Medicinal plant mountain ash. Potassium permanganate for plant health - reliable and irreplaceable

Basil - a wonderful universal seasoning for meat, fish, soups and fresh salads - is well known to all lovers of Caucasian and Italian cuisine. However, upon closer inspection, basil greens turn out to be a surprisingly versatile plant. For several seasons now, our family has been drinking fragrant basil tea with pleasure. In a flower bed with perennials and in flowerpots with annual flowers, a bright spicy plant also found a worthy place.

Thuja or juniper - which is better? Such a question can sometimes be heard in garden centers and in the market where these plants are sold. He, of course, is not entirely correct and correct. Well, it's like asking which is better - night or day? Coffee or tea? Woman or man? Surely everyone will have their own answer and opinion. And yet ... But what if we approach without prejudice and try to compare juniper and thuja according to certain objective parameters? Let's try.

Red Cauliflower Cream Soup with Crispy Smoked Bacon is a delicious, tender and creamy soup that adults and children will love. If you are preparing a dish for the whole family, including toddlers, then do not add a lot of spices, although many modern children are not at all against spicy flavors. Bacon for serving can be prepared in different ways - fry in a pan, as in this recipe, or bake in the oven on parchment for about 20 minutes at a temperature of 180 degrees.

For some, the time of sowing seeds for seedlings is a long-awaited and pleasant chore, for some it is a difficult necessity, and someone thinks about whether it is easier to buy ready-made seedlings on the market or from friends? Whatever it was, even if you refused to grow vegetables, for sure, you still have to sow something. These are flowers and perennials, coniferous plants and much more. A seedling is still a seedling, no matter what you plant.

A lover of humid air and one of the most compact and rare orchids, pafinia is a real star for most orchid growers. Its flowering rarely lasts longer than a week, but it is an unforgettable sight. Unusual striped patterns on the huge flowers of a modest orchid want to be considered endlessly. In room culture, pafinia is rightly credited to the ranks of species that are difficult to grow. It became fashionable only with the spread of interior terrariums.

Pumpkin marmalade with ginger is a warming sweet that can be prepared almost all year round. Pumpkin has a long shelf life - sometimes I manage to save a few vegetables until summer, fresh ginger and lemons are always available these days. Lemon can be substituted for lime or orange for a variety of flavors - variety in sweets is always nice. Ready marmalade is laid out in dry jars, it can be stored at room temperature, but it is always more useful to prepare fresh products.

In 2014, the Japanese company Takii seed introduced a petunia with a striking salmon-orange petal color. By association with the bright colors of the southern sunset sky, the unique hybrid was named African Sunset (“African Sunset”). Needless to say, this petunia instantly won the hearts of gardeners and was in great demand. But in the last two years, the curiosity has suddenly disappeared from shop windows. Where did the orange petunia go?

Our family loves sweet pepper, so we plant it every year. Most of the varieties that I grow have been tested by me for more than one season, I cultivate them all the time. And every year I try to try something new. Pepper is a heat-loving and rather whimsical plant. About varietal and hybrid varieties of tasty and productive sweet pepper, which grows well with me, and will be discussed further. I live in central Russia.

Meat cutlets with broccoli in bechamel sauce - great idea for a quick lunch or dinner. Start by cooking the minced meat, while bringing 2 liters of water to a boil to blanch the broccoli. By the time the cutlets are fried, the cabbage will be ready. It remains to collect the products in the pan, season with sauce and bring to readiness. Broccoli needs to be cooked quickly to keep it bright. green color, which, when cooked for a long time, either fades, or the cabbage becomes brown.

Home floriculture is not only a fascinating process, but also a very troublesome hobby. And, as a rule, the more experience a grower has, the healthier his plants look. And what about those who do not have experience, but want to have houseplants at home - not elongated stunted specimens, but beautiful and healthy ones that do not cause guilt by their extinction? For beginners and flower growers who are not burdened with a long experience, I will tell you about the main mistakes that are easy to avoid.

Lush cheesecakes in a pan with banana-apple jam - another recipe for everyone's favorite dish. So that cheesecakes do not fall off after cooking, remember a few simple rules. Firstly, only fresh and dry cottage cheese, secondly, no baking powder and soda, and thirdly, the density of the dough - you can sculpt from it, it is not tight, but pliable. A good dough with a small amount of flour will come out only from good cottage cheese, and here again, see the “firstly” paragraph.

It is no secret that many drugs from pharmacies migrated to summer cottages. Their use, at first glance, seems so exotic that some summer residents are perceived almost with hostility. At the same time, potassium permanganate is a long-known antiseptic, which is used both in medicine and in veterinary medicine. In crop production, a solution of potassium permanganate is used both as an antiseptic and as a fertilizer. In this article we will tell you how to properly use potassium permanganate in the garden and vegetable garden.

Pork meat salad with mushrooms is a rural dish that can often be found on the festive table in the village. This recipe is with champignons, but if you can use forest mushrooms, then be sure to cook it this way, it will be even tastier. You don’t need to spend a lot of time preparing this salad - put the meat in a saucepan for 5 minutes and another 5 minutes for slicing. Everything else happens almost without the participation of the cook - meat and mushrooms are boiled, cooled, marinated.

Cucumbers grow well not only in a greenhouse or conservatory, but also in open ground. Cucumbers are usually sown from mid-April to mid-May. Harvesting in this case is possible from mid-July to the end of summer. Cucumbers do not tolerate frost. That's why we don't sow them too early. However, there is a way to bring their harvest closer and taste juicy handsome men from your garden at the beginning of summer or even in May. It is only necessary to take into account some features of this plant.

Sorbus aucuparia
Taxon: Rose family (Rosaceae)
Folk names: berek, godwort, vispina, grave, vonega, voniga, vorab, voraba, sparrow, voryaska, gorob, pea, rob, oraba, orebina, rabina, orib, grouse, yuda, yudik, yudina, yazhebina, yarabina.
English: Rowan, Rowan-tree, Moutain Ash

The etymology of the Latin botanical name of mountain ash is still not well defined. Latin name for rowan Sorbus, met in the writings of the ancient scientists Virgil and Pliny. Currently, there are several versions regarding the origin of the botanical Latin name of this plant. So, one of the versions means that the Latin name of the mountain ash comes from the Celtic word " sor”, which means “tart” in translation and indicates the taste of the fruits of this plant. According to another version, the name of the mountain ash comes from the Latin word " sorberi”, which literally means “to absorb” or “consume” and means that the fruits of the mountain ash are edible and were used for food in the past. Species name of mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia comes from the word aucupari”, which means “to attract”, or “to catch birds”. Rowan fruits are loved by birds, especially thrushes, for its tart taste. It is no coincidence that mountain ash was used in the past by birders as bait for birds.
In modern Russian botanical terminology Sorbus aucuparia means although a more correct translation would be "bird's ash". But since such Russian name has a different botanical species of mountain ash, Sorbus avium L., in order not to introduce confusion regarding the names of individual types of mountain ash, in the future we will use the name " mountain ash", which corresponds to the Latin name Sorbus aucuparia L..

Botanical systematics

Among the entire species composition of the genus mountain ash, species of the subgenus Eusorbus Kom(true mountain ash), from which most of the varieties are descended, which form the modern range of cultivated forms and varieties of mountain ash.
This subgenus includes: common mountain ash - Sorbus aucuparia L., mountain ash - Sorbus avium, large-fruited mountain ash, or home or garden - Sorbus domestica, mountain ash squat - Sorbus chamaemesfilus, mountain ash elderberry - Sorbus sambucifolia Roem., Siberian mountain ash - Sorbus sibirica Hedl., rowan Amur - Sorbus amurensis Koehne.

Species of mountain ash with simple, cilno-edge and slightly dissected leaves are assigned to the subgenus Hannia Medical. This subgenus includes such species as mountain ash aria or round-leaved - Sorbus aria, rowan glogovina or berek - Sorbus torminalis, mountain ash Caucasian - Sorbus caucasica Zinserl. These species have an ornamental value and are used mainly in ornamental horticulture.

The intraspecific diversity of mountain ash is extremely variable. Various options of this species differ in size and types of crown, shape and color of leaves, taste of fruits and their frost and drought resistance. One of the most famous varieties of mountain ash, which is popular among gardeners, is Moravian rowan – Sorbus aucuparia var. Moravica, which is popularly called sweet rowan. Another variety of this species, licorice rowan - Sorbus aucuparia var. Edulis, practically does not differ from the Moravian mountain ash, however, it has somewhat smaller inflorescences and a more fragile brush.

