Union of the demonstrative pronoun. Pronouns in Russian

As you can guess from the name, such words indicate something.

And they can point to a certain person, object, feature or quantity. "This ball is mine!" - you say, pointing to your ball, which you hold in your hands. “Yours is the one over there!” you continue, pointing at the ball a little further away from you. The words this and that are demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns include following words: that, such, this, such, so much; as well as obsolete pronouns this, this, such, sort of.

We use some of them in stable combinations, for example, the pronoun this: so far, this time. In general, the listed obsolete pronouns are of little use, and today we will pay attention to demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such and so many.

2. The role of demonstrative pronouns

The listed words serve not only to directly indicate the object, feature or quantity, as in the case of the ball ( This ball is mine and that one is yours.), but also for building coherent speech. In such cases, pronouns indicate what was said earlier in the sentence or text or what will be said later.

Consider examples. Ask Vanya Korolev. This the boy always knows everything. demonstrative pronoun this indicates the person mentioned earlier, and serves to connect two sentences.

The situation is similar in the following sentence: Leave some toys at home. So many things will not fit in the bag. so many indicates the number of things mentioned in the previous sentence and helps build coherent text.

Next example. I have such good friends, which cannot be found in the whole wide world! Pronoun such(n. f. - such) in the first part of the sentence indicates the sign referred to in the second, and helps to connect these two parts into one.

... I will give a bouquet to the girl I love (N. Rubtsov). Here is a demonstrative pronoun toy(n. f. - that) indicates a sign that is named below: I will give a bouquet to which “that” girl? - beloved, or, in other words, "which I love."

3. Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns

Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such resemble the grammatical properties of adjectives. All of them vary by gender and number. On the example of the word this Let's consider all possible forms of genders and numbers of this pronoun. Read an excerpt from a poem by Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet.

This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This voice of waters…

This passage uses the demonstrative pronoun 8 times this. Depending on the number and gender of the noun to which it refers, the pronoun has different forms: singular. h. wed R. it, units h. R. this, units h.m. this and form pl. h. these.

Demonstrative pronouns change similarly that, such, such.

In addition to changing by number and gender, demonstrative pronouns this that and such change by case, like adjectives. A small feature of the use in the prepositional case is the word this. It is used with the preposition about, but not O, as with other demonstrative pronouns, for example:

I don't know anything about this writer. Compare this sentence with the following:

I don't know anything about this writer. Suggestion used here O.

The secret is that the pronoun this begins with a vowel, and in such cases to replace the preposition O his assistant always comes - an excuse about.

demonstrative pronoun such is in modern Russian it is used infrequently and has the form of the nominative case. Let's give examples.

What is the question, what is the answer.

That is life.

There is also a stable expression and was like that in meaning disappeared, disappeared. This expression is usually preceded by a dash:

The thief instantly put the apples into the bag, jumped off the fence - and that was it.

Now consider the features of the declension of the demonstrative pronoun so many, indicating the quantity. By their own morphological features it looks like a quantitative number. This pronoun has no gender and number forms and only changes in cases. Its declension is a bit unusual, so we'll look at the pronoun so many in all possible case forms.

I. p.: so many books

R. p.: so many books

D. p:. so many books

V. p.: so many books

Etc.: so many books

P. p.: about so many books

4. Syntactic functions of demonstrative pronouns

Most often demonstrative pronouns this one, that one are definitions in the sentence, for example: Are you familiar with this person? You can rely on people like him. In these sentences, pronouns this and such in different forms perform the function of definition.

However, pronouns this and that can act as subject and object.

The first prize will be given to the person who answers all the questions. Think about it!

Pronouns such and such is can play the syntactic role of the predicate, namely parts of the predicate. For an underused word such is the function of the predicate is unique.

Yes, I am!

Cheese fell out - with him there was a cheat.

Pronoun so many usually has the same syntactic function as the noun with which it is used, for example, the complement function:

I have never seen so many books.

Bibliography

Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

From the history of demonstrative pronouns ().
About demonstrative pronouns ().

Homework

Task number 1

Read set expressions with demonstrative pronouns. Include some of them in your proposals.

This and that (miscellaneous); all of a sudden (it is not known why, without any clear reason, visible reasons); get up on the wrong foot (be in a gloomy, bad mood); not from that opera (what is not relevant to the topic of this conversation). Task number 2

Insert the necessary demonstrative pronouns. What gesture can accompany statements with demonstrative pronouns? Are these gestures always appropriate?

1. Here is ... a house. 2. Here ... Dasha. 3. ... the street will be on the right. 4. ... the book lies on the left on the shelf. 5. ... the station will be in two stops. 6. ... the trolleybus is heading towards the city center. 7. ... girl - Katya, and ... - Larisa (N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language. Grade 5).

It is difficult to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them, it is impossible to build almost a single phrase. Here are the previous two. That is, of course, you can. But why bother.

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you get an impressive document in terms of volume. But just dumping everything in a heap does not make sense. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better learn all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in Russian. And examples from literary works help you visualize how grammatical characteristics pronouns are put into practice.

What are pronouns

pronoun name an independent part of speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their features and quantity) without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on what part of speech they mean. More on this will be discussed below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Ranks by value:

personal;
returnable;
possessive;
interrogative;
relative;
index;
defining;
negative;
indefinite.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Grammar ranks:

generalized subject;
generalized qualitative;
generalized quantitative.

This classification looks at how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, this is sometimes referred to as special group pronouns associated with adverbs.

Now we will analyze all these discharges in detail.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they point to its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces denote participants in the speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it / they) indicate persons who are not participating in the speech.

obsolete personal pronoun onet used to denote objects of feminine speech (plural).

Personal pronouns in Russian change by persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also by gender, as well as by cases.

In a sentence, they play the role of a subject or an object.

I couldn't help feeling that they were seeing us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
Life is always accompanied by effort, deprivation and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? Waiting for everyone to get smarter would take too long... and then I realized that it was not possible at all. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

reflexive pronouns. In speech indicate the direction of action on the subject. reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, but is declined in all other cases: myself, myself, myself / myself, (about) myself. It does not change by person, number, gender.

It plays the role of an addendum in a sentence.

If you happen to be angry with anyone, be angry with yourself at the same time, if only for being able to be angry with another. (N.V. Gogol)
There is nothing more pleasant than being indebted for everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: one must fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
Often we allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L. N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the belonging of a certain object (objects) to the subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

1 person - my, my, my / my and ours, ours, ours / ours;
2 persons - yours, yours, yours / yours and yours, yours, yours / yours;
3 persons - him, her / them.

Possessive pronouns in Russian change, as you already understood, according to persons, genders and numbers, as well as in combination with the noun that they explain, according to cases. 3rd person pronouns are not declined.

Our choice, more than our ability, reveals our true nature. (J.K. Rowling)
In our office, out of thirty-two employees in the state, twenty-eight called themselves: "The Golden Pen of the Republic." The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, what?, what?, whose?, which?, how much?, where?, when?, where?, where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change by numbers, gender, cases, but not all.

Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you chasing? (S. A. Yesenin)
What is a law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passers-by in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, where, when, where, why they also act as allied words in compound sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence.

Like interrogative, relative pronouns who what and how decline in cases. The rest - by numbers, gender and cases. In addition to pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

There are such low characters who love, just hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
Outright malice repels much less than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is little oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. They indicate the signs or the number of objects of speech. Pronouns in this category include: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in Russian change according to cases, genders and numbers.

I've been going to buy a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Sometimes a person reaches such a point that if he does not step over, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
The truth should be presented as a coat is served, and not thrown in the face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
One who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Definitive pronouns. They serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Definitive pronouns decline in cases, change in gender and number.

Everyone who stops learning gets old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to learn remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep the brain young. (G. Ford)
One good friend worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
Even the most frank thought, the purest and most clearly conveyed fantasy, whether true or fiction, cannot arouse sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
We do not need magic to change this world - we already have everything we need for this inside us: we can mentally imagine the best ... (J. K. Rowling)

negative pronouns. In speech, they act as a pointer to the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one, nowhere and the like, as you can see for yourself, are formed from interrogative / relative pronouns by adding prefixes not-(under stress) and neither-(no accent).

In Russian, negative pronouns change according to cases, genders and numbers.

