Lesson topic: Geography is the science of the earth.
Main goals and objectives: to form in 5th grade students an understanding of what geography does, to form an initial interest in this science and a desire to study it.
Lesson plan:
- Definition of geography
- Subdivisions of geography
- Where do geographers get their information from?
During the classes
1. Definition of geography
As already mentioned, geography is the science of the earth. She comprehensively studies our planet. In Greek, the word "geography" means "description of the earth". Yes, and this word consists of two simple Greek words: "ge" (which means Earth) and "grafo" (which translates as I write).
The development of geography took place in parallel with the development of mankind. Remember, from the very beginning, people believed that the Earth stood on three elephants, which, in turn, were placed on a huge turtle? Then the description of the Earth was different. ancient man, not having sufficient tools, described what he could see with the naked eye - forests and fields, rivers and lakes, people and their customs. Since it was proved that the Earth is a round planet, the methods of studying it have changed dramatically. Modern geographers will never live without various artificial assistants that allow them, first of all, to overcome significant distances (for example, cars with off-road capability). In addition, they will need binoculars, rangefinders, but also microscopes.
Where will the study of geography begin for you, students of grade 5? Of course, it will be the general geography. You will learn about the peculiarities of the nature of your native land, study what features of the relief are present here, what plants grow and what animals live. Starting next year, you will go further - and now you will find out what a geographical shell is, what it consists of, how it was formed. Surely you will be interested to know what the lithosphere or atmosphere is. Maybe you yourself can guess what the hydrosphere is for and what the biosphere includes. And you will also learn that humanity lives precisely in a geographical shell, and its influence on it is enormous.
So speaking of geography, we will mean a complex of sciences that studies the geographical shell, within which the interaction between nature and man living in society takes place.
2. Subsections of geography
Like any other science that studies phenomena in a complex and system, geography has several subsections, each of which deals with its own separate issues. In total, more than 80 interconnected sciences that relate to geography are known. The most famous and popular among them:
- Oceanology is a science that studies the processes that take place in the oceans.
- Demography - explores the population of the globe, its qualitative and quantitative composition. It is this science that says that 7.5 billion people currently live on Earth. Unfortunately, demography cannot answer the question of how many people our planet can support.
- Engineering geography - within the framework of this science, soils on which various structures are erected are subject to study. Specialists in these matters make sure that the constructed building, for example, does not slip into the sea due to unstable soils.
- Climatology is, as the name implies, and it's very easy, the science of the planet's climate. Main question- Is there a greenhouse effect or was it invented by evil scientists.
- Geology - explores the earth's crust, its structure and composition. And suddenly, in the place where the construction of a skyscraper is planned, there is a seismically dangerous zone How likely is an earthquake?
- Geomorphology - deals with the study of the relief of the earth's surface.
- Medical geography - issues of influence are important for it various features territories on the health status of the people who live there.
- Cartography is the science of making maps and reading them.
Like biology, the efforts of geography and scientists working in this field are aimed at preserving nature in its original form, as well as economically and carefully using the wealth that it provides us.
All sciences working under the "auspices" of geography belong to one of two classes:
- Physical geography - they are dedicated to the study of the surface of our planet.
- Socio-economic - in the focus of her attention is the diversity of manifestations of the world in which people live, as well as the economic activities that they conduct.
Practical task:
Divide the above subdivisions of geography between these two classes.
3. Where do geographers get their information from?
Studying geography at the initial stage is not very difficult - there are a lot of geographical maps, dictionaries, textbooks and encyclopedias that tell about geographical achievements of various prescriptions. First of all, you need to learn how to read a geographical map - this skill can have practical application, for example, will help you on a hike or travel.
In addition, watching TV and a computer with an Internet connection is more than welcome in this case - at the moment, many TV channels in the world (for example, the BBC) have their own programs dedicated to geography. Well, you should not forget about books (first of all, textbooks) - they contain the quintessence of the knowledge that is now available to you.
Evaluation: Since there were few practical tasks within the lesson, it is necessary to evaluate students according to the final check of the level of mastering the material. You should ask a few of the questions listed in the “Lesson Outcomes” section to understand how the material was learned.
4. Lesson summary:
During the course, the students learned:
- What is geography? What differences in the study of our planet in the past and in the present can you note?
- What are the divisions of geography and what does each of them do? What is physical and socio-economic geography?
- What is the source of information for studying geography?
Homework:
As part of the creative task, you can advise students:
- Supplement the list of divisions of geography - given in paragraph 3 is not final.
- Deal with how theoretical studies in the field of geography influence practical activities human - for example, help in construction or medicine.
- Find one video on the Internet devoted to geographical issues, watch it and retell in writing what was discussed there in your own words.
Geographic concepts
Altitude is the vertical distance from sea level togivenpoints.A.v. points above sea level is considered positive,below - negative.
Azimuth is the angle between north anddirection toany subjecton the ground; calculated in degrees from 0 to 360° in the directionsentry movementsarrows.
Iceberg - a large block of ice floating in a sea, lake or aground
Antarctic belt - descends from the South Pole to 70°S.Anticyclone - area of high air pressure inatmosphere.area - the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of a phenomenon or group of living thingsorganisms.
arctic belt - descends from the North Pole to 70°N.Archipelago - group of islands.
Atmosphere - Earth's atmosphere.
Atoll - coral island in the form of a ring.
Beam - dry valley in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the Russian Plain.
Barkhan - accumulation of loose sand blown by the wind and not fixed by vegetation.
