The commandant of the House of Special Purpose, Yakov Yurovsky, was entrusted with the execution of the members of the family of the former emperor. It was from his manuscripts that they later managed to restore the terrible picture that unfolded that night in the Ipatiev House.

According to the documents, the execution order was delivered to the place of execution at half past one in the night. Forty minutes later, the entire Romanov family and their servants were brought to the basement. “The room was very small. Nikolai stood with his back to me, - he recalled. —

I announced that the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies of the Urals had decided to shoot them. Nicholas turned and asked. I repeated the order and commanded: "Shoot." I shot first and killed Nikolai on the spot.

The emperor was killed the first time - unlike his daughters. Commander of the execution royal family later wrote that the girls were literally “booked in bras made of a solid mass of large diamonds,” so the bullets bounced off them without causing harm. Even with the help of a bayonet, it was not possible to break through the “precious” bodice of the girls.

Photo report: 100 years since the execution of the royal family

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“For a long time I was not able to stop this shooting, which had taken on a careless character. But when I finally managed to stop, I saw that many were still alive. ... I was forced to shoot everyone in turn, ”wrote Yurovsky.

That night, even the royal dogs could not survive - together with the Romanovs, two of the three pets belonging to the emperor's children were killed in the Ipatiev House. The corpse of Grand Duchess Anastasia's spaniel, preserved in the cold, was found a year later at the bottom of the mine in Ganina Yama - the dog's paw was broken and its head was pierced.

The French bulldog Ortino, who belonged to Grand Duchess Tatyana, was also brutally killed - presumably hanged.

Miraculously, only Tsarevich Alexei's spaniel named Joy was saved, who was then sent to recover from what he experienced in England to Nicholas II's cousin, King George.

The place "where the people put an end to the monarchy"

After the execution, all the bodies were loaded into one truck and sent to the abandoned mines of Ganina Yama in Sverdlovsk region. There, at first, they tried to burn them, but the fire would have been huge for everyone, so it was decided to simply dump the bodies into the shaft of the mine and throw them with branches.

However, it was not possible to hide what had happened - the very next day, rumors spread around the region about what had happened at night. As one of the members of the firing squad, forced to return to the site of the failed burial, later admitted, ice water washed away all the blood and froze the bodies of the dead so that they looked like they were alive.

The Bolsheviks tried to approach the organization of the second burial attempt with great attention: the area was first cordoned off, the bodies were again loaded onto a truck, which was supposed to transport them to a more secure place. However, even here they were in for a failure: after a few meters of the way, the truck was firmly stuck in the swamps of the Porosenkov Log.

Plans had to be changed on the fly. Some of the bodies were buried right under the road, the rest were filled with sulfuric acid and buried a little further away, covered with sleepers from above. These cover-up measures proved to be more effective. After Yekaterinburg was occupied by Kolchak's army, he immediately gave the order to find the bodies of the dead.

However, the forensic investigator Nikolai y, who arrived at Porosenkov log, managed to find only fragments of burnt clothes and a cut off female finger. “This is all that remains of the August Family,” Sokolov wrote in his report.

There is a version that the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was one of the first to know about the place where, in his words, "the people put an end to the monarchy." It is known that in 1928 he visited Sverdlovsk, having previously met with Pyotr Voikov, one of the organizers of the execution of the royal family, who could tell him secret information.

After this trip, Mayakovsky wrote the poem "Emperor", in which there are lines with a fairly accurate description of the "Romanov grave": "Here the cedar was touched with an ax, notches under the root of the bark, at the root under the cedar there is a road, and the emperor is buried in it."

Confession of execution

At first, the new Russian government tried with all its might to assure the West of its humanity in relation to the royal family: they are all alive and in a secret place in order to prevent the implementation of the White Guard conspiracy. Many high-ranking politicians of the young state tried to avoid answering or answered very vaguely.

So, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs at the Genoa Conference of 1922 told reporters: “The fate of the daughters of the king is not known to me. I read in the papers that they were in America."

Pyotr Voikov, answering this question in a more informal setting, cut off all further inquiries with the phrase: "The world will never know what we did to the royal family."

Only after the publication of the investigation materials of Nikolai Sokolov, which gave a vague idea of ​​the massacre of the imperial family, did the Bolsheviks have to admit at least the very fact of the execution. However, the details and information about the burial still remained a mystery, shrouded in darkness in the basement of the Ipatiev House.

Occult version

It is not surprising that a lot of falsifications and myths appeared regarding the execution of the Romanovs. The most popular of them was a rumor about a ritual murder and about the severed head of Nicholas II, which was allegedly taken away for storage by the NKVD. This, in particular, is evidenced by the testimony of General Maurice Janin, who oversaw the investigation of the execution from the Entente.

Supporters of the ritual nature of the murder of the imperial family have several arguments. First of all, attention is drawn to the symbolic name of the house in which everything happened: in March 1613, who laid the foundation for the dynasty, he ascended the kingdom in the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma. And after 305 years, in 1918, the last Russian Tsar Nikolai Romanov was shot in the Ipatiev House in the Urals, requisitioned by the Bolsheviks specifically for this.

Later, engineer Ipatiev explained that he bought the house six months before the events unfolding in it. There is an opinion that this purchase was made on purpose to give symbolism to the grim murder, since Ipatiev communicated quite closely with one of the organizers of the execution, Pyotr Voikov.

Lieutenant General Mikhail Diterikhs, who investigated the murder of the royal family on behalf of Kolchak, concluded in his conclusion: “It was a systematic, premeditated and prepared extermination of the members of the Romanov House and those who were exceptionally close to them in spirit and beliefs.

The direct line of the Romanov Dynasty ended: it began in the Ipatiev Monastery in the Kostroma province and ended in the Ipatiev House in the city of Yekaterinburg.

Conspiracy theorists also drew attention to the connection between the murder of Nicholas II and the Chaldean ruler of Babylon, King Belshazzar. So, some time after the execution in the Ipatiev House, lines from Heine's ballad dedicated to Belshazzar were discovered: "Belzatsar was killed that night by his servants." Now a piece of wallpaper with this inscription is stored in the State Archives of the Russian Federation.

According to the Bible, Belshazzar, like him, was the last king of his kind. During one of the celebrations in his castle, mysterious words appeared on the wall, predicting his imminent death. That same night, the biblical king was killed.

Prosecutorial and ecclesiastical investigation

The remains of the royal family were officially found only in 1991 - then nine bodies were discovered buried in the Piglet Meadow. Nine years later, the missing two bodies were discovered - severely burned and mutilated remains, presumably belonging to Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria.

