History quiz: topics, questions

Unfortunately, very often in school there is such a situation that students do not like this or that subject. Sometimes the reason is that the material is not presented interestingly enough. This can be easily fixed. Indeed, many children and adolescents are very fond of participating in various quizzes. In addition, they help to consolidate the material covered. We offer you historical For ease of use, the correct answers will also be indicated. We think that these quizzes will be of interest not only to schoolchildren, but also to older people.

To help you master the school curriculum

History is a very interesting subject. But remembering a huge number of different dates and facts can sometimes be very difficult. In this case, historical quizzes with answers for various periods will come to the rescue. This makes it easier to memorize and assimilate the material covered, as well as to check the level of knowledge. In this article you can find some interesting quizzes. We hope that they will certainly help you in mastering a difficult, but unusually interesting subject - history. After all, as you know, without knowledge of the past there is no present.

history quiz

For the convenience of mastering the school curriculum and testing your knowledge, we suggest breaking it down into several periods that we can all easily remember:

• Primitive communal.
• Ancient world.
• Middle Ages.
• New time.
• Recent history.

primitive society

So we called the primitive communal period. Let's remember him a little. history quiz It will be interesting not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults:

1. According to some historical documents and archaeological finds, the first ancient people appeared in these countries. Where did it happen? (Africa and Southeast Asia.)
2. What objects were the first to be used by man as tools of labor? (Stone and stick.)
3. The animal that man tamed first. Today, his distant descendants faithfully and faithfully serve people, protecting not only their lives, but also property and housing. Name it. (Wolf.)
4. The first mechanical tool that increased the productivity of primitive man's hunting was called... Complete the sentence. (Spear thrower.)
5. What was the name of one of the first occupations of people, with the help of which they obtained their own food? (Gathering.)

Glades, Krivichi, Drevlyans

Difficult period of formation of the ancient state. With the advent of Rurik, the rise and birth of a great empire begins. Let's recall some points that were relevant to this period:

1. What is the name of the document, which contains various data on the East Slavic tribes. ("The Tale of Bygone Years")
2. In ancient times, this was the name of the meeting, at which important issues were decided. Name this word. (Veche.)
3. A special place where sacrifices were made pagan gods in Russia. (Temple.)
4. A famous monk who kept a chronicle of the East Slavic tribes. (Nestor.)
5. What were the names of the pagan priests in Russia, who fought with all their might against the birth of Christianity? (Magi.)
6. What was the name of the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs? (Agriculture.)

Old Russian state

In the history of Russia, the period of the Middle Ages covers a fairly large time frame, from the 5th century to the end of the 7th. History quiz for kids and adults will help you remember it:

1. One of the Russian princes captured Kiev and made it the capital. What was his name? (Oleg.)
2. What was the name of the Russian prince who contributed to the emergence of Christianity in Russia? (Vladimir the Red Sun.)
3. The name of the very first set of laws of the ancient Russian state. ("Russian Truth")
4. What was the name of the prince who eased the hardships of the Tatar Mongolian yoke and showed himself as a wise ruler and commander? (Alexander Nevskiy.)
5. The name of the troops Ancient Russia commanded by the prince. (Squad.)

The era of palace coups

Historical period spanning the reigns of six different emperors. Palace secrets, intrigues, upheavals, a whirlpool of various events from the death of Peter I to the accession to the throne of Empress Catherine II.

1. What is the name of the famous noble family to which the wife of Peter the Great belonged. (Dolgorukovs.)
2. Baroque master, according to whose designs the famous Winter Palace. (Rastrelli.)
3. What country was born in grand empress Catherine II? (Germany.)
4. What was the name of the empress, who practically did not deal with state affairs, and Biron was her favorite favorite? (Anna Ioannovna.)
5. What was the name of the empress who contributed to the opening of Moscow University and the Academy of Arts? (Elizabeth.)

Life in the USSR

The simple and happy life of millions of people who aspired to a bright future and were immensely proud of their homeland. We will not forget this great era, which has also become history.

1. What was the name of the large meetings at which everything was decided government issues? (Congresses.)
2. What is the name of the Soviet political leader who had a great fondness for corn, ordering it to be grown everywhere. (Nikita Khrushchev.)
3. The reign of which leader went down in history as a period of "stagnation"? Say his last name. (Leonid Brezhnev.)
4. What was the process of restricting political and humanitarian contacts with Western countries called? ("Iron curtain".)
5. The initiator of the policy of restructuring, last president THE USSR. (Mikhail Gorbachev.)

Quiz "Historical Figures"

At all times in Russia there was a huge number of people who wanted to be equal. They performed various feats and discovered unknown secrets. Among them there are scientists, and poets, and writers, as well as military leaders and commanders. Let's remember some of the names, as well as what they are associated with:

1. One of the most just rulers in Russia. He successfully resisted the Golden Horde and is the founder of the Moscow Kremlin. His name? (Dmitry Donskoy.)
2. His name is remembered not only in connection with the barbaric methods of government, but also because he almost doubled the territory of Russia. The name of this king. (Ivan groznyj.)
3. What great Russian commander treated soldiers as equals? (Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.)
4. They are the liberators of Russian lands from the Polish invaders. A monument to these two heroic people stands on Red Square. Give them their last names. (Dmitry Pozharsky and
5. He won many victories over the enemies of the Russian land. But he got his nickname only in honor of one. Who is this person? (Alexander Nevskiy.)
6. This outstanding person, who ruled Russia for several decades, has a huge amount of merit. One of them is the foundation of a great city, which rightfully occupies the place of one of the most beautiful in the world. What is his name? (Peter I.)
7. The army under the leadership of this great commander managed to win even in those cases when the enemy forces were much larger. Say his last name. (Suvorov.)
8. You can read about this outstanding commander in the novel of the great Russian writer. Name the literary work, the author and the commander. ("War and Peace", L. Tolstoy, Mikhail Kutuzov.)
9. He was born into a peasant family and graduated from only three classes of a parochial school. Nevertheless, in the future, this did not prevent him from becoming a Marshal of the Soviet Union. And many historical books have been written about his great merits and films have been made. Who is this? (Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.)
10. His state activity is perceived very ambiguously. On the one hand, he was able to make a strong and powerful state out of the USSR, but on the other hand, his reign was marked by a huge number of deaths of innocent people. Name the dictator. (Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.)

About wars and more

As you know, the boys love to play various battles. And how about remembering the most famous wars from the history of Russia? Let's get started:

1. A variety of peoples tried to capture Russia, but only one managed to do it. Name them. (Tatar-Mongols.)
2. Under the leadership of this prince, the first victory was won over the Tatar-Mongolian troops. What is his name? (Dmitry Donskoy.)
3. Name one of greatest battles in the history of Kievan Rus under the leadership of Alexander Nevsky. (Battle on the Ice.)
4. Who organized and led one of the largest peasant uprisings in Russian history? (Emelyan Pugachev.)
5. He was one of the most famous leaders of the partisan movement during the Patriotic War of 1812. State his first and last name. (Denis Davydov.)

Catapult, helmet, chainmail

We offer you another interesting topic - about different types weapons. We think that this historical quiz questionnaire will be of interest even to those who are not yet in school:

1. What was the name of the old military clothing that was made of metal? (Mail.)
2. This piece of clothing protected the warrior's head in battle. The very first were made of wood, and later of metal. What it is? (Helmet.)
3. With the help of this weapon, it was possible to break through the military defense at a distance. What was it called? (Catapult.)
4. The name of a tool that was used in ancient times. By appearance this object resembled a club. His name? (Mace.)
5. Melee weapons, which are mentioned even in Russian epics and folk tales. (Sword.)

Finally

We hope that the proposed questions of historical quizzes will be within your power. Well, if you forgot something, then you should not be upset either. After all, you can always look at the correct answer and remember. The historical quiz is not only an opportunity to learn something new, but also a fun way to spend your free time. And perhaps understand that our country has a rich historical past, which we should not only know, but be proud of!

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The emergence and development of the Old Russian state (IX - beginning of the XII century)

The emergence of the Old Russian state is traditionally associated with the unification of the Ilmen and Dnieper regions as a result of a campaign against Kiev by the Novgorod prince Oleg in 882. Having killed Askold and Dir, who reigned in Kiev, Oleg began to rule on behalf of the young son of Prince Rurik, Igor.

The formation of the state was the result of long and complex processes that took place in the vast expanses of the East European Plain in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.