Swimming pool - an area of depression that does not have runoff on the surface.Coast - a strip of land adjacent to a river, lake, sea; slope descending to the water basin.
Biosphere - one of the shells of the Earth, includes all living organisms.Breeze - local wind on the shores of the seas, lakes and large rivers.daytime B. (or sea) blows from the sea (lake) to land.night B. (or coastal) -Withsushion thesea.
"Brocken Ghost" (along the Brocken mountain in the Harz massif, Germany)- a special kind of mirage observed in clouds or fog whensunrise or sunset.
Wind - movement of air relative to the ground, usually horizontal, directed away from high pressure to low.direction B. determined by the side of the horizon, from wherehe blows.Speed B. defined in m/s, km/h, knots, or approximately on the Beaufort scale.
Air humidity - the content of water vapor in it.
Watershed - boundary between watersheds.Elevation - an area elevated above the surrounding area.
Waves - oscillatory movements of the aquatic environment of the seasandoceanscaused bytide-generating forces of the moon and sun(tidal V.), blown by the wind(wind V.), fluctuations in atmospheric pressure(anemobaric V.), underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (tsunamis).
highlands - a set of mountain structures with steep slopes, pointed peaks and deep valleys; absolute altitudes over 3000m. The highest mountain systems of the planet:Himalayas, vertexEverest (8848 m) located in Asia; in Central Asia, India and China -Karakoram, vertexChogori (8611 m).
Altitudinal zonality - change of natural zones in the mountains from the sole to the top, associated with climate and soil changes depending on the height above sea level.
Geographical coordinates - angular quantities that determine the position of any point on the globe relative to the equator and the prime meridian.
Geospheres - shells of the Earth, differing in density and composition.Hydrosphere - water shell of the Earth.
Mountain: 1) an isolated sharp elevation among relatively flat terrain; 2) a peak in a mountainous country.
The mountains - vast territories with absolute heights up to several thousand meters and sharp fluctuations in heights within their limits.
mountain system - a collection of mountain ranges and mountain ranges that extend in the same direction and have a common appearance.
Ridge - elongated, relatively low form of relief; formed by hills linedina row and their merged bases.
Delta - the area of deposition of river sediments at the mouth of the river at its confluence with the sea or lake.
Longitude geographic - the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through the given point and the plane of the initial meridian; measured in degrees and measured from the prime meridian to the east and west.
Valley - negative linearly elongated relief form.
Dunes - accumulation of sands on the shores of seas, lakes and rivers, formed by the wind.
gulf - part of the oceanorlakes), which goes quite deep into the land, but has free water exchange with the main part of the reservoir.
Earth's crust - the upper shell of the earth.
Swell - small, with a calm uniform wave, the excitement of the sea, river or lake.
Ionosphere - high layers of the atmosphere, starting at an altitude of 50-60 km.
Source - the place where the river begins.
Canyon - a deep river valley with steep slopes and a narrow bottom.K. underwater -deep valley within the underwater margin of the mainland.
Karst - dissolution of rocks by natural waters and the phenomenon associated with it.
Climate - long-term weather pattern in a particular area.Local K., distributed over a relatively small area.Climate zone (or belt) - a vast region distinguished by climatic indicators.
Spit - a sand or pebble shaft, stretching along the coast or protruding in the form of a cape far into the sea.
Crater - a depression that arose after the explosion of a volcano.
A ridge is a sharply rising large uplift, one of the types of hills.
Avalanche A mass of snow or ice falling down a steep slope.Lagoon - a shallow bay or bay separated from the sea by a spit or coral reef.
landscape geographical - a relatively homogeneous area of the geographic envelope.
Glacier - a mass of ice moving slowly under the influence of gravity along the slope of a mountain or along a valley. The Antarctic glacier is the largest on the planet, its area is 13 million 650 thousand km 2 , maximum thickness exceeds 4.7 km, and the total volume of ice is about 25-27 million km 3 - almost 90% of the volume of all ice on the planet.
ice Age - length of time in geological history Earth, characterized by a strong cooling of the climate.forest-steppe - a landscape in which forests and steppes alternate.forest tundra - a landscape in which forests and tundra alternate.
Liman - shallow bay at the mouth of the river; usually separated from the sea by an oblique or embankment.
Lithosphere - one of the shells of the Earth.
Mantle - the shell of the Earth between the earth's crust and core.
Mainland - a large part of the land, surrounded on all sides by oceans and seas.Australia - in Yuzh. hemisphere, between Indian and Pacific oceans(the smallest of the continents);Sev. and Yuzh. America - in Zap. hemisphere, between the Pacific and the Antlatic oceans;Antarctica - in the central part of the South. the polar region (the southernmost and highest continent on the planet);Africa - in Yuzh. hemisphere (the second largest continent);Eurasia - all in. hemisphere (the largest continent of the Earth).
Geographic meridians - imaginary circles passing through the poles and crossing the equator at right angles; all their points lie on the same geographic longitude.
World Ocean - all water space of the Earth.
monsoons - winds that periodically change their direction depending on the time of year: in winter they blow from land to sea, and in summer from sea to land.
uplands - a mountainous country characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and massifs and located high above sea level. Tibet - in Central Asia, the highest and greatest plateau on Earth. Its base rests at absolute heights of 3500-5000 m and more. Some peaks rise up to 7000 m.
low mountains - the lower tier of mountainous countries or independent mountain structures with absolute heights from 500 m to 1500 m. The most famous of them are the Ural Mountains, which stretch for 2000 km from north to south - from the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the vast majority of the peaks of the Urals are below 1500 m .