Together with specialized centers in the UK and the USA, she has conducted many examinations, including molecular genetics. With its help, DNA isolated from the found remains was deciphered and compared, and samples of the brother of Nicholas II Georgy Alexandrovich, as well as his nephew, the son of Olga's sister Tikhon Nikolaevich Kulikovsky-Romanov.

The examination also compared the results with the blood on the king's shirt, stored in. All researchers agreed that the found remains really belong to the Romanov family, as well as their servants.

However, the Russian Orthodox Church still refuses to recognize the remains found near Yekaterinburg as authentic. According to officials, this was due to the fact that the church was not initially involved in the investigation. In this regard, the patriarch did not even come to the official burial of the remains of the royal family, which took place in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

After 2015, the study of the remains (which had to be exhumed for this) continues with the participation of a commission formed by the patriarchate. According to the latest conclusions of experts, published on July 16, 2018, complex molecular genetic examinations “confirmed the identity of the discovered remains former emperor Nicholas II, members of his family and persons from their entourage.

The lawyer of the imperial house, German Lukyanov, said that the church commission would take into account the results of the examination, but the final decision would be announced at the Bishops' Council.

The canonization of the martyrs

Despite the unceasing disputes over the remains, back in 1981 the Romanovs were canonized as martyrs of the Russian Orthodox Church abroad. In Russia, this happened only eight years later, since from 1918 to 1989 the tradition of canonization was interrupted. In 2000, the murdered members of the royal family were given a special church rank - passion-bearers.

As the scientific secretary of the St. Philaret Orthodox Christian Institute, church historian Yulia Balakshina told Gazeta.Ru, the martyrs are a special rite of holiness, which some call the discovery of the Russian Orthodox Church.

“The first Russian saints were also canonized precisely as passion-bearers, that is, people who humbly, imitating Christ, accepted their death. Boris and Gleb - from the hands of their brother, and Nicholas II and his family - from the hands of the revolutionaries, ”Balakshina explained.

According to the church historian, it was very difficult to rank the Romanovs among the saints in fact of life - the family of rulers was not distinguished by pious and virtuous deeds.

It took six years to complete all the documents. “In fact, there are no terms for canonization in the Russian Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, disputes about the timeliness and necessity of the canonization of Nicholas II and his family are ongoing to this day. The main argument of the opponents is that by transferring the innocently murdered Romanovs to the level of celestials, the Russian Orthodox Church deprived them of elementary human compassion, ”said the church historian.

There were also attempts to canonize the rulers in the West, Balakshina added: “At one time, the brother and direct heir of the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart turned to such a request, citing the fact that at the hour of her death she demonstrated great generosity and commitment to faith. But she is still not ready to positively resolve this issue, referring to the facts from the life of the ruler, according to which she was involved in the murder and accused of adultery.

At one in the morning on July 17, 1918, the former Russian Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, their five children and four servants, including a doctor, were taken to the basement of a house in Yekaterinburg, where they were held in custody, where they were brutally shot by the Bolsheviks, and subsequently burned body.

The eerie scene continues to haunt us to this day, and their remains, which for most of the century lay in unmarked graves, the location of which was known only to the Soviet leadership, are still surrounded by an aura of mystery. In 1979, enthusiastic historians discovered the remains of some members of the royal family, and in 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, their identity was confirmed using DNA analysis.

The remains of two more royal children, Alexei and Maria, were discovered in 2007 and subjected to a similar analysis. However, the ROC questioned the results of the DNA tests. The remains of Alexei and Maria were not buried, but transferred to a scientific institution. In 2015, they were again subjected to analysis.

Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore recounts these events in detail in his book 'The Romanovs, 1613-1618', published this year. El Confidential has already written about her. In the Town & Country magazine, the author recalls that the official investigation into the murder of the royal family was resumed last fall, and the remains of the king and queen were exhumed. This gave rise to conflicting statements from the government and representatives of the Church, again putting this issue in the public eye.

According to Sebag, Nikolai was good-looking, and apparent weakness hid an imperious man who despised ruling class, a fierce anti-Semite who did not doubt his sacred right to power. She and Alexandra married for love, which was then a rare occurrence. She brought to family life paranoid thinking, mystical fanaticism (just remember Rasputin) and another danger - hemophilia, which was passed on to her son, heir to the throne.

Wounds

In 1998, the reburial of the remains of the Romanovs took place in a solemn official ceremony designed to heal the wounds of Russia's past.

President Yeltsin said that political change should never again be forced. Many Orthodox again expressed their disagreement and perceived this event as an attempt by the president to impose a liberal agenda in the former USSR.

In 2000, the Orthodox Church canonized the royal family, as a result of which the relics of its members became sacred, and according to the statements of its representatives, it was necessary to conduct their reliable identification.

When Yeltsin left his post and nominated an unknown Vladimir Putin, a KGB lieutenant colonel who considered the collapse of the USSR “the biggest catastrophe of the 20th century,” the young leader began to concentrate power in his hands, put up barriers to foreign influence, help strengthen Orthodox faith and carry out aggressive foreign policy. It seemed—Sebag reflects ironically—he decided to continue the political line of the Romanovs.

Putin is a political realist, and he is moving along the path outlined by the leaders of a strong Russia: from Peter I to Stalin. These were bright personalities who opposed the international threat.

The position of Putin, who questioned the results scientific research(faint echo cold war: there were many Americans among the researchers), calmed the Church and created a breeding ground for conspiracy, nationalist and anti-Semitic hypotheses regarding the remains of the Romanovs. One of them was that Lenin and his followers, many of whom were Jews, moved the bodies to Moscow with orders to mutilate them. Was it really the king and his family? Or did someone manage to escape?

Context

How the tsars returned to Russian history

Atlantico 19.08.2015

304 years of Romanov rule

Le Figaro 05/30/2016

Why both Lenin and Nicholas II are “good”

Radio Prague 14.10.2015

What did Nicholas II give the Finns?

Helsingin Sanomat 07/25/2016 During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks declared the Red Terror. They took the family away from Moscow. It was a terrible journey by train and horse-drawn carts. Tsarevich Alexei suffered from hemophilia, and some of his sisters were subjected to sexual abuse on the train. Finally, they ended up in the house where their life path. It, in fact, was turned into a fortified prison and machine guns were installed around the perimeter. Be that as it may, the royal family tried to adapt to the new conditions. The eldest daughter Olga was depressed, and those who were younger played, not really understanding what was happening. Maria had an affair with one of the guards, and then the Bolsheviks replaced all the guards, tightening the rules of the internal order.