Nestor's story proves that among the Eastern Slavs by the middle of the 9th century. there were bodies that were the prototype of state institutions (the prince, the squad, the assembly of representatives of the tribes - the future veche);

The Varangian origin of Rurik, as well as Oleg, Igor, Olga, Askold, Dir is indisputable, but the invitation of a foreigner as a ruler is an important indicator of the maturity of the prerequisites for the formation of a state. The tribal union is aware of its common interests and is trying to resolve the contradictions between the individual tribes by calling the prince who stands above local differences. The Varangian princes, surrounded by a strong and combat-ready squad, led and completed the processes leading to the formation of the state;

Large tribal superunions, which included several unions of tribes, were formed among the Eastern Slavs already in the 8th-9th centuries. - around Novgorod and around Kiev;

External factors played an important role in the formation of the Old Russian state: threats coming from outside (Scandinavia, the Khazar Khaganate) pushed for unity;

The Varangians, having given Russia a ruling dynasty, quickly assimilated, merged with the local Slavic population;

As for the name "Rus", its origin continues to cause controversy. Some historians associate it with Scandinavia, others find its roots in the East Slavic environment (from the Ros tribe that lived along the Dnieper). There are other opinions on this matter as well.

At the end of the 9th - beginning of the 11th century. The Old Russian state was going through a period of formation. The formation of its territory and composition was actively going on. Oleg (882-912) subjugated the tribes of the Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi to Kiev, Igor (912-945) successfully fought with the streets, Svyatoslav (964-972) - with the Vyatichi. During the reign of Prince Vladimir (980-1015), the Volhynians and Croats were subordinated, the power over the Radimichi and Vyatichi was confirmed. In addition to the East Slavic tribes, the Finno-Ugric peoples (Chud, Merya, Muroma, etc.) were part of the Old Russian state. The degree of independence of the tribes from the Kiev princes was quite high.

The period of formation of the Old Russian state ended with the reign of Prince Vladimir I of the Holy, or Vladimir the Red Sun. Under him, Christianity was adopted from Byzantium (see ticket No. 3), a system of defensive fortresses was created on the southern borders of Russia, and the so-called ladder system of transfer of power finally took shape. The order of succession was determined by the principle of seniority in the princely family. Vladimir, having taken the throne of Kiev, planted his eldest sons in the largest Russian cities. The most important after Kiev - Novgorod - the reign was transferred to his eldest son. In the event of the death of the eldest son, his place was to be taken by the next in seniority, all other princes moved to more important thrones. In life Kiev prince this system worked flawlessly. After his death, as a rule, there was a more or less long period of struggle between his sons for the reign of Kiev.

The heyday of the Old Russian state falls on the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) and his sons. It includes the oldest part of Russian Truth - the first monument of written law that has come down to us ("Russian Law", information about which dates back to the reign of Oleg, was not preserved either in the original or in the lists). Russian Truth regulated relations in the princely economy - the patrimony. Its analysis allows historians to talk about the current system government controlled: the prince of Kiev, like the local princes, is surrounded by a retinue, the top of which is called the boyars and with whom he confers on the most important issues (a thought, a permanent council under the prince). Of the combatants, posadniks are appointed to manage cities, governors, tributaries (collectors of land taxes), mytniki (collectors of trade duties), tiuns (managers of princely estates), etc. Russkaya Pravda contains valuable information about ancient Russian society. It was based on free rural and urban population(people). There were slaves (servants, serfs), farmers dependent on the prince (purchases, ryadovichi, serfs - historians do not have a single opinion about the situation of the latter).

Political fragmentation in Russia. Specific Russia (XII-XIII centuries)

Political fragmentation was inevitable. During the 11th century Russian lands developed in an ascending line: the population grew, the economy grew stronger, large princely and boyar land ownership increased, cities grew rich. They were less and less dependent on Kiev and were burdened by his guardianship. To maintain order within his "fatherland", the prince had enough strength and power. Local boyars and cities supported their princes in their quest for independence: they were closer, more closely connected with them, better able to protect their interests. TO internal reasons added external. Polovtsy raids weakened the southern Russian lands, the population left the restless lands for the northeastern (Vladimir, Suzdal) and southwestern (Galic, Volyn) outskirts. The princes of Kiev were weakening in the military and economic sense, their authority and influence in solving all-Russian affairs were falling.

The negative consequences of the political fragmentation of Russia are concentrated in the military-strategic area: the defense capability has weakened in the face of external threats, inter-princely feuds have intensified. But fragmentation also had positive aspects. The isolation of the lands contributed to their economic and cultural development. The collapse of a single state did not mean a complete loss of principles that united the Russian lands. The seniority of the Grand Prince of Kiev was formally recognized; ecclesiastical and linguistic unity was preserved; the basis of the legislation of the destinies was the norms of Russian Truth. In the popular mind up to the XIII-XIV centuries. lived ideas about the unity of the lands that were part of Kievan Rus.

At the end of the XII century. There were 15 independent lands, essentially independent states. The largest were: in the south-west - the Galicia-Volyn principality; in the northeast - the Vladimir-Suzdal principality; in the northwest - the Novgorod Republic.

Galicia-Volyn principality inherited political system Kievan Rus. The princes, when solving important issues, had to take into account the opinion of the boyar-druzhina nobility and city assemblies (veche). This feature reflected the peculiarity of the socio-economic development of the Galicia-Volyn land: boyar estates and cities were traditionally strong here.

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality separated from Kiev under Prince Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157). Its mass settlement took place in the XI-XII centuries. Settlers from the southern regions of Russia were attracted by the relative safety from raids (the region was covered with impenetrable forests), fertile lands Russian opolya, navigable rivers, along which dozens have grown.

The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality became the cradle of the formation of the Great Russian people and in the near future the center of rallying the Russian lands into a single Russian state.

A different type of state structure developed in Novgorod. One of the oldest Russian cities was at the same time one of the richest and most influential. The basis of its prosperity was not agriculture (Novgorod depended on the supply of bread from the neighboring Vladimir-Suzdal Principality), but trade and handicrafts. The local merchants were a full participant in trade operations in the north-west of Europe, they traded with the German Hansa (the representative office of this powerful trade union of German cities was in Novgorod), Sweden, Denmark, the countries of the East with cloth, salt, amber, weapons, jewelry, furs, wax. Power and influence were concentrated in the hands of the Novgorod veche. Historians argue about its composition. Some believe that the entire urban population and even residents of nearby villages participated in it. Others argue that the so-called "five hundred golden belts" - people from large boyar families - were full participants in the veche. Be that as it may, the influential boyar and merchant families, as well as the clergy, played a decisive role. Officials were elected at the veche - the posadnik (governor of Novgorod), the thousand (leaders of the militia), the governor (maintaining law and order), the bishop (later the archbishop, the head of the Novgorod church), the archimandrite (the elder among the abbots of the Novgorod monasteries). The veche resolved the issue of inviting the prince, who, under the supervision of the council of gentlemen and the posadnik, performed the functions of a military leader. This order developed after 1136, when the Novgorodians expelled Prince Vsevolod from the city.

Culture of Ancient Russia (X-XIII centuries). Significance of adopting Christianity

The culture of Ancient Russia is a unique phenomenon. According to the researcher, "Old Russian art is the fruit of the feat of the Russian people, who defended their independence, their faith and their ideals on the edge of the European world." Scientists note the openness and synthesis (from the word "synthesis" - bringing together into a single whole) of ancient Russian culture. The interaction of the heritage of the Eastern Slavs with the Byzantine and, consequently, ancient traditions created an original spiritual world. The time of its formation and first flourishing - X - the first half of the XIII century. (pre-Mongol period).

We note, first of all, the influence of the baptism of Russia on the historical and cultural process. Christianity became the state religion of Kievan Rus in 988, during the reign of St. Vladimir I (980-1015). Princely power received in the new religion and the church that professed it a reliable support - spiritual and political. The state was strengthened, and intertribal differences were overcome with it. A single faith gave the subjects of the state a new sense of unity and community. All-Russian self-consciousness gradually took shape - an important element in the unity of the ancient Russian people.

Christianity, with its monotheism, the recognition of God as the source of power and order in society, made a serious contribution to the consolidation of the feudal relations that were taking shape in Kievan Rus.

The baptism of Russia turned it into an equal partner of medieval Christian states and thereby strengthened the foreign policy position in the then world.

Finally, about the spiritual and cultural significance acceptance of Christianity. It is huge. Liturgical books in the Slavic language came to Russia from Bulgaria and Byzantium, and the number of those who spoke Slavonic writing and literacy increased. The immediate consequence of the baptism of Russia was the development of painting, icon painting, stone and wooden architecture, ecclesiastical and secular literature, and the education system. Orthodoxy, having attached Russia to the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian tradition, at the same time became one of the factors that predetermined the features of the economic, social, political, religious, cultural, and spiritual history of our country.