The ability of mountain ash before interspecific crossing has led to ample opportunities for obtaining new garden forms and varieties that have the ability to withstand harsh winters and have qualitatively new taste qualities and the content of biologically active substances. So the Russian breeder V.I. Michurin in the 20s of the last century, thanks to the crossing of mountain ash with medlar, chokeberry, hawthorn, the following new hybrid varieties of mountain ash were bred: Liqueurnaya, Pomegranate, Michurinskaya Dessertnaya, Nevezhinskaya.

Of the above varieties, such a variety of sweet-fruited mountain ash is especially distinguished as mountain ash nevezhinskaya. However, as reliable sources of information indicate, Nevezhinskaya mountain ash is not a Michurin variety, but is the result of centuries of spontaneous folk selection. And such a name this variety received from the name of the village of Nevezhino in the Vladimir region of Russia, where it was first discovered and described by the Russian botanist-breeder V.I. Michurin.

Botanical description

In the botanical aspect, the mountain ash is a low tree or bush 4-15 meters tall, with a trunk that sometimes reaches up to 30-40 cm in diameter. The bark of the trunk is brown-gray, on young shoots light gray or grayish-white. The leaves are compound pinnate, 10-20 cm long. Separate leaflets of a compound leaf are oblong-lanceolate, serrated at the edges 3-5 cm long.
Inflorescence - shield, 5-10 cm in diameter, flowers of inflorescences white 6 - 15 mm in diameter. The fruits, mostly spherical, sometimes apple-like, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, weigh 0.5 - 0.6 g. The fruits are bright red, in some varieties orange or yellowish, bitter or tart in taste. The fruits ripen depending on the geographical distribution, mainly in the first half of September to October, and sometimes in November. In dry years, the fruits of mountain ash may ripen earlier than the indicated dates.
Rowan ordinary is a durable plant, the age of which can reach up to 100-150 years, and sometimes even up to 200 years.

Distribution area. Resources

The range of mountain ash covers the northern part of the Eurasian continent. Since the mountain ash is a frost-resistant plant, its range can sometimes even go beyond the Arctic Circle.
In wild-growing phytocenoses, mountain ash grows singly and in small groups in forest clearings, along ravines, on the edges of deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests, sometimes it can form continuous plantations. In the forest zone, it grows well on soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils, grows better on light and medium loamy soils, but grows poorly on poor, sandy and loamy soils. Natural reserves of raw materials of mountain ash in countries of Eastern Europe are significant, in particular, the largest reserves of this raw material are concentrated in the central black earth zone of Russia. In Ukraine, the largest resources of mountain ash are in Polissya, in Galicia, in the foothills and mountainous regions of Crimea.

Other types of mountain ash, close to this species, have mainly their own limited distribution areas in Europe and Asia. So, on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the European part of Russia, mainly mountain ash grows in the wild. Siberian mountain ash is typical for the flora of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East and Kamchatka. Sorbus sibirica Hedl. and rowan Amur - Sorbus amurensis Koehne. Elderberry rowan is also common there - and mountain ash Kamchatka Sorbus kamtschatiensis Kom. Which, according to botanical characteristics, are similar to rowan elderberry. In some botanical sources, these species are combined and considered one species. Sorbus sambucifolia (Chem et Schlecht) Roem. However, according to modern botanical taxonomy, elderberry rowan, Amur rowan and Kamchatka elder are separate independent species.

In the Baltic States and in the Scandinavian countries, such types of mountain ash are common, such as Swedish or intermediate mountain ash - Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh) Pers. and Finnish mountain ash - Sorbus fennica Fries., Scandinavian types of mountain ash have high frost resistance and attractive decorative effect.

In the countries of central and southern Europe, among the types of mountain ash, the most widespread mountain ash is squat - Sorbus chamaemesfilus (L.), which differs from other types of mountain ash in the early ripening of fruits. This type mountain ash in the Balkan countries was introduced into culture as early as 1683. The fruits of the mountain ash squat have high taste qualities and can be used as a full-fledged substitute for the fruits of the mountain ash.

Medicinal raw materials

For the needs of the pharmaceutical industry, dried rowan fruits are used as medicinal raw materials ( Fructus Sorbi) and sometimes raw fruits. Rowan fruits are official (pharmacopoeial) raw materials in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia and some other countries.
In addition to the fruits of mountain ash, for practical use it is also allowed to use the fruits of some other species of the genus Sorbus L., in particular the fruits of such types of mountain ash as Siberian Sorbus sibirica held, smooth S. glabrata (Wimm et Grab) Hedl, Amur S. amurensis Koechne and elderberry - S. sambucifolia (Cham et Shlecht) M Roem.
Fruits are harvested from both wild-growing and cultivated varieties during their full ripening, mainly in September-November. For harvesting, corymbose inflorescences are plucked along with fruits. From low trees and bushes, fruits are plucked by hand. Secateurs are used to collect fruits from tall trees. It is forbidden to cut down trees and cut individual branches with fruits. The collected fruits are put in baskets, buckets or bags. Fruits with corymbose inflorescences, collected before frost, are cleaned from branches, leaves and stalks. The fruits collected after frosts are left in shields, and kept in the cold for some time, after which they are cleaned and put into baskets. Such fruits can be stored during the winter in a cool room, or frozen. The yield of freshly harvested rowan fruits ranges from 3 to 30 kg per tree or bush.

Before drying, raw fruits are sorted, stalks and impurities are discarded. Dry in crackers or ovens at temperatures up to 60 ° C, as well as in well-ventilated areas. In warm weather, the fruits can be dried in the air under awnings, laying them out in a thin layer on cloth or paper, sometimes stirring occasionally. Dried fruits should not be discolored or blackened, and should not form lumps when compressed. Dried fruits are packed in paper or linen bags and stored in a dry place with good ventilation.
The long-term storage of rowan fruits and the preservation of vitamins in them are negatively affected by overdrying of the soil during the period of fruit formation. This causes premature ripening of fruits and reduces their shelf life. In dry years, the crop must be harvested faster, preventing the fruit from overripening.
When storing freshly harvested rowan fruits, you must adhere to following conditions. So, in fruit storages without automatic control of the storage mode at a temperature of 1-2 ° C and a relative humidity of 80%, the fruits are well stored for 3-3.5 months. With more long-term storage there are significant losses of fruits from decay and a decrease in the content of vitamins in them.

Good results are obtained by storing rowan fruits in an atmosphere of controlled carbon dioxide content in plastic bags of 3-4 kg, enclosed in boxes. In this case, the shelf life of fruits increases by 1.5 - 2 times compared with the storage of fruits in cold rooms. In addition, during such storage in fruits, the loss of vitamins is significantly reduced. When fruit is stored in a controlled atmosphere of carbon dioxide, natural losses from physiological disturbances and contamination by microorganisms are significantly reduced. The assessment of the quality of rowan fruits during their storage in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide indicates that in this case the loss of vitamins C and P in the fruits is much less compared to the other above-mentioned storage methods.
When evaluating the breeds and varieties of mountain ash, the duration of storage of fresh fruits and the loss of biologically active substances in them during this time are important for both the food and pharmaceutical industries. In particular, compared with other varieties of mountain ash, the fruits of the Dessertnaya variety are stored somewhat worse, due to early term their maturation.
In everyday and dietary nutrition, juices squeezed from freshly picked rowan fruits are also used. Due to the high content of vitamins C and P, they are especially valuable in the winter-spring period.

Biologically active substances of mountain ash

Medicinal raw materials from mountain ash contain a significant arsenal of biologically active substances. In the phytochemical aspect, rowan fruits are, first of all, a source of compounds with high vitamin activity. In particular, they have the ability to accumulate vitamin C, or ascorbic acid.
According to most phytochemists, the content of ascorbic acid in rowan fruits ranges from 60.0 to 160 mg%. The dynamics of the accumulation of ascorbic acid, as well as other substances in the fruits of mountain ash, significantly depends on climatic and geographical factors.
A significant accumulation of ascorbic acid in rowan fruits is observed at the end of the growing season, mainly in rainy summers with an average temperature of up to 18 ° C.