The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the ailing, obsolete is afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
Never take any complex moves when the same can be achieved much more simple ways. This is one of the most wise rules life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E. M. Remarque)
Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach any importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite features and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

The pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative / relative ones by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, somewhat, somehow, something etc. As well as postfixes:- then, -either, -something - somebody, somewhere, how much etc.

Indefinite pronouns in Russian change by gender and number, decline by cases.

You can say a lot of nonsense, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
Some are accustomed to living on everything ready, to walk on someone's harness, to eat chewed food ... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
In hardly anything else does human frivolity more often peep through to such a terrifying degree as in the arrangement of marital unions. (N. S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express an attitude towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each mutual pronoun there is a large number of variant forms. For instance, each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one with the other, one for the other, one from under the other, one after the other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to occasion, time after time, from this to that- and this is far from a complete list.

In a sentence, they play the role of additions.

People are squeezed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
In bad weather, or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of the tin boxes. Carefully unwrapping wax paper bags and showing each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any signs that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( each, everyone, all) etc.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

Rank by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1st person - me, we 2nd person - you 3rd person - he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Refundable	myself
3. Possessive	1 person - mine, mine, mine, mine, ours, ours, ours, ours 2nd person - yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person - his, her, them
4. Interrogative	who? what? which? what? whose? which the? how? where? when? where? where? why?
5. Relative	who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, when, where, why
6. Index	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, this)
7. Determinants	all, everyone, everything, himself, most, everyone, any, other, different, all, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one
9. Uncertain	someone, something, some, some, several

"Non-classical" digits are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlation of the pronoun with other parts of speech

In other words, ranks according to grammatical features:

Noun pronouns indicate a person or thing. Syntactic and morphological characteristics make them related to nouns. For example, in a sentence, you can also ask questions who? and what? and they act as a subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed by words associated with the pronoun) and case. Incidentally, the pronoun who- masculine, and what- average.

Pronouns-nouns in Russian include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, part of interrogative / relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate a sign of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number, and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what and such is they do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other pronouns-adjectives act either as definitions or as an integral part of the predicate.

Possessive pronouns of the 3rd person are also invariable: him, her, them.

Pronouns-adjectives include all possessive pronouns and all definitives, part of demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each etc.

Pronouns-numerals, as you might guess, indicate the number of items, not denoting it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their derivatives are indefinite a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are able to decline in cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns in the same way as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always distinguished. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like pronouns-adjectives, they indicate a sign, but they are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows you to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, do not decline in cases. They agree with verbs in the same way as adverbs. And in the proposal they play the role of circumstances.

Adverb pronouns include: where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - a table of ranks in relation to parts of speech

Grammar grade	Examples of pronouns
1. Noun pronouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Pronouns-adjectives	mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others
3. Pronouns-numerals	as much as, a few, as much, as much as
4. Pronouns-adverbs	where, where, when, so

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of change in cases. Now we will analyze some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, these pronouns change not only the endings, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

D.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

V.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person of the singular do not have clearly defined categories of gender: they are used in both masculine and feminine, and in the middle.

3rd person pronouns, declensed, may lose their initial consonant: she- but her etc.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself there are only forms of indirect cases. It also declines like a personal pronoun. you:

etc. by yourself (by yourself)

P.p. (About Me

possessive pronouns ( mine, yours, ours, yours);
index ( that one, this one);
interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
definitive ( most, himself, all, everyone, other).

I.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (o) such, (o) such, (o) such, (o) such

Definitive pronouns myself and most, though similar, are inclined differently. The difference is mainly indicated by the emphasis:

I.p. most, himself

R.p. himself, himself

D.p. by myself, by myself

V.p. himself, himself

etc. by himself, by himself

P.p. (o) himself, (o) himself

* capital letter marked stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, all:

I.p. all, all, all

R.p. all, all, all

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. all, all, all

etc. all, all (all), all

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declining pronouns of the feminine and neuter gender, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender, the stem also changes.

4. Interrogative / relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing in cases, the stems change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

D.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

V.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are also declined like the interrogative / relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. some, something

D.p. to something, to something

V.p. any, something

etc. any, something

P.p. (about) something, about something

7. There are variant case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to some

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (o) some

Variative case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some pointers ( such is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns-adverbs do not decline either where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a scheme for the morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such an analysis.

Parsing scheme:

Identify the part of speech grammatical meaning pronouns, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
Describe morphological features:
- constants (rank by value, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1 and 2 persons);
- inconstant (case, number, gender).
Determine what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of pronouns

It's not worth wasting energy on changing people - they won't change. At them who decided on a strong deed, that and right (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - nominative, plural.

(at) them

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - they.
Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - genitive, plural.
Role in the proposal: addition.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - who.
Morphological features: constants - relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant - nominative case.
It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - that.
Morphological features: constants - demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant - nominative case, singular, masculine.
Role in the sentence: subject.

Pronoun spelling

Personal pronouns

When declensing personal pronouns in Russian in oblique cases, the letter appears in the basis of 3rd person pronouns n if they are preceded by a preposition. For instance, about him, to them, about her, among them etc.

H not joining:

in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks to, like, in spite of, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary her, towards them, according to him;
if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in comparative degree: took more his bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix something and postfixes something, either, something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere etc.

When declining indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix something and a preposition is placed as a pronoun. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, in something, from something etc.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/none-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, nowhere to leave - nowhere to be found; nobody, nothing, not at all, none, no one.

When declining negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: none - from none, nothing - from nothing, no one - about no one etc.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/none- and homonymous particles not / neither:

Remember spelling: how neither what not used to. The confusion of spelling particles not / neither leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an amplifying value) - nothing(particle not has a negative value).
Choosing a particle can completely change the meaning of the statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), never (= never at all) – not once (= many times).
Do not confuse negative pronouns with a prefix neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where there was no trace of a person. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
Pay attention to the difference between the phrases none other than - no one else; nothing but nothing else. Particle not expresses negation, and the whole phrase is used to oppose parts of the statement to each other. The opposition is expressed by the union how(= union a). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle not and write it separately. For instance: Everything that happened was not nothing but a stupid prank. On the threshold stomped uncertainly not who other than the long-awaited guest.
If the pronoun with a particle can be semantically replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing but. Example: A registered letter has arrived - nothing but an invitation to a competition that has long been awaited. - A registered letter has arrived - just the invitation to the competition, which has long been awaited.
If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle not, then neither- acts as a prefix and is written merged with a negative pronoun: Neither who else would not say it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither nothing else to win.
If the sentence is affirmative, the phrases nobody else, nothing else serve to connect. A negation that is not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (don't want).
If the phrase contains a union how, write all the words separately and with a particle not: This package not nothing more than a gift. If union how no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
If the conjunction is used in the sentence a, write a particle not(apart): I want to say everything not to someone a only to him alone. If union is used and, write neither(separately if it is a particle, merged if it is a prefix): A lot is gone forever and neither that will no longer be the same.

2. Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions / adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question you can ask them, etc.

Why we go to the store, what will we look for there? - Why you follow me and whine all the time?
For that that you helped me, I will thank you. - But I have a wide soul and a good heart!
What does are all these people here? - They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even dropped out of school.
At the same time , whom we managed to unearth in an ancient tomb, were a sword and a shield. - Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has strength on his side.

3. Remember that at all It's not a pronoun, it's an adverb.

Of course, this is a very extensive material and it is difficult to absorb it at a time. Therefore, we suggest that you bookmark this article in your browser so that it is always at hand at the right time. Refer to her whenever you need any information about pronouns.

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It is difficult to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them, it is impossible to build almost a single phrase. Here are the previous two. That is, of course, you can. But why bother.

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you get an impressive document in terms of volume. But just dumping everything in a heap does not make sense. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample of morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better learn all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in Russian. And examples from literary works will help to visualize more clearly how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on what part of speech they mean. More on this will be discussed below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Ranks by value:

personal;
returnable;
possessive;
interrogative;
relative;
index;
defining;
negative;
indefinite.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Grammar ranks:

generalized subject;
generalized qualitative;
generalized quantitative.

This classification looks at how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, sometimes a special group of pronouns correlated with adverbs is included here.

Now we will analyze all these discharges in detail.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

By value:

obsolete personal pronoun onet used to denote objects of feminine speech (plural).