Pagan antiquity was preserved primarily in oral folk art - folklore (riddles, charms, spells, proverbs, fairy tales, songs). A special place in the historical memory of the people was occupied by epics - heroic tales about the defenders of their native land from enemies. Folk storytellers sing the exploits of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga, Mikula Selyaninovich and other epic heroes (in total, more than 50 main characters act in epics). They turn their appeal to them: “You stand up for the faith, for the fatherland, you stand up for the glorious capital city of Kiev!” It is interesting that in the epics the motive of defending the fatherland is supplemented by the motive of defending the Christian faith. The baptism of Russia was major event in the history of ancient Russian culture.

With the adoption of Christianity, the rapid development of writing began. Writing was known in Russia in pre-Christian times (the mention of "features and cuts", the middle of the 1st millennium; information about agreements with Byzantium drawn up in Russian; a clay vessel found near Smolensk with an inscription made in Cyrillic - the alphabet created by the enlighteners of the Slavs Cyril and Methodius at the turn of the X-XI centuries). Orthodoxy brought liturgical books, religious and secular translated literature to Russia. The oldest handwritten books have come down to us - the Ostromir Gospel (1057) and two Izborniks (collection of texts) of Prince Svyatoslav (1073 and 1076). They say that in the XI-XIII centuries. 130-140 thousand books of several hundred titles were in circulation: the level of literacy in Ancient Russia was very high by the standards of the Middle Ages. There is other evidence: birch bark writings (archaeologists discovered them in the middle of the 20th century in Veliky Novgorod), inscriptions on the walls of cathedrals and handicrafts, the activities of monastic schools, the richest book collections of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, etc.

There was an opinion that the ancient Russian culture was "mute" - it was believed that it had no original literature. This is not true. Old Russian literature is represented by various genres (chronicles, lives of the saints, journalism, teachings and travel notes, the wonderful "Tale of Igor's Campaign", which does not belong to any of the known genres), it is distinguished by a wealth of images, styles and trends.

The oldest of the chronicles that have come down to us - "The Tale of Bygone Years" - was created around 1113. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor. The famous questions that open The Tale of Bygone Years: “Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first to reign, and how the Russian land began to eat” - they already speak of the scale of the personality of the chronicle’s creator, his literary abilities. After the collapse of Kievan Rus, independent chronicle schools arose in isolated lands, but all of them, as a model, turned to The Tale of Bygone Years.

Of the works of the oratorical and journalistic genre, the “Word on Law and Grace” stands out, created by Hilarion, the first Russian-born metropolitan, in the middle of the 11th century. These are thoughts about power, about the place of Russia in Europe. Wonderful is Vladimir Monomakh's Teaching, written for his sons. The prince must be wise, merciful, just, educated, indulgent and firm in protecting the weak. Strength and valor, faithful service to the country demanded from Prince Daniil Zatochnik, the author of the “Prayer”, brilliant in language and literary form.

The unknown author of the greatest work of ancient Russian literature, The Tale of Igor's Campaign (end of the 12th century), also called for the consent and reconciliation of the princes. The real event - the defeat of the Seversky prince Igor from the Polovtsians (1185--1187) - was only an occasion for the creation of the "Word", amazing with the richness of the language, the harmony of the composition, the power of the figurative system. The author sees the Russian land from a great height, covers vast spaces with his mind's eye, as if "flying with his mind under the clouds", "prowls through the fields to the mountains" (D.S. Likhachev). Danger threatens Russia, and the princes must forget the strife in order to save her from destruction.

The art of Ancient Russia is primarily architecture and painting. Byzantine traditions of stone architecture came with Christianity. The greatest buildings of the XI-XII centuries. (Death Church, which died in 1240, cathedrals dedicated to Hagia Sophia in Kiev, Novgorod, Chernigov, Polotsk) followed Byzantine traditions. A cylindrical drum rests on four massive pillars in the center of the building, connected by arches. On it firmly stands the hemisphere of the dome. Following the four branches of the cross, the remaining parts of the temple adjoin them, ending with vaults, sometimes with domes. In the altar part - semicircular ledges, apses. This is the cross-domed composition of the church building developed by the Byzantines. The inner, and often the outer walls of the temple are painted with frescoes (painting on wet plaster) or covered with mosaics. A special place is occupied by icons - picturesque images of Christ, the Mother of God, saints. The first icons came to Russia from Byzantium, but Russian masters quickly mastered the strict laws of icon painting. Honoring traditions and diligently studying with Byzantine teachers, Russian architects and painters showed amazing creative freedom: ancient Russian architecture and iconography are more open to the world, cheerful, decorative than Byzantine ones. By the middle of the XII century. the differences between the art schools of Vladimir-Suzdal, Novgorod, and South Russian lands also became apparent. Joyful, light, lavishly decorated churches in Vladimir (Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, etc.) contrast with the squat, solid, massive churches of Novgorod (the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa on the Market, etc.). Novgorod icons“The Angel of Golden Hair”, “The Sign” differ from the icons “Dmitry of Thessalonica” or “Bogolyubskaya Mother of God” painted by the Vladimir-Suzdal masters.

Among the greatest achievements of ancient Russian culture is the artistic craft, or patterning, as it was called in Russia. Gold jewelry covered with enamel, silver items made using filigree, granulation or niello techniques, patterned decoration of weapons - all this testifies to the high skill and taste of ancient Russian artisans.

The struggle of Russia against external invasions in the XIII century.

The 13th century in the history of Russia is the time of armed opposition to the onslaught from the east (Mongol-Tatars) and northwest (Germans, Swedes, Danes).

Mongol-Tatars came to Russia from the depths of Central Asia. Educated in 1206. an empire led by Khan Temuchin, who took the title of Khan of all Mongols (Genghis Khan), by the 30s. 13th century subjugated northern China, Korea, Central Asia, Transcaucasia. In 1223, in the Battle of Kalka, the combined army of Russians and Polovtsy was defeated by a 30,000-strong Mongols detachment. Genghis Khan refused to advance to the southern Russian steppes. Russia received an almost fifteen-year respite, but could not take advantage of it: all attempts to unite, stop civil strife were in vain.

In 1236, the grandson of Genghis Khan, Baty, began a campaign against Russia. Having conquered the Volga Bulgaria, in January 1237 he invaded the Ryazan principality, ruined it and moved on to Vladimir. The city, despite fierce resistance, fell, and on March 4, 1238, it was killed in the battle on the Sit River Grand Duke Vladimirsky Yuri Vsevolodovich. Having taken Torzhok, the Mongols could go to Novgorod, but the spring thaw and heavy losses forced them to return to the Polovtsian steppes. This movement to the southeast is sometimes called the "Tatar raid": along the way, Batu plundered and burned Russian cities, which courageously fought against the invaders. Especially fierce was the resistance of the inhabitants of Kozelsk, nicknamed by the enemies of the "evil city". In 1238-- 1239. Mongol-Tatars conquered Murom, Pereyaslav, Chernigov principalities.

North-Eastern Russia was devastated. Batu turned south. The heroic resistance of the inhabitants of Kiev was broken in December 1240. In 1241, the Galicia-Volyn principality fell. The Mongolian hordes invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, went to Northern Italy and Germany, but exhausted by the desperate resistance of the Russian troops, deprived of reinforcements, retreated and returned to the steppes of the Lower Volga region. Here in 1243 a state was created Golden Horde(the capital of Saray-Vatu), whose dominion was forced to recognize the devastated Russian lands. A system was established that went down in history under the name of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The essence of this system, humiliating in the spiritual and predatory in economic relations, consisted in the fact that: the Russian principalities were not included in the Horde, they retained their own reigns; princes, especially the Grand Duke of Vladimir, received a label to reign in the Horde, which confirmed their stay on the throne; they had to pay a large tribute ("exit") to the Mongol rulers. Population censuses were carried out, norms for collecting tribute were established. The Mongolian garrisons left the Russian cities, but before the beginning of the XIV century. the collection of tribute was carried out by authorized Mongolian officials - the Baskaks. In case of disobedience (and anti-Mongol uprisings often broke out), punitive detachments - rati - were sent to Russia.

Two important questions arise: why did the Russian principalities, having shown heroism and courage, fail to repulse the conquerors? What consequences did the yoke have for Russia? The answer to the first question is obvious: of course, the military superiority of the Mongol-Tatars mattered (tough discipline, excellent cavalry, well-organized intelligence, etc.), but the disunity of the Russian princes, their strife, and inability to unite even in the face of a deadly threat played a decisive role.