When it became obvious that the White Guards were about to take Yekaterinburg, Lenin issued an unspoken decree on the execution of the entire royal family, entrusting the execution to Yakov Yurovsky. At first it was supposed to secretly bury everyone in the nearby forests. But the assassination was poorly planned and even worse executed. Each member of the firing squad had to kill one of the victims. But when the basement of the house was filled with smoke from the shots and the screams of people being shot, many of the Romanovs were still alive. They were wounded and wept in terror.

The fact is that diamonds were sewn into the clothes of the princesses, and the bullets bounced off them, which confused the killers. The wounded were finished off with bayonets and shots to the head. One of the executioners later said that the floor was slippery with blood and brains.

scars

Having completed their work, drunken executioners robbed the corpses, loaded them onto a truck that stalled along the way. In addition, at the last moment it turned out that all the bodies did not fit in the graves dug in advance for them. The dead were stripped of their clothes and burned. Then the frightened Yurovsky came up with another plan. He left the bodies in the forest and went to Yekaterinburg for acid and gasoline. For three days and nights, he brought containers of sulfuric acid and gasoline into the forest to destroy the bodies, which he decided to bury in different places in order to confuse those who set out to find them. No one was supposed to know about what happened. The bodies were doused with acid and gasoline, they were burned, and then buried.

Sebag wonders how 2017 will mark the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution. What will happen to the royal remains? The country does not want to lose its former glory. The past is always viewed in a positive light, but the legitimacy of autocracy continues to generate controversy. New research, initiated by the Russian Orthodox Church and carried out by the Investigative Committee, led to the re-exhumation of the bodies. Was held comparative analysis DNA with living relatives, in particular, with the British Prince Philip, one of whose grandmothers was Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna Romanova. Thus, he is the great-great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas II.

The fact that the Church is still making decisions on such important issues has attracted attention in the rest of Europe, as well as the lack of openness and a chaotic series of burials, exhumations, DNA tests of various members of the royal family. Most political observers believe that Putin will make the final decision on what to do with the remains on the 100th anniversary of the revolution. Will he finally be able to reconcile the image of the revolution of 1917 with the barbaric massacre of 1918? Will he have to hold two separate events to please each side? Will the Romanovs be given royal or ecclesiastical honors like saints?

In Russian textbooks, many Russian tsars are still presented as heroes covered in glory. Gorbachev and the last Romanov tsar abdicated, Putin said he would never do so.

The historian claims that in his book he did not omit anything from the materials he studied on the execution of the Romanov family ... with the exception of the most disgusting details of the murder. When the bodies were taken to the forest, the two princesses groaned, and they had to be finished off. Whatever the future of the country, it will be impossible to erase this terrible episode from memory.

Tsar Nicholas II and King George V. 1913

Historian-researcher, publisher of diaries of the imperial family about betrayal, about passions and about the execution of the family on the scale of European geopolitics

April 18, 2014 Alexandra Pushkar

What is history like? The story is like a huge communal apartment. We are all registered in it - all residents, all participants. Some of the rooms are occupied. You can enter, introduce yourself, ask questions. Others are empty and sealed, there is no one to ask, and only by what people left behind you can understand what they were like. What for? Yes, because we live together! Shareholders of common housing.

What is time? A category of reason, that is, a part of ourselves. As we want, so we see it. If it is indeed a single space of rooms-epochs, then we cannot be divided into "we" and "they" - we are one. And who knows if our ancestors live behind the wall, if they hear our fuss, and if they are not ashamed of us. Most the right way get there, behind the wall - documents, letters and diaries. It is worth plunging into them, and you are in History. The line between times is blurred, as if you yourself wrote it all down. Events are extremely rare. In the diaries, everyday, repetitive actions are performed day after day. You imperceptibly get involved and live them yourself, in the first person, and you can no longer say - I another.

The publishing house "PROZAiK" saw the release of the "Diary of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich (KR) 1911-1915". This is the third and final part of the large publishing project "To the 400th Anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty". It includes the two-volume Diaries of Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna 1917-1918, as well as Diaries and Letters of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich 1915-1918. Previously, only the imperial archives were published. Documents of the Grand Dukes in full form are published for the first time.

Series Editor - Candidate historical sciences and an employee of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF) Vladimir Khrustalev. He has been studying the Romanovs all his life. He suffered with them, he died with them, he saved them. Him and questions.

You have been dealing with the royal family for a long time, and you have dozens of publications on this topic to your credit. How did she enter your life?

- As a child, I wanted to be a forensic scientist, then an archaeologist, which in my mind was also associated with an investigation. But for health reasons, I could not deal with either one or the other and went to the historical and archival. I did and didn't regret it. The library is chic, closed funds (you can familiarize yourself with them, but you can’t use them). And there I came across Nikolai Sokolov's book "The Murder of the Royal Family." And my grandmother is also Sokolova. Are they not relatives? I became interested in the topic and gradually began to collect information. During my student practice at the Central State Administration of the RSFSR in the fund of personal pensioners, I came across the confession of Nikolai Zhuzhgov, one of the murderers of Mikhail Romanov, the brother of Nicholas II.

Were there many killers?

- Yes. I took note of everyone and began to slowly track them down.

What is their further fate?

- Their lives turned out differently, but their conscience did not torment them, and fate did not pursue them. They were proud of their participation in executions. Several people received personal pensions. Although the commandant of the Ipatiev House, a member of the Yekaterinburg Cheka, Yakov Yurovsky (Yankel Yurovskikh), was dying of a stomach ulcer in terrible agony in the Kremlin hospital.

My father kept a tape recording of one of these people. He was at our house. I didn’t see him, I don’t remember his name, and I know some details of his confessions only from the words of my parents. He said that the girls, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatyana, Maria and Anastasia, remained alive for a long time during the execution, because their corsets were stuffed with diamonds, and the bullets bounced off. They were also told that they were being taken out of Yekaterinburg. Probably, they were preparing to leave, hoping that they would be able to escape. Who could it be?

— Possibly, Pyotr Ermakov. He was called "Comrade Mauser". Recently, a story about him was published under the same title. Ermakov participated in the execution, finished off the princesses with a bayonet. When they were executed, a truck engine was started in the courtyard of the house to drown out the shots. At the end of the execution, they saw that some were alive. And the motor is turned off, they will hear the firing, and they stab with a bayonet. But Ermakov died in the early 1950s.

So it's not him. My father took that interview in the 1970s. Do you support the miraculous rescue of the youngest Grand Duchess, Anastasia?