The data of various authors regarding the quantitative content of ascorbic acid in rowan fruits are too contradictory. Some researchers note that when comparing the quantitative content of ascorbic acid in rowan fruits collected from plants growing in northern regions, with a similar content of this substance in the fruits of plants growing in the southern regions, the content of vitamin C is lower in the fruits of plants collected in more southern regions (Popov A. A., 1990).
It has been established that during the ripening of rowan fruits, the amount of ascorbic acid is less in fruits with an orange color compared to red fruits. The quantitative content of vitamin C in ripe fruits also depends on air temperature. environment. So, with a decrease in temperature (in October-November), a sharp decrease in ascorbic acid is observed. S. A. Derenko’s research established an increase in the content of ascorbic acid in the process of fruit ripening, however, with the advent of the first frosts, the quantitative content of vitamin C begins to decline sharply.
During the storage of rowan fruits, significant losses of ascorbic acid are observed. This vitamin is unstable and rapidly degrades if storage is not maintained at a constant, appropriate temperature. Fresh fruits, frozen under normal conditions, contain less vitamins, the loss of vitamin C reaches 90%.
In addition to vitamin C, vitamins P, B2, PP, and folic acid were also identified in rowan fruits.
In terms of the level of accumulation of carotenoids, vitamins C and P in fruits, mountain ash significantly exceeds the content of these compounds in apple, pear and plum fruits, which puts mountain ash among the valuable vitamin-bearing fruit species, and this is of great importance for breeding work. With the advent of autumn cooling and the first frosts, the amount of carotenoids in fruits decreases sharply. The maximum accumulation of carotenoids in rowan fruits is observed during fruit ripening. The content of carotenoids in the fruits of mountain ash begins to decline, and after frost drops sharply.
According to the content of substances with P vitamin activity, rowan fruits occupy one of the leading places among all known fruit and berry crops.
The content of vitamin P and leukoanthocyanins in rowan fruits can reach 0.2-0.3%. 100 ml of rowan juice contains almost a daily norm (for an adult) of vitamin C (40-45 mg) and 3-4 norms of vitamin P (180-220 mg). However, such varieties of mountain ash as Moravian mountain ash and varieties of mountain ash Nevezhinskaya are 2-3 times higher than other varieties and types of mountain ash in terms of their content of vitamin P.
It is worth noting that in canned juices from rowan fruits, vitamins are stored for up to one year, and only vitamin C is the most unstable during storage of juices.
Scientific sources of information sometimes indicate the proportion of riboflavin and tocopherols in rowan fruits. In particular, the amount of riboflavin in rowan fruits reaches 70 mg%, calculated on the dry weight of this raw material. the amount of tocopherols in dried rowan fruits can reach up to 4.4 mg%, in terms of α-tocopherol.
In addition to the above vitamins, rowan fruits are important source phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. It has been established that in a quantitative aspect, the fruits of mountain ash contain up to 780 mg% of flavone glycosides.
In the phytochemical aspect, an important component of rowan fruits is sorbic acid. Rowan fruits also contain a kind of parasorbic acid, which is found in fruits, both in a free state and in the form of a monoglycoside. The content of parasorbic acid gives the fruits a bitter taste and significantly affects their toxicity. It is worth noting that when fresh rowan fruits are frozen, the content of sorbic acid increases to 0.04-0.06% due to the decomposition of parasorbic acid monoglycoside, which explains the disappearance of the bitterness of fruits after frost.
Substances of a triterpene nature, such as lupeol, ursolic and oleanolic acids, have also been identified in rowan fruits. The total content of triterpene saponins in rowan fruits reaches up to 2% in terms of the dry weight of fruits. The fruits also contain steroids, in particular β-sitosterol.
Rowan fruits contain phospholipids (cephalin lecithin), a significant percentage of sugars, in particular glucose, the amount of which is up to 3.8%, fructose up to 4.3%, sucrose 0.7%. Rowan fruits also contain a significant amount of organic acids. Among the content of organic acids, malic, tartaric, citric, succinic, oxalic, tartaric, fumaric and malonic acids have been identified. Rowan fruits also contain sorbitol, a six-hydric alcohol characteristic of them.
Accommodate the fruits of mountain ash and pectin. In unripe fruits, the content of pectin substances reaches up to 12%, and in mature fruits it decreases to 6% in terms of dry weight. Protopectin, pectin, pectic acid and its salts were found among pectin substances in rowan fruits.
In small quantities, the fruits of mountain ash contain the glycoside cyanide acid amygdalin. This compound accumulates mainly in the seeds of fruits. In addition to this seed, rowan fruits contain up to 22% fatty oil, which is distinguished by a significant content of unsaturated fatty acids, among which oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids are identified.

Rowan fruits have energy value due to the content of protein substances in them. In particular, the total protein content in fresh rowan fruits reaches 1.4%. According to the total content of free amino acids, rowan fruits are in first place among all fruits collected from known wild and cultivated fruit and berry plants. In the fruits of mountain ash, up to 18 amino acids have been identified, in particular, such as lysine, histidine, arginine, cystine, cysteine, α-alanine, aspartic acid and others.

The fruits of different types of mountain ash are an important source of trace elements. The fruits of the Moravian mountain ash, varieties Burkat, Dessertnaya contain: Mg - 3-4 mg, Cu - 0.01 - 0.05 mg, Ni - 0.01 mg. In addition, the fruits of mountain ash are a source of trace elements. 1 kg of ash residue of rowan fruits contains: Mn - 10-15 mg, Cr - 0.03-0.05 mg, Ba - 0.3-5 mg, Si - 0.3 mg, Ti - 0.1 - 0 , 5 mg, Ca - 5-7 mg, P - 7-12 mg. The presence of phosphorus and the amino acid threonine in the fruits especially increases their nutritional value.

The history of the use of mountain ash in medicine, use in traditional medicine

Mountain ash has been known to mankind since ancient times, primarily as a food plant. The ancient Greeks and Romans noted that rowan fruits had astringent and disinfectant properties.
The ancient Scythians squeezed juice from freshly frozen rowan fruits, let it ferment and got drunken mash, with which they spent long winter evenings.
Rowan was especially popular among the Slavic peoples. Back in the days of Kievan Rus, the Slavs used fermented rowan fruits with honey as food.

In the past, the Slavs noticed that rowan berries, harvested after the first frost, mixed with dough and baked in ovens, give the bread a piquant taste.
Various parts of the mountain ash have been used as a folk antiseptic. So, the housewives, in order to save water from spoilage, put rowan twigs in a vessel with water, after which the water acquired a pleasant smell and could be stored for several months.
Our ancestors also considered mountain ash a magical plant with the ability.
In the Scandinavian and Baltic countries, on the eve of the New Year's Eve (the night of Ivan Kupala), a rowan branch, like a talisman, was nailed to all the doors that were in residential and economic estates. Rowan is still considered a talisman in many Russian folk customs and rituals.
In medieval Europe, it was believed that rowan protects people from dragons, demons, evil spirits and other misfortunes, and therefore its branches were attached to the gates and front doors of houses so that evil spirits would not enter them. The inhabitants of Karelia and the northern provinces of Russia took out sick children under the mountain ash in the summer, as they believed that the spirit of the mountain ash tree had the ability to expel illness from a person. Rowan branches, as a symbol and guarantor of happiness, were nailed to dwellings in many settlements of Central Russia on the eve of the Ivan Kupala holiday. Therefore, even at the present time, every resident of the Russian village considers it his duty to plant a rowan bush near his house.
In folk medicine Slavic peoples they used mainly decoction and infusion of fresh berries, as well as dried fruits. In the past, homemade sweets made with sugar from fresh rowan fruits adorned the tables of the rich.
In Ukraine, rowan paste has long been made. For this, frozen fruits were crushed with wooden spoons and mixed with powdered sugar. In the Crimea, local winemakers made original wines and mead from the fruits of mountain ash bereki. Rowan tincture, which was highly valued by Russian merchants in the past, was especially popular. Rowan tincture predetermined an unusual state in the one who took it. At the beginning of its use, a short-term hearing loss occurred, and after a few seconds a pleasant rowan taste appeared in the mouth.
In the 19th century, the Russian entrepreneur Smirnov, based on rowan tincture obtained from the fruits of the Nevezhinsky mountain ash, created the famous Russian vodka Smirnovskaya, which for a long time was in great demand in Europe.
In Ukraine, bitter jam was made from the fruits of mountain ash, which was used to calm the nerves.
Dried rowan bark in the form of decoctions was used to treat liver diseases.
The first medical and scientific data on healing properties mountain ash began to be published in Russian herbalists, starting in 1781. Russian herbalists recommended rowan fruits for beriberi, dysentery, cholelithiasis, rheumatism, hemorrhoids. Rowan fruits were also recommended for anemia, edema, dyspepsia, gout, salt diathesis, as a mild laxative and as a remedy that has the ability to normalize metabolism. Dried fruit powder Fresh Juice traditional medicine recommends eating to bind carbohydrates when. In addition, the fruits of mountain ash increase in nursing mothers.