The second question is controversial. Some historians point to the positive consequences of the yoke in terms of the formation of prerequisites for the creation of a unified Russian state. Others emphasize that the yoke did not have a significant impact on the internal development of Russia. Most scholars agree on the following: the raids caused the heaviest material damage, were accompanied by the death of the population, the devastation of villages, the ruin of cities; the tribute that went to the Horde depleted the country, made it difficult to restore and develop the economy; Southern Russia actually separated from the North-Western and North-Eastern, their historical destinies on for a long time dispersed; Russia's ties with European states were interrupted; won tendencies to arbitrariness, despotism, autocracy of princes. “In the devastated public consciousness, there was only room for the instincts of self-preservation and capture” (V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Having been defeated by the Mongol-Tatars, Russia was able to successfully resist the aggression from the northwest. By the 30s. 13th century The Baltic region, inhabited by the tribes of Livs, Yotvingians, Estonians, and others, was at the mercy of the German crusader knights. The actions of the crusaders were part of the policy of the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy to subjugate the pagan peoples catholic church. That is why the main instruments of aggression were spiritual and knightly orders: the Order of the Sword (founded in 1202) and the Teutonic Order (founded at the end of the 12th century in Palestine). In 1237 these orders merged into the Livonian Order. A powerful and aggressive military-political formation was established on the borders with Novgorod land, ready to take advantage of the weakening of Russia to include its northwestern lands in the zone of imperial influence.

July 1240. Nineteen-year-old Novgorod prince Alexander in a fleeting battle defeated Birger's Swedish detachment at the mouth of the Neva. For the victory in the Battle of the Neva, Alexander received the honorary nickname of Nevsky. In the same summer, the Livonian knights became more active: Izborsk and Pskov were captured, the border fortress of Koporye was erected. Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to return Pskov in 1241, but the decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on the melted ice of Lake Peipsi (hence the name - Battle on the Ice). Knowing about the favorite tactics of the knights - building in the form of a narrowing wedge ("pig"), the commander applied a flank coverage and defeated the enemy. Dozens of knights died, falling through the ice, unable to withstand the weight of heavily armed infantry. The relative safety of the northwestern borders of Russia, Novgorod land was ensured.

The unification of Russian lands around Moscow and the formation of a single Russian state in the XIV-XV centuries. Opposition to the Horde

In the XIV-XV centuries. specific Russia persistently collected its “crushed parts into something whole. Moscow became the center of the state formed in this way” (V. O. Klyuchevsky). The process of gathering Russian lands led to the formation of a single Russian state. Devastated, bled dry by the Mongol-Tatar yoke, divided into dozens of specific principalities, the country for more than two centuries consistently, difficultly, overcoming obstacles, went to state and national unity.

Association background. The peculiarities of the process of unification of the Russian lands consisted in the fact that its economic and social prerequisites matured gradually, as the process itself gained strength, lagging behind it. The growth of the population, the restoration of the destroyed economy, the development of abandoned and new lands, the spread of the three-field system, the gradual revival of cities and trade - all this contributed to unification, but hardly made it really necessary. The decisive prerequisites have developed in the political sphere. The main impetus was the ever more insistent striving for liberation from the Horde yoke, from patronage and prodding, to gaining complete independence, to abandon humiliating trips to the Horde for a label for the great Vladimir reign, from paying tribute, from exactions. The struggle for unification merged with the struggle against the Horde. It demanded the exertion of all forces, unity, and a rigid guiding principle. This beginning could only be the grand ducal power, ready to act firmly, resolutely, recklessly, even despotically. The princes relied on their servants - the military in the first place - and paid them off with land transferred to conditional possession (the nobility, the estate system, serfdom would later grow out of these servants and this land ownership).

The prerequisites for unification include the presence of a single church organization, a common faith - Orthodoxy, language, the historical memory of the people, who kept memories of the lost unity and the "bright bright and beautifully decorated" Russian Land.

Why did Moscow become the center of the association? Objectively, two “young” cities, Moscow and Tver, had approximately equal chances to lead the process of unification of Russian lands. They were located in the north-east of Russia, relatively far from the borders with the Horde (and from the borders with Lithuania, Poland, Livonia) and therefore were protected from sudden attacks. Moscow and Tver stood on the lands where, after the Batu invasion, the population of Vladimir, Ryazan, Rostov and other principalities fled, where demographic growth was observed. Important trade routes passed through both principalities, and they knew how to take advantage of their location. The outcome of the struggle between Moscow and Tver was therefore determined by the personal qualities of their rulers. Moscow princes in this sense surpassed Tver competitors. They were not outstanding statesmen, but ~ V4ine others knew how to adapt to the character and juvia of their time. To them, “people are not large. , had to "do great things", the mode of their actions "was based not on the legends of antiquity, but on a prudent consideration of the circumstances of the current moment." “Flexible, quick-witted businessmen”, “peaceful masters”, “hoarding, thrifty organizers of their lot” - this is how V. O. Klyuchevsky saw the first Moscow princes.

Association stages. The process of creating a unified Russian state took a long period from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century. until the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century.

Late XIII - first half of the XIV century:

The formation of the Moscow principality under Prince Daniil Alexandrovich (end of the 13th century) and its territorial growth (Pereslavl, Mozhaisk, Kolomna), the beginning of rivalry with Tver for a shortcut to the great Vladimir reign and the first success of Moscow (1318, the assassination of Prince Mikhail of Tver in the Horde and the transfer of the label to the Moscow prince Yuri, who owned it until 1325);

The reign of Ivan Danilovich Kalita (Kalita is a big wallet; the origin of the prince's nickname is connected not so much with his stinginess, but with the fact that he was famous for his generosity when giving alms to the poor). Ivan Kalita took part in the punitive campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Tver, whose population rebelled in 1327 and killed the Khan's Baskak Cholkhan. The result was the weakening of Tver and the acquisition by Moscow of a label for a great reign (since 1328). Ivan Kalita convinced Metropolitan Peter to move his residence from Vladimir to Moscow. From that moment on, the Orthodox Church firmly supported the Moscow princes in their efforts to unite the country. Kalita managed to accumulate considerable funds, which were spent on buying up new lands and on strengthening the military power of the principality. Relations between Moscow and the Horde were built during this period on the same basis - with the correction of tribute payments, frequent visits to the khan's capital, with ostentatious humility and readiness to serve. Ivan Kalita managed to save his principality from new invasions. “Forty years of great silence,” according to Klyuchevsky, allowed two generations to be born and grow up, “on whose nerves the impressions of childhood did not instill the unaccountable horror of grandfathers and fathers before the Tatar: they went out to Kulikovo Field.”

Second half of the 14th century In the 60-70s. 14th century Prince Dmitry, grandson of Ivan Kalita, managed to decide in favor of Moscow a number of long-standing and very important issues. Firstly, the claims of neighboring princes to a great reign were repulsed. The label remained in Moscow. Secondly, it was possible to avert the military threat from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whose ruler, Prince Olgerd, actively participated in domestic Russian politics and organized three campaigns against Moscow. Thirdly - and this is especially important - Moscow has achieved a decisive advantage over its traditional rival, the Tver Principality. Twice (in 1371 and 1375) Prince Mikhail of Tver received a label in the Horde for a great reign, and twice Prince Dmitry refused to recognize him as a Grand Duke. In 1375, Moscow organized a campaign against Tver, in which almost all the princes of North-Eastern Russia took part. Mikhail was forced to recognize the seniority of the Moscow prince and abandon the label for a great reign. Fourthly, for the first time in more than a century, the Moscow prince felt strong enough to go into open conflict with the Horde, to challenge it, relying on the support of the majority of Russian principalities and lands.

In the same years, the Golden Horde was going through processes of crushing and disintegration. Khans changed on the throne with fantastic frequency, the rulers of the isolated "hordes" sought their fortune in predatory raids on Russia. Moscow provided support to neighboring principalities in repelling aggression. The battle on the Vozha River in 1378 gained particular fame. The army of Murza Begich, which invaded the Ryazan land, was defeated by the Moscow detachment, commanded by Prince Dmitry.

An event of great historical importance was the victory of the Russian army (princely squads of almost all the lands of North-Eastern Russia were represented in it, only Ryazan and Novgorod detachments did not come) in 1380. on the Kulikovo field over the army of the Tatar temnik Mamai.

The reasons for the victory in the battle, which apparently lasted more than ten hours, are generally understandable: Dmitry showed indisputable military leadership (gathering troops in Kolomna, choosing a battle site, disposition of troops, actions of an ambush regiment, etc.). The Russian soldiers fought bravely. There was no agreement in the Horde ranks. But the following are recognized as the main factors of victory: for the first time, a single Russian army fought on the Kulikovo field, made up of squads from almost all Russian lands, under the unified command of the Moscow prince; Russian soldiers were seized by that spiritual upsurge, which, according to L. N. Tolstoy, makes victory inevitable: "The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it." The Battle of Kulikovo brought the honorary nickname Donskoy to Prince Dmitry of Moscow. The victory was difficult. The bitterness of the battle lives on in the words of a contemporary: “O bitter hour! Oh, the time of blood is filled!