Personal pronouns in Russian change by persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also by gender, as well as by cases.

In a sentence, they play the role of a subject or an object.

I couldn't help feeling that they were seeing us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
Life is always accompanied by effort, deprivation and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? Waiting for everyone to get smarter would take too long... and then I realized that it was not possible at all. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

It plays the role of an addendum in a sentence.

If you happen to be angry with anyone, be angry with yourself at the same time, if only for being able to be angry with another. (N.V. Gogol)
There is nothing more pleasant than being indebted for everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: one must fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
Often we allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L. N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the belonging of a certain object (objects) to the subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

1 person - my, my, my / my and ours, ours, ours / ours;
2 persons - yours, yours, yours / yours and yours, yours, yours / yours;
3 persons - him, her / them.

Our choice, more than our ability, reveals our true nature. (J.K. Rowling)
In our office, out of thirty-two employees in the state, twenty-eight called themselves: "The Golden Pen of the Republic." The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

They change by numbers, gender, cases, but not all.

Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you chasing? (S. A. Yesenin)
What is a law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passers-by in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Like interrogative, relative pronouns who what and how decline in cases. The rest - by numbers, gender and cases. In addition to pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

There are such low characters who love, just hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
Outright malice repels much less than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is little oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns in Russian change according to cases, genders and numbers.

I've been going to buy a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Sometimes a person reaches such a point that if he does not step over, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
The truth should be presented as a coat is served, and not thrown in the face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
One who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Definitive pronouns. They serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Definitive pronouns decline in cases, change in gender and number.

Everyone who stops learning gets old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to learn remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep the brain young. (G. Ford)
One good friend is worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
Even the most frank thought, the purest and most clearly conveyed fantasy, whether true or fiction, cannot arouse sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
We do not need magic to change this world - we already have everything we need for this inside us: we can mentally imagine the best ... (J. K. Rowling)

In Russian, negative pronouns change according to cases, genders and numbers.

The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the ailing, obsolete is afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
Never take any complex moves when the same can be achieved in much simpler ways. This is one of the wisest rules of life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E. M. Remarque)
Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach any importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite features and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

Indefinite pronouns in Russian change by gender and number, decline by cases.

You can say a lot of nonsense, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
Some are accustomed to living on everything ready, to walk on someone's harness, to eat chewed food ... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
In hardly anything else does human frivolity more often peep through to such a terrifying degree as in the arrangement of marital unions. (N. S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express an attitude towards two or more persons and objects.

In a sentence, they play the role of additions.

People are squeezed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
In bad weather, or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of the tin boxes. Carefully unwrapping wax paper bags and showing each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

Rank by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1st person - me, we 2nd person - you 3rd person - he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Refundable	myself
3. Possessive	1 person - mine, mine, mine, mine, ours, ours, ours, ours 2nd person - yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person - his, her, them
4. Interrogative	who? what? which? what? whose? which the? how? where? when? where? where? why?
5. Relative	who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, when, where, why
6. Index	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, this)
7. Determinants	all, everyone, everything, himself, most, everyone, any, other, different, all, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one
9. Uncertain	someone, something, some, some, several

"Non-classical" digits are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlation of the pronoun with other parts of speech

In other words, ranks according to grammatical features:

Possessive pronouns of the 3rd person are also invariable: him, her, them.

Pronouns-numerals, as you might guess, indicate the number of items, not denoting it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their derivatives are indefinite a few, some, some.

Pronouns of this category are able to decline in cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns in the same way as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, do not decline in cases. They agree with verbs in the same way as adverbs. And in the proposal they play the role of circumstances.

Adverb pronouns include: where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - a table of ranks in relation to parts of speech

Grammar grade	Examples of pronouns
1. Noun pronouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Pronouns-adjectives	mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others
3. Pronouns-numerals	as much as, a few, as much, as much as
4. Pronouns-adverbs	where, where, when, so

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of change in cases. Now we will analyze some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, these pronouns change not only the endings, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

D.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

V.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person of the singular do not have clearly defined categories of gender: they are used in both masculine and feminine, and in the middle.

3rd person pronouns, declensed, may lose their initial consonant: she- but her etc.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself there are only forms of indirect cases. It also declines like a personal pronoun. you:

etc. by yourself (by yourself)

P.p. (About Me

possessive pronouns ( mine, yours, ours, yours);
index ( that one, this one);
interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
definitive ( most, himself, all, everyone, other).

I.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (o) such, (o) such, (o) such, (o) such

Definitive pronouns myself and most, though similar, are inclined differently. The difference is mainly indicated by the emphasis:

I.p. most, himself

R.p. himself, himself

D.p. by myself, by myself

V.p. himself, himself

etc. by himself, by himself

P.p. (o) himself, (o) himself

* A capital letter denotes a stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, all:

I.p. all, all, all

R.p. all, all, all

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. all, all, all

etc. all, all (all), all

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declining pronouns of the feminine and neuter gender, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender, the stem also changes.

4. Interrogative / relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing in cases, the stems change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

D.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

V.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are also declined like the interrogative / relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. some, something

D.p. to something, to something

V.p. any, something

etc. any, something

P.p. (about) something, about something

7. There are variant case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to some

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (o) some

Variative case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some pointers ( such is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns-adverbs do not decline either where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a scheme for the morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such an analysis.

Parsing scheme:

Indicate the part of speech, the grammatical meaning of the pronoun, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
Describe morphological features:
- constants (rank by value, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1 and 2 persons);
- inconstant (case, number, gender).
Determine what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of pronouns

It's not worth wasting energy on changing people - they won't change. At them who decided on a strong deed, that and right (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - nominative, plural.

(at) them

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - they.
Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - genitive, plural.
Role in the proposal: addition.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - who.
Morphological features: constants - relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant - nominative case.
It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - that.
Morphological features: constants - demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant - nominative case, singular, masculine.
Role in the sentence: subject.

Pronoun spelling

Personal pronouns

H not joining:

in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks to, like, in spite of, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary her, towards them, according to him;
if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree: took more his bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix something and postfixes something, either, something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere etc.

Negative pronouns

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/none- and homonymous particles not / neither:

Remember spelling: how neither what not used to. The confusion of spelling particles not / neither leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an amplifying value) - nothing(particle not has a negative value).
Choosing a particle can completely change the meaning of the statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), never (= never at all) – not once (= many times).
Do not confuse negative pronouns with a prefix neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where there was no trace of a person. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
Pay attention to the difference between the phrases none other than - no one else; nothing but nothing else. Particle not expresses negation, and the whole phrase is used to oppose parts of the statement to each other. The opposition is expressed by the union how(= union a). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle not and write it separately. For instance: Everything that happened was not nothing but a stupid prank. On the threshold stomped uncertainly not who other than the long-awaited guest.
If the pronoun with a particle can be semantically replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing but. Example: A registered letter has arrived - nothing but an invitation to a competition that has long been awaited. - A registered letter has arrived - just the invitation to the competition, which has long been awaited.
If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle not, then neither- acts as a prefix and is written merged with a negative pronoun: Neither who else would not say it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither nothing else to win.
If the sentence is affirmative, the phrases nobody else, nothing else serve to connect. A negation that is not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (don't want).
If the phrase contains a union how, write all the words separately and with a particle not: This package not nothing more than a gift. If union how no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
If the conjunction is used in the sentence a, write a particle not(apart): I want to say everything not to someone a only to him alone. If union is used and, write neither(separately if it is a particle, merged if it is a prefix): A lot is gone forever and neither that will no longer be the same.

Why we go to the store, what will we look for there? - Why you follow me and whine all the time?
For that that you helped me, I will thank you. - But I have a wide soul and a good heart!
What does are all these people here? - They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even dropped out of school.
At the same time , whom we managed to unearth in an ancient tomb, were a sword and a shield. - Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has strength on his side.

3. Remember that at all It's not a pronoun, it's an adverb.

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Pointing to an object through its relation to speech situation or to text. So, in (1) we are talking about a girl who is close to the speaker and / or to whom the speaker's pointing gesture is directed, perhaps mental; deictic use. And in (2) the demonstrative pronoun refers to the object mentioned in the text; anaphoric use.