Lowland - a plain that does not rise above 200 m above sea level. The most famous and significant among them is the Amazonian lowland with an area of more than 5 million km 2 in Yuzh. America.
Lake - a natural body of water on the surface of the land. The largest in the world is the Caspian Sea-lake and the deepest is Baikal.
oceans - parts of the World Ocean, separated from each other by continents and islands.Atlantic; Indian - an ocean of heated waters;Arctic - the smallest and shallowest ocean;Pacific Ocean (Great), the largest and deepest ocean on earth.
Landslide - displacement down the slope of a mass of loose rock under the influence of gravity.
Island - a piece of land surrounded on all sides by the waters of the ocean, sea, lake or river. The world's largest island -Greenland with an area of 2 million 176 thousand km 2 .
Relative height is the vertical distance between the top of a mountain and its foot,
Geographic parallels - imaginary circles parallel to the equator, all points of which have the same latitude.
Greenhouse effect (atmospheric greenhouse effect) - the protective effects of the atmosphere associated with the absorption of reflected long-wave radiation.
trade winds - constant winds in tropical regions blowing towards the equator.
Plateau: 1) a high plain bounded by steep ledges; 2) a vast flat area on a mountaintop.P. scuba - elevation of the seabed with a flat top and steep slopes.
Plyos - a deep section of the river bed between riffles.
Plateau - a vast land area with a height of 300-500 m to 1000-2000 m or more above sea level with flat tops and deeply incised valleys. For example:East African, Central Siberian, Vitim plateau.
floodplain - part of the river valley, which is flooded in the flood.semi-desert - transitional landscape, combining the features of the steppe or desert.
hemisphere - half of the earth's sphere, allocated either along the equator or along the meridians of 160 ° E. and 20°W (Eastern and Western hemispheres), or on other grounds.
Geographic poles - points of intersection of the axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface.
Magnetic points of the Earth - points on the earth's surface where the magnetic needle is located vertically, i.e. where the magnetic compass is not applicable for orientation to the cardinal points.
arctic circles (Northern andSouthern) - parallels 66 ° 33 "to the north and south of the equator.
Threshold - a shallow area in a riverbed with a large slope and a fast current.
foothills - hills and low mountains surrounding the highlands.
prairie - vast grassy steppes in the North. America.
Ebb and flow - periodic fluctuations in the water level of the seas and oceans, which are caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun.
desert - vast areas with almost no vegetation due to the dry and hot climate. The largest desert in the worldSahara all in. Africa,
Plains - vast flat or slightly hilly expanses of land. The largest on earthEastern European, orRussian, with an area of more than 6 million km 2 andWest Siberian in the north of Eurasia, with an area of about 3 million km 2 .
River - a constant stream of water flowing in a channel.Amazon - river in South America, the largest in the world in length (from the source of the Ucayali River more than 7000 km), in terms of basin area (7180 microns G) and water content;Mississippi - the largest river Sev. America, one of the greatest on Earth (length from the source of the Missouri River 6420 km);Nile - a river in Africa (length 6671 km).
Relief - a set of various irregularities of the earth's surface (forms of R.) of various origins; are formed by a combination of impacts on the earth's surface of endogenous and exogenous processes.
channel - deepened part of the valley floor, occupied by the river.
Savannah - landscape of the tropics and subtropics, in which grassy vegetation is combined with individual trees or their groups.
North Pole - the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the surface of the Earth in the North. hemisphere.
sel - a mud or mud-stone stream, suddenly passing through the valley of a mountain river.
Tornado (American name for a tornado) is a whirling movement of air in the form of a funnel or column.
Middle mountains - mountain structures with absolute heights from 1500 to 3000 m. There are the most mountain structures of medium height on Earth. They spread over the vast expanses of the south and northeast of Siberia. Almost all of them are occupied Far East, eastern China and the Indochina peninsula; in northern Africa and the East African Plateau; Carpathians, mountains of the Balkan, Apennine, Iberian and Scandinavian peninsulas in Europe, etc.
Slope - a sloping area on land or the bottom of the sea.Windward S. - faces the direction from which the prevailing winds blow.Leeward S. - Facing away from the direction of the prevailing winds.
Steppe - treeless spaces with an arid climate, which are characterized by grassy vegetation. In Eurasia, the steppes stretch in an almost continuous strip from the Black Sea to Northeast China, and in North America occupy vast expanses of the Great Plains, joining in the south with the savannahs of the tropical belt.
Stratosphere - layer of the atmosphere.
subtropical belts (subtropics) - located between the tropical and temperate zones.
Subequatorial belts - located between the equatorial belt and tropical belts.
Taiga - zone of coniferous forests of the temperate zone. The taiga covers the northern part of Eurasia and North America in an almost continuous belt.
Typhoon - the name of tropical cyclones of storm and hurricane force in Southeast Asia and the Far East.
Takyr - a flat depression in the desert, covered with a hardened clay crust.
Tectonic movements - movements of the earth's crust, changing its structure and shape.
Tropics: 1) imaginary parallel circles on the globe, spaced 23°30° north and south of the equator:Tropics of Capricorn (N. T.) - tropics of the North. hemisphere andTropics of Cancer (South t.) - tropics South. hemispheres; 2) natural belts.
tropical belts - located between the subtropical and subequatorial belts.
