on what part of speech they mean. More on this will be discussed below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Ranks by value:

personal;
returnable;
possessive;
interrogative;
relative;
index;
defining;
negative;
indefinite.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Grammar ranks:

generalized subject;
generalized qualitative;
generalized quantitative.

This classification looks at how pronouns relate to various parts speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, this is sometimes referred to as special group pronouns associated with adverbs.

Now we will analyze all these discharges in detail.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they point to its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces denote participants in the speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it / they) indicate persons who are not participating in the speech.

obsolete personal pronoun onet used to denote objects of feminine speech (plural).

Personal pronouns in Russian change by persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also by gender, as well as by cases.

In a sentence, they play the role of a subject or an object.

I couldn't help feeling that they were seeing us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
Life is always accompanied by effort, deprivation and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to get smart, it will take too long ... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

reflexive pronouns. In speech indicate the direction of action on the subject. reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, but is declined in all other cases: myself, myself, myself / myself, (about) myself. It does not change by person, number, gender.

It plays the role of an addendum in a sentence.

If you happen to be angry with anyone, be angry with yourself at the same time, if only for being able to be angry with another. (N.V. Gogol)
There is nothing more pleasant than being indebted for everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: one must fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
Often we allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L. N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the belonging of a certain object (objects) to the subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

1 person - my, my, my / my and ours, ours, ours / ours;
2 persons - yours, yours, yours / yours and yours, yours, yours / yours;
3 persons - him, her / them.

Possessive pronouns in Russian change, as you already understood, according to persons, genders and numbers, as well as in combination with the noun that they explain, according to cases. 3rd person pronouns are not declined.

Our choice, more than our ability, reveals our true nature. (J.K. Rowling)
In our office, out of thirty-two employees in the state, twenty-eight called themselves: "The Golden Pen of the Republic." The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would be no exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, what?, what?, whose?, which?, how much?, where?, when?, where?, where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change by numbers, gender, cases, but not all.

Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you chasing? (S. A. Yesenin)
What is a law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passers-by in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, where, when, where, why they also act as allied words in compound sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence.

Like interrogative, relative pronouns who what and how decline in cases. The rest - by numbers, gender and cases. In addition to pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

There are such low characters who love, just hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
Outright malice repels much less than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is little oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. They indicate the signs or the number of objects of speech. Pronouns in this category include: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in Russian change according to cases, genders and numbers.

I've been going to buy a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Sometimes a person reaches such a point that if he does not step over, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
The truth should be presented as a coat is served, and not thrown in the face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
One who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Definitive pronouns. They serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Definitive pronouns decline in cases, change in gender and number.

Everyone who stops learning gets old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to learn remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep the brain young. (G. Ford)
One good friend is worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
Even the most frank thought, the purest and most clearly conveyed fantasy, whether true or fiction, cannot arouse sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
We do not need magic to change this world - we already have everything we need for this inside us: we can mentally imagine the best ... (J. K. Rowling)

negative pronouns. In speech, they act as a pointer to the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one, nowhere and the like, as you can see for yourself, are formed from interrogative / relative pronouns by adding prefixes not-(under stress) and neither-(no accent).

In Russian, negative pronouns change according to cases, genders and numbers.

The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the ailing, obsolete is afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
Never take any complex moves when the same can be achieved much more simple ways. This is one of the most wise rules life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E. M. Remarque)
Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite features and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

The pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative / relative ones by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, somewhat, somehow, something etc. As well as postfixes:- then, -either, -something - somebody, somewhere, how much etc.

Indefinite pronouns in Russian change by gender and number, decline by cases.

You can say a lot of nonsense, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
Some are accustomed to living on everything ready, to walk on someone's harness, to eat chewed food ... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
In hardly anything else does human frivolity more often peep through to such a terrifying degree as in the arrangement of marital unions. (N. S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express an attitude towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each mutual pronoun there is a large number of variant forms. For instance, each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one with the other, one for the other, one from under the other, one after the other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to occasion, time after time, from this to that- and this is far from a complete list.

In a sentence, they play the role of additions.