(1) - Here This girl- suddenly said loudly massovitchka - pretends to be the niece of Comrade Stalin. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Keeper of Antiquities (1964)]

(2) She left him five year old girl, and this girl he lived and breathed, but she, too, died two years later. [N. P. Wagner. Tales of the Purring Cat (1872)]

Demonstrative pronouns are different near instructions(For example, this, as in (1) and (2)) and distant indication(For example, that, as in (3)):

(3) I stroked my mother’s hand, didn’t know what to say, and said: “Mommy, don’t cry, instead that girl now you have me!..” [M. Shishkin. Venus Hair (2004)]

1 System of demonstrative pronouns

In Russian, there are two sets of demonstrative pronouns - these are, respectively, the pronouns of distant and near indication.

The system of Russian demonstrative pronouns is given in Table 1. The left column of the table lists interrogative pronouns: they have the most complete “paradigm”, therefore, demonstrative pronouns with different part-of-speech and semantic-syntactic characteristics are put in line with them for convenience.

The second column (pronouns of distant indication) is the demonstrative pronominal series from stem to - T-. The third column (pronouns of near indication) combines derivatives from the old stem into - With- (this, here, here) and a new basis on - this-. The morphological division, however, does not always consistently correspond to the semantic one: cf. pronouns of near (!) indication here, now.

The table also conditionally includes units that formally occupy the corresponding cell of the “paradigm”, but do not have a proper deictic meaning at the synchronic level: cf. kind of, any, because, immediately.

Table 1. The system of demonstrative pronouns

	distant indication pronouns	pronouns of near indication
which?	such	? sort of, ? kind of, ? what a, ? any
which the?	that (that, then, those)	this (this, it, these), this, this
what?	such is	–
who?	that, (that, those) - substantive	–
what?	then	it, ? se
where?	there	here, here, ? here
where?	there	here
where?	from there	from here
when?	then, immediately	now, now
whose?	–	–
as?	So	that way (like that), ? syak
how?	so many	–
why?	then	–
why?	because	That's why, ? therefore
from what?	because	– (from this)

[show note]

The table does not include rarely used demonstrative pronominal adverbs corresponding to interrogative how, how long, how long, break away, breakaway, as long as, namely: so, so far - so far; so far - so far; ottol - otsel; from there - from there; to there - to here.

Demonstratives also include pronouns different, another. Wed fragments of the series from the pronoun different: « how?" - otherwise, "which?" - different, "when?" - ? sometimes(corresponds to "when?" formally, but not in meaning).

Not included in the system of demonstrative pronouns, but demonstrative particles are close to them in function out(far indication) and here(near indication); in the deictic use of demonstrative pronouns, these particles can accompany them: That one, this. See also valid here's the one, intermediate between That one and this:

(4) Here's the one in a mask - what is he? Executioner? [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Keeper of Antiquities Part 2 (1964)]

Below are considered in detail the main demonstrative pronouns - pronouns of distant indication that, then() and pronouns of near indication this, it(). The opposition is also briefly considered. this vs. this and more broadly - opposition this- and With-series within the class of pronouns of near indication ().

substantive then and it interpreted in dictionaries as that and this, "used in the meaning of a noun." However, the real set of their syntactic uses does not follow from this characterization, so below substantive then and it described as independent words.

About certain types of contexts for the use of demonstrative pronouns - uses as part of the adverbs of time - see special articles Demonstrative pronouns that and this and Pronoun this in turnover still .

2 Pronouns that, then

2.1 TOT adjective (feminine TA, neuter TO, plural TE)

2.1.1 Deictic and anaphoric usage that

original usage that deictic – that points to some object or person, relatively distant in relation to the speaker; usually accompanied by a pointing gesture:

(5) - And what are you, excuse me, drawing? he asked kindly. Kalmykov nodded absently towards the square. - A those carts with watermelons. “So where are they?” - the uncle was amazed. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)]

At the same time, the most frequent that is an anaphoric usage. Pronoun that expresses a distant anaphora (“far” here is not connected with space, meaning “psychological” distance). Sometimes it can be replaced that on the this(see) - with a slight change in meaning: the distant anaphora is replaced by the near one.

(6) In the afternoon he noticed near the pumping station skinny girl with short hair, sitting on a suitcase, leaning her back against the heated wall of the cubic room. I wanted to talk to her, but I didn’t know what to talk about, and therefore I didn’t talk. And now the soldier secretly hoped that he would meet that girl on the platform and will certainly talk to her ... [V. Astafiev. Flying Goose (2000)]

(7) It is quite probable that in one particular case, when drawing up materials for a high order, he overdid it. In general, everything went smoothly and successfully, an officer received an award, he was congratulated, and the decree was even printed in the newspapers. But then... Then that officer arrested the Special Department, and The Supreme Council canceled the award. [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)]

(8) The hammerer was dragged away from the stone, so that he would not interfere. While the two men assisted him, the others struggled to hold on to the stone, which stubbornly rushed down - to your assigned place. "Why did he go there?" the teacher wondered. according to the laws of physics or that place was ordained for him by God? [V. Bykov. Stone (2002)]

(9) A special shield surmounted by the banner of the guards, and on that shield photographs of all the dead were placed, that shield, through diligence and vigilant supervision, was dragged to Berlin, and there, after the capitulation of the enemy, it was deposited somewhere. [V. Astafiev. Flying Goose (2000)] - in the distant past

(10) I know what spit there is a speech, they filled it up with the corpses of enemies. - Yes, until it came to this, we that braid covered with their corpses. [V. Astafiev. Flying Goose (2000)]

(11) - No, the doctor is also not to blame! He's got the norm! Not more two percent sick. So those percentages everyone goes to hell. They come to him with an ax! [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)]

(12) Once he, talking about uncle Nikolai, reported that he was the first Russian pilot to shoot down three airplanes in one battle, including the famous ace Count von Schwerin's airplane. The count's airplane crashed, but the count miraculously survived and began to fly again, declaring that his dream was to meet in aerial combat with those Russian and take revenge on him. It was published in all newspapers. Glebov listened, languishing from an awkward feeling. [YU. Trifonov. House on the Embankment (1976)] - distant anaphora

(13) The choice of Kamyshan was accelerated because he was jealous of Sologdin nurse , zechke. And jealous not in vain. That nurse Even today Sologdin recalled his body with such clear gratitude that he did not even partly regret having received a term because of it. [A. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle (1968)]

In (14) sloppy identity, in the antecedent is a saleswoman in generic status (see Referential status of a noun phrase):

(14) Yu. Feofanov, for example, in one of his feuilletons, argued that a dozen, taken saleswoman above the indicated price for the goods sold to the left, there is a bribe. But that saleswoman I secretly took my tens. She was afraid. And these are not afraid of anyone. [V. Voinovich. Ivankiada, or the story of the entry of the writer Voinovich into new apartment (1976)]

In (15) distant anaphora, despite the fact that the antecedent is close - in the previous sentence. The fact is that the room is named another- compared to the one where the speaker is.

(15) “I’m sure it’s some kind of trifle,” he said without any expression, it seems, still listening to another room. Door in the room opened, the wife carried coffee. [F. Iskander. On a Summer Day (1969)]

An antecedent can be a whole story. In particular, in example (16) - a story about how they pulled the cross from the dome of the church:

(16) For that feat on the church dome, Gusakov received his first award - the badge of an excellent student of the Red Army, which he was proud of before the start of the war. [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)]

Other examples of the same kind.

(17) - Tell me, Vadim, who was the instigator gang attack on my son Leo in the school yard? Glebov was dumbfounded. He never expected such a question. It seemed to him that that story long forgotten, after a few months have passed! [YU. Trifonov. Waterfront House (1976)]

(18) At first he cheated, began to speak about Minka and Taranka, but Levkin's stepfather abruptly interrupted, saying that that's the thing finished and no one cares. [YU. Trifonov. Waterfront House (1976)]

The words story, feat, case are classifiers, see [Paducheva 1985: 160, 174].