Pharmacological properties of mountain ash

In the pharmacological aspect, mountain ash is quite well studied. In scientific and practical medicine, the fruits of mountain ash are primarily known as a prophylactic agent used for beriberi.

Rowan fruits are part of vitamin collections. Their parts are used in the form of decoctions with a therapeutic purpose as a means of increasing bile secretion, an astringent acts on the mucous membrane of the small intestine and normalizes its function.
Scientific literature data indicate a pronounced antimicrobial effect of biologically active substances isolated from rowan fruits. Experimental studies have established that ascorbic and paracorbic acids isolated from rowan fruits have the ability to inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms, fungi and mold. So parasorbic acid retards growth Staphylococcus aureus, is teratogenic against some viruses. Parasorbic acid at a dose of 1 mg / kg body weight, when administered to experimental mice, has the ability to cure animals infected with Salmonella interitidis (Nosovskaya T. D., Prokopenko A. P., 1989).
Sorbic acid has a pronounced antimicrobial effect. Possessing a selective action, this compound has the ability to simultaneously suppress certain microorganisms and not affect others. Sorbic acid actively inhibits the growth of microorganisms that give a positive reaction to catalase. It has almost no effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria of the group Clostridium. These properties of sorbic acid allowed scientists to use it for the manufacture of selective media on which strains develop well at the same time. Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and the growth of other bacteria, molds and yeasts is retarded.
Herbal preparations from rowan fruits have the ability ( Shnaidman L. A. et al., 1971).
Scientists of the Ryazan Medical Institute. acad. IP Pavlova in experiments on rabbits studied the effect of an oil concentrate from the fruits of mountain ash. This solution is a concentrate of carotenoids with a total content of up to 140 mg% in a mixture with ascorbic acid and tocopherols, affects the dynamics of regeneration of the cornea of ​​the eye in alkaline burns. The pharmacological efficacy of the lipophilic concentrate of mountain ash had an advantage over the known ophthalmic agents. Thus, intensive epithelialization was observed on the 2nd day, which completely ended on the 10th day. Complete epithelialization of the conjunctiva of the eye, enlightenment of the cornea and growth of superficial blood vessels along the limbus of the eyes were observed on day 6 (day 10 with control treatment). Experiments have confirmed that rowanberry fatty oil, according to established histomorphological and biochemical parameters, is an effective stimulator of reparative processes in corneal burns ( Moiseeva G. A., 1981).
Kharkov scientists, based on a lipophilic complex isolated from rowan fruits, have developed a new drug Sorbilin, which has anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, anti-burn, wound healing and radioprotective activity ( Vindyukova A. I., Nosovskaya T. D., 1998).

The use of mountain ash in scientific and practical medicine

Starting from the 40s of the last century, in the scientific and practical medicine of the former USSR, the fruits of mountain ash began to be used to a limited extent as a vitamin remedy. Currently, in Russia and Ukraine, in some places, in clinical medicine, vitamin collection No. 2 is used, which includes rowan and rosehip fruits, and a multivitamin collection, which is a mixture of nettle leaves and rowan fruits in a ratio of 3: 7.
More recent research has developed a technology for obtaining a thick aqueous extract in the form of a paste and powder from rowan fruit meal, which remains after the technology for extracting. It has been established that rowan extract improves the clinical symptoms of the disease and biochemical blood parameters, improves the quality of life of patients and has immunomodulatory properties, which allows the extract to be widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic viral hepatitis (Kvachenyuk G., 2000).
E. B. Trutneva et al. (1975) indicate the ability of rowan remedies to influence blood pressure. It has been established that rowan remedies have a light effect that lasts up to 30 minutes. A syrup prepared from fresh rowan fruits is recommended as a light lactogenic agent, as a diuretic and to reduce pain in arthritis and rheumatism. A decoction of dried fruits is used to treat hemorrhoids (Stoyanov, 1973).

Medicinal preparations and dietary supplements

Rowan fruits ( Fructus Sorbi) - dry fruits of mountain ash, packaged in boxes of 50 g. They are used in the form of a decoction, as a vitamin remedy.

Vitamin collection No. 2 - a collection containing dry rose hips - 25 g, dry fruits of mountain ash - 25 g. Taken in the form of a decoction, as a vitamin remedy.

Flamikar (Flamicar) - syrup in bottles of 200 g. It is used 1 tablespoon 3 times a day, as a preventive and aid in chronic diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 1 for strengthening nails and hair growth. Ingredients: chamomile inflorescences, sage leaves, peppermint herb, string grass, blueberry shoots, rose hips, valerian rhizome, rowan fruits, nettle leaves, tansy inflorescences, yarrow herb, burdock root, St. John's wort herb. Included in the diet, helps to strengthen nails and hair growth. With prolonged use, it improves the structure of nails and hair, reduces their fragility, stimulates the nutrition of hair follicles and nail plates, improves the appearance of hair and nails, gives hair softness and elasticity.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 3 "Protipsoriasis". Ingredients: calendula inflorescences, trochokvitkovoy violet grass, chamomile inflorescences, string grass, peppermint grass, blueberries, St. Herbal tea is part of the diet for the prevention and treatment of psoriasis. Herbal tea cleanses the skin, prevents its peeling, reduces the excitability of the nervous system, eliminates endocrine dysfunction and immune imbalance, and normalizes metabolism.
Take tea 1-2 times a day for 3 courses, lasting 120 days each. The break between courses can last 1-3 months.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 6 "Against varicose veins." Ingredients: motherwort herb, hawthorn fruit, rhizome with valerian roots, burdock roots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, yarrow herb, birch leaf, chameneria angustifolia leaf, marigold inflorescences, thyme herb, linden blossom, rowan fruit, stinging nettle herb, St. John's wort herb , Chamomile Inflorescences. Included in the diet for the prevention and treatment of varicose veins. It relieves swelling and pain, reduces capillary permeability, reduces blood viscosity, reduces overflow of veins with blood, increases the tone of the veins when venous patency is impaired.
Take tea 1-2 times a day for 3 courses, lasting 120 days each. The break between courses can last 1-3 months.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 9 "Cardiovascular". Ingredients: hawthorn fruit, birch leaves, horsetail herb, strawberry leaf, rose hips, rhizome with valerian roots, yarrow herb, peppermint herb, chamomile inflorescences, salvia herb, oregano herb, thyme herb, calamus rhizome, motherwort herb, rowan fruit, marigold inflorescences, heather shoots, plantain leaf, St. John's wort herb.
Included in the diet for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Herbal tea improves venous and peripheral blood circulation, normalizes heart rate, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, prevents the formation of blood clots, has a diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect.
Take tea 1-2 times a day for 3 courses, lasting 120 days each. The break between courses can last 1-3 months.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 12 "Restoring brain cells." Ingredients: rhizome with valerian roots, walnut leaves, calamus rhizome, hawthorn fruit, oregano herb, peppermint herb, chamomile inflorescences, elecampane roots, motherwort herb, thyme herb, horsetail herb, linden blossom, rowan fruit, shepherd's purse herb, herb chameneria angustifolia, raspberry fruits.
Included in the diet for the prevention and treatment of damage to brain cells. Herbal tea improves blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, venous outflow and blood microcirculation, activates metabolic processes in neurons, improves the supply of oxygen to brain tissues, helps to eliminate toxic metabolic products, develops brain tissues, reduces intracranial pressure, changes the rate of propagation of excitation in the brain, reduces nervous excitability, acts antiepileptic.
Take tea 1-2 times a day for 3 courses, lasting 120 days each. The break between courses can last 1-3 months.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 14 "Against rheumatism." Ingredients: goat willow bark, white grass, oregano grass, linden blossom, raspberry fruits, birch leaves, elder flowers, nettle grass, buckthorn bark, rose hips, calamus rhizome, string grass, bean pods, rowan fruits.
Included in the diet for the prevention and treatment of rheumatism.
Herbal tea eliminates inflammation, relieves pain, reduces stiffness and increases joint mobility, protects internal organs. Herbal tea is effective in acute and subacute protracted and recurrent course of rheumatism, as well as in articular syndrome, inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the spine.