People are squeezed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
In bad weather, or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of the tin boxes. Carefully unwrapping wax paper bags and showing each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any signs that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( each, everyone, all) etc.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

Rank by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1st person - me, we 2nd person - you 3rd person - he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Refundable	myself
3. Possessive	1 person - mine, mine, mine, mine, ours, ours, ours, ours 2nd person - yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person - his, her, them
4. Interrogative	who? what? which? what? whose? which the? how? where? when? where? where? why?
5. Relative	who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, when, where, why
6. Index	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, this)
7. Determinants	all, everyone, everything, himself, most, everyone, any, other, different, all, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one
9. Uncertain	someone, something, some, some, several

"Non-classical" digits are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlation of the pronoun with other parts of speech

In other words, ranks according to grammatical features:

Noun pronouns indicate a person or thing. Syntactic and morphological characteristics make them related to nouns. For example, in a sentence, you can also ask questions who? and what? and they act as a subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed by words associated with the pronoun) and case. Incidentally, the pronoun who- masculine, and what- average.

Pronouns-nouns in Russian include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, part of interrogative / relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate a sign of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number, and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what and such is they do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other pronouns-adjectives act either as definitions or as an integral part of the predicate.

Possessive pronouns of the 3rd person are also invariable: him, her, them.

Pronouns-adjectives include all possessive pronouns and all definitives, part of demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each etc.

Pronouns-numerals, as you might guess, indicate the number of items, not denoting it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their derivatives are indefinite a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are able to decline in cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns in the same way as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always distinguished. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like pronouns-adjectives, they indicate a sign, but they are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows you to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, do not decline in cases. They agree with verbs in the same way as adverbs. And in the proposal they play the role of circumstances.

Adverb pronouns include: where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - a table of ranks in relation to parts of speech

Grammar grade	Examples of pronouns
1. Noun pronouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Pronouns-adjectives	mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others
3. Pronouns-numerals	as much as, a few, as much, as much as
4. Pronouns-adverbs	where, where, when, so

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of change in cases. Now we will analyze some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, these pronouns change not only the endings, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

D.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

V.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person of the singular do not have clearly defined categories of gender: they are used in both masculine and feminine, and in the middle.

3rd person pronouns, declensed, may lose their initial consonant: she- but her etc.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself there are only forms of indirect cases. It also declines like a personal pronoun. you:

etc. by yourself (by yourself)

P.p. (About Me

possessive pronouns ( mine, yours, ours, yours);
index ( that one, this one);
interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
definitive ( most, himself, all, everyone, other).

I.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (o) such, (o) such, (o) such, (o) such

Definitive pronouns myself and most, though similar, are inclined differently. The difference is mainly indicated by the emphasis:

I.p. most, himself

R.p. himself, himself

D.p. by myself, by myself

V.p. himself, himself

etc. by himself, by himself

P.p. (o) himself, (o) himself

* capital letter marked stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, all:

I.p. all, all, all

R.p. all, all, all

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. all, all, all

etc. all, all (all), all

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declining pronouns of the feminine and neuter gender, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender, the stem also changes.

4. Interrogative / relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing in cases, the stems change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

D.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

V.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are also declined like the interrogative / relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. some, something

D.p. to something, to something

V.p. any, something

etc. any, something

P.p. (about) something, about something

7. There are variant case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to some

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (o) some

Variative case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some pointers ( such is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns-adverbs do not decline either where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a scheme for the morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such an analysis.

Parsing scheme:

Identify the part of speech grammatical meaning pronouns, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
Describe morphological features:
- constants (rank by value, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1 and 2 persons);
- inconstant (case, number, gender).
Determine what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of pronouns

It's not worth wasting energy on changing people - they won't change. At them who decided on a strong deed, that and right (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - nominative, plural.

(at) them

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - they.
Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - genitive, plural.
Role in the proposal: addition.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - who.
Morphological features: constants - relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant - nominative case.
It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - that.
Morphological features: constants - demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant - nominative case, singular, masculine.
Role in the sentence: subject.

Pronoun spelling

Personal pronouns

When declensing personal pronouns in Russian in oblique cases, the letter appears in the basis of 3rd person pronouns n if they are preceded by a preposition. For instance, about him, to them, about her, among them etc.

H not joining:

in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks to, like, in spite of, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary her, towards them, according to him;
if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in comparative degree: took more his bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix something and postfixes something, either, something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere etc.

When declining indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix something and a preposition is placed as a pronoun. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, in something, from something etc.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/none-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, nowhere to leave - nowhere to be found; nobody, nothing, not at all, none, no one.