- When it was all over, the bodies began to be taken to the truck. They lifted Anastasia - she screamed, and Yermakov stabbed her. Hence the rumors and a whole series of impostors. The most famous is the Polish Anna Anderson. In the 1920s, at a trial, she tried to prove her belonging to the royal family. Even some of the Romanovs recognized her, because she knew things known only to her inner circle. Most likely, someone advised her. Next to her, by the way, was the son of Nicholas II's life physician Gleb Botkin, who testified that she was the king's daughter. Then she married an American and moved to the USA. MGIMO professor Vladlen Sirotkin and Baltic investigator Anatoly Gryannik, both unprofessional historians, found a certain Georgian lady and passed her off as Anastasia. She wrote the book "I am Anastasia Romanova", and the two began to prepare a presentation. The lady had died by that time, but they continued to pass her off as alive. Strange story. Further, this same Gryannik published the monograph “Testament of Nicholas II” and claimed that the royal family under the name of the Berezkins lived in the Caucasus and that Elizaveta Fedorovna allegedly came there (who was killed in Alapaevsk and whose remains lie in Jerusalem), and Mikhail Romanov (who was killed in Perm and whose remains have not yet been found). According to this version, they all lived long life and died safely not far from Sukhumi. Some schizophrenia.

These myths don't just happen. How long did the hope associated with the restoration of the monarchy remain in Russia and among the emigrants?

- The memoirs of Tatyana Melnik-Botkina, daughter of the life physician Nicholas II, have been preserved. She wrote how they were taken from Yekaterinburg to Tyumen. There was no railroad there, it was winter, and steamboats did not go. They were taken on wagons. When they passed through the villages, changed horses, the peasants mistook them for the royal cortege and said: “Thank God, the tsar-priest is back! Soon there will be order." But then Nicholas II was killed so that this order would never return. On the other hand, the White Guard movement during the Civil War needed general idea, and such an idea was the return of the monarchy. This was not their official slogan: most of the Whites denied the monarchy, were Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Octobrists ... But it was important for them to maintain a united anti-Bolshevik front, and therefore they tacitly staked on the tsar: that he had not died, that he was hiding somewhere and would soon return and reconcile everyone. For this reason, many did not believe either in the research of Nikolai Sokolov, who presented a version of the white movement, or in other investigations into the murder of the Romanovs, which had been multiplying since the end of 1918, for fear of losing this idea. The White Guard newspapers often published reports that the brother of Nicholas II, V.K. Mikhail appeared in Omsk, then at Wrangel in the Crimea, then in Indo-China, in Laos, then somewhere else. Such "ducks" flew for a long time. In part, the Bolsheviks themselves spread these rumors. After all, according to the official version, only the king was killed, and the royal family was taken out, and among others, Anastasia. She was specifically mentioned that she was saved. They even found some person who was passed off as her. But it turned out to be some kind of almost a thief, and she was quickly exposed. And about Mikhail, when he was shot, they officially wrote that he fled and allegedly showed up in Omsk and called for the liberation of Russia from the Bolsheviks. Moreover, months after his death, a report was prepared that he had been detained and an investigation was underway by the Cheka. This text was already typed in the printing house, but at the last moment they gave the command to cancel it so as not to attract attention once again. And there were empty spaces in the papers. But in one county leaflet they did not have time to remove, and it slipped into the press that Mikhail was arrested along with his secretary, the Englishman Johnson.

- Before the revolution, he lived in Penza and was a judicial investigator, and when the Civil War began, he changed into a peasant dress, went over to the side of the whites and eventually ended up with Kolchak. Although the investigation into the murder of Nicholas II was already underway, he considered that he would do it better, and took care of it himself. But he started only in February 1919, that is, six months after the execution. By this time, much of the evidence had been lost.

Chief of Staff

In the days of the great struggle with the external enemy, striving for almost three

year to enslave our Motherland, the Lord God was pleased to send down

Russia is a new ordeal. Initiated internal folk

unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of

stubborn war. The fate of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the good

people, the whole future of our dear Fatherland requires bringing

war at all costs to a victorious end. Cruel Enemy

exerts her last strength, and the hour is near when the valiant

our army, together with our glorious allies, will be able to

finally crush the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia

we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate close unity for our people and

rallying all the forces of the people for the speedy achievement of victory and in

in agreement with the State Duma, we recognized it for the good to renounce

throne of the Russian state and lay down the supreme

power. Not wanting to part with our beloved son, we convey

our legacy to our brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich

and bless him for accession to the throne of the state

Russian. We command our brother to govern affairs

state in full and inviolable unity with

representatives of the people in legislative institutions on those

principles, which will be established by them, bringing in that inviolable 123

oath. In the name of our beloved Motherland, we call on all faithful sons

Fatherland to fulfill his sacred duty to him

obedience to the king in a difficult moment of nationwide trials and help

him, together with the representatives of the people, to withdraw the state

Russian on the path of victory, prosperity and glory. Yes it will help

Lord God of Russia.

Signed: Nicholas

Minister of the Imperial Court Adjutant General Count Fredericks

Down to the grave

If you try to determine the role of the last tsar in Russian history, what is it? Isn't that the role of the slain lamb, the victim? His entire path, from his coronation on Khodynka to his execution in Yekaterinburg, was a continuous sacrifice, blood.

Not everyone thought so. Some saw the February Revolution as sin and horror: a change of regime, the anointed of God was thrown off the throne. For them, Nicholas was the king-lamb. And others believed that in this way they were freed from tsarism and now a bright future awaits them. And in different eras, perception also changes. It is impossible to unambiguously answer this question.

Grand Duchesses Tatiana and Anastasia are carrying water for the garden. Summer 1917

In August 1915, the sovereign replaced his cousin, V.K. Nikolay Nikolaevich, Nicholas. Isn't it a sacrifice? After all, he understood that the opposition would peck him. Why did he do it?

- From the very beginning of the war, he wanted to take this position, but he was dissuaded, and he appointed Nikolai Nikolaevich. Temporarily, because he always dreamed of leading the army himself. Meanwhile, by the end of 1914, the situation at the front had changed. At first we were advancing, Lvov and Galich were taken ...

... "primordially Russian cities", As Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich writes...

“Yes, although they changed hands and ended up in Austria. But already in August-September 1914, ours were defeated by the Germans. Two armies almost perished, Commander-in-Chief of the 2nd Army. In 1915, the Germans entered the Baltic states, drove us out of Galicia, and panic began among the Russians. It became clear that something urgently needed to be done. Meanwhile, Nikolai Nikolaevich was playing his own game. He attributed failures at the front to Minister of War Sukhomlinov, who did not ensure the supply of weapons. Through his efforts, this minister was removed and put on trial. Following Sukhomlinov, he tried to reappoint other ministers, replacing them with democrats close to the Duma. Nicholas II listened to him at first, but Alexandra Feodorovna did not like it, and Rasputin did not like it either. And they began to inspire the sovereign that Nikolai Nikolayevich was taking power. And then there were rumors that Nikolai Nikolayevich said:

Rasputin will come to Headquarters - I will hang him on a bitch, and I will send the queen to a monastery so that she does not get into business.