The significance of the victory on the Kulikovo field is enormous: Moscow has strengthened its role as the unifier of the Russian lands, their leader; in relations between Russia and the Horde, a turning point occurred (the yoke will be lifted in 100 years, in 1382 Khan Tokhtamysh will burn Moscow, but the decisive step towards liberation was taken on August 8, 1380); the amount of tribute that Russia now paid to the Horde has significantly decreased; The Horde continued to weaken, from the blow received in the Battle of Kulikovo, she never managed to recover. The Battle of Kulikovo became an important stage in the spiritual and moral revival of Russia, the formation of its national identity.

First half of the 15th century The main event of this stage was the feudal war of 1425-1453. between the Moscow prince Vasily II the Dark and the coalition of specific princes, which was headed by his uncle Yuri, and after the death of Yuri, his second cousins ​​​​Vasily Kosoy and Ivan Shemyaka. The long turmoil ended with the victory of the Moscow prince.

The second half of the XIV - the beginning of the XV century. The final stage of the unification process is associated with the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505) and the first years of the reign of his son Vasily III (1505-1533):

The collection of Russian lands around Moscow was basically completed. Novgorod (1477), Tver (1485), Pskov (1510), Ryazan (1521), Smolensk (1514) were annexed to Moscow;

- "Standing on the Ugra" (1480) ended the struggle of Russia for liberation from the two hundred and forty-year-old Mongol yoke. For more than two months, the Russian army of Ivan III and the Tatar army of Khan Akhmat stood on different banks of the Oka tributary of the Ugra River. Akhmat did not dare to join the battle and withdrew his troops, recognizing, in essence, the independence of Russia;

The process of forming a unified Russian state was also completed. Ivan III took the title of "Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia", marriage to the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleolog and the fall of Constantinople under the blows of the Ottoman Turks (1453) gave him reason to accept the Byzantine double-headed eagle as the coat of arms of the Russian state (adding the coat of arms of the Moscow principality to it - - George the Victorious - symbolized the role of Moscow as the capital of the state). Gradually, the system of government bodies also took shape: the Boyar Duma (a council of the nobility under the Grand Duke), the Treasury (the central administrative body, from which the central government bodies - orders were later separated; the concept of "order" was first used in 1512), Palaces (bodies management of the newly annexed territories). The country was divided into counties (ruled by governors), volosts and camps (ruled by volosts). The governors and volostels lived at the expense of feeding - dues from the local population. In 1497, the Sudebnik was adopted - the first legislative act of the unified Russian state. In particular, it contained a new norm on a single period for the transition of peasants from one landowner to another (two weeks before and after November 26 - St. George's Day). From the end of the XV century. the new term "Russia" was used more and more widely.

Moscow Russia in the era of Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV the Terrible came to the throne as a three-year-old boy (1533). At the age of seventeen (1547), for the first time in Russian history, having been married to the kingdom, he began to rule independently. In June of the same year, a grandiose fire burned down almost all of Moscow; the rebellious townspeople came to the tsar in the village of Vorobyevo with a demand to punish the guilty. “Fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones,” Ivan wrote later. Meanwhile, a lot was expected from the tsar: the years of his early childhood, especially after the death of his mother, Elena Glinskaya, passed in a difficult atmosphere of enmity between boyar groups, conspiracies and secret murders. Life has given him difficult challenges. The process of creating a unified Russian state has basically been completed. It was necessary to centralize it - to create single system central and local governments, to approve uniform legislation and courts, troops and taxes, to overcome the differences inherited from the past between individual regions of the country. It was necessary to carry out important foreign policy measures aimed at ensuring the security of the southern, eastern and western borders of Russia.

The first period of the reign of Ivan IV - until the end of the 50s. - passed under the sign of the activities of the Chosen Rada, the circle of the closest advisers and like-minded tsar - the Kostroma landowner A. Adashev, Prince A. Kurbsky, Metropolitan Macarius, Archpriest Sylvester, clerk I. Viskovaty and others. The direction of the transformations was determined by the desire for centralization, and their spirit - convocation in 1549. the first body in Russian history representing various social strata (boyars, clergy, nobility, service people, etc.) - the Zemsky Sobor. Historians call the cathedral of 1549 the "cathedral of reconciliation": the boyars swore to obey the tsar in everything, the tsar promised to forget past grievances. Until the end of the 50s. the following reforms were carried out: a new Code of Laws (1550) was adopted, designed to become the basis of a unified legal system in the country; feeding was canceled (the order in which the boyars-governors lived at the expense of funds collected in their favor from subject territories); the system of state administration gained harmony through orders - the central executive authorities (Razryadny, Posolsky, Streletsky, Petition, etc.); localism was limited (the principle of holding positions according to the nobility of origin); a streltsy army was created, armed with firearms; the "Code of Service" was adopted, which strengthened the local noble army; the order of taxation has been changed - a unit of taxation (“plow”) and the amount of duties levied from it (“tax”) have been established. In 1551, the Church Council adopted the "Stoglav" - a document that regulated the activities of the church and was aimed at unifying (establishing unity) rites.

The success of reform efforts was reinforced by foreign policy successes. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, and in 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate. At the end of the 50s. the Nogai Horde recognized its dependence. Significant territorial growth (almost twice), the security of the eastern borders, the prerequisites for further advancement in the Urals and Siberia were important achievements of Ivan IV and the Chosen One.

From the end of the 1950s, however, the tsar's attitude towards the plans of his advisers and towards them personally changed. In 1560, cooling took the form of enmity. The reasons can only be guessed at. Ivan IV dreamed of true "autocracy", the influence and authority of his associates, who had and, moreover, defended their own opinion, annoyed him. Disagreements on the issue of the Livonian War were the last straw that overflowed the cup: in 1558 war was declared on the Livonian Order, which owned the Baltic lands. At first, everything went well, the order collapsed, but its lands went to Lithuania, Poland and Sweden, with which Russia had to fight until 1583. By the mid-60s. the difficulties of the outbreak of the war were clearly revealed, the military situation was not in favor of Russia. In 1565, Ivan the Terrible left Moscow for Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, demanded the execution of traitors and announced the establishment of a special inheritance - the oprichnina (from the word "oprich" - outside, except). Thus began a new era in the history of his reign - bloody and cruel. The country was divided into oprichnina and zemshchina, with their own Boyar Dumas, capitals, and troops. Power, moreover, uncontrolled, remained in the hands of Ivan the Terrible. An important feature of the oprichnina is terror, which fell upon the ancient boyar families (Prince Vladimir Staritsky), and against the clergy (Metropolitan Philip, Archimandrite Herman), and against the nobles, and against cities (a pogrom in Novgorod in the winter of 1569/70, terror in Moscow in the summer of 1570). In the summer of 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey burned Moscow: the oprichnina army, which was mad in robberies and robbery, showed complete military failure. The following year, Ivan the Terrible abolished the oprichnina and even forbade the use of this word in the future.

Historians have long and fiercely argued about the reasons for the oprichnina. Some tend to see in it the embodiment of the delusional fantasies of the mentally ill tsar, others, reproaching Ivan IV for using the wrong means, highly appreciate the oprichnina as a form of struggle against the boyars who opposed centralization, and others admire both the means and the goals of the oprichnina terror. Most likely, the oprichnina was a policy of terror aimed at establishing what Ivan the Terrible himself called autocracy. “And we have always been free to favor our serfs, we were also free to execute,” he wrote to Prince Kurbsky, by serfs he meant subjects.

The consequences of the oprichnina are tragic. The Livonian War, despite the desperate efforts of the tsar, the courage of the soldiers (for example, during the defense of Pskov in 1581), ended with the loss of all conquests in Livonia and Belarus (Yam-Zapolsky truce with Poland in 1582 and Plyussky peace with Sweden in 1583) . Oprichnina weakened the military power of Russia. The country's economy was devastated, to keep the peasants who fled from violence and unbearable taxes, laws on reserved years were adopted, abolishing the rule of St. George's Day and forbidding peasants to change their masters. Having killed his eldest son with his own hand, the autocrat doomed the country to a dynastic crisis, which came in 1598 after the death of his heir, Tsar Fedor, who ascended his father's throne in 1584. The Troubles of the beginning of the 17th century. considered a distant but direct consequence of the oprichnina.

Russia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. Time of Troubles and its consequences

Late 16th - early 17th centuries - the time of the Time of Troubles, the most severe political, social, spiritual, moral crisis that engulfed Russian society and brought it to the brink of collapse.