Troposphere - the lower layer of the atmosphere.
Tundra - treeless landscape in the Arctic and Antarctic.
temperate zones are located in temperate latitudes.
temperate latitudes - located between 40° and 65° N and between 42° and 58° SHurricane - a storm with a wind speed of 30-50 m/s.
mouth - the place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river.
front atmospheric The zone separating warm and cold air masses.
Fiord (fjord) - a narrow deep sea bay with rocky shores, which is a glacial valley flooded by the sea.
Hill - small in height and sparing gently sloping hill.Cyclones - area of low atmospheric pressure.
Tsunami - the Japanese name for the huge waves resulting from underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Parts of the world - regions of the Earth, including continents (or parts thereof) with nearby islands. Australia, Asia, America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe.
Shelf - continental shelf with prevailing depths up to 200 m (more in some cases).
Geographic latitude - the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured in degrees and measured from the equator to the north and south.
Squall - a sharp short-term increase in wind before a storm.
Calm - Calm, stillness.
Storm - very strong wind, accompanied by strong sea waves.
Equator - an imaginary line connecting points on the globe that are equidistant from the poles.
Exosphere - layer of the atmosphere.
Ecosphere - an area of outer space suitable for the existence of living organisms.
Erosion, destruction of soils and rocks by flowing waters.
South Pole, the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the earth's surface in South. hemisphere.
core of the earth, the central part of the planet with a radius of approx. 3470 km.
Model plans for describing geographical objects
Geographic location of the mainland
1. The location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles) and the zero meridian.
2. extreme points mainland, their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
3. In what climatic zones is the mainland located?
4. Oceans and seas washing the mainland.
5. The location of the mainland relative to other continents.
The relief of the territory
1. What is general character surfaces? How can it be explained?
2. How are the landforms located in the study area?
3. What are the greatest and prevailing heights?
Climate
1. In what climatic zone and in what area is the territory located?
2. Average temperatures in July and January. Direction and reasons for their change.
3. Prevailing winds (by season).
4. Annual amount of precipitation and their regime. Reasons for the difference in rainfall.
River
1. In what part of the mainland does it flow?
2. Where does it start? Where does it fall?
3. In which direction does it flow?
4. Explain the dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief.
5. Determine the sources of food for the river.
6. What is the regime of the river and how does it depend on the climate?
natural area
1. Geographical location of the zone.
2. Geology, tectonics, relief.
3. Climate.
4. Internal waters.
5. Soils.
6. Vegetation.
7. Animal world.
Population of the country
1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.
2. Age and sex composition of the population, availability of labor resources.
3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.
4. Social and class composition of the population.
5. The main features of the distribution of the population, the impact of migration on its distribution.
6. Levels, rates and forms of urbanization, main cities and urban agglomerations.
7. Rural resettlement.
8. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.
EGP of the country (region)
1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.
2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.
3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions.
4. Position in relation to the main sales areas.
5. EGP change in time.
6. General conclusion about the impact of EGP on the development and location of the country's economy.
Industry
1. The importance of the industry and the size of its products.
2. Natural prerequisites for the development of the industry.
3. The structure of the industry.
4. The main factors influencing the location of the industry, and the main features of its geography; sectoral industrial areas.
5. Dependence of the industry on exports and imports.
6. General conclusion. Prospects for the development of the industry.
Agriculture of the country
1. The importance of the industry and the size of the products.
2. natural conditions for the development of the industry.
3. Features of agrarian relations.
4. The structure of the industry, the ratio of crop and livestock.
5. Geography of plant growing and animal husbandry, agricultural areas.
6. Dependence of the country on the export and import of agricultural products.
7. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.
Territory of the economic region
1. EGP of the district.
2. Natural conditions, resources of the region and their economic assessment.
3. Labor resources and opportunities for their use.
4. Historical background development National economy economic region.
5. Specialization of the economy (industry and agriculture).
6. Relationships between industries and territories within the region, forms of production location (TPK, nodes, centers).
7. Cities.
8. Prospects for the development of the region.
Geography is one of the most interesting and fascinating sciences. After all, it is directly related to travel and adventure. But what is the meaning of the term "geography"? The meaning of the word is very interesting. And we will try to explain it in our article.
earth science
One of the oldest is geography. We will consider the meaning of the word a little later, but now we will get acquainted with the history of this discipline. It is known that the foundations of modern geography were laid back in the days of the ancient Hellenes. Their research was generalized and systematized by the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy in the first century AD. It was in Greece that geography developed by leaps and bounds. In parallel, the study of the Earth was also interested in ancient Egypt. Already in the 3rd millennium BC, the first sea expeditions were carried out here in the waters of the Red and Mediterranean Seas. Individual elements geographical descriptions can be found in the ancient books of India - "Vedas" or "Mahabharata".
How did geography develop in subsequent centuries? The importance of this science especially increased in the 16th century, in the so-called Columbus and Magellan, James Cook brought from their voyages a lot of new information and facts about our planet, which needed to be studied and systematized in detail. Geography in its modern academic form was founded in the first half of the 19th century by Alexander Humboldt and Karl Ritter. To date, humanity has already conquered the moon, planning a landing on Mars in the very near future. However, there are still many unexplored places on Earth - "white spots" on which no human foot has set foot. Therefore, geographers in the 21st century will have something to do on this planet.