IG with that there may not be an antecedent in the exact sense of the word. So, in (19) until that moment= ‘until the moment when Laura came up and asked’:

(19) In the yard, when everyone went out and stood in groups, not dispersing, to Dmitriev approached Laura and asked whether they will go with Lena to Aunt Zhenya, where relatives and friends will gather. Before that minute Dmitriev thought that he would definitely go to Aunt Zhenya, but now he hesitated: in the very question of Laura lay the possibility of a choice. [YU. Trifonov. Exchange (1969)]

This phenomenon is called bridging (English bridging - building bridges; see). IG that minute has an implicit antecedent - it is clear that Laura came up and asked at some point. IG has a similar implicit antecedent in that direction in example (20) - laughter was heard, undoubtedly, from some side (from the other room):

(20) From another room a girl's stifled laugh rang out. I watched in that direction and suddenly he saw a curious eye in the crack of the plank wall. [F. Iskander. Holy Lake (1969)]

2.1.2 Pronoun that in the meaning of ‘opposite’

Pronoun that can be used in the meaning of ‘opposite’ (about the end, side, coast, etc.). Deictic use - that opposed this= ‘that end / that side, shore where the speaker is’, see:

(21) The truth that is on that side the lake, the guy did not know, but he imagined the direction to the Divine from here for sure. [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)] - cf. this side= where the speaker is

(22) Someone on the other side <реки>I screamed in fright, but it was too late. [V. Bykov. Stone (2002)]

(23) Jumping onto the trunk, I looked on the other side fallen tree. [YU. Koval. At Crooked Pine (1979)]

(24) Near each homestead on the other side At the fence, a dog meets me and, barking furiously, escorts me to the end of the section, where another guard is already waiting for me, howling with impatience. [F. Iskander. Letter (1969)]

(25) A few days later, I myself picked up the phone and again did not hear anything, or rather, I heard that at the other end someone carefully hung up the phone. [F. Iskander. On a Summer Day (1969)] = at the other end

(26) - Then - chargé d'affaires! Or a military attache! Please don't delay! At that end thought. Innokenty guessed: they will refuse - so be it, do not try a second time. - All right, I'll connect with the attaché. [A. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle (1968)]

2.1.3 Pronoun that in the meaning of ‘that / such that is needed or should be’

Pronoun that can be used in the sense of ‘that / such that is needed or should be’ (usually in the context not):

(27) Neither the meadow where they landed, nor the forest that they crossed, nor the road, nor the field. Clearly wrong map sheet. [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)]

(28) “Interesting,” thought Kornilov, “ then whether it window. That window was the last one, we reached the fence and found ourselves right in front of it. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)]

IAS names pronoun that in this usage is not indicative, but definitive.

2.1.4 Pronoun that in the meaning of ‘past’

Possible use that in the meaning of ‘past’ – in a context related to the passage of time:

(29) This is him that life cursed, but this one, on the contrary, he is satisfied! exclaimed Kornilov. [Yu.O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)] – past vs. present

(30) Comrades are policemen, agents, sex workers, pathologists, and opponents are abortionists, banders, pickpockets, murderers - pah! And all, therefore,<эту>life with them? A in that life Literature, and the Art Theater, and Blok, and Chekhov, and Pushkin, and Shakespeare remained - that's how I thought then. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)]

(31) The clerk settled down on a bench and fell asleep. Pozdnyshev, on the other hand, smoked and drank brewed still at that station tea. [L. N. Tolstoy. Kreutzer Sonata (1890)] – at that station= last; the movement of the train is like the movement of time.

This also includes the use that in the context of time indicators like that year, see Demonstrative pronouns that and this as part of time indicators.

2.1.5 Pronoun that in a compound sentence with an attributive clause

Possible use as part of the attributive clause: that indicates which word in the main clause is determined by the subordinate clause (see).

(32) Be careful with toy information, which you might find. [V. Rybakov. Gravilet "Tsesarevich" (1993)]

The clause in (33), (34) with substantiated then, that, according to the grammars of the Russian language, pronoun-determinant (see Relative clauses / item 2.4):

(33) What you deserve topics and awarded, comrade foreman. [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)]

2.1.6 Substantiated that, that in anaphoric function

Substantivized animate that, that serve for an anaphoric reference to a person who is not the semantic theme of the text, see [Paducheva 1985: 125–127]; cf. also [Kreidlin, Chekhov 1988]. For instance:

(35) The foreman broke the cracker in half, extended the half Coste. That shook his head, "I don't want to." [V. Bykov. Swamp (2001)]

In passage (36) there is a main person, she, and there is its counterparty, that:

(36) How is she her loved! But that I didn't want to be friends with her at all. And she madly wanted and was madly jealous of all her friends. And then one winter… this girl was playing snowballs… And she came up and joined the game. She threw a snowball at the girl that laughed and did not answer her. The girl threw snowballs at her friends... [E. Radzinsky. "I'm standing at the restaurant..." (Woman's monologue) (1990-2000)]

In (37) plural those:

(37) I do not rule out that he shared with someone around, a those- rejoiced. ["Top Secret" (2003)]

In [Kibrik 1987], this phenomenon is presented as reference switching(switch-reference) - as a grammatical indicator of subject change in adjacent sentences, see the typological review on the topic of reference switching in [Podlesskaya 2001]. In Russian, the switch of reference is not grammaticalized. Therefore, in example (38) (from [Paducheva 1985: 126]), at the semantic level, the ambiguity ( castrato topic, but not subject; violinist subject but not subject):

(38) Once a violinist came to Castrato. / He was a poor man, but that rich. (A.S. Pushkin)

In rare cases, the antecedent may be inanimate:

(39) They rake into the pits that have fallen from the trees fruit, cover them with leaves and grass to those wandered. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

(40) Together with others, he held one of the carts, to that did not roll too fast, and tears ran down his face in streams. [E. Vodolazkin. Laurel (2012)]

2.2 Substantive TO

2.2.1 Substantive then to indicate the previous situation

neuter substantive pronoun then used to refer to a previous event or situation.

(41) A lovely blond girl with blue eyes, of an ardent mind, will do you the greatest service without warning you About. [A. Makushinsky. Valley City (2012)]

(42) They all seemed to be waiting for him, his intrusions into privacy, that is, children's questions on the forehead, people always Togo and crave without admitting therein. [D. Simonov. Pruned Plum (2002)] = crave intrusions; therein= in that they are thirsty

2.2.2 Substantive then in a binary sentence

substantive then can act as the I component of a binominal sentence; always in the nominative case.

(43) Oh, knight, then was Naina. (A. S. Pushkin. Ruslan and Lyudmila)

(44) Probably everyone remembers one example of serious interference in politics: unambiguous speeches Patriarch Alexy II (and other bishops after him) in support of Boris Yeltsin in 1996. But then was, of course, an exceptional case. [A. Verkhovsky. Between the flock and the electorate (2003)]

In the context of a negative binominal sentence:

(45) That they were not Baptists, they were called Baptists on the collective farm. [WITH. Vasilenko. Death Gene (1997-2000)]

(46) How do you like my thought? - That not a thought, but a grandiose thought! - That's good. [M. Milovanov. Natural Selection (2000)]

2.2.3 That as a quasi-subject with a predicate - a two-part sentence

substantive then can be used as a demonstrative word at the boundary of two sentences, of which the second is an explanation and interpretation of the first. It is, as it were, the subject of the predicate, which is a two-part sentence.

(47) I lay petrified, got scared, and then, foolishly, I won’t forgive myself for a century, I said priestly: “Lord have mercy,” - I stopped pressing, I heard how someone spat in anger and disappeared. - Baba Katya sighed: - My son was born entwined with an umbilical cord, almost lifeless. I took care of him, and he fell ill, suffered until the age of ten, and I was with him ... That brownie came, wanted to help, etch him out of his stomach so that a sick person would not be born into the world. [M. Elizarov. Pasternak (2003)]

(48) That's not the soul, as he thought it was, fell silent - then the noise in the soul ceased and the itching subsided. [A. Dmitriev. Phantom Theater (2002-2003)]

Antecedent for then may be absent, as in the song " It's not the wind that bends the branch". The implication is that what you hear is not… but….

Dictionaries interpret this then as indeclinable, but it's just the nominative case of the substantive then.

3 Pronouns this, it

3.1 THIS adjective (feminine ETA, neuter IT, plural THESE)

Pronoun meanings this largely due to the opposition this – that.