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 15. "Antiallergic". Ingredients: rowan fruits, sage grass, string grass, chicory roots, strawberry leaf, birch leaf, St.
Included in the diet for the prevention and treatment of allergies.
Herbal tea has anti-allergic, immunostimulating effect. The complex action of the tea components greatly alleviates allergic manifestations of various origins, eliminates swelling and discomfort, and purifies the blood.
Take tea 1-2 times a day for 3 courses, lasting 120 days each. The break between courses can last 1-3 months.

Glazovit "Danae", Kyiv, Ukraine. Capsules of 0.35 g, No. 30 in a blister. Contains blueberries, rowan fruits, nettle leaves, dandelion roots. The flavonoid complex of the components of the drug ensures the transport of oxygen and nourishment of the eye cells, improves adaptation to darkness, stimulates the synthesis of "night vision protein", the reserves of which are constantly decreasing from exposure to bright light, computer and television loads on the visual apparatus.
Use 1 capsule 3 times a day for 3 weeks.
It is recommended in the diet for people with increased stress on the organs of vision.

Fluorovit "Danae", Kyiv, Ukraine. Capsules of 0.35 g, No. 30 in a blister. Contains alfalfa grass, rowan fruits. It is recommended for prevention and for complex therapy of cardiovascular diseases. It has a positive effect on the adaptogenic properties of the body, contributes to the normalization of metabolic processes. Use 1 capsule 3 times a day for 3 weeks.

Toxicology, side effects and contraindications for use

In the toxicological aspect, medicinal products from the fruits of mountain ash are not thoroughly studied.
In the works of scientists from Russia, Ukraine and other Eastern European countries, the toxicological properties of galenic and novogalenic preparations obtained from rowan fruits have not been sufficiently studied. Some informational scientific sources of Western Europe indicate a ban on the use of funds and food products made from fresh rowan fruits. This prohibition is due to the presence of a significant amount of parasorbic acid in fresh rowan fruits. Parasorbic acid in the toxicological aspect can cause unwanted and hepatitis. In the process of freezing and drying fruits, parasorbic acid decomposes to low-toxic metabolites. Undesirable poisoning with rowan products can cause molds, which are formed during poor storage and drying of freshly harvested fruits (Bodlaek J., 1999).

The use of mountain ash in industry

Rowan fruits are also widely used in Food Industry. In the practice of industrial and home canning of rowan fruits, many methods and recipes for preparing food products are known, in particular, drying, freezing, soaking, in the form of juices, puree, jam, dry rowan powder.
AT last years rowan mashed with sugar, rowan in sugar, rowan mixed with apples and pears, sweet juice with pulp from rowan fruits and apples are in great demand. However, the bitterness and astringency of the fruits, as well as their toxicity, hinder the widespread introduction of rowan fruits into production. Therefore, mainly in the food industry, fruit processing products are in great demand, they are used to obtain dietary supplements that are used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and in violation of vital body functions caused by increased levels of radiation.

Based on articles by B. M. Zuzuk, R. V. Kutsyk, Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University

Photos and illustrations:

Since ancient times, mountain ash was revered by the Celts, Scandinavians and Slavs. The latter endowed her with magical powers. People believed in her strength, power and ability to protect from the dead.

Red rowan is a common plant that occurs as a tree or shrub. This low tree culture grows in many gardens and kitchen gardens, the bushes perform a decorative function. Rowan berries are extremely popular, they have many useful properties.

general information

Rowan red has also the names ordinary and forest. This type of tree can reach 15 m, shrubs usually grow up to 3 m. Rowan is divided into 190 subspecies and is found in nature both in forests and in mountainous areas.

Some species are trees and others are shrubs. This does not affect the beneficial properties of the plant, so you need to choose a variety according to other criteria.

According to the description, the plant has a smooth bark and a dense crown, as well as gray-red young branches with a lot of fluffy buds. Sharp-toothed narrow leaves have an oblong shape, white flowers are located in umbrella inflorescences. The fruits of this plant are small berries, very tart and bitter in taste.

The name of the plant comes from the ancient Slavic word "ryab", which means "pockmarked" in translation. This name was given to the tree due to its bright fruits.

Main varieties

The description indicates that there are three main types of mountain ash, which include many subspecies: Forest, Garden, Decorative. Forest rowan has useful, but very bitter berries. Rowan ordinary, the species of which belongs to the forest, is unpopular because of bitterness.

Varietal mountain ash is grown by people, but is not inferior in usefulness to wild. Berries of a high-quality tree have a more pleasant sweet aftertaste. Breeders brought white, yellow and orange mountain ash to decorate a garden or vegetable garden. Most popular varieties: Nevezhinskaya, Scarlet large, Burka, Titan, Finnish.

The rowan shrub is very popular as a garden, orchard or home plant. Varieties of the bush are also bred artificially, but this does not prevent the plant from bearing fruit.

1. Ken.
2. Elderberry.
3. Crimean.
4. Greek.
5. Alder-leaved.

Notable hybrids

Fieldfare has very interesting and popular hybrids.

1. Burka - this hybrid of alpine chokeberry with ordinary mountain ash is a low tree with sweet and sour tasting dark red berries. It has a compact crown, fruits that are very rich in vitamin C, other active substances and are suitable for processing.
2. Titan is a unique shrub that contains pear and apple pollen. Dense crown, large juicy berries, dark burgundy color, yellow flesh and sweet taste.
3. Scarlet large - a hybrid obtained as a result of pear pollen getting on the Moravian subspecies of mountain ash. it strong tree with abundant fruiting, the berries have a sweet taste.
4. Pomegranate occurred due to the mixing of hawthorn and mountain ash. A tree about 5 m high, with shiny leaves and large fruits, not inferior in size to cherries, which are rich in vitamins and sugar. Harvest can reach 50 kg per tree.

It will depend on the variety whether the mountain ash is a shrub or a tree.

Cultivation and reproduction

Reproduction can occur vegetatively and by seeds. Fresh bones must be placed in the sand, and planted in the beds at the end of autumn. For the vegetative method, several options are suitable:

• graft;
• green cuttings;
• layering;
• root suckers.

The plant has good germination. It is best to plant mountain ash in the fall. For a small seedling, a shallow hole 70x70 cm will be enough, which must be filled with fertile soil, add a few kg of humus and about 300 g of superphosphate to it.

After the rowan tree or shrub has been planted, it is necessary to get rid of weeds, fertilize, water and loosen the earth, and also remove the shoots. It is advisable to mulch the trunk with straw or needles.

Before the mountain ash begins to bear fruit, it should be watered abundantly. Even pruning will help to increase the amount of the crop, which should be done in early spring, until the buds swell.

medicinal properties

Rowan berries contain vitamin C in large quantities. The composition also contains vitamins P, PP, K, B2, E, A, sugar, amino acids, pectin, bitter and tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, phytoncides, iron, copper and essential oil.

Chokeberry is distinguished by a large amount of vitamin P and iodine. This type contains sorbitol, thanks to which the berries become an affordable and useful product for diabetics, they may not worry about blood sugar levels.

Rowan is an excellent tonic with a lot of vitamins. With its help, kidney stones, dysentery, rheumatism are treated.

Aronia helps to maintain normal blood pressure levels. Black fruits are used as protection against radiation of radioactive waves and are useful for allergies, kidney disease, gastritis and bleeding.

They are forbidden to be used by people who have increased acidity, problems with pressure and blood clotting.

Folk remedies

Rowan is very useful. It is used in recipes of traditional medicine and cosmetology. Rowan tea and tincture are considered the most effective.

1. Tea is prepared from the fruits of red rowan according to the following recipe: 1 tsp of berries are immersed in a glass of boiling water and left to infuse until cool.
2. Rowan tincture. Ripe fruits are poured with vodka 1:10. You need to drink 1 tsp 3 times a day before eating to increase appetite.
3. As a remedy for hemorrhoids, freshly squeezed juice is suitable, which you need to drink 0.25 cups several times a day.
4. Some make powdered berries to fight diabetes and obesity.

Useful cosmetics

They will be used in home cosmetology as an active ingredient in decoctions, baths and body wraps. This tree is an excellent antiseptic and has many other beneficial substances.

As skin care products, mountain ash is often and actively used in the creation of creams, lotions, scrubs and masks. For their manufacture, take the pulp or whole berries, fresh juice and leaves. Consider masks for normal skin.