Geography: the meaning of the word, the origin of the term
When did the term "geography" originate? Who invented it and assigned it to this science? Let's try to explain the meaning of the word "geography". This feminine term comes from two ancient Greek words: "geo" (earth) and "grapho" (I write, describe). That is, it can be translated into Russian as follows: "land description".
The term "geography" was invented and introduced into science by the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Eratosthenes. It happened around the 3rd century BC. How and when is the term "geography" used today? The meaning of the word today can be considered in two aspects. It can be used:
- As a science that combines many smaller disciplines. They study the Earth, the features of nature, the localization of the population, minerals, etc. on its surface.
- As the area of distribution over the territory of a phenomenon or process. For example, oil reserves or the level of general literacy of people.
What does the science of geography study?
According to the universal definition, geography is the science that studies the so-called Earth. The latter, in turn, includes four areas: litho-, atmo-, hydro- and biosphere. But that's not all. Sometimes the technosphere is added to them, that is, everything that is created by human hands on the planet.
The main object of scientific research can be called natural laws and patterns of distribution and interaction of various components of the geographic envelope (soils, rocks, vegetation, waters, etc.). modern science is divided into three large blocks: physical, social and the first studies nature, the second - the population and living conditions of people, the third - features and patterns economic development territories and countries.
The meaning of the word "historical geography". Features of the scientific discipline
As mentioned above, geography is a complex science. It includes many different disciplines. One of them is historical geography. What is she studying?
Historical geography is a special branch that tries to explain various historical processes and events through geographical knowledge. In other words, this science studies history through space. And a special place in it is given precisely to geographical (territorial) factors.
Finally
Geography is considered to be one of the oldest sciences on Earth. The meaning of this term is very interesting. The word was coined in Ancient Greece. And it can be translated into Russian as "land description". The term was introduced in the third century BC by the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes. By the way, it was he who first measured the parameters of our planet. And did it accurately enough without having at hand modern appliances and technologies.
A fascinating subject, geography is a scientific discipline that studies the earth's surface, oceans and seas, the environment and ecosystems, and the interaction between human society and the environment. The word geography literally translated from ancient Greek means "description of the earth." The following is a general definition of the term geography:
"Geography is a system of scientific knowledge that studies the physical features of the Earth and environment including the impact of human activities on these factors, and vice versa. The subject also covers patterns of population distribution, land use, availability and production.
Scholars who study geography are known as geographers. These people are engaged in the study of the natural environment of our planet and human society. Although cartographers ancient world were known as geographers, today it is a relatively independent specialization. Geographers tend to focus on two main areas of geographic research: physical geography and human geography.
History of the development of geography
The term "geography" was coined by the ancient Greeks, who not only created detailed maps the surrounding area, and also explained the difference between people and natural landscapes in different places Earth. Over time, the rich heritage of geography has taken a fateful journey into the bright Islamic minds. The golden age of Islam witnessed astonishing achievements in the field of geographical sciences. Islamic geographers became famous for their pioneering discoveries. New lands were explored and the first base grid for the map system was developed. Chinese civilization also instrumentally contributed to the development of early geography. The compass developed by the Chinese was used by explorers to explore the unknown.
A new chapter in the history of science begins with a period of great geographical discoveries, a period coinciding with the European Renaissance. A fresh interest in geography woke up in the European world. Marco Polo - Venetian merchant and traveler led this new era research. Commercial interests in establishing trade contacts with the rich civilizations of Asia, such as China and India, became the main incentive for travel at that time. Europeans have moved forward in all directions, discovering new lands, unique cultures and. The great potential of geography for shaping the future of human civilization was recognized, and in the 18th century, it was introduced as a major discipline at the university level. Based on geographical knowledge, people began to discover new ways and means to overcome the difficulties generated by nature, which led to the prosperity of human civilization in all corners of the world. In the 20th century, aerial photography, satellite technology, computerized systems, and sophisticated software radically changed science and made the study of geography more complete and detailed.
Branches of geography
Geography can be considered as an interdisciplinary science. The subject includes a transdisciplinary approach, which allows you to observe and analyze objects in the space of the Earth, as well as develop solutions to problems based on this analysis. The discipline of geography can be divided into several areas of scientific research. The primary classification geography divides the approach to the subject into two broad categories: physical geography and socio-economic geography.
Physical geography
is defined as a branch of geography that includes the study of natural objects and phenomena (or processes) on Earth.
Physical geography is further subdivided into the following branches:
- Geomorphology: engaged in the study of topographic and bathymetric features of the Earth's surface. Science helps to elucidate various aspects related to landforms, such as their history and dynamics. Geomorphology also tries to predict future changes physical characteristics external appearance of the earth.
- Glaciology: a branch of physical geography that studies the relationship between the dynamics of glaciers and their impact on the ecology of the planet. Thus, glaciology involves the study of the cryosphere, including alpine and continental glaciers. Glacial geology, snow hydrology, etc. are some subdisciplines of glaciological research.
- Oceanography: Since the oceans contain 96.5% of all water on Earth, the specialized discipline of oceanography is dedicated to their study. The science of oceanography includes geological oceanography (the study of the geological aspects of the ocean floor, seamounts, volcanoes, etc.), biological oceanography (the study of marine life, fauna and ecosystems of the ocean), chemical oceanography (the study of the chemical composition of sea waters and their impact on marine life forms), physical oceanography (the study of ocean movements such as waves, currents, tides).
- Hydrology: another important branch of physical geography, dealing with the study of the properties and dynamics of the movement of water in relation to land. It explores the rivers, lakes, glaciers and underground aquifers of the planet. Hydrology studies the continuous movement of water from one source to another, above and below the surface of the Earth, through.