The most significant causes of the Time of Troubles are associated with the tragic consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War: the ruin of the economy, the growth of social tension, the dull unrest of almost all segments of the population. The Russian historian S. F. Platonov found the exact words to describe the mood that arose in the country: “There was not a single social group that was satisfied with the course of affairs ... Everything was shocked ... everything lost its stability.” The reign of Ivan the Terrible's son Fyodor Ioannovich (1584-1598) did not change the situation for the better: the tsar was sickly and weak, he could not contain the enmity of the boyar groups. The death in Uglich of the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible Dmitry in 1591 (according to many, the actual ruler of the country, Boris Godunov, was stabbed to death by henchmen) deprived the throne of the last legitimate heir from the Rurik dynasty. Fyodor Ioannovich (1598), who died childless, was its last representative. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as tsar, who ruled vigorously and, according to historians, wisely. But he failed to stop the intrigues of the disgruntled boyars. Rumors about the involvement of the king in the murder of Dmitry excited the country. The most severe crop failure of 1601-1603. and the resulting famine made the explosion of social discontent inevitable.

External reasons were added to internal ones: the neighboring Rzeczpospolita was in a hurry to take advantage of the growing weakness of Russia. The appearance in Poland of a young Galich nobleman, a monk of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself “Tsarevich Dmitry, who miraculously escaped”, was a real gift for King Sigismund III and many magnates. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, having achieved the tacit support of Sigismund III, with the help of the Polish magnate Mnishek (whose daughter Marina was declared his bride), False Dmitry entered the southern regions of Russia. The confusion has begun. Her main events are listed below. The end of 1604 - May 1606: many cities of southern Russia go over to the side of the impostor, he is supported by Cossack detachments and thousands of disgruntled peasants. In April 1605, Boris Godunov suddenly died, and the boyars did not recognize his son Fyodor as king; the army under the command of the tsarist governor Basmanov and Golitsyn goes over to the side of False Dmitry, Fedor and his mother are strangled. In June, the impostor becomes Tsar Dmitry I. His future fate was predetermined: he could not fulfill the promises made to the Poles (convert Russia to Catholicism, give Poland significant territories). The boyars no longer needed Otrepyev. May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the arrogance of the Poles, who came to the wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mniszek, and even the wedding itself, which presented royal crown Catholic, the boyars raise an uprising. Grigory Otrepyev is killed.

May 1606-1610: boyar Vasily Shuisky is “shouted out” as tsar, who gives a crucifixion note with a promise to rule together with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial. Again, rumors are spreading about a new miraculous rescue of Dmitry. In the summer of 1606, an uprising broke out in Putivl, which was joined by very different sections of the population - peasants, townspeople, archers, nobles. The uprising is led by a runaway military serf Ivan Bolotnikov. The rebels reach Moscow, besiege it, but are defeated (one of the reasons is the defection to the side of the king of the nobility, led by the Ryazan governor Prokopy Lyapunov). Bolotnikov with his loyal supporters retreats to Tula and resists the tsarist regiments for several months. In the summer of 1607, the rebels surrendered, Bolotnikov was captured, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.

Meanwhile, the confusion is growing. A new impostor False Dmitry II appears (there is no exact information about who he was), the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish detachments unite around him. Recognizes the impostor of her husband and Marina Mnishek. Since June 1608, False Dmitry II settles in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname - “Tushinsky Thief”) and besieges Moscow. The turmoil leads to the actual split of the country: two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Germogene in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories that recognize the authority of False Dmitry II, and territories that remain loyal to Shuisky.

The successes of the Tushinites forced Shuisky in February 1609 to conclude an agreement with Sweden, which was hostile to Poland. In exchange for the Russian fortress of Korela, the tsar receives military assistance, the Russian-Swedish army liberates a number of cities in the north of the country. But the participation of the Swedish corps in the Russian events gives the Polish king Sigismund III a reason to start an open intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besiege Smolensk. Meanwhile, the actions of the Tushins (siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, robberies, looting) deprive False Dmitry II of the support of the population. The impostor flees from Tushin, and the Tushinians who left him conclude at the beginning of 1610. an agreement with the Polish king on the election of the eldest son of the prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. The Poles, having inflicted a crushing defeat on the tsarist army near the village of Klushino, are rapidly approaching Moscow. In July 1610 the boyars force Vasily Shuisky to renounce the throne and announce that power is transferred to the government of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars.

Seven Boyars in August 1610 signs an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as king, provided that he accepts Orthodoxy. In September, Polish troops enter Moscow.

1611-1612: The Troubles are not overcome, the Seven Boyars have no real power, Vladislav refuses to fulfill the terms of the contract and accept Orthodoxy. Patriotic sentiments are growing, calls are intensifying for an end to strife and the restoration of unity. The center of attraction for patriotic forces is the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, who calls for a fight against the interventionists.

In 1611, the First Militia was created. Noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, Cossacks D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky, former Tushino people take part in it. A temporary body of power is established - the Council of All the Earth. But it is not possible to liberate Moscow. The contradictions between the nobles and the Cossacks lead to a conflict between the leaders of the militia - Zarutsky and Lyapunov. In July 1611, Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks. The first militia breaks up.

Meanwhile, the Poles manage to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes occupy Novgorod. In the autumn of 1611, on the initiative of the merchant headman of Nizhny Novgorod, Kuzma Minin, the Second Militia was created, headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612 militia approaches Moscow, in October the Polish garrison capitulates.

1613-1618: In January 1613, the Zemsky Sobor, one of the most representative in the history of this authority, is convened to elect a new tsar. Of the many candidates, the Cathedral chooses 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, a representative of an old and popular boyar family among various segments of the population, with whom hopes are associated for a return to order, peace and antiquity. The beginning of a new dynasty of Russian tsars was laid. The main forces are thrown at stopping the Troubles, eradicating robbery and robbery, restoring the normal functioning of the state apparatus. In 1617 Stolbovsky peace was signed with Sweden, which received the fortress of Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded with Poland: Russia cedes Smolensk, Chernigov and a number of other cities.

The long and severe crisis was finally resolved. According to many historians, the Time of Troubles was the first civil war in the history of Russia.

Palace coups in Russia in the middle of the 18th century.

The time after the death of Peter I is called the era of palace coups. From 1725 to 1761, Peter's widow Catherine I (1725-1727), his grandson Peter II (1727-1730), his niece Anna Ioannovna Duchess of Courland (1730-1740) and her sister's grandson baby Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741), his daughter Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). This list is closed by the successor of Elizabeth Petrovna, the grandson of the Swedish king Charles XII on the paternal side and grandson of Peter I on the maternal side, Duke of Holstein Peter III. “These people had neither the strength nor the desire to continue or destroy the work of Peter; they could only spoil it ”(V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Almost each of these rulers came to the throne as a result of palace intrigue or palace coup. Peter I died without naming an heir (he had to do this according to his own decree of 1722, which left the issue of succession to the decision of the ruling monarch). Catherine I became empress at the behest of the guards, who supported A.D. Menshikov and rejected the proposals of the old well-born aristocracy, grouped around Prince D.M. Golitsyn and the Dolgorukov brothers. After the death of Catherine and the accession to the throne of Peter II, supported by Menshikov, the finest hour of the Dolgorukovs came. The "semi-power ruler" was arrested, deprived of wealth and titles, exiled to Berezov. Created by him in 1726, the Supreme Privy Council ended up in the hands of the Dolgorukovs and Golitsyns. The sudden death of fifteen-year-old Peter II gave the leaders a chance to fulfill their old dream: to put the autocrat under the control of the aristocracy, not only in fact (as under Peter II), but also legally. That is why they opted for the Duchess of Courland Anna, the daughter of Peter I's half-brother Ivan. She was asked to sign the terms: the new queen was ordered to rule jointly with the Supreme Privy Council, not daring to start a war without its consent, make peace, impose taxes, not grant new lands, not promote to the highest military and court ranks. Punishment for non-fulfillment of the conditions was deprivation of the throne. Anna Ioannovna signed the conditions, but, having arrived in Moscow and sorted out the moods of the nobility (“instead of one, they composed a crowd of sovereigns”), they tore them up and announced her intention to rule autocratically. The ten-year reign of Anna Ioannovna is usually defined by the concept of "Bironism" (on behalf of her favorite of the Courland German E.I. Biron). The dominance of the Germans in the highest government positions resented the Russian nobility. The Cabinet of Ministers, created instead of the banned Supreme Privy Council, brought confusion into the activities of state institutions. The Secret Chancellery - the main body of political investigation - worked hard and cruelly, encouraging denunciations and extracting confessions by torture in non-existent conspiracies. The execution of A.P. Volynsky, an experienced courtier who rallied around him those dissatisfied with the "German arbitrariness."

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100 "entertaining" questions

by history.

Quiz for 9-11 grades.

Target: arouse interest in the subject, contribute to the qualitative assimilation of factual material.

Members: students of 9th and 11th grades. Two teams (teams) play.

Game progress:

Competition No. 1 . "Warm-up".

Conditions: the team responds to the host's questions quickly, without hesitation. 7 questions for each team. 1 point for each correctly guessed question. Questions are in envelopes different color. The teams themselves choose an envelope and answer questions from this envelope.

Questions from envelope No. 1.