1. Milk and honey: add warm milk in the same proportion and a little melted honey to the crushed berries. Mix all the ingredients well and leave on the skin for 20 minutes.
2. Beets: in the same amount, mix the pulp of berries and raw beets, chopped on a grater, then add vegetable oil. After 10 minutes, wash off the face and lubricate the skin with cream. This mask will add blush and color.
3. Apple: 5-6 tbsp. l pureed rowan combine with an apple, chopped on a grater. After a quarter of an hour on the face, rinse with cold water. Be sure to apply a moisturizer after the procedure.

Masks for dry skin.

1. Mix the pulp of berries crushed in a meat grinder with melted honey and sour cream. Hold the mask on your face for 25 minutes.
2. Melt the butter and combine with the crushed pulp of the fruit and a small amount of lemon juice. After mixing, apply to the face or other problem area of ​​the skin.

For oily skin, mountain ash masks with the following components are suitable:

• mix cucumber with pulp scalded with boiling water and keep on the skin for no more than 25 minutes;
• several st. mix spoons of the pulp of berries with a handful of dill, which you want to chop, keep on the skin of the face for a quarter of an hour, and then remove the mask and apply a nourishing cream;
• mix 2 tbsp. tablespoons of juice of rowan berries and the same amount of black currant, mix them thoroughly, soak gauze in the solution and put it on your face.

Masks for oily hair

From this berry you can also make excellent hair masks.

1. Alcohol-rowan lotion: Pour 400 g of washed berries with alcohol and water in a ratio of 1:2. Leave for 4-5 days. Add the same amount of water and leave for another 2 days. The lotion is required to be rubbed into the skin after washing the hair with shampoo. When rubbed, you need to keep your head warm, you can not rinse.
2. Wrapping: mix the juice of mountain ash and garlic in the amount of 1 cup of berries for 4 cloves. Rub this mixture into the roots of the head and keep warm for at least an hour, then rinse with water and shampoo.

To get rid of dry hair there are such recipes:

• rowan and chamomile lotion: add dry inflorescences to the washed berry and pour water, bring to a boil and cook for 15 minutes, rub the cooled liquid into the hair immediately after washing;
• infusion for rinsing: pour the berries with water in equal amounts and bring to a boil, reduce the heat a little, keep for 10 minutes, rinse your head with a chilled infusion after shampooing, there is no need to rinse.

Products for normal hair

Lotion: mix nettle with mountain ash, add water and bring to a boil over low heat. Reduce heat and leave to infuse. Add alcohol to the cooled broth and hide for 2 days in dark place. Rub into the head a quarter of an hour before washing and rinse with shampoo.

Vitamin wrap: add lemon juice and a tablespoon of rum or herbal balm to 1 cup of crushed berries. Rub into hair and scalp, cover and keep the mixture for an hour. After you need to wash your hair with shampoo.

Ritual meaning

Rowan was used in various rituals. At the wedding, the leaves were put into the shoes of the bride and groom.

This was done as a protection against dark witches and sorcerers, so that the newlyweds would not be hindered by evil thoughts in a happy and long life.

The fruits of the tree were used as amulets. It was believed that the words on the branches and clusters of this bush saved from damage, protected from world of the dead and evil eye. The mountain ash was planted next to the house to protect it and bring happiness, so its damage marked trouble for the owners.

Folk omens and superstitions

There are many signs associated with this plant:

• flowers that opened early meant a warm summer;
• unopened and fallen flowers meant winter, which would be late;
• berries that ripen too early mean that the winter will be long and the spring will be late;
• a huge number of fruits meant long winter frosts;
• if unripe berries fall, then the harvest will be rich, and the summer will be rainy.

Several beliefs have survived.

1. If 3 trees are planted around the house, then the house will be protected from fires, thefts and other disasters.
2. Rowan, which is planted in the yard, will restore health to the patient.
3. Two trees near the porch drive away people with evil thoughts and protect the owners from guests who were not invited.
4. If one mountain ash grows near the ancestral home, the women of this family have a disposition to magical abilities.
5. A hint of a quick wedding is considered a gift bouquet, in which there are rowan berries.
6. If a branch is hung over the window frame, then the house and its owners will be protected from the evil eye.
7. Scattered fruits speak of a future happy time with your soulmate.
8. To preserve natural beauty and youth, beads from berries are advised.

There are some interesting facts about mountain ash that few people know about.

1. Berries lose their bitterness immediately after the first frost.
2. The fruits are not berries, they are more like apples in their structure.
3. It is an excellent antiseptic.
4. The bitterness of the fruit is poisonous.
5. Relieves stress by leaning against a tree and closing your eyes for a few minutes.
6. Chokeberry is no longer a mountain ash, but its relative - chokeberry.
7. The lower part of the berry forms a five-pointed star, which is a strong amulet against evil.

Conclusion

Rowan is a popular and important plant in the fields of human activity. Depending on the species, it can be a tree or a shrub.

In folk medicine, this plant is actively used. You can prepare many skin and hair care products based on this berry.

In addition, the popularity of this plant dates back to ancient times, when the mountain ash was considered a talisman against evil forces and dark magic.

The Latin name for mountain ash "Sorbus aucuparia" comes from the Celtic word "sor" - "tart" and the Latin "aucupari" which means "to catch birds". Previously, rowan berries were used as bait for catching birds.

plant names

There are many folk names rowan, such as:

• ripples - it was understood that the fruits of the tree are food for hazel grouses;
• ripples - from the word "pockmarked", in Dahl's dictionary - freckle, speck;
• winter berry - in winter, berries acquire a special taste and color;
• birders - the fruits of bright red color have always attracted birds.

The description of the mountain ash can be found in folk art, rich in myths and legends, and in the case of this tree, it was not without them. One of the legends tells about a good family, where there were two children - a daughter and a son. The eldest daughter was angry and envious, so her parents loved her less than the kind and sympathetic younger son.

The girl was very angry with her brother and decided to take revenge on him, led him into the forest and drowned him. The boy was good-natured and soft-hearted, he forgave his sister. And as a sign of forgiveness, he grew up as a small curly tree to please people. This tree was called rowan.

The second legend tells about great love. According to legend, a husband and wife lived in Russia. They loved each other very much. Envious people wanted to separate the family with the help of wealth, power, but they could not do it. Then they killed her husband, and the unfortunate widow prayed day and night to God so that he would not separate her from her beloved. Higher power were merciful, and the girl turned into a tree with red berries - a mountain ash.

In Russia, the mountain ash was considered a tree of family happiness and prosperity, so the newlyweds planted it in front of the windows of the new house.

This plant has always reminded people of great and sincere love.

general description

Rowan, shrub or tree, as a separate species belongs to the Rosaceae family. Most often, mountain ash is a not too tall (from 5 to 10 m) tree with a perfectly straight trunk and a dense egg-shaped crown. But there are also shrub varieties.

flowering period

Rowan blossoms from early May to early June. The flowers are white, collected in inflorescences -umbrellas. Usually up to 20–30 ovaries are formed on the inflorescence, which turn into small rounded fruits.

Trunk

Usually the growth of such plants is from 2 to 15 m in height. The bark of the trunk is smooth, gray in color, the branches and shoots are reddish. It has a dense green crown with narrow lanceolate leaves.

Fruit

The color of the berries depends on the type of plant. The fruits of the plant are red, if the species is rowan red, and dark blue, almost black, if it is chokeberry. The taste of fruits is characterized by specific bitterness and sourness, most of the berries are tart in taste. Harvesting is carried out after the first frost, when the fruits lose their astringency and acquire a special sweetish taste. Usually the berries ripen in late September and remain on the tree until early February.

The type of mountain ash determines whether it is a shrub or a tree.

• Trees include mountain ash, intermediate mountain ash and large-fruited.
• But the powdery mountain ash, Kene mountain ash, elderberry and Khosta mountain ash are shrubs.

cultivation

The tree is unpretentious to growth conditions and does not require special care. It has excellent frost resistance and "loves" sunlight, but grows well in the shade.

Landing

It is better to plant in the fall, 2-3 weeks before the ground freezes. Planting in the spring is possible, but only until May, because the seedlings grow early and bear fruit later.

Priming

Rowan can grow on any soil. But on light, sandy and sandy soils, the harvest will be worse than on neutral ones. The close location of groundwater also does not affect the growth and development of mountain ash.

Pit

• Landing pits are dug 60 x 60 cm in size at a distance of 3–6 m.
• A layer of drainage is laid at the bottom of the pit.
• Fill them with fertile soil, which can be bought in specialized stores.
• Add 3–5 kg of humus and 100–200 g of a good complex fertilizer.
• Fill the resulting mixture with a third of the landing pit. Further, up to half, ordinary soil is poured and watered abundantly.