- Soil science: branch of science that studies different types soils in their natural environment on the Earth's surface. Helps to collect information and knowledge about the process of formation (pedogenesis), composition, texture and classification of soils.
- : an indispensable discipline of physical geography that studies the dispersal of living organisms in the geographic space of the planet. She also studies the distribution of species during geological periods time. Each geographic region has its own unique ecosystems, and biogeography explores and explains their relationship to physical geographic features. There are various branches of biogeography: zoogeography (the geographical distribution of animals), phytogeography (the geographical distribution of plants), island biogeography (the study of factors affecting individual ecosystems), etc.
- Paleogeography: branch of physical geography that studies geographical features at different points in the earth's geological history. Science helps geographers gain information about continental positions and plate tectonics as determined by studying paleomagnetism and fossil records.
- Climatology: Scientific research climate, as well as the most important section of geographical research in modern world. Considers all aspects related to micro or local climate as well as macro or global climate. Climatology also includes the study of the influence of human society on climate, and vice versa.
- Meteorology: studies weather conditions, atmospheric processes and phenomena that affect local and global weather.
- Ecological geography: explores the interaction between people (individuals or society) and their natural environment from a spatial perspective.
- Coastal geography: a specialized field of physical geography that also includes the study of socio-economic geography. It is devoted to the study of the dynamic interaction between the coastal zone and the sea. Physical processes that form coasts and the influence of the sea on landscape change. The study also involves understanding the impact of coastal residents on the topography and ecosystem of the coast.
- Quaternary geology: a highly specialized branch of physical geography dealing with the study of the Quaternary period of the Earth (geographical history of the Earth, covering the last 2.6 million years). This allows geographers to learn about the environmental changes that have taken place in the recent past of the planet. Knowledge is used as a tool to predict future changes in the world's environment.
- Geomatics: the technical branch of physical geography that involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and storage of data about the earth's surface.
- landscape ecology: a science that studies the influence of various landscapes of the Earth on the ecological processes and ecosystems of the planet.
Human geography
Human geography, or socio-economic geography, is a branch of geography that studies the impact of the environment on human society and the earth's surface, as well as the impact of anthropogenic activities on the planet. Socio-economic geography is focused on the study of the most developed creatures in the world from an evolutionary point of view - people and their environment.
This branch of geography is divided into various disciplines depending on the direction of research:
- Geography population: deals with the study of how nature determines the distribution, growth, composition, lifestyle and migration of human populations.
- Historical geography: explains the change and development of geographical phenomena over time. While this section is seen as a branch of human geography, it also focuses on certain aspects of physical geography. Historical geography tries to understand why, how and when places and regions on the Earth change, and what impact they have on human society.
- Cultural geography: explores how and why cultural preferences and norms change across spaces and places. Thus, it is concerned with the study of the spatial variations of human cultures, including religion, language, livelihood choices, politics, and so on.
- Economical geography: the most important section of socio-economic geography, covering the study of location, distribution and organization economic activity person in geographic space.
- Political Geography: considers the political boundaries of the countries of the world and the division between countries. She also studies how spatial structures influence political functions, and vice versa. Military geography, electoral geography, geopolitics are some of the sub-disciplines of political geography.
- Geography of health: explores the impact of geographic location on the health and well-being of people.
- Social geography: studies the quality and standard of living of the human population of the world and tries to understand how and why such standards change depending on place and space.
- Geography settlements: researches urban and rural settlements, economic structure, infrastructure, etc., as well as the dynamics of human settlement in relation to space and time.
- Geography of animals: studies animal world Earth and interdependence between humans and animals.
Altitude- the height of any point on the earth's surface above sea level.
Azimuth - the angle between the direction of north and the direction of the given object.
Icebergs, ice mountains- large fragments of continental glaciers that float in the ocean.
artesian waters– pressure interstratal waters.
Archipelago- a group of islands in the ocean or sea, having the same origin and located close to each other.
Atoll- a ring-shaped coral island with a shallow pool located inside it.
river basin, river basin- the area from which the river collects water.
Endorheic lakes - lakes without river flow. Rivers do not originate from such lakes.
inland seas- seas that cut deep into the land; are connected to the ocean or adjacent sea by straits.
Waterfall- the fall of water from a ledge created in the riverbed.
Watershed- the boundary between river basins.
Reservoirs - artificial lakes on rivers created by damming.
Land waters- these are the waters of rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers and waters in the upper part of the earth's crust. They are divided into surface and underground.
uplands- flat areas of land, which are located at absolute heights from 200 to 500 m.
hollows- closed areas of land located below sea level.
Volcanism- a set of processes associated with the introduction of magma into the thickness of the earth's crust or its exit to the earth's surface.
Volcanic lakes, crater lakes- lakes in the craters of volcanoes.
Volcanoes- mountains that are formed when rising from the bowels of the Earth and eruption on its surface of magma and other volcanic products.
Weathering- mechanical and chemical change of rocks on the earth's surface or near it under the influence of fluctuations in temperature, air, water and organisms. It is physical, chemical and biological.
Geyser- periodically gushing hot spring.
Geographic longitude- distance in degrees from the prime meridian to the west or east to the given point. There is western and eastern.
Geographic map- a reduced, generalized image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
Geographic latitude- distance in degrees from the equator north or south to any point. It happens north and south.
Geographic poles- points of intersection of the imaginary earth's axis with the surface of the globe.