Which country was the first to drink tea from porcelain cups and write on paper? (Paper and porcelain were invented in China).

When did no one fight in ancient Greece? (During the Olympic Games).

Which library had fireproof books? (In the library of the capital of Assyria, Nineveh, there were clay books).

When did the volcano help people? (During the Spartacus uprising, the gladiators hid on the top of Mount Vesuvius, and then descended along a sheer cliff on ropes woven from the vines of wild grapes that grew there).

Where and when did the most peaceful domestic animals suddenly "devour people"? (In England, during the period of enclosure, the saying arose "sheep devoured people").

What is the distance between Constantinople and Constantinople? (These are different names for the same city).

Which of the rulers of England provided patronage to pirates and slave traders? (Elizabeth I).

Questions from the envelope number 2.

When only one horse won the war? (The Trojan horse alone did what the whole army could not do for a long time).

Which countries had long walls? (In China - the Great Wall of China; the walls connecting the Athenian port of Piraeus with Athens).

When in history were shoes held in high esteem? (The peasant war in Germany in 1525, when the rebels marched under the banner on which the village shoe was inscribed. The uprising became known as “Under the banner of the shoe”).

When and by whom was stupidity openly praised? (In the book of the medieval scholar E. Rotterdam "Eulogy of Stupidity").

Who "founded" the state that never existed? (Thomas More described the non-existent state "Utopia").

What are the names of the numbers we use? Where were they invented? (In everyday life, we use numbers that were invented in India, and they came to Europe with the Arabs, so they got the name “Arab”).

Which ladder has no one ever walked up? (According to feudal).

Summarizing.

Competition number 2. "Rulers of the Russian Land".

Conditions: The facilitator reads the question to both teams at the same time. The team that raised their hand first and answered first. If the answer is not correct, the opponents can earn an extra point. The correct answer is 1 point.

Questions:

What was the last name of Peter the Great? (He is from the Romanov family).

What Russian tsar liked carpentry? (Peter I).

About whom the Russian chronicler wrote: “Easily and inaudibly he walked on campaigns. Like a bar. He did not carry a tent with him, but slept with a saddle under his head. In battle, he was open and bold”? (Prince Svyatoslav).

Which of the Russian tsars was nicknamed the "Peacemaker"? (Alexander II).

When Russia was ruled by a "money bag"? (In the XIV century - Prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita, that is, "money bag").

Which of the Russian tsars was nicknamed "The Quietest"? (Alexey Mikhailovich).

Under what ruler in Russia did a coat of arms with a double-headed eagle officially appear? (Ivan III).

Who was the first in Russia to take the title of "Sovereign of All Russia"? (Ivan III).

Summarizing.

Competition number 3.

Conditions: Both teams receive cards with the same text. Your task is to complete the sentence by inserting suitable concepts, dates, names. For each correct word (concept, date) you get 1 point. 3 minutes for the task.

The main spring holiday of the pagan Slavs was (was) ____________ (Shrovetide).

Mongolian tribute collectors were called __________ (Baskaks).

The clash between the troops of Ivan III and the Mongol Khan Akhmat in 1480 went down in history as _________________ (“standing on the Ugra River”).

The first permanent military detachments, which appeared in the middle of the XVI century. They were called _______________ (archers).

Russian Tsar _____________ (Ivan the Terrible) is also known as a chess player, composer of church music and a writer.

Among the contenders for the Russian throne in the Time of Troubles was the Polish prince ____________ (Vladislav).

The Romanov dynasty is approved on the throne in ___________ (1613).

Historians call the XVII century. ______________ ("rebellious").

Summarizing.

Competition No. 4 . "Names".

Conditions: Names and nicknames are given on the cards. Your task is to match the names and nicknames.

Andrey"Alexander the Great of Russian History"

Basil Bogolyubsky

Vladimir Big Nest

Vsevolod Prophetic

Ivan Kalita

Oleg Red Sun

Svyatoslav wise

Yaroslav"Pardus"

(Oleg - Prophetic; Svyatoslav - "Pardus", "Alexander of Macedon of Russian history"; Vladimir - Holy, Red Sun; Yaroslav - Wise; Vsevolod - Big Nest; Andrei - Bogolyubsky; Ivan - Kalita; Vasily - Dark).

Summarizing.

Competition number 5. "Idioms".

Conditions: you have to explain idioms.

"Stay with the nose." The petitioner in the royal Ross, when he applied to an institution or court, brought an offering to expedite the consideration of cases. If his “gift” was not accepted, then he went back with his offering, or nose, that is, with what he brought. It means "to leave with nothing, to achieve nothing."

"Work in a slipshod manner." The clothes of the Russian boyars were such that the sleeves went down very low, almost to the knees. It was absolutely impossible to work in such clothes. Means "to work poorly, inaccurately."

"Nick down". The nose is a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. They carried it with them and made notches as a keepsake. Means "to remember for a long time."

"Beat the buckets." To make a wooden spoon or a cup, it was necessary to break off a chock-baklusha. It was an easy job, it was entrusted to apprentices. It didn't require any special skills. It is used in the meaning of "to do an empty, useless thing, to engage in nonsense."

Summarizing.

1. Russia was proclaimed a republic:
A) September 1, 1917,
B) March 3, 1917,
B) January 10, 1918,
D) December 30, 1922

2. When was the declaration on the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation adopted?
A) December 25, 1993,
B) September 1, 1917,
C) June 12, 1990,
D) December 7, 1991.

3. In what year did the Muscovite state become completely independent from the Golden Horde?
A) 1375
B) 1503
C) 1110
D) 1480

4. In 1549…
A) the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV the Terrible is crowned for the first time in the kingdom.
B) the first estate-representative body, the Zemsky Sobor, was convened.
C) Moscow finally annexes the Kazan Khanate.
D) the war with Sweden began.

5. Livonian war - the struggle for ...
a) for the Baltic and access to the Baltic Sea.
b) for the Don;
c) for Ryazan;
d) for access to the Black Sea.

6. Serfdom is ....
a) a part of the territory of the state, with special administration, allocated for the maintenance of the royal court and guardsmen.
b) historically, this is a system of social organization, where a person is the property of another person.
c) a set of legal norms feudal state, which consolidated the most complete and severe form of peasant dependence. or states.
d) collective naming of all estates.

7. Troubles in Russia began:
a) at the beginning of the 15th century;
b) at the beginning of the 16th century;
c) at the beginning of the 17th century
d) at the beginning of the 18th century.

8. The reign of Genghis Khan falls on ...
a) 1206-1227
b) 1505 - 1533
c) 1533 - 1584
d) 1180 - 1212

9. On April 5, 1242, the prince ... defeated the crusaders on Lake Peipus(Battle on the Ice).
a) Ivan III.
b) Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
c) Vasily III Ivanovich.
d) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

10. After the reign of Vasily III Ivanovich, the following ascends to the throne:
a) Ivan III.
b) Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
c) Vasily IV
d) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

11. The reforms of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible fall on:
a) 1533 - 1584
b) 1547 - 1557
c) 1584 - 1598
d) 1540 - 1551

12. The beginning of the Troubles refers to
a) the strengthening of rumors that the legitimate Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, from which it followed that the reign of Boris Godunov was illegal.
b) the people were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov and tried to remove him.
c) Boris Godunov refused to reign and there was no one to head the throne.
d) the people wanted power.

13. After False Dmitry I, the reign came:
a) False Dmitry II;
b) Fyodor Godunov;
c) Vladislav I;
d) Vasily Shuisky;

14. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, the following was elected king:
a) Ivan Vorotynsky,
b) Dmitry Trubetskoy,
c) Dmitry Pozharsky,
d) Mikhail Romanov.

15. The first of the Romanov dynasty was:
a) Alexei Mikhailovich;
b) Mikhail Fedorovich;
c) Kirill Vladimirovich;
d) Vladimir Alexandrovich.

16. The model for the reform of power for Peter I is the absolutist ...
a) Sweden.
b) Germany.
c) France.
d) England.

17. The Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 was fought in ... (select the odd one):
a) Bessarabia.
b) Moldova.
c) in the Caucasus.
d) Armenia.

18. Serfdom was finally established and an indefinite search for fugitive peasants was fixed:
a) Zemsky Cathedral 1613
b) Zemsky Sobor in 1653
c) the Council Code of 1649
d) the Council Code of 1627

19. The reason for the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1792 was:
a) Turkey's desire to regain Crimea.
b) Turkey felt the support of Austria.
c) Turkey's unwillingness to submit to Russia.
d) Turkey had a rest from the previous war and was ready for a new battle.