And the tsar, seeing that things were not important at the front, and there was a conspiracy in the rear, sent Nicholas to the Caucasus and himself stood at the head of the army. It was the right decision. Thus, he stopped criticism of the military authorities. Because it is one thing to criticize Nikolai Nikolayevich, and another thing to criticize the tsar. And they all froze at once. So considerations of state necessity prevail here, and not at all sacrifice. He donated, yes. His reputation, if the war rolled to Moscow. But, after the change of military leadership, the course of hostilities stabilized, and the military industry began to gain momentum. Deliveries of equipment from abroad began, control of military orders in the country tightened, the army again went on the offensive and again almost reached Lvov. Heading the Headquarters, the king saved the situation

In the last all-Russian census in the column "occupation" NikolaiII wrote: master of the Russian land. He defined himself this way: not a warrior - master. And his rank was colonel . He received it even before the wedding to the kingdom and remained in it, taking the supreme command. To what extent did the status of the commander-in-chief correspond to his sense of self?

- The post of commander-in-chief was for him tantamount to the royal title. Both he understood as his sacred duty. He is God's anointed, swore an oath on the Bible to remain faithful to Russia and the autocracy. And just as he was not free to choose whether he should be king or not, he could not deviate from the post of commander in chief. And he received a colonel even before his marriage, when he commanded a company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Alexander III himself, by the way, became a general at the age of 18, and Nikolai followed all the steps and reached the rank of colonel. He really served. He was in the camps, he commanded a battalion. And when Alexander III died, he considered that since his father gave him this title, he would leave it behind him. But in any case, he is the supreme commander in status. Like President Putin today: not a general by rank, but still commander in chief. The children of the Romanov family were specially prepared for both the university program and the military one. Every male Romanov was considered a military man.

Not only men. Both Empress Alexandra and the Grand Duchess-daughters were colonels.

- Women's military ranks are honorary. Tatyana and Olga were considered colonels, but did not serve, but were chiefs of the hussar regiments. And regarding whether Nicholas II considered himself a military man, there are memories of how, even before the war, the sovereign tested the uniform during the exercises of an infantry regiment. At the end of the exercises, he filled out the soldier's honor book: Title - Soldier. Service life - To the grave.

Big Bolshevik secret

You investigated the "Romanov case", but it was an investigation into the table?

- Unofficially, I collected materials not so much on the royal family, but on the grand dukes, who were also shot. And my official Ph.D. thesis was called “The History of the Creation of the System of State Reserves Russian Federation". My father was in the military, at first Far East served on Lake Khanka, after in Central Asia and Ukraine. He was a hunter, mushroom picker, was fond of fishing and took me with him. I loved these trips.

Do you remember the first time you realized that all family destroyed? It was our big Soviet secret. It was still known about Nikolai Alexandrovich and the queen, but few knew that the children, the doctor Botkin, sisters and brothers were killed.

- I heard about children when I was very young, and this impression hit me. My grandmother Zhenya was born the same year as the Tsarevich, in 1904. Often repeated that she was the same age as him. It was strange for me to hear that. At school they say one thing, grandmother another. It seemed that that time was terrible, people had a difficult life - what to remember? But she did not say that the children were also killed. I learned about this later, when I read Sokolov in 1967.

And how did you take it?

— How… Terrible! My friend and I marched around the boarding school and sang “God save the Tsar”. Here's another thing that revolted me: there is tsarist history, and there is Soviet history. And one often doesn't match the other. I was fond of the Russo-Japanese war, the 1st and 2nd Pacific squadrons. And so, I ask the teacher about the Aurora cruiser, about its participation in hostilities. And she - "I don't know if he was there or not." But I read at Novikov-Priboy's in Tsushima and in Stepanov's Port Arthur - I was!

Now it is precisely established, whose order was to shoot the Romanovs?

- They still argue, although in a note from the commandant of the Ipatiev House Yurovsky we read: “An order came from Moscow through Perm on the conventional language» (telegrams then did not go directly, but through Perm) . So, about the shooting. Because there was an agreement on a signal from above in a conditional language.

Names of those who gave the order?

- They are not in any document, but it is understood that these are Lenin and Sverdlov. There is an opinion that the local authorities are to blame for everything - the Petrosoviet, the Uralsoviet. But it is known that the military commissar, secretary of the Ural Regional Committee Filipp Goloshchekin (real name Shaya Itsovich-Isakovich, party nickname Philip), traveled to Moscow in June-July 1918 before the Left SR rebellion and asked what to do with the tsar. By the way, he was friends with Yakov Sverdlov and lived in his house on this trip. But he returned with nothing. They did not give a sanction either to take them to the rear, or to Moscow, where it would be more convenient to arrange a trial. No, they ordered to keep on the front line, although the White Czechs and the Siberian army were advancing. Already, apparently, they were afraid. If you bring it to Moscow, the Germans will say: at least give us the queen back. But, perhaps, they agreed with the Germans. We received carte blanche for the fate of the Romanovs. Shortly before the execution, Goloshchekin turned to Uritsky and Zinoviev in Petrograd, as they seemed to be going to judge the tsar. And where to judge, if the whites are advancing, they will take Yekaterinburg? They sent a dispatch to Moscow: "Philip asks what to do". In the end, Yurovsky wrote down that the order had been received from Moscow. But this is indirect evidence, because there are a lot of cipher telegrams that no one has read.

The sovereign with children and servants in the Tsarskoye Selo garden. Spring 1917

What did Trotsky have to do with the execution?

- He himself in the emigrant diaries denies his participation in these events - the diaries have been published. He claims that in June 1918 he was at the front. But in reality, when the decision was made to execute him, he was in Moscow. He writes that he asked Sverdlov: “ Did they shoot the whole family? — "Yes". "And who made the decision?" - "We are here". "We"- this is Sverdlov, Zinoviev and the Politburo as a whole.

And Voikov?

- His name is associated with the execution of the royal family. But this is a myth. It is believed that he left the German inscription in the room of the Ipatiev house, where the execution took place. Like, Yurovsky is illiterate, and Voikov lived abroad, spoke languages ​​and could write it. In fact, he did not participate in the execution. This is a small fry. He was the supply commissar in Yekaterinburg.

What's the inscription?