3.1.1 This in deictic usage

Pronoun this can be used in the sense of near deixis, as in (49):

(49) He leads with his eyes a motley group of people - both follow his gaze: they read. This? Or this?.. Ah well - these two! [V. Makanin. Sur in the Proletarian District (1990)]

In the context of type names side, shore, the end at this a special deictic meaning arises - ‘on the side where the speaker is’ (see the corresponding meaning that, example (50), ‘on the opposite side’ and ):

(50) Andryusha made a fire from withered tops and branches dragged by Olya from the forest belt this side railway. [YU. Buyda. The cat has nine deaths (2000)]

(51) Now I understand what a huge difference it is: to stand on one or this side barriers… [I. Grekov. Fracture (1987)]

3.1.2 This in anaphoric usage

If that expresses a far anaphora, see examples (6)–(13) in , then this expresses a close anaphora:

(52) I open Leonhard Euler's "Introduction to Infinitely Small Analysis", published by us in full in 1961<…>. This book given to me by my uncle when I went to university. [D. Sokolov. Why I Would Choose Mathematics (2006)]

3.1.3 This and hidden group

On the other hand, the values this are revealed in opposition to the demonstrative group (i.e., combinations of a demonstrative pronoun with common name) latently defined group and 3rd person pronoun. Thus, in (53) only a latently defined IG is possible; and in (54), on the contrary, the pronoun cannot be omitted.

(53) Pushkin really wooed Olenina, but ... received a decisive refusal.<…> Poet (*this poet) was severely disappointed. [L. Svistunov. Little Torzhok as a mirror of the Russian soul (2012)]

(54) Soon came to Glory young woman. <…>humble and nice outfit- a black sundress, a light white blouse, an open cheerful face, barely noticeable makeup. Glory even thought that this girl he met somewhere once. [M. Kucherskaya. Modern Patericon: Reading for the Disheartened (2004)]

An index group is often used when it is necessary to categorize an object or change one categorization to another:

(55) - We have not identified a single person to whom Petrova would tell about death Nina Umanskaya, although This girl and her death played a big role in her fate... [A. Terekhov. Stone Bridge (1997-2008)]

The demonstrative group, unlike the 3rd person pronoun, can have a predication as an antecedent:

In (57) the pronoun cannot be omitted. But in principle, latently defined IS in such a context is not excluded (example from [Paducheva 1985]):

(57) She embroidered with red thread on the collar of a man's shirt. Work was urgent. (A.P. Chekhov)

The indicative group can refer to such an object, the presence of which in the situation described follows from the meaning of the words, although it is not named by any language unit - this is a case of bridging, (58) :

(58) Let me take away a bag of cucumbers, sell: on this money I will buy a chicken. (L. N. Tolstoy. A man and cucumbers)

Omit the demonstrative pronoun in NP this money in no way possible.

For a noun phrase that changes the categorization of an object or assigns a category, in particular, in the absence of a textual antecedent, the distinction between anaphora and deixis is blurred: about such an NP as this money in (58), we can say that it designates an object rather than refers to its name.

There are the following patterns regarding demonstrative groups with a pronoun this.

1) View group this x means that one object is considered against the background of other objects of category X. Therefore, it is not used if the object has an increased degree of emphasis in the field of view of the speakers (the emphasis is salience, see). Examples from [Golovacheva 1979].

(59) I want to tell you about your son. Boy (*This Boy) began to study poorly.

(60) I want to say about Fyodor Ivanov. This Boy began to study poorly.

Hence the impossibility this(in the usual sense) with proper names and certain descriptions.

Samo this generates the set from which the given object is selected: on this visit means that there were others, see [Wolf 1974: 126].

2) From the fact that the group of the form this x means that the object is viewed against the background of other objects, another prohibition follows: this it is impossible if in the general field of vision of the speakers (i.e. in the relevant denotative space, see [Shmelev 2002: 35]) there are two objects of different categories with a maximum degree of emphasis. Example.

(61) Two stood on the corner - Man and woman. He- tall, without a hat, with sharp cheekbones on a thin weather-beaten face. The wind drove and threw his straight blond hair. In the flickering light of the lantern, shifting angular shadows kept appearing and disappearing on his face. Female was not very noticeable, brunette, with a white silk handkerchief on disheveled hair. [AND. Grekov. Under the Lantern (1963)]

In such a context, each of the two objects must be mentioned. In (61), in one case, the pronoun of the 3rd person is used, in the other, the latent NP. But the demonstrative pronoun cannot be used to refer to either of these two objects - since their names are part of a composed group.

3) One of the main conditions determining the choice between an index group and a latently defined NP requires an appeal to the concept time slice individual, see.

There are different types of predicates. Some predicates characterize the individual in its entirety, for example, Ivan tall. And others concern only a certain time phase of its existence, for example, Ivan went to the market. If two sentences refer to the same or adjacent time slices of an object, a latently defined NP can be used to indicate coreference. If we are talking about different time slices, or in one case about a time slice, and in another case about an individual in its entirety, you need to use a demonstrative pronoun. See example (62b), where the predicates in two sentences refer to the same object time slice, and (62a), where they do not.

(62) a. Walked through meadow, from Attachment.<…>I still can't figure out how we got through? Half of our first class later hit mines, in this meadow. [Memories of Voronezh during the war years (forum) (2007)] - b. Spread across the river meadow. in the meadow cows grazed.

In (62b), a latently defined IG is used, while in (62a) only an indicative group is possible.

Another example where a demonstrative pronoun is required, since one predicate refers to a time slice of the individual, and the other to the individual as a whole.

(63) From next door my father came out. This house must have been built in the 10s. [M. Vishnevetskaya. A month came out of the fog (1997)]

See also example (54) above, where the demonstrative pronoun cannot be removed, since we are talking about different time slices of the object.

Meanwhile, in (64) the demonstrative pronoun is not necessary, it can be omitted:

(64) We will build here House. This house will be open to all children. [V. Postnikov. Journey of Pencil and Samodelkin (1995)]

Wed See also example (65), in which rules 2) and 3) are in conflict: there is a matching grandfather vs. seal(therefore, the pronoun must be omitted), while the time plans are different (therefore, the pronoun must be expressed). Rule 2 turns out to be stronger in this case):

(65) I myself observed an elderly male, painted by the grandfather of the current shaman. Grandpa died and seal keeps young. [Mitki. Movement towards YYE (1995)]

So, the meanings of the pronoun this are determined by the fact that it is included in two series of oppositions - it is opposed to the pronoun that and hidden IG.

3.2 Substantive IT

Pronoun it can have deictic and anaphoric usage; can have a subject referent / antecedent and a predicative.

3.2.1 Deictic it

Deictic example it(with reference to the subject):

(66) - Where from ... it? he asked, looking at the district newspaper as if it were a 10th-century manuscript. [A. Azolsky. Lopushok (1998)]

Sometimes it is difficult to draw a line between anaphoric it and textual deixis, cf.:

(67) [Valentina Alexandrovna Gotovtseva, female] It's not for you to stand up for me. I'll take it all on my own. [Vitaly, husband] (jumping up; loudly) How alone? And we will stare blankly at it? No, mom, you don't know me. I'm not as bad a son as you think of me. (Runs into the next room.) [P. M. Nevezhin. Second Youth (1887)]

3.2.2 Anaphoric e then with predicative antecedent

Most often it has a predictive antecedent. Thus, in examples (68)–(72), the antecedent it is the predication expressed in the previous sentence or part of the sentence:

(68) It was there that one day he met her - the one in black tights and with a mane. Only about it he was afraid to remember. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of unnecessary things (1978)] - about it= that he once met her there

(69) But why not say that this is just an episode, do you really take me for a person with a poor mind, unable to understand it? [A. Slapovsky. Life of Lagarpov (1999)] - it= that this is an episode

(70) Well,<у Димы>paranoid schizophrenia. Easier for you from this? The bottom line is that, in fact, Dima was healthy. [A. Slapovsky. Death of a guitarist (1994-1995)]

(71) And the fact that our life with her mother did not work out ... So am I responsible for it? [AND. Muraviev. Tradesman in the nobility (1994)] - for that= for the fact that life with her mother did not work out for us

(72) Marfusha walked as if lowered into the water, but did not sound the alarm, but it could only mean one thing: she knew where Sonya was. [V. Belousov. Second Shot (2000)] - it= the fact that Marfusha did not sound the alarm

In (71) antecedent it is an event, in (72) is a fact; see event versus event. fact [Arutyunova 1988]; [Paducheva 2009].