Main steps

1. When the water has soaked in, make a small indentation in the center of the hole.
2. Place a seedling there and spread its root system.
3. Cover the plant with soil. Lightly tamp the soil and water generously.
4. Mulch the soil with a layer of humus, peat or other organic matter (grass, hay, straw) 5–10 cm thick.

Location selection

It is better to plant mountain ash along the edges of the site. Rowan is photophilous, and along the perimeter of the site it will receive enough sunlight, and also it will not shade other plants.

Graft

You can get a seedling with your own hands by grafting a cutting or rowan bud to a seedling. This can also be done using seeds, root offspring and layering.

Care

Care is the most common, as with other garden crops.

• Watering. With a lack of moisture, it will be difficult for shoots and ovaries to grow, therefore, in dry times, mountain ash must be well watered. One plant needs 2-3 buckets of water.
• Top dressing. Usually in the third year after planting, the tree is fed. No special arrangements for the care of mountain ash are required. It is enough to water the bush twice a year with a solution of chicken manure in the proportion of 200 g per 5 liters of water, which will provide complete fertilizer. Therefore, even a novice gardener can grow this tree in his area and get a good harvest.
• Pruning. Prune the tree before the buds swell in early spring. Rowan crown has a pyramidal shape. Rowan should be cut so that the main branches go at a right or obtuse angle.

Beneficial features

Ripe red rowan berries contain organic acids, tannins and pectin, amino acids, sorbitol, essential oils, vitamins C and PP, P, B1, B2, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium salts.

The fruits of this tree contain vitamins C and P, which puts this plant above any citrus and fruit trees. The use of berries in food strengthens nervous system, normalizes blood circulation, helps eliminate insomnia and chronic fatigue.

If the body lacks vitamin C or suffers from rheumatic pains, kidney and bladder stones, then fresh berry juice syrup will help.

Rowan in cosmetology

The berries of this "magic" tree contain a huge amount of useful substances, therefore, in cosmetology, mountain ash is widely used in face and body care products. All masks made on the basis of rowan fruits have a rejuvenating effect, slow down the aging process of the skin.

Application methods

The description of useful properties indicates that chokeberry and red mountain ash have a huge impact on the condition of the skin of the face. The fruits of these trees narrow pores, smooth wrinkles, relieve puffiness, improve blood microcirculation, cleanse, treat acne and tone up. To whiten the skin and protect it from inflammation, you can use both fresh and dried berries.

As one of the most effective ways to smooth out wrinkles and strengthen the blood vessels of the face, rowan ice is used. Freeze fresh juice diluted with water, or a decoction of dried berries. The procedure itself is recommended to be done in the evening, after removing makeup.

If the skin on the face is dry, then you can prepare a scrub from dried rowan berries. The fruits are crushed to a powder consistency and applied to the face with massaging movements. This treatment helps to cleanse and refresh dry skin.

If wrinkles begin to appear on the face, the skin “requires” a refreshing and tonic agent. Rowan lotion will help. It is necessary to insist 10 g of fresh berries per 100 ml of alcohol for several hours. After the finished infusion, dilute with water or a decoction of herbs.

Homemade face masks

To protect the face from the appearance of wrinkles, cleanse and tone it, you can apply simple masks from rowan berries. If you do these masks regularly, you can get rid of many problems. These masks are suitable for all skin types.

Wrinkle mask

Effective mask with juice of rowan berries. Its rich vitamin composition tones the skin and fills it with nutrients. Need to mix:

• 20 ml berry juice chokeberry;
• 10 g of starch;
• 20 drops of rice oil.

The juice must be mixed with the rest of the ingredients and can be used. This remedy is distributed on the skin and left for 35 minutes, then washed off with warm water.

Acne mask

An effective mask for problem skin. After its use, the sebaceous ducts narrow, inflammatory and purulent processes pass faster.

It is necessary to mix until a homogeneous mass:

• 4 rowan berries;
• 10 g yeast;
• 8 drops of calendula oil.

The product is applied to dry, clean skin, left for 15 minutes, then rinsed off with cool water.

Mask for age spots

Helps lighten freckles and age spots. After application, the update processes are accelerated.

It is necessary to mix to a state of gruel:

• 25 ml of rowan juice;
• 10 g of white clay and a pinch of cinnamon.

The mask should be applied to a moisturized face. After 30 minutes, wash your face and treat your face with a regenerating cream or gel.

Mask for dry skin

The mask will help you deal with increased dryness skin. Such hand-made products refresh, relieve puffiness and fatigue.

Have to take:

• 10 black chokeberry berries;
• 15 ml of natural yogurt;
• 10 drops of olive oil.

Mix all the ingredients in a blender until smooth and apply on a clean face. After 25 minutes, remove the mask with a damp sponge.

Mask for oily skin

A mask that helps cleanse the skin, narrow pores, even out the relief of the face and whiten age spots. This mask can be used no more than once a week.

Need to mix:

• 15 ml of rowan juice;
• 5 g of crushed chamomile flowers;
• 5 g rye flour.

The product should be applied with massaging movements and kept for 15 minutes.

Rowan and honey mask

This refreshing treatment helps improve blood circulation, improve complexion and smooth skin texture. You should not do this procedure if there is redness on the face - rosacea.

You need to connect:

• 6 crushed chokeberry berries;
• 10 g of honey;
• 2 g coconut oil.

Apply to the skin with a cotton swab and leave for about 20 minutes.

Black chokeberry and yolk mask

A remedy for normal skin, with which you can maintain the required amount of minerals and vitamins, restore the protective properties of the skin. Works best during winter.

You need to beat with a whisk:

• 10 ml of chokeberry juice;
• one yolk;
• 5 ml of vitamin E (tocopherol).

A homogeneous liquid should be applied with a brush to the entire face, including lips. Leave the mask on for 35 minutes and then wash off the residue with warm water.

Mask of rowan berries and apples

A natural exfoliating agent that helps purify the skin, brightens pigmentation and removes flaking. Accelerates all intracellular processes and blood microcirculation.

You need to grind into a puree:

• 4 rowan berries;
• half an apple;
• 5 g of soda.

Before applying the mask, you need to steam your face, and after 10 minutes wash with warm water.

Smoothing mask with milk

Mask for sensitive skin. Helps to smooth wrinkles and activate the rejuvenating processes of the facial skin.

Need to mix:

• 7 chopped rowan berries;
• 2 tbsp. spoons of warm milk;
• 1 st. a spoonful of cottage cheese.

The product should be applied to the face and left for 30 minutes. Then wipe your face with a damp towel.

Rejuvenating mask with sour cream

This is a simple lifting effect that can be done at home to restore freshness and stop the aging process of the skin of the face. Very strong antioxidant properties of mountain ash remove harmful substances from the body, normalize water and mineral balance.

Need to mix:

• 15 ml of rowan juice;
• 20 g of avocado pulp;
• 5 g buckwheat flour.

Apply the mask from the chin to the forehead. Leave the mask on for 40 minutes, then rinse everything off with warm water.

Cucumber Hydrating Mask

If the face often swells and swells, then you need to use berry-vegetable masks. After their exposure, the protective properties of the skin are enhanced, the blood vessels of the face are strengthened.

It is necessary to grind to a homogeneous mass:

• 3 berries of black chokeberry;
• the pulp of one cucumber;
• add 5 ml of mango butter.

Apply the mask on a clean, dry face and leave for 40-50 minutes. After washing off the residue with warm water.

Nourishing mask with cottage cheese

Mix until smooth:

• 10 ml of viburnum juice;
• 10 ml of rowan juice;
• 15 g of cottage cheese;
• 10 g cream.

Distribute the finished product over the face in a circular motion, pressing firmly with your fingers. Leave for 35 minutes. After washing with warm water or wipe your face with a damp towel.

These products help restore softness and elasticity to the skin. For a greater effect, you need to do an intensive course of 12 procedures. You can change the means in places, using one for two days, and another means two days later.

To avoid allergies, you need to remember that such procedures cannot be performed every day.

Conclusion

rowan bush - very interesting plant, a great option for a summer cottage. Differs in unpretentiousness, resistance to pests and diseases and a lot of useful properties.

This tree has always been revered and used in various magical rites, sometimes amulets were made from it. Since ancient times, there has been a sign: if a thick and strong rowan bush grows near the house, goodness will live in this yard.