— BelsatzarwarinselbigerNachtvonseinenKnechtenumgebracht - That night Belshazzar was killed by his servants. This is a quote from Heine's poems about the biblical king Belshazzar. She was discovered by white officers when they entered Yekaterinburg. Written on wallpaper. This piece was cut out, it ended up in Sokolov's archive, was taken abroad and eventually appeared at an auction. Now a fragment of this inscription has returned to Russia. Perhaps it was the white Czechs who wrote it. By the time the Whites arrived, a lot of people had already been in the Ipatiev House.

You are an eyewitness and a participant in the process of revealing the truth about the Yekaterinburg and Alapaevsk executions. How did he go?

— It began with the advent of Yeltsin, who brought his team, historians, and professors from Sverdlovsk University to Moscow. In the early 1990s, Rudolf Germanovich Pikhoya arrived and headed the Main Archive. Professor Yuri Alekseevich Buranov arrived. His topic was the history of metallurgy in the Urals. But there, willy-nilly, when you collect material, you will come to it. Buranov worked in the Central Party Archive, but went to work with documents on the Romanovs at the TsSAOR (Central State Archive of the October Revolution, now GARF), and I was invited to advise him. This was in the late 1980s, and in the early 1990s we already had publications in Artyom Borovik's Top Secret.

Are these the first publications of the archives of the royal family?

- Yes. Buranov and I prepared two materials: “ Blue blood”- about the execution of the grand dukes and their entourage in Alapaevsk in 1918 and“ The unknown diary of Mikhail Romanov is the last entries of Mikhail Alexandrovich for 1918, a fragment of his diaries from the Perm archive. Later we found the same fragment from 1918 in Moscow. In St. Petersburg, documents of the courts of the imperial family were mainly kept. If you deal with this topic, then you need to know all the archives, including the regional ones. Of course, most of the materials ended up in the archives of the FSB (formerly the KGB) and party archives. Access to them is more difficult, and again you need to know where to look. Documents of those who managed to escape have been preserved in the West. This is the fund of the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, the sister of Nicholas II. Partially - the fund of Alexander Mikhailovich ( Sandro), second cousin and friend of the king. Their papers ended up mostly in the libraries of American universities.

Which of the Romanovs managed to leave?

- 18 members of the imperial family were killed. Those who ended up in the Crimea fled: Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna, Alexander Mikhailovich, Nikolai Nikolaevich - the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1914-1915 and 1917 and the tsar's cousin, his brother Pyotr Nikolaevich. The Brest Treaty contains a paragraph stating that Germans and immigrants from Germany have the right to freely leave Russia for 10 years. German princesses, wives of grand dukes and their children fell under this article. Let's say Konstantinovichi(children of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich , K.R. - Note. ed.) not only fell, since their mother, Elizaveta Mavrikievna, Maura, was German, but also in the line of succession to the throne did not stand! They were not even great princes, but only princes of imperial blood. In total there were almost 50 people - members of the imperial family. Gabriel Konstantinovich with tuberculosis was kept in prison in St. Petersburg, and only thanks to Gorky, they were allowed to move to the hospital, and then to Finland. On the other hand, everyone was under arrest, but V.K. Vladimir Kirillovich, and then Kerensky managed to escape to Finland. There was a list of the imperial family, according to which people were arrested. Immediately after the revolution, the Petrosoviet was engaged in this. But the same decree was issued even under the Provisional Government. Moreover, officially it prescribed only the arrest of the royal family - i.e. Nicholas II, Alexandra and the children - and behind the scenes, all the Romanovs were supposed to be in custody where the revolution found them. For example, Maria Pavlovna, the aunt of Nicholas II (since 1909 - the president of the Academy of Arts, in the 1910s, together with the Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, led the Grand Duke's opposition to Nicholas II), with her sons Andrei and Boris, ended up on vacation in Kislovodsk and was arrested there. How they managed to escape is unclear. Perhaps they paid off with a bribe and managed to hide. They hid in the mountains until the whites came, and when they began to retreat, in 1920 they went by sea to Europe. In addition to them, several generals turned out to be in Kislovodsk, incl. Commander of the Northern Front, General Ruzsky.

Is this the tsarist adjutant, the head of the Pskov Headquarters, who forced Nikolai to abdicate, broke his hands?

- Yes. He and other military leaders were not just killed - they were hacked to pieces with checkers. And the elder brother of Konstantin Konstantinovich ( K.R.) Nikolai Konstantinovich was arrested in Tashkent, where he was exiled back in tsarist times. He had a mistress, an American, either an actress or a dancer. She did not have enough money for a gift, and he stole gems from the frame of a family icon from the Marble Palace. There was a terrible scandal, Alexander II exiled him to Central Asia. There he died, although it is said that he was killed.

And Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna was detained in Moscow...

- Yes, in the Martha and Mary Convent, which she founded. It was the third day of Easter 1918. She was arrested and taken to Perm with two assistants. One of them was released, the other remained with Elizaveta Feodorovna, she was also killed. At that time, many Romanovs were in Perm. Then we decided to take them to Yekaterinburg. They took it to Yekaterinburg - it seems like a bit too much. And those who were not directly part of the family were transferred to Alapaevsk.

In 1992, Elizabeth Feodorovna was canonized, and during her lifetime she was hated and persecuted. In 1915-1916, she became a favorite target of Moscow rioters. Because a German and a sister of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna?

- Those who did not know how she helped people, they hated it. During the war, propaganda against the Germans was conducted terrible. And who knew, treated with love. When the rioters went to the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent, they defended it.

In total, the Romanovs were kept in eight places: Tobolsk, St. Petersburg, Crimea, Tashkent, Kislovodsk, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Alapaevsk. Did I name everything?

- At nine - still Vologda. The cousins ​​of Nicholas II were taken there: Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, he was a historian, his brother Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich, manager of the Russian Museum, and Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich, manager of the state horse breeding.

Who was killed in Alapaevsk?

- The children of Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich - Igor, John and Konstantin Konstantinovich, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, the sister of Empress Elizabeth Feodorovna and Vladimir Pavlovich Paliy - the son of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich, who, although he had a different surname, also belonged to the royal family. They tried to destroy their bodies, as well as the remains of the royal family. They threw it into the mine. And after they failed to bring it down, they threw garbage at it.

And this is a special topic. The fact is that not everyone officially recognizes the authenticity of the royal remains. There are differences among researchers different years. For example, Nikolai Sokolov and Konstantin Dieterikhs, who wrote about the Romanovs in the 1920s, testify that the bodies were burned. Sokolov found fragments, melted bullets, but did not find the remains themselves and was inclined to believe that they were destroyed. White emigrants claim that the royal family was destroyed, and then all of a sudden, the remains were found. Personally, I believe that they are genuine, although, of course, you need to double-check everything. During the investigation, many distortions were made.

In the early 1990s, a commission for the royal remains was established. Did you take part in it?