Geography- the science of the natural conditions of the earth's surface (physical geography), the population of the Earth and its economic activity (economic geography).
Hydrosphere- the water shell of the Earth. Its main components are the oceans and land waters.
deep sea trenches- long narrow depressions of the ocean floor with depths over 6000 m.
Contours- lines on the map that connect points with the same absolute height.
mountain country, mountains- a vast area of the earth's surface, which is elevated above sea level above 500 m and is characterized by significant and sharp fluctuations in altitude over relatively short distances. By absolute height, low, medium and high mountains are distinguished.
mountain glaciers- glaciers in the mountains; have a variety of shapes.
Rocks- natural mineral formations that make up the earth's crust. They are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
mountain rivers- rivers of mountainous countries with narrow rocky valleys and fast currents.
Graticule- a grid of parallels and meridians on the globe and map.
ground water- groundwater of the first permanent aquifer from the surface, which is not covered from above by a continuous waterproof layer.
Delta- the mouth of the river in the form of a triangle. It usually forms in shallow areas of the sea or lake at the confluence of a river that carries a large amount of sediment.
Valley mountain glaciers- glaciers in the mountains, having the form in the form of ice streams moving down from the feeding areas along mountain valleys.
volcano mouth- a channel through which magma erupts to the surface of the Earth.
Environmental pollution- change in the properties of the environment as a result of anthropogenic (man-made) intake of various substances.
gulf- a part of the ocean or sea that protrudes into the land, but has a free exchange of water with the rest of the body of water and differs slightly from it in natural conditions.
Dam lakes, platinum lakes- lakes that have arisen as a result of overlapping, damming, cluttering up the valley with a mountain landslide, lava flow, glacier or its deposits.
earthquakes- sharp tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface.
Earth's crust- the upper solid stone shell of the Earth.
isobaths- lines on the map that connect points of the same depth of the bottom of the oceans, seas and lakes.
artificial lakes- lakes created by man (ponds, reservoirs).
river source- the beginning of the river.
source, spring, key- a natural outlet to the earth's surface of groundwater.
Karst- a set of processes associated with the dissolution of surface and groundwater rocks.
Karst lakes- lakes resulting from the dissolution of limestone, gypsum, dolomite with water.
Vibrational movements of the earth's crust- Slow ups and downs of the earth's crust.
Crater- a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano or on its slope, through which volcanic products (magma, gases, etc.) erupt.
Lava- magma that has poured onto the earth's surface.
Map legend- a set of symbols used on the map with explanations.
Glacier- a natural accumulation of ice on the earth's surface, which has independent movement.
Glacial lakes- lakes formed by glaciers.
Lithosphere- the outer shell of the earth that encloses the earth's crust and upper part mantle.
Ocean bed- the actual ocean floor with the earth's crust of the oceanic type.
Magma- molten fiery mass, which is saturated with water vapor and gases. Formed in the bowels of the Earth.
Mantle of the Earth the earth's shell located between the earth's crust and the earth's core.
Scale- the ratio of the length of the line in the drawing, plan or map to the length of the corresponding line on the ground.
Continents, continents- large areas of land, surrounded on all or almost all sides by oceans and seas.
Continental shelf, shelf- an underwater slightly inclined shallow plain up to a depth of 200 meters.
continental slope- part of the bottom of the World Ocean, located between the shelf and the ocean floor at a depth of 200 to 2500-3000 m.
low water- the period with the lowest stable water level in the river. It happens in summer and winter.
Interstratal waters- groundwater that occurs between water-resistant layers.
meridians- lines on the globe and maps, conditionally drawn on the surface of the Earth and connecting the poles.
World Ocean- all the water space of the globe outside the land.
Monitoring - observation and control over the state of the natural environment, its individual components and their change by man.
Sea- a part of the ocean, separated by land and underwater uplifts from the rest of the ocean's water space and having its own natural conditions.
Moraine- solid clastic material that is transported and deposited by a glacier.
Sea currents, ocean currents- horizontal movement of water masses in the oceans and seas in the form of huge streams that move along certain paths.
Flood- flooding with water of the area located in the river valley above the floodplain.
uplands- a large part of a mountainous country, which includes both mountain ranges and plateaus.
Lowland- a plain with an absolute height of up to 200 m.
ravines- deep ruts (ditches) with steep slopes, formed by temporary water flows - storm and melt water.
Lake- a natural closed depression of land filled with water. They differ in the origin of lake basins, flow and salinity.
oceans- large parts of the oceans, separated by continents.
marginal seas- seas that cut shallowly into the land, are widely connected with the ocean and separated from it by islands, peninsulas and underwater uplifts.
Landslides- shifts, sliding down of masses of rocks on steep slopes under the influence of gravity.
Orientation on the ground- determination of one's position in relation to the sides of the horizon and local objects.
Islands- small, in comparison with the continents, land areas, surrounded on all sides by water. By origin, they are continental, volcanic and coral.
Elevation and depth marks- figures on maps and terrain plans showing the absolute heights of the land and the depths of the oceans, seas, lakes.
Relative height - the excess of one point on the earth's surface over another.
high water- a rapid, but short-term rise in the water level in the river.
Parallels- lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the Earth parallel to the equator.
rifts- Shallow sections of the riverbed.
isthmus- a relatively narrow strip of land in the body of water. Connects different areas of land.
River feeding- flow of water into rivers. There are rain, glacial, underground and mixed feeding of rivers.