When declining negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: none - from none, nothing - from nothing, no one - about no one etc.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/none- and homonymous particles not / neither:

Remember spelling: how neither what not used to. The confusion of spelling particles not / neither leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an amplifying value) - nothing(particle not has a negative value).
Choosing a particle can completely change the meaning of the statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), never (= never at all) – not once (= many times).
Do not confuse negative pronouns with a prefix neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where there was no trace of a person. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
Pay attention to the difference between the phrases none other than - no one else; nothing but nothing else. Particle not expresses negation, and the whole phrase is used to oppose parts of the statement to each other. The opposition is expressed by the union how(= union a). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle not and write it separately. For instance: Everything that happened was not nothing but a stupid prank. On the threshold stomped uncertainly not who other than the long-awaited guest.
If the pronoun with a particle can be semantically replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing but. Example: A registered letter has arrived - nothing but an invitation to a competition that has long been awaited. - A registered letter has arrived - just the invitation to the competition, which has long been awaited.
If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle not, then neither- acts as a prefix and is written merged with a negative pronoun: Neither who else would not say it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither nothing else to win.
If the sentence is affirmative, the phrases nobody else, nothing else serve to connect. A negation that is not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (don't want).
If the phrase contains a union how, write all the words separately and with a particle not: This package not nothing more than a gift. If union how no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
If the conjunction is used in the sentence a, write a particle not(apart): I want to say everything not to someone a only to him alone. If union is used and, write neither(separately if it is a particle, merged if it is a prefix): A lot is gone forever and neither that will no longer be the same.

2. Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions / adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question you can ask them, etc.

Why we go to the store, what will we look for there? - Why you follow me and whine all the time?
For that that you helped me, I will thank you. - But I have a wide soul and a good heart!
What does are all these people here? - They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even dropped out of school.
At the same time , whom we managed to unearth in an ancient tomb, were a sword and a shield. - Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has strength on his side.

3. Remember that at all It's not a pronoun, it's an adverb.

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demonstrative pronouns or demonstrators(lat. pronomina demonstrativa) - pronouns indicating which object the speaker means, as well as the location of the object relative to the speaker (or addressee). In many languages of the world, demonstrative pronouns perform not only a deictic, but also an anaphoric function.

The demonstrative pronoun can also express Additional information about the designated object: its animation, gender, etc.

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns are not singled out in a separate class, since the corresponding meaning is expressed not by independent words, but by means of demonstrative particles attached to the noun.

Demonstrative pronouns in Russian are the words: this, these, that, those, such, such is, so many, as well as outdated this.

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Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns in English: this-that-these-those #9

42 This, that, these, those - English demonstrative pronouns

Lesson 6 Demonstrative pronouns in Russian. Grammar of the Russian language from scratch. RCT

Demonstrative pronouns (Grade 6, video lesson presentation)

Subtitles

Types of demonstrative pronouns

Appropriative and pronominal demonstrative pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun that is used as an adjective is called nominative(or attributive) demonstrative pronoun: for example, English. this- this chair - this chair. If a demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun, it is called pronominal(or substantive) demonstrative pronoun: for example, English. I don't like that- I do not like it.

In a number of European and Asian languages, different lexemes are used for adjectival and pronominal demonstrative pronouns: for example, in French, celui("that one") and celle("that, this") replace a noun, and ce("that one") and cage("that, this") are used as definitions of nouns.

Adverbial and identifying demonstrative pronouns

In addition to demonstrative pronouns used in the position of an adjective and a noun, there are also adverbial demonstrative pronouns with an adverbial function ( So).

In some languages, among demonstrative pronouns, a separate class of so-called identification(or predicative) demonstrative pronouns, which are used only in clauses without a verb or in clauses with a linking verb.

The system of demonstrative pronouns in the Ponape language.

Usage example:

Neutral demonstrative pronouns

In most languages, demonstrative pronouns can also be used in those contexts in which the expression of deictic oppositions is not required. For example, in Modern Hebrew ze('this' - near) is also used in situations where the location of the object relative to the speaker (or addressee) is irrelevant. Other languages in such cases use the so-called neutral demonstrative pronoun .