- I was a member of the expert group under the commission, observed its work. And that's what struck me. First, its composition. God knows who, ignorant people. Deputy Minister of the Textile Industry! And secondly, not all documents were looked at. Many Ural archives for the summer of 1918 disappeared, and no one even tried to seriously search. We opened the party archive for this period - we do not find it! Maybe they disappeared, maybe they destroyed it when Yekaterinburg was evacuated to Vyatka. But there were neither whites nor Germans, they could not lose. Some materials emerge on the Lubyanka. Suddenly! After all, when the commission on the remains applied, they swore that they had nothing on the murder of the Romanovs, and years later, suddenly, there were two whole volumes on the royal family.

What is it connected with?

- Perhaps they do not know their archives of the first years well Soviet power. And there is a version that some of the documents were bombed during World War II during the evacuation. They were taken out of Moscow. On the Volga, the barge perished, and many materials, for example, from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, then disappeared. This is attested in the acts, I have seen these acts. But the materials found are enough to understand: both murders are identical, in fact it was one order. In Yekaterinburg, they were killed on the night of July 16-17, 1918. In Alapaevsk - a day later. The bodies of the royal family were stripped, things were burned. This is evidenced by the funeral team of Chekists. Alapaevtsy were thrown into the mine alive, with documents, in clothes. The acts drawn up by the White Guards were found. According to them, the bodies were thrown into the mine and they tried to blow them up in both cases, both in Alapaevsk and near Yekaterinburg. And the commandant of the Ipatiev House, Yurovsky, writes that they temporarily wanted to place them there. How temporary if you throw grenades into the mine! Soon they began to talk about the execution of the royal family, and in order to stop the rumors, they returned to the remains, brought kerosene, sulfuric acid ... Apparently, they themselves did not know what to do. It was impossible for them to be found. Pravda and Izvestia wrote at the time: “In connection with the threat of the capture of the king by the White Czechs, by decision of the Ural Council, he was shot. The family is in a safe place”. And the Germans were told the same thing.

Cousin Georgie and auntAlix

You said they were dragging on with the execution. Why?

- Because initially there was a decision to judge. It was assumed that Trotsky would arrange some kind of trial.

Or did they expect the royal family to be taken out? Starting with Peter the Romanovs, they married German women, and they also had family relations with other European courts. The mother of Nicholas II, Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna, is the daughter of the King of Denmark. Her sister Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, was the mother of King George of England. V and native aunt Nikolai. Cousin Georgie and aunt Alix(not to be confused with Alix- Nikolai's wifeII, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. — Approx. ed.) did not try?

- Not. We would like to - both the Germans and the British had opportunities.

It is known that the British brother was afraid to give asylum to the Russian brother. The official pretext is that Parliament voted against it. But this is a pretext, but he himself wanted this? In letters to Russian relatives, he signed "cousin and old friend Georgie". Did they have a good relationship with Nicholas?

Yes, while he was in power. And then they decided to disown him. Why do we need a retired king? Nicholas had a trusting relationship with George. During the war there were rumors that, secretly from England, Germany and I were preparing a separate peace. Say, the German empress and Rasputin made up the German party, which is playing for this, and England will not give up the straits to us (according to the allied treaty, in the event of the victory of the Entente, the Dardanelles and the Bosporus went to Russia. — Note. ed.). Someone deliberately spread these rumors. Maybe the Germans, maybe our manufacturers. Because if Russia wins, they will not see power, but for now the war is an opportune moment to get rid of the tsar. And this story was discussed by Nicholas II and George V in letters. Georgie wrote: you do not believe these rumors, they are hostile, the Germans do not want to put up, and we will give up the straits. And the sovereign told him: yes, there are people who want to quarrel us. But we will not put up with Germany, we will fight to the end. They assured each other of loyalty. Participants of the events testify to this. The British military attache Williams, who was at our Headquarters, personally discussed this issue with the sovereign, his memoirs have been published.

But that is politics, and family ties?

- Alexandra Feodorovna in letters to Nicholas II from the words auntsAlix reported details of the life of British relatives. That one died at the front, the other got married ... We are talking about everyday, routine things, family relationships they supported. We read all this in their front-line correspondence, which is published. A hefty volume has recently come out - "Correspondence of Nikolai and Alexandra." This is actually all their correspondence of the war years. By the way, it was also published in the 1920s - in 5 volumes from 1923 to 1927. Then it was published by the Freemasonry historian Oleg Platonov under the title "Nicholas II in Secret Correspondence".

From the time of JohnIII and IV England "played" against us. And in 1917, the Russian opposition, members of the Provisional Government consulted at the British Embassy. This is documented. At the same time, personal ties between the two courts were strong. Maria Fedorovna stayed with her sister at Marlborough House for a long time. Her children and grandchildren were brought up in the English tradition: they all had English educators, all owned English language and even diaries were kept in English. The chief Angloman among the Romanovs was brother Nicholas, in whose favor he renounced, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. He sincerely loved England, he served his "exile" there in 1912-1914. England had reasons not to save them. But isn't that a betrayal? "Corporate" - the monarch betrays the monarch and blood - the brother of the brother.

- Officially, it is believed that Nicholas II was "surrendered" because the British government was against his stay in England during the war. The country was then ruled by the Laborites, that is, the left, - supposedly they insisted on such a decision. The English Ambassador Buchanan confirms this version in his memoirs. And when in the 1990s an examination was carried out on the royal remains, and the chairman of the commission, director of the GARF Sergei Mironenko traveled to England with investigator Solovyov, he saw with his own eyes the diaries of George V. They say that this is his order, he personally put pressure on the government, so that it does not accept the Romanovs. That is, the official version was fabricated in order to shield the king.

In his diaries one can trace the moment of hesitation, choice, or Georgie guided only by political expediency?

- I have not seen these documents, but it is known that as soon as the February revolution took place, and the king abdicated, George V invited the royal family to England by telegram, and it seems that Nicholas II was ready to accept this offer. But the children were sick, measles, all have a temperature of 40, where to take them! And Nikolai went to Headquarters to hand over his affairs. Yes, it seems that no one touched anyone, everyone was still at large. Kerensky even promised that he himself would escort them to Murman, and there he would put them on a cruiser, and they would leave for England. This was also written about in the newspapers. But the Petrograd Soviet, headed by Trotsky, declared: how are you going to let the emperor go abroad! He is organizing a counter-revolution there! Immediate arrest and Peter and Paul Fortress! However, then Trotsky still had to coordinate actions with the Provisional Government. But it was against it, and they concluded a compromise: not to arrest everyone, but only the royal family and keep not in the fortress, but who was where. In fact, it was house arrest. Well, soon the Provisional Government was no longer up to the royal family. While it was fighting for its portfolios, the October coup happened, and Nicholas II and his family were sent to Tobolsk instead of England.