B (73), (74) it can be interpreted as a particle, but it can also be interpreted as a pronoun that has the antecedent of the entire previous sentence:

(73) - So nothing will work out ... - Why it? [L. Ulitskaya. Case of Kukotsky (2000)]

(74) So, weeds, spiritual chaff, through which only occasionally something significant and even ingenious sprouts. But it- if there is no fear. [V. Bykov. Poor People (1998)]

Pronoun it may have an infinitive phrase as an antecedent:

(75) But point to those peaks – it Bartels could and did it. [Knowledge is Power (2013)]

3.2.3 Anaphoric it with subject antecedent

Pronoun it may have a subject antecedent, i.e. antecedent - a noun phrase denoting an object or person, and not a situation.

Pronoun it with a subject antecedent deserves attention, because in the context of a subject antecedent it intrudes into the competence of the 3rd person pronoun. There are the following contexts, where it replaces the 3rd person pronoun.

3.2.3.1 This– I component of the binominal sentence

Antecedent it may be a substantive noun phrase if it- I component of the binominal sentence (see about the similar function of the substantive then):

(76) ... a yellow light was on the stairs, and in this light I could see female figure. Waking up, I decided that this is Xenia. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

(77) She was already dressing in a woman's dress, and next to her in a narrow sleigh was no longer her beloved Fim-ka, but handsome, slender military man, with a well-groomed face and gentlemanly manners. It soon became known that this is the groom, Gleb Alekseevich Saltykov. [N. E. Heinze. Ogre (1898)]

In examples (76)–(77), the binomial sentence expresses substantial identification, see [Arutyunova 1976: 307], i.e. identification up to the individual.

In examples (78) and (79), the antecedent names the object with own name or descriptions, the meaning of which does not include assignment to a natural class; this creates a need for taxonomic identification, i.e. categorization; hence the binomial sentence with the I component it:

(78) A in "Metropole" wonderful rooms, it first-class hotel… [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(79) Standing at the door owner of things lying on the opposite grid. He touches his hat, I nod my head and decide that it foreigner. [E. A. Nagrodskaya. The Wrath of Dionysus (1910)]

If a binominal sentence expresses taxonomic identification (i.e. categorization) and its II component is a categorical name (a noun of type female, Human, town expressing the essential properties of the object, which cannot change without the object ceasing to be itself), then the 3rd person pronoun may be impossible - only it, see (80):

(80) I was in a hurry because I once read a story Henri Troyat. This Frenchman, our contemporary. [A. Kolesnikov. Do you have a conscience? (1997)]

If the binominal sentence does not express identification and its II component is a predicative name that indicates the quality or attribute of the object indicated by the subject, then not it, and the 3rd person pronoun:

(81) You play along with auntie. She rich woman (A. N. Ostrovsky)

Another situation in example (82):

(82) A my husband you just don't really know he wonderful person, I love him so much. This a man worthy of all respect, he loves our children and me very much. [M. Shishkin. One night awaits everyone (1993-2003)]

In (82) in a similar context are used in a row he and it and possible replacement he on the it. However, it is accompanied by a semantic shift: he leaves the concept of the object unchanged, and it eliminates the original concept.

Example (83) shows that the pronoun it allows you to assign a new concept to the object, completely displacing the 3rd person pronoun, which is unable to perform this function:

(83) - I want to fight with him, - it used to be, Yura quietly tells me, nodding at some boy. Usually it a newcomer who has appeared at school or in the vicinity of our street. And sometimes it one of the old acquaintances ... [F. Iskander. My idol (1965-1990)]

it generates the context of a propositional setting predicate. In the context of a predicate expressing a false opinion, the following semantic opposition may arise: the 3rd person pronoun means that different properties are attributed to the same object, in the composition of an opinion and in reality, and it- that different objects appear in the composition of opinion and in reality. An example from [Paducheva 1985: 176]:

(84) a. Lived in our yard nurse. Her name was Aunt Sonya. We all thought that she doctor;

b. Came nurse. And we thought that it doctor.

3.2.3.2 This- a link in a binominal sentence

In (85)–(87) it performs the role of a link in a binominal sentence, partially losing its substantive properties:

(85) <…>half of the wine list of any good restaurant – it Tuscany. ["Expert" (2015)]

(86) Ferapont - it Andrei Ferapontov, her husband, with whom she lived for twenty-four years. [V. Tokarev. Own Truth (2002)]

(87) Why did I even decide that the Fly - it female?! [O. Gladov. Strategic Love (2000-2003)]

In (88) metonymy:

(88) Murders and terrorist attacks - it Paris or Marseille. As a last resort Bordeaux, Lyon or Lille. Nothing ever happens in Toulouse. [Russian Reporter (2012)]

3.2.3.3 This with an implied subject antecedent

Unlike the 3rd person pronoun, it may have an implied antecedent (objective), which is restored using implicatures - this is a case of so-called bridging:

(89) Light steps were heard in the house. - Who it? Anna was scared. “Alechka,” Irina replied gloomily. [V. Tokareva Victoria. Own Truth (2002)]

(90) When there was a court (and it was 1984), Oleg Popov and I worked in Sochi. [I.E.Kyo. Illusions without illusions (1995-1999)] - it= the time when the judgment was in progress

(91) - I moved, write down the address. This somewhere in the middle of nowhere, on the very edge of Moscow... [O. Novikov. Everyone Killed (2012)] - it= the place where I moved

3.2.3.4 Antecedent it- the implied subject of an indefinitely personal sentence

In (92) antecedent it is the implied subject of an indefinitely personal sentence:

(92) At the door knocked, and Andrew jumped off the table. - Who it? - he asked. - This Abel, said the bass outside the door. [V. Pelevin. Yellow Arrow (1993)]

3.2.3.5 This in the context of a propositional attitude predicate

The semantic need for a pronoun it generates a propositional attitude predicate (meaning it as part of a binominal sentence, ):

(93) ... he ran to the bushes and hung there what so victoriously waved over his head. I looked and saw, what it swimsuit bra. [A. Motors. Crime of Dr. Parovozov (2013)]

(94) When he approached, Arseniy saw, what it a boy of seven years. [E. Vodolazkin. Laurel (2012)]

3.2.3.6 This– subject with predicate – predicative adjective

Pronoun it may be the subject of a predicative short adjective:

(96) Our man has been deceived many times, and now he is extremely careful. But if he feels it's safe and profitable, then get his savings and carry it to the bank. ["Results" (2003)]

3.2.3.7 This as a quasi-subject with a predicate - a two-part sentence

Pronoun it can play the role of a quasi-subject in a predicate - a two-part sentence (cf. similar use then v ):

(97) And suddenly I heard a quiet scratching, then a knock, also quiet-quiet, "knock-knock, knock-knock." He thought that it, maybe, the branch is swinging. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Useless Things (1978)]

Such an interpretation is proposed in [Bulakhovsky 1938]: it- "kind subject, in relation to which the predicate is ... the whole sentence. See also an example from [Paducheva 1982]:

(98) Why, I ask, do you have blue legs? This, says stockings shed. [A. P. Chekhov. Anyuta (1885-1886)]

Pronoun it in the role of a quasi-subject is sometimes difficult to distinguish from it as a particle. Let us give examples for comparison, where it– particle (according to [Paducheva 1982]):

(99) Who it painted you like that, comrade pianist? [E. Ryazanov, E. Braginsky. Station for two (1983)] - the so-called. "amplifying" it with an interrogative pronoun

(100) This I \ broke the cup - "excretory" it with a noun phrase

(101) Got lucky it to get you there; Deftly it she deceived you - the so-called. "excretory it» according to [Paducheva 1982], it with a predicative word.