Such a system of demonstrative pronouns is presented in the Lithuanian language:

Morphology of demonstrative pronouns

From a morphosyntactic point of view, deictic oppositions in the languages of the world are expressed by nouns (lat. ille and iste‘he’), adjectives (Russian. this, that), adverbs (Russian. there, here, here), numerals (Buryat. edii ‘<вот>so much and tedii ‘<вон>so many’), as well as verbs (Buryatsk. iige-‘do so<как это, как здесь>' and tiige-‘do so<как то, как там>’) .

Usually demonstrative pronouns are expressed in separate words, but there are languages in which nominatives demonstrative pronouns - proclitics or enclitics, which are attached to a noun or to some other word in a sentence (for example, in the Lango language in Uganda).

In most languages, demonstrative pronouns are inflected for gender, number, and case, but this often depends on their syntactic position. In languages with a noun inflected for gender, number, and case, the pronominal demonstrative pronoun is also inflected, although adjectival and neutral pronouns may be indeclinable.

Types of deictic systems

Deictic indicators - in particular, demonstrative pronouns - form a deictic system. Depending on the number of oppositions, there are minimal and extended deictic systems.

It should be noted that pronominal demonstrative pronouns tend to express large quantity deictic oppositions rather than nominal ones.

Wed system of demonstrative pronouns in the Tongan language:

Minimum deictic system

The minimal deictic system includes two units: one of them expresses the meaning ‘close to the speaker', another - ‘not close to the speaker’. For example, in Russian this- ‘close to the speaker’, that- ‘not close to the speaker’. Such a system is the most common; it is presented, in particular, in English, Buryat and Dutch.

Extended deictic system

The extended deictic system includes more than three units expressing varying degrees the proximity of the designated object to the speaker (addressee). The most common extended deictic system is the three-membered deictic system, but there are also four-membered and five-membered ones in the languages of the world.

Three-term deictic system

Three-term deictic systems are divided into two types: student-centered and space-oriented. The person-oriented deictic system contains the following oppositions: ‘close to the speaker’/‘close to the addressee’/‘not near either the speaker or the addressee’ = “far away”. Thus, the members of this opposition are oriented towards both the speaker and the addressee.

An example of a person-centered deictic system: demonstrative pronouns in Japanese:

In the space-oriented deictic system, all demonstrative pronouns express the degree of remoteness of the object from the deictic center (the speaker).

An example of a space-oriented deictic system: demonstrative pronouns in Kurukh.

The three-term deictic system functions in Spanish, Portuguese, Armenian, Basque, Finnish, Georgian and other languages. Of these, 2/3 of the languages have a space-oriented system, and only 1/3 have a personality-oriented system.

Four-term deictic system

In a number of languages (for example, in Kui and Kuvi), a four-term deictic system is presented, in which there is a more fractional articulation of the degrees of proximity of an object than in a three-term one. In most cases, four-term deictic systems are person-oriented, that is, they contain a special form to denote an object close to the addressee.

Demonstrative pronouns in the Hausa language (a personality-oriented four-term deictic system):

Four-term and five-term systems are common in Africa, North America and the Pacific region.

Polynomial deictic system

As part of deictic indicators, non-deictic oppositions can also be expressed: for example, the characteristics of the designated object (living / inanimate, visible / invisible, etc.). In addition, the system of deictic indicators can be expanded by distinguishing more subtle features of the localization of an object (for example, above / below the speaker; up / down the river compared to the speaker, etc.). A polynomial deictic system is often found in Dagestan

Kuno, S. The Structure of the Japanese Language. - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1973.

Churchward, C. Maxwell. Tongan Grammar. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

Rehg, Kenneth L. Ponapean Reference Grammar. - University of Hawaii Press, 1981.

Diesel, H. Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = The World Atlas of Language Structures Online // Max Planck Digital Library. - Munich, 2011.

Diesel, H. Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = The World Atlas of Language Structures Online // Max Planck Digital Library. - Munich, 2011.

From the Russian language course, we remember that pronouns in combination with nouns can indicate the ownership of an object. For example - “my chair”, “her diary”, “their site”. Such pronouns are called possessive.

But there is another group of pronouns that specify certain objects that do not have an owner, or objects whose owner is unknown. These are demonstrative pronouns - as the name implies, they point to a certain object, action or concept, distinguish it from a large group, but do not name its unique features. Let's look at examples of how it looks and learn the rules for demonstrative pronouns.