Terrain plan- a reduced conditional image of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe earth's surface in a drawing, made on a certain scale.
Plesy- the deeper parts of the riverbed between the shallower ones.
Plateau - a large flat area of land with an absolute height of over 500 m.
surface water- waters carried by streams and rivers, concentrated in lakes, reservoirs, swamps and glaciers.
Underwater margin of the continents- part of the bottom of the oceans, which includes the continental shelf and the slope.
The groundwater- waters located in the pores, voids and cracks of rocks in the upper part of the earth's crust (up to a depth of 12-16 km).
floodplain- the lower part of the river valley, flooded with water during the flood.
Cover glaciers, continental glaciers- glaciers in the form of domes or shields that cover the surface of the land, regardless of the relief.
Minerals, mineral resources- natural mineral formations in the earth's crust, which are mined and used by man.
high water- a high and prolonged rise in the water level in the river, accompanied by flooding of the floodplain.
Polynyas- non-freezing sections of the river in winter.
Peninsula - a piece of land that extends into a body of water and is surrounded by water on three sides.
thresholds- shallow rocky or rocky areas in the riverbed with a fast current. Formed as a result of the release of solid rocks.
Fresh lakes- lakes, the content of dissolved salts in which is less than 1 g per liter of water.
Ebb and flow- periodic rises and falls in the water level in the oceans and seas. Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
strait- a relatively narrow body of water that separates land and connects separate parts of the oceans.
Pond- a small artificial lake in the valley of a river, a ravine, a beam and in other depressions in the relief, which was formed by building a dam or digging a foundation pit.
Plains- large areas of land and the ocean floor with relatively small fluctuations in relative heights. By the nature of the surface are flat and hilly, in absolute height they are represented by lowlands, uplands and plateaus.
lowland rivers- rivers of the plain with wide river valleys and a smooth, calm course.
River regime - change in the state of the river over time (change in water level, flow rate, water temperature, etc.). High water, low water, floods are usually distinguished.
River- a natural water stream that flows constantly in the same place.
Land reclamation is the restoration of lands disturbed by human activities.
Relief- a set of irregularities of the earth's surface.
river valley- a longitudinally elongated depression from the sources to the mouth, created or modified by the river.
river system a river with its tributaries.
river plains- plains formed by river sediments.
Riverbed A depression in a river valley through which the waters of a river flow.
Snow border (line)- the absolute height above which snowfall exceeds its melting. Snow accumulates and turns into ice. At the snow border, as much snow falls as it can melt.
Salinity of water- the total amount of all salts in grams contained in 1 liter. Or 1 kg of water.
Salt lakes, mineral lakes– lakes with a content of more than 24 g of dissolved substances per liter of water.
brackish lakes- lakes, in which the content of dissolved salts is from 1 to 24 g per liter of water.
mid-ocean ridges- powerful mountain structures at the bottom of the oceans with volcanism and earthquakes.
Staritsy- lakes in old riverbeds, usually crescent-shaped.
Waste lakes- lakes with river flow. Rivers originate from them.
tectonic lakes- lakes formed as a result of movements of the earth's crust, its lowering along cracks or troughs.
Terrikon - a cone-shaped dump of waste rock near mine workings (for example, coal mines).
river mouth A place where a river flows into another river, lake or sea.
Gorge- a narrow and deep mountain valley with steep slopes.
Tsunami– large sea waves, which arise as a result of powerful underwater earthquakes, sometimes - underwater volcanic eruptions.
Parts of the world- continents or their parts and located near the island.
Height and depth scale - color scale on physical maps and globes, with the help of which heights and depths are determined.
Equator - a line on the globe and maps, conventionally drawn on the surface of the globe at the same distance from the geographic poles.
Earth's core- the central part of the Earth, located below the mantle.
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Introduction |
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What does geography study The study of the earth's surface in antiquity and the Middle Ages The era of the great geographical discoveries. Geography of modern times Modern geography Section 1. Image of the Earth's surface on the plan terrain, globe and map Topic 1. Terrain plan Orientation on the ground Measuring distances on the ground Terrain plan The scale of the plans of the area Drawing up a schematic plan of the area Absolute and relative heights Relief image by contour lines Topic 2. Geographic map Features of the image of the Earth on the globe Geographic map Parallels and meridians. Graticule Geographical coordinates The difference between a plan of the area and a geographical map. The meaning of the cards. Generalizing repetition of the section "Image of the Earth's surface on terrain plan, globe and map" Section 2. Natural conditions of the earth's surface. Topic 3. Lithosphere and relief of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth The rocks that make up the earth's crust. Slow vertical and horizontal movements of the earth's crust Earthquakes as short-term movements of the earth's crust Mountains, highlands and highlands Protection of the earth's interior and land surface Generalizing repetition on the topic "The lithosphere and the relief of the Earth" Topic 4. Hydrosphere. World Ocean. The concept of the hydrosphere Land in the oceans. Continents. Islands and peninsulas. Seas, bays, straits. The relief of the bottom of the oceans Salinity and temperature of the oceans Waves in the oceans and seas Ocean currents and tidal phenomena Flora and fauna of the oceans and seas The importance of the oceans in people's lives. Ocean water protection Exploring the World Ocean Topic5. Land waters The groundwater. Sources The nature of the flow of rivers Nutrition and river regime Work of flowing waters Drainage and endorheic lakes, fresh and salt lakes Protection of land waters Generalizing repetition on the topic "Land Waters" APPS |
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