(102) Greetings were heard, questions - how? what?!. where it are you heading?! [V. Makanin. Prisoner of the Caucasus (1995)] - discursive use with interrogative pronouns

(103) - I'm going it Last year I was in Moscow along Kuznetsky with Kolka and met Pashka and Mammoth. [L. Utyosov. "Thank you, heart!" (1982)] – discursive usage in the context of the present historical (cf. [Levontina 2016])

A clear boundary between it-pronoun and it-particle cannot be carried out, cf., for example:

(104) - What are you it? I said to Zurin. - What gossip Pugachev? This is the daughter of the late captain Mironov. [A. S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (1836)]

3.2.3.8 This with an antecedent - an indefinite pronoun

Antecedent it may be indefinite pronoun:

(105) Perhaps; just think that one of us will surely be killed. - I wish that it were you ... - And I'm so sure otherwise ... He was embarrassed, blushed, then forced to laugh. [M. Y. Lermontov. Hero of our time (1839-1841)]

(106) She did not take. A someone took her! This Sasha, I tell you it Sasha! Who else? [V. Belousov. Second Shot (2000)]

3.2.3.9 Anaphoric it with subject antecedent: generalization

So, the following property of the anaphoric pronoun is revealed it with a subject antecedent: it allows a reference to an object in isolation from the concept associated with its past name. From this it is clear what is the difference in meaning between it and 3rd person pronoun. The 3rd person pronoun is used in a situation where the object is not just mentioned repeatedly, but is mentioned in the presumption of the immutability of the concept associated with it. If it is necessary to free the object from the previous concept, the speaker can name the object without giving it any concept, using the pronoun it. Wed the following example (from [Paducheva 1985: 178]), already cited above in connection with another usage it.

(107) Why don't they bring Pugachev's gossip here? or she stubborn?<…>– What are you? I said to Zurin. - What gossip Pugachev? This daughter of the late Captain Mironov. [A. S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (1836)]

In Zurin's speech, the repeated mention of the captain's daughter using the pronoun she naturally, but in the speech of Grinev, who does not join the version that Masha is Pugachev's gossip, only the pronoun is possible it.

Learn more about pronouns it with subject and predicative antecedent, see [Paducheva 1982].

Obviously non-pronominal usages were not included in the consideration it, for example "hesitative" it, as in (108):

(108) - Because... well, like this… he… it- heretic. [A. S. Novikov-Priboy. Tsushima (1932-1935)]

4 This and this: opposition this- and With-series of near deixis pronouns

For some – though not for everyone – fragments of the system of demonstrative pronouns within the class of pronouns of near indication there is a regular opposition this- and With-series (see Table 1 in):

so far - so far

today - on this day

now - at this moment

here - in this place

In these pairs, a semantic distribution is found: based on this- gives the indicative unit proper (anaphoric), and the basis on With- - deictic (egocentric). Wed:

(109) That was the only time I saw a student. Until now did not have to see. It was even awkward. [M. M. Zoshchenko. Case (1920-1930)] - anaphora: before the described case

(110) I still lying and hypocrisy. [V. Ya. Bryusov. Fifteen years later (1909)] - deixis: until the moment of speech

Based on turnovers still and until now this semantic opposition is discussed in detail in a special article Pronoun this in turnover still. The remaining pairs are briefly discussed below.

Indicator on this day practically incompatible with today. In the Corpus, one example of interchangeability was found (for 2,705 occurrences on this day):

(111) Now, dear friends, relatives, guests, I will give the floor to a very good, very honorable person who does everything for relatives, has achieved a lot in life and, in short, helps them in everything. AND on this day when the hearts of our dear Kamal and Amina unite, he will tell them parting words. [Gulla Khirachev (Alisa Ganieva). Salam to you, Dalgat! (2009)]

Also not interchangeable this moment and now:

(112) In this moment < *now> the foreman was stopped by some woman with a briefcase... [S. Dovlatov. Grapes (1990)]

opposition here - in this place not so revealing.

5 Bibliography

Arutyunova N.D. The sentence and its meaning. Moscow: Nauka 1976.
Arutyunova N.D. Types of language values: Evaluation. Event. Fact. M.: Science. 1988.
Bulakhovsky L.A. Russian course literary language. 3rd ed. Kiev-Kharkov: Radyanskaya school. 1938.
Wolf E.M. Grammar and semantics of pronouns. M.: Science. 1974.
Golovacheva A.V. Identification and individualization in anaphoric structures // The category of certainty-uncertainty in Slavic and Balkan languages. M.: science. 1979. pp. 175–203.
Kibrik A.A. Mechanisms for eliminating referential conflict // Kibrik A.E., Narinyani A.S. (Ed.) Modeling of language activity in intelligent systems. M.: Science. 1987. pp. 128–146.
Kreydlin G.E., Chekhov A.S. semantic relation, actual articulation and pragmatics in the lexicographic description of anaphoric pronouns (on the material of the pronoun of the TOT group) // Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Problem group on experimental and applied linguistics. Preliminary publications, 178. M.: IRYA RAN. 1988.
Levontina I.B. Discursive meanings of demonstrative words. Report at the seminar on theoretical semantics Yu.D. Apresyan. M.: IPPI RAN. 09/28/2016.
Paducheva E.V., Uspensky V.A. Subject or predicate? (Semantic criterion for distinguishing the subject and the predicate in binominal sentences) // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 38(4). 1979. 349–360.
it
http://lexicograph.ruslang.ru/TextPdf1/paducheva1985.pdf
Paducheva E.V. On attributive contraction of subordinate predication in Russian // Paducheva E.V. Articles different years. M.: YaSK. 2009. pp. 145–172.
Podlesskaya V.I. Switching of reference: discursive functions grammatical category// Plungyan V.A. (Ed.) Studies in Grammar Theory, 1. Verb categories. Moscow: Russian dictionaries. 2001, pp. 198–208.
Shmelev A.D. Russian language and extralinguistic reality. M.: YaSK. 2002.
Carlson G.K. Generics and atemporal when// Linguistics and philosophy, 3. 1979. S. 49–98.
Clark H.H. Bridging // Johnson-Laird P.N., Wason P.C. (Eds.) Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977.
Lyons J. Semantics. Vol. 1–2. L. etc.: Cambridge University Press. 1977.

6 Main literature

Apresyan Yu.D. Deixis in vocabulary and grammar and the naive model of the world // Semiotics and Informatics, 28. 1986, pp. 5–33.
Golovacheva A.V. Identification and individualization in anaphoric structures // The category of certainty-uncertainty in Slavic and Balkan languages. M.: Nauka.1979. C. 175–203.
Paducheva E.V. Meaning and syntactic functions of the word it// Problems of structural linguistics, 1980. M.: Nauka. 1982.
Paducheva E.V. Statement and its correlation with reality. M.: Science. 1985 (ed. 6th, revised - M .: Izd-vo LKI. 2010). http://lexicograph.ruslang.ru/TextPdf1/paducheva1985.pdf
Diessel H. Demonstratives. Form, function, and grammaticalization. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing company. 1999.

So, we have already got acquainted with the concept of " pronoun”, considered such pronouns as personal, impersonal -es, indefinitely personal -man pronouns.

And today we will meet demonstrative pronouns (die Demonstrativpronomen). Remember that demonstrative pronouns der, das, die, die(PL) - that, that, that, those similar for definite articles. And what's more, they almost equally inclined. But this is absolutely nothing to be afraid of. You just have to be careful - and everything will become clear. We already know the declension of the definite article. Now let's get acquainted with the declension of demonstrative pronouns:

Nom. der das die die (Pl)

Gen. dessen dessen deren deren (derer)

D. dem dem denen

Akk. Den da die die

The question naturally arises - How can you tell which is the article and which is the pronoun? Recall the "iron" rule of the article: the article accompanies the noun and is unstressed. And the demonstrative pronoun consumed on its own, and it is percussive:

Kennst du den Jungen dort? Do you know that young man over there?

Nein, den kenne ich nicht - No, I don't know this young man (him).

From this example, we saw that the demonstrative pronoun is used in the main sentence and indicates to us that (or that) whom (or what) we are talking about:

Es ist nicht das Buch, das ich kaufen wollte - This is not the book I wanted to buy.

I would like to draw your attention to the notion substantiation». Substantiation–transition various parts speech into noun (Das Substantiv - noun). Demonstrative pronouns can also be substantiated.

But, acting in the sentence as a substantiated subject, the demonstrative pronoun translated into Russian as personalpronoun:

Bring dein Heft und das deines Bruders! Bring your notebook and your brother's notebook.

Demonstrative pronouns require special attention. dessen(masculine and neuter singular) and deren(feminine singular and plural for all three genders) in genitive case. Here the demonstrative pronouns act as inconsistent definitions and behave like possessive pronouns:

Kommen Herr und Frau Schmidt heute zu uns? - Mr. and Mrs. Schmidt will come to us today?

Ja, und deren kleinste Tochter auch. Yes, and their youngest daughter too.

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