Words from this category answer the questions "what", "how much" and "what".

Demonstrative pronouns include words such as - "this" and "this", "so much", "such" and "such".
The group also includes the rarely used words “such”, “such” and “this”.
Indirectly, the group of demonstrative pronouns can include adverbs of the pronominal type - “here”, “there”, “now”, “then”, “here” and so on.

The essence is easy to understand with an example - imagine that we see a grove in front of us very similar trees. They do not belong to anyone - accordingly, we cannot single out any one tree by naming the owner. We usually use the demonstrative pronoun "this" - "this tree is higher than the rest."

Other examples can be given:

“I like this color more than others.” Of the many colors, we select one - but do not name its sign, but use a demonstrative pronoun.
"I've been waiting for this moment for so long." The speaker has in mind a very clear time period - but does not name it, but uses a generalizing demonstrative pronoun.

How are demonstrative pronouns declined?

Declension rules are pretty easy to remember.

Most of the words of the group change according to all signs - by numbers, by gender and by cases. For example - “this”, “this” and “this”, “this” and “these”, “this”, “this”, and so on.
The word "so many" is an exception - for it there are neither genders nor numbers, as can be easily seen from examples. It can be declined only by cases, and in the nominative and accusative it will be used together with a certain noun in genitive case. For example - "so much time". "So much" is the nominative case, "time" is the genitive case.
The word "such" is not declined by cases. But for him there are numbers and genders - “such”, “such”, “such”, “such” and “such”.

As you can guess from the name, such words indicate something.

And they can point to a certain person, object, feature or quantity. "This ball is mine!" - you say, pointing to your ball, which you hold in your hands. “Yours is the one over there!” you continue, pointing at the ball a little further away from you. The words this and that are demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns include following words: that, such, this, such, so many; as well as obsolete pronouns this, this, such, sort of.

We use some of them in stable combinations, for example, pronoun this: so far, this time. In general, the listed obsolete pronouns are of little use, and today we will pay attention to demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such and so many.

2. The role of demonstrative pronouns

The listed words serve not only to directly indicate the object, feature or quantity, as in the case of the ball ( This ball is mine and that one is yours.), but also for building coherent speech. In such cases, pronouns indicate what was said earlier in the sentence or text or what will be said later.

Consider examples. Ask Vanya Korolev. This the boy always knows everything. demonstrative pronoun this indicates the person mentioned earlier, and serves to connect two sentences.

The situation is similar in the following sentence: Leave some toys at home. So many things will not fit in the bag. so many indicates the number of things mentioned in the previous sentence and helps build coherent text.

Next example. I have such Good friends, which cannot be found in the whole wide world! Pronoun such(n. f. - such) in the first part of the sentence indicates the sign referred to in the second, and helps to connect these two parts into one.

... I will give a bouquet to the girl I love (N. Rubtsov). Here is a demonstrative pronoun toy(n. f. - that) indicates a sign that is named below: I will give a bouquet to which “that” girl? - beloved, or, in other words, "which I love."

3. Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns

Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such resemble the grammatical properties of adjectives. All of them vary by gender and number. On the example of the word this Let's consider all possible forms of genders and numbers of this pronoun. Read an excerpt from a poem by Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet.

This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This voice of waters…

This passage uses the demonstrative pronoun 8 times this. Depending on the number and gender of the noun to which it refers, the pronoun has different forms: singular. h. wed R. it, units h. R. this, units h.m. this and form pl. h. these.

Demonstrative pronouns change similarly that, such, such.

In addition to changing by number and gender, demonstrative pronouns this that and such change by case, like adjectives. A small feature of the use in the prepositional case is the word this. It is used with the preposition about, but not O, as with other demonstrative pronouns, for example:

I don't know anything about this writer. Compare this sentence with the following:

I don't know anything about this writer. Suggestion used here O.

The secret is that the pronoun this begins with a vowel, and in such cases to replace the preposition O his assistant always comes - an excuse about.

demonstrative pronoun such is in modern Russian it is used infrequently and has the form of the nominative case. Let's give examples.

What is the question, what is the answer.

That is life.

There is also a stable expression and was like that in meaning disappeared, disappeared. This expression is usually preceded by a dash:

The thief instantly put the apples into the bag, jumped off the fence - and that was it.