Mountain ash
scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plants
Department:	flowering plants
Class:	Dicotyledonous
Order:	Rosaceae
Family:
Subfamily:	Plum
Tribe:	apple trees
Genus:
View:	Mountain ash
International scientific name
Sorbus aucuparia L., 1753
View in taxonomic databases
CoL

Mountain ash(lat. Sorbus aucuparia) is a deciduous tree of the rose family ( Rosaceae).

Description

Botanical illustration from the book by O. V. Tome Flora von Deutschland, Osterreich und der Schweiz, 1885

Inflorescence

infructescence

fruit trees

A tree 4-15 (sometimes up to 20) m high with an ovoid crown and a shallow root system. Young branches are downy, with a gray smooth bark, later grayish-white. Leaves alternate, 10-20 cm long, lanceolate in outline, with 10-15 leaflets; leaflets 3-5 cm long, 1-15 cm wide, from oblong to oblong-lanceolate, usually entire in the lower part, serrate in the upper part, dull green above, glaucous or grayish below. Young leaves are pubescent below at the base, later ones are glabrous.

Dense corymbose inflorescences are located at the ends of shortened shoots, 5-10 cm in diameter, pubescent, rarely glabrous. The flowers are white or pinkish, 8-15 mm in diameter, with an unpleasant smell of trimethylamine, reminiscent of the smell of horse manure. Calyx first pubescent, then glabrous, sepals ciliate; petals 4-5 mm long, rounded, pubescent above. The fruits are almost spherical, about 1 cm (usually not more than 1.5 cm) in diameter, orange-red or bright red, juicy. Seeds are usually 3 in number, narrowly oblong, sharp at the ends, reddish.

Chemical composition

The bitterness of the fruits is given by sorbic acid glycoside (up to 0.8%). At the first frost, the glycoside is destroyed, and the mountain ash becomes sweeter. With the breakdown of the glycoside in the fruits, the level of sorbic acid increases, such fruits can be stored without any processing. Amygdalin and fatty oil were found in the seeds (up to 22%); in leaves - about 200 mg% of ascorbic acid, flavonoids; in flowers - quercitrin and spireoside; in the bark - tannins.

Spreading

The range covers Western Europe, Asia Minor, the mountains of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, North Africa. In Russia, it is distributed in the European part, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Far East, Kamchatka, in Siberia, the Amur region.

Often found in all natural and administrative regions of the Saratov Right Bank. In the Rtishchevo district, it was noted in the green spaces of the city of Rtishchevo, as well as in the plantations of the former nursery of the South-Eastern Railway.

Features of biology and ecology

It grows in the undergrowth of forests of various composition, often spruce, growing on the edges, clearings and cutting areas, less often among meadows, also on rocky or rocky places, along the cliffs of river banks.

It grows quickly, in one year it grows by 0.5 m.

Blossoms in May - June, fruits ripen in September - October; berries, if they are not eaten by birds, usually remain on trees until deep winter. Fruits from 5-7 years of age annually. A good harvest of mountain ash is usually observed every 1-3 years, the largest yield is from 35-40 years. One tree can produce up to 80-100 kg of fruit. With a lack of light, it develops poorly and almost does not bear fruit. Propagated by seeds and root suckers. Lives up to 200 years.

Economic importance and application

It has long been used as a fruit and medicinal plant, as well as an ornamental plant with pyramidal and weeping forms.

In medicine

The bark exhibits antibacterial activity. A decoction of it is used for hypertension. Branches in folk medicine - for rheumatism.

Infusion and decoction of flowers are used for diseases of the liver, kidneys and urinary tract, organs of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders, hemorrhoids, colds, coughs. Used in gynecology. In addition, the decoction is used for goiter. Infusion of flowers and fruits - as a diaphoretic for colds.

A decoction of leaves and fruits in folk medicine is used for scurvy, general weakness (after serious illnesses, operations), beriberi.

Fruits are allowed in medical practice for hypovitaminosis. In India, they are used - for scurvy, hemorrhoids, liver diseases. In folk medicine as a diuretic, laxative, hemostatic, vitamin, contraceptive, antidysenteric; with dysmenorrhea, malignant tumors. Infusion (inside) - for gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice, hemorrhoids, diseases of the kidneys, liver, atherosclerosis, bleeding; decoction (inside) - with hypovitaminosis, general weakness. In Western European countries - with diseases of the liver, kidneys, ascites, diarrhea, rheumatism, metabolic disorders, hypovitaminosis, whooping cough, throat diseases, glaucoma; externally - as a wound healing. Juice - for anemia, asthenia, gout, hemorrhoids, malignant tumors, low acidity of gastric juice, gastritis, hypertension, vitamin deficiency, glaucoma, whooping cough, dysmenorrhea, diseases of the liver, kidneys, ascites, atherosclerosis. Syrup - for rheumatism, kidney stones, bladder, violation of salt metabolism.

Rowan fruits are part of vitamin and multivitamin collections.

In other areas

rowan honey

Rowan is highly valued as an ornamental plant, and therefore it is often used in landscape gardening. It is also used in forest reclamation, snow protection and wind-resistant plantations.

The wood is suitable for carpentry, turning, furniture making, and for making musical instruments.

The bark stains the tissues in red-brown tones, and the branches in black. Leaves turn brown.

The kidneys have an insecticidal and raticidal effect. The fruits are used in veterinary medicine - for diarrhea in calves.

It is a good honey plant. It gives the bees a significant amount of nectar and pollen in the spring, during the period of a small flow. Sometimes the flowering of mountain ash coincides with the onset of temporary cold weather, and then its flowers are not visited by bees. Honey is coarse-grained, has a reddish tint and a strong peculiar aroma. The total honey productivity under favorable conditions is about 30-40 kg per 1 ha of plantation.

Forage plant. Fruit yield - up to 2.5 t/ha. Edible fresh and processed, used in the confectionery industry. They are used in fresh and for the manufacture of juices, jams, jams, candied fruits, in a pureed form, along with sea buckthorn and apples. They make stuffing for sweets, and also make kvass, tincture, rowan vodka and cognac. Dried - a substitute for tea. They can serve as raw materials for the preparation of vitamin preparations. Sorbitol can be prepared from fruits, replacing sugar. The fatty oil contained in the seeds is suitable for food, pleasant to the taste.

Cultivated. Differs in high cold and drought resistance. In this regard, it is used in breeding work when breeding cold-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of pome fruits. fruit plants. There are large-fruited, dessert varieties bred by I. V. Michurin and other breeders.

In the folk calendar there is a day of Peter-Paul Fieldfare, which falls at the end of September - the time of ripening rowan berries. On this day, branches with fruits were tied into bundles and hung under the roofs of houses. This custom is associated with the notion of mountain ash as a tree that can protect a person from all sorts of troubles. It was widespread not only in Russia, but also in Western Europe, the Baltics. Rowan branches decorated not only living quarters, but also sheds, gates, even rowan branches were stuck at the edge of each field.

In central Russia, mountain ash was used in wedding ceremonies. Its leaves were spread in the shoes of the newlyweds, the fruits were hidden in the pockets of their clothes - all this was to protect against sorcerers and witches. In addition, rowan is a symbol and guarantee of happiness and peace in the family, so they tried to plant rowan near the house.

Literature

• Glukhov M. M. Honey plants. Ed. 7th, revised. and additional - M.: Kolos, 1974. - S. 203-204
• Trees and shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and prospects for introduction / Ed. in 6 volumes. T. III. Angiosperms: families trochodendrovye - rosaceae. - M., L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. - S. 465-466
• Elenevsky A. G., Radygina V. I., Bulany Yu. I. Plants of the Saratov Right Bank (compendium of flora). - Saratov: Sarat Publishing House. pedin-ta, 2000. - ISBN 5-87077-047-5. - p. 38
• Universal Encyclopedia medicinal plants/ Comp. I. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. - Minsk: Book House; M.: Makhaon, 2000. - S. 250-252
• Flora of Central Russia: Identifier Atlas / Kiseleva K. V., Maiorov S. R., Novikov V. S. Ed. prof. V. S. Novikov. - M.: CJSC "Fiton +", 2010. - S. 302

Flora and fauna of the Rtishchevsky region
Flora of Rtishchevskiy district
Mushrooms of the Rtishchevsky district
Fauna of the Rtishchevskiy district	Invertebrates Vertebrates paleofauna
Red Book of the Saratov Region

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