20. In what years was the Peasants' War led by Emelyan Pugachev?
a) 1770 - 1773
b) 1773-1775
c) 1771 - 1776
d) 1775 -1778

21. The Russo-Persian War was:
a) 1806-1812
b) 1804-1813
c) 1808-1809
d) 1813 -1814

22. The fourth Russian-Turkish war (1828-1829) was associated with:
a) Turkey's desire to regain Crimea.
b) the fact that Turkey felt the support of Austria.
c) Turkey's unwillingness to submit to Russia.
d) Russian support for Greece, which is trying to throw off the Turkish yoke.

23. Which of the countries in the First Eastern war(or Crimean campaign) 1853-1856 adopted a position of hostile neutrality:
a) Turkey
b) England
c) France
d) Austria.

24. In what year was serfdom abolished?
a) in 1861
b) in 1864
c) in 1818
d) in 1874

25. For the conduct of the war, Japan received large financial and military assistance from outside (Russian-Japanese war 1904-05)
a) Germany.
b) England.
c) France.
d) Italy.

26. In what year was compulsory free primary education introduced in Russia?
a) 1990
b) 1995
c) 1908
d) 1912

27. In September 1953:
a) Testing of the atomic bomb in the USSR.
b) Election of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev.
c) The launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
d) Start-up in the USSR of the world's first industrial nuclear power plant.

28. In August 1963, in Moscow, the signing of an agreement on the prohibition of testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water between:
a) USSR, USA and England.
b) USA, Germany, USSR;
c) the USSR and England;
d) the USSR, the USA and England.

29. The Constitution of the USSR was adopted:
a) 1920
b) 1956
c) 1977
d) 1981

30. What was not a prerequisite for the formation of the state among the Slavs?
a) The decomposition of the primitive communal system and the appearance of inequality.
b) The allocation of the squad and the prince - his head.
c) The development of trade and the emergence of cities.
d) The overthrow of one person in power, and the pursuit of equality.

31. What is the advantage of industrialization?
a) The economic independence of the country has been achieved;
b) lagging behind in terms of the pace of development of light industry and the sphere of consumption;
c) the famine of 1932-1933. in the southern regions, high mortality (up to 8 million people);
d) violent breaking of the age-old way of life of the majority of the population.

32. What is the advantage of industrialization?
a) violent breaking of the age-old way of life of the majority of the population;
b) a powerful military-industrial complex has been created;
c) over-centralization and nationalization of the economy, strict planning, the final scrapping of the mechanism of self-regulation of the economy and its replacement with an administrative-command control system;
d) weak material stimulation of labor, which led to a drop in the standard of living of the population, an increase in psychological tension in society.

33. A totalitarian regime is ...
a) political regime in which the people are recognized as the only source of power, power is exercised according to the will and in the interests of the people. Democratic regimes are formed in the rule of law states;
b) the ultimate form of autocracy;
c) a political system, which is characterized by the establishment of state control over all spheres public life, violence, lack of democratic freedoms and individual rights;
d) characterized by the complete lack of rights of subjects, the brutal suppression of any indignation, it is characteristic of an absolute monarchy.

34. 1917-1922 are the years...
a) the fierce Civil War caused by the coming of the Bolsheviks to power.
b) curtailment of the NEP and the transition to complete collectivization.
c) the Great Patriotic War.
d) Russo-Japanese War.

35. What is not the most important outcome of the Civil War?
a) the defeat of all anti-Soviet, anti-Bolshevik forces, the defeat of the White Army and interventionist troops;
b) the preservation, including by force of arms, of a significant part of the territory of the former Russian Empire, the suppression of attempts by a number of national regions secede from the Republic of Soviets;
c) the preservation of a limited monarchy and Russia as a "single and indivisible" country, true to "allied obligations";
d) overthrow national governments in Ukraine, in Belarus and Moldova, in the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), in Central Asia, and then in Siberia and the Far East, the establishment there Soviet power.

36. In the Civil War won:
a) the Bolsheviks;
b) Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries;
c) the left wing of the Cadets;
d) the big bourgeoisie, the nobility.

37. "War Communism" is ...
a) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the years of the Civil War - provided for an ultra-fast transition to communism with the help of emergency measures.
b) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for a slow transition to communism.
c) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the years of the Civil War - provided for an ultra-fast transition to communism with the help of extremely mild measures.
d) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for a slow transition to communism with the help of emergency measures.

38. The consequences of the Civil War in the field of economy include:
a) the destruction of the Russian Empire and the emergence of new nation-states;
b) huge human losses - 15 million people (almost every tenth inhabitant);
c) a violent break with the pre-revolutionary heritage, traditions, culture, the imposition of socialist ideology on the population;
d) complete nationalization of industry, requisitioning in the countryside, prohibition of private trade.

39. The consequences of the Civil War in the field of politics include:
a) rejection of market forms of economic regulation, forced labor mobilization.
b) a dictatorship based on emergency bodies that replaced the Soviets.
c) the idea of ​​socialism as a social system with non-commodity production and the dominance of the state form of ownership.
d) huge human losses - 15 million people (almost every tenth inhabitant); emigration of more than 2 million people, mainly intellectuals and entrepreneurs;

40. Who was the second President of the Russian Federation?
a) V. I. Lenin;
b) B.N. Yeltsin;
c) V. V. Putin;
d) D. A. Medvedev.

There are only three weeks left before the main wave of the exam. It's time to repeat the past and pay attention to the typical mistakes that graduates make.

The most popular elective subject in the USE is, as usual, social science. According to FIPI experts, it is often chosen by very strong students who are going to go to humanitarian universities, and weak ones who are unable to pass other subjects. They consider social science as a fallback option.

Future sociologists, economists, state and municipal officials need to know by heart not only the features of the labor market, signs of unemployment and sources of filling the state budget (these issues are considered a basic level at the Unified State Examination and the majority copes well with them), but understand the state structure. Alas, only 50 percent of graduates know that the executive power in Russia belongs to the government. It is not clear to everyone what role the State Duma plays. 30 percent of schoolchildren are sure that its main task is to manage state property, and not to develop and adopt laws. Our schoolchildren are also poorly acquainted with the tasks of ministries and departments. Many do not know that Rospotrebnadzor is an agency that protects the rights of consumers. Future managers and economists often confuse him with the prosecutor's office. Few people have an idea of ​​what alternative civilian service is and who can do it. At the same time, there is good news: every year, graduates are more and more successful in answering questions about the Constitution and rights. Those who want to get 100 points on the Unified State Examination in social studies need to be well versed in what powers are given to the regions, and which ones to the federal center.

What USE questions in history do schoolchildren swim on? 15 percent of graduates believe that the defeat of Wrangel's troops in the Crimea took place in 1770, and not in 1920.

20 percent believe that the Hero of the Soviet Union, a saboteur fighter executed by the Nazis in 1941, is Lidia Ruslanova

general history Russian-Turkish wars students know very badly. According to some students, Marshal Vasilevsky and revolutionary Mikhail Frunze took part in the Battle of Chesma in 1770. The name of Marshal Vasilevsky is indeed associated with great battles. Only not in the Chesme Bay, but on the Belorussian Front and the Far East. And that time was two centuries later. And Frunze was one of the commanders of the Red Army, who participated in the defeat of Wrangel's troops.

One of the most difficult tasks is to check the facts of the Great Patriotic War. About 20 percent of graduates believe that the Hero of the Soviet Union, a saboteur fighter executed by the Nazis in 1941, is Lidia Ruslanova, and not Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Approximately the same number believe that Minsk was liberated in 1945, while this happened a year earlier. Even the most prepared students do not always understand the difference between the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War.

There are schoolchildren who are sure that the Comintern operated in Russia from 1964 to 1995, although the Comintern ended its existence decades earlier. And it's completely embarrassing - future economists do not understand the essence of the liberal reforms of the 1990s. For many, the main thing is not the privatization of enterprises, but the introduction of state acceptance.

An important topic in the history of Russia - the collapse of the Old Russian state, graduates correlate not with the Lyubech Congress of Princes, but with the adoption of Yaroslav's Pravda. There were those who "sent" Elena Glinskaya to the 19th century and "recorded" her as a participant in the Battle of Borodino. Anyone who wants to get 100 points needs to know that Glinskaya was the second wife of the Moscow Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich, the mother of Ivan the Terrible. However, schoolchildren go through this material in the sixth grade and, apparently, by the 11th grade they manage to safely forget it.

Meanwhile

Topics that must be reviewed before the exam in history and social studies:

• - The emergence of statehood in Russia.
• - Russia under Ivan IV. Reforms of the middle of the XVI century.
• - The Great Patriotic War (main stages: the initial period (June 22, 1941 - November 1942) - the retreat of the Red Army, the Moscow battle. A radical change (November 1942 - the end of 1943) - Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of Kursk, the rise of the partisan movement. The final period (beginning of 1944 - May 1945) - the liberation of the USSR, the liberation of the countries of Europe, the Berlin operation, the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany.
• - State structure Russia
• - The powers of the regions and the federal center.