Now consider the features of the declension of the demonstrative pronoun so many, indicating the quantity. By their own morphological features it looks like a quantitative number. This pronoun has no gender and number forms and only changes in cases. Its declension is a bit unusual, so we'll look at the pronoun so many in all possible case forms.

I. p.: so many books

R. p.: so many books

D. p:. so many books

V. p.: so many books

Etc.: so many books

P. p.: about so many books

4. Syntactic functions of demonstrative pronouns

Most often demonstrative pronouns this one, that one are definitions in the sentence, for example: Are you familiar with this person? You can rely on people like him. In these sentences, pronouns this and such v different forms perform the defining function.

However, pronouns this and that can act as subject and object.

The first prize will be given to the person who answers all the questions. Think about it!

Pronouns such and such is can play the syntactic role of the predicate, namely parts of the predicate. For an underused word such is the function of the predicate is unique.

Yes, I am!

Cheese fell out - with him there was a cheat.

Pronoun so many usually has the same syntactic function as the noun with which it is used, for example, the complement function:

I have never seen so many books.

Bibliography

Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

From the history of demonstrative pronouns ().
About demonstrative pronouns ().

Homework

Task number 1

Read set expressions with demonstrative pronouns. Include some of them in your proposals.

This and that (miscellaneous); all of a sudden (it is not known why, without any clear reason, visible reasons); get up on the wrong foot (be in a gloomy, bad mood); not from that opera (what is not relevant to the topic of this conversation). Task number 2

Insert the necessary demonstrative pronouns. What gesture can accompany statements with demonstrative pronouns? Are these gestures always appropriate?

1. Here is ... a house. 2. Here ... Dasha. 3. ... the street will be on the right. 4. ... the book lies on the left on the shelf. 5. ... the station will be in two stops. 6. ... the trolleybus is heading towards the city center. 7. ... girl - Katya, and ... - Larisa (N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language. Grade 5).

Having the properties of pronouns and formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists also distinguish pronominal verbs - but usually they are not combined with "nominal" pronouns.

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I am, you, we, you). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( he, she, it, they).

reflexive pronoun

Transfers the value of the direction of the action to the subject of the action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases:

myself ( rd. , int. cases), yourself ( dt. , etc.), oneself, oneself ( tv.).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate the belonging of an object (object, property, etc.) to a particular person.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as its related groups) relative, negative and uncertain pronouns) includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change by numbers and gender, as well as decline by cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

Relative pronouns

Same as interrogative. Used to attach subordinate clause to the main. At the same time, they become allied words and play the role of a union, while being a member of the sentence. For example: Ask him what his grade is. Scheme: SPP (Complex Subordinate Sentence); [=], (what -) (the word “what” will be underlined with a wavy line, as it will be a definition)

Demonstrative pronouns

Definitive pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

someone
something
some
some
interrogative pronouns with a prefix something or suffixes -then, -or, someday: someone, somewhere, someone, something ...

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain impact particle not.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

1. pronouns related to nouns(generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, one, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others; In academic grammar, some pronouns are sometimes distinguished into special part speech - pronominal noun, which includes the pronouns of the different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common with the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogative - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, indefinitely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns related to adjectives(generalized-qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;

3. pronouns related to numbers(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns related to adverbs: Shots came from the right: there battle broke out.

Views of different schools and scholars

The position of the pronoun in parts of speech has historically not been so strong. Its inclusion in the ranks of parts of speech refers to the European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity. But in a number grammar theories XX century there were quite strong objections to this approach. They emphasized the grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, which qualified as:

"pointing words" (K. Brugmann, K. Buhler, U. Weinreich);
"indices" or "indicators" (C. S. Pierce, W. Collinson);
"words with non-permanent signification" (A. Nuren);
"movable determinants" or "shifters" (O. Jespersen, R. O. Jacobson);
"actualizers" or "means of transition from language to speech" (Sh. Bally, E. Benveniste);
words with "subjective-objective" lexical meaning (A. M. Peshkovsky);
"word substitutes" or "substitutes" (L. V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Z. Z. Harris);
"representatives" (F. Bruno);
"survivals of a special part of speech" (V. V. Vinogradov); etc.

In M. V. Lomonosov and F. I. Buslaev, they are considered as service parts of speech; at A. A. Potebnya - separately; A. M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and M. V. Panov do not distinguish them as independent