Everyone was sure that it was about to resolve. Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich wrote in his diaries: everything is being settled. For February-March 1917 every day such notes.

- They thought so. And when the Bolsheviks announced a separate peace, it became clear that something strange was happening. After all, Nicholas II was accused of precisely this, that he, a traitor, wants to conclude peace with Germany, and for this he was overthrown. But it turned out, having seized power, the Bolsheviks did just that. Why? Because the Germans financed them. The February Revolution actually took place with German money. Just like the first Russian - into Japanese. And Bloody Sunday is arranged for them. All these are planned provocations carried out with Japanese and German money with the support of local revolutionaries. Both Japan in 1905 and Germany in 1917 were vitally interested in Russia's weakening. Germany was on the verge of defeat, by all means it was necessary to withdraw us from the war. Back in July 1917, Germany tried to provoke an armed uprising, but then Kerensky dispersed the Bolsheviks and Lenin was put on the wanted list.

By the February Revolution, the royal family was in Petrograd. When and why was she taken out of there?

- If we talk about the family as such - Nikolai, Alexander and children - they were transported to Tobolsk on the night of July 31 to August 1. As for V.K. Mikhail Alexandrovich and other Grand Dukes, back in March 1918, there was an order from the Petrograd Commune to remove them from Petrograd. The Bolsheviks themselves just then rushed to Moscow, the capital was moved because of the German threat. The Germans, on the one hand, signed a peace treaty, and on the other hand, they attacked, chopped off half of Russia, including Ukraine. And the situation was such that if the king abdicated the throne, then Michael did not abdicate! The document he signed implied that the choice of the board would be made by the Constituent Assembly. He did not renounce, but "hung up" the question. That is, the danger of restoration remained. Therefore, the Constituent Assembly was dispersed (January 5/18, 1918, on the day of convocation), and all the Romanovs were taken out of Petrograd.

There is a version that NikolaiII did not recant either, and his signature on the Manifesto was forged.

— Historian Pyotr Multatuli adheres to this version. But a putsch is a putsch. The same Catherine II - from whom did she ask for signatures? If you look at the act of renunciation, then this is not a manifesto in the proper sense of the word, that is, drawn up in accordance with all the rules, but a telegram that the tsar coordinated with the Headquarters. At the same time, it is believed that he renounced voluntarily, although in reality he did it under duress, and therefore, illegally. The way the act of renunciation is framed is illegal! different powers were interested in the abdication of Nikolai Romanov. And Russian Freemasons, and Western powers. There was a common goal - to knock Russia out of the game. Because in the war the scales outweighed in favor of the Entente. If Russia got the Black Sea straits, England would not be in trouble. From there, Egypt is within easy reach, Syria is nearby, Palestine. The Russians were then in Iran, and the British traditionally considered it to be their sphere of influence.

Do you mean the redistribution of the world between the allies, which has been discussed since the beginning of 1917? According to this plan, Russia departed the Dardanelles with the Bosporus and Constantinople, which Potemkin still dreamed of, and Paul I, who named his first-born Constantine - in honor of the Byzantine emperor and with an eye to expanding the empire.

- This was discussed back in 1915. The coup meant that there would be a new king, and a necessarily constitutional monarch, as in England, and there would be new agreements, that is, then the agreements could be revised. But when everything went wrong in Russia, they themselves, it seems, were not happy.

England was for a revolution-constitution, but not for a revolution-chaos and the power of the Bolsheviks?

- Yes, and not only England participated in this complex combination. The British feared a separate Russian peace treaty. If Russia is just getting out of the war, how many German divisions are being liberated! They would have these French in one fell swoop, and then - on the British. But the main cause of the events of 1917 is not in England, but in our so-called democracy and revolutionary Social Democracy. As well as during Russo-Japanese War, and in 1917 the Russian opposition tried at all costs to achieve constitutional monarchy. In 1905, it took place, but this already seemed not enough, and soon Zemgor - there was such a public organization - opposed the current government. It turns out that the more you give in, the more demands. And with the outbreak of the war, they began to seek a military defeat, so that tsarism would fall: “ Convert the imperialist war into a civil war!» When this happened, all the social gains achieved under the tsar collapsed. You know, in the First World War, prisoners were kept on both sides, they were served by the Red Cross. If they returned from captivity or fled, then there were heroes. Stalin also said - we have no prisoners, only traitors. They built a just world, built equality, but the slogans of the "builders" are the same, and the actions are completely different. This collision is always repeated and always revolts. They promised land to peasants, factories to workers, but in the end what? In fact, we had state capitalism. This became clear very soon, and without the help of the Red Latvians, the Bolsheviks would hardly have sat down. When the German ambassador Mirbach was assassinated, the critical moment arrived. The Germans were very tense, and, it seems to me, the Chekists shot the royal family out of fright.

rescue attempts

It is known that there were attempts to free the sovereign. One of them was undertaken by the adjutant and friend of Mikhail Alexandrovich, Rizochka - captain of His Imperial Majesty's Own convoy Alexander Petrovich Riza-Kuli-Mirza Kadzhar. He even managed to sneak into Yekaterinburg incognito. Prior to this, Margarita Khitrovo, maid of honor of the royal court, visited the captives in Tobolsk. What did they expect?

- All this is nothing more than good wishes, no one has done anything serious. Margarita Khitrovo was a friend of the eldest daughter of Nicholas II, Olga Nikolaevna. She traveled to Tobolsk even under the Provisional Government. As soon as the royal family was taken there in 1917, she immediately went to them visit. After all, they were taken from Petrograd to the rear, away from the Germans, "to freedom." And this Margarita, you see, on the way, she said something inadvertently: de, she is going to visit, she is carrying letters from relatives. She was immediately arrested on suspicion of conspiracy. She was soon released, but V.K. was arrested under this sign. Mikhail Alexandrovich in Gatchina and Pavel Alexandrovich (uncle of Nicholas II) in Petrograd. And after, by the way, the Bolsheviks often resorted to this topic. Several times there were reports that allegedly someone was trying to free the king.

Nicholas II with his children on the roof of the House of Freedom in Tobolsk. Spring 1918

So neither Rizochka, nor did the others actually do anything?

- Nothing. But there was such Boris Nikolaevich Solovyov (husband of Matryona Rasputina, daughter of Grigory, died in 1926 in Germany), he tried to organize something. He arrived in Tobolsk, established surveillance for the royal family and tried to arrange their release. Investigator Sokolov believed that he was afraid that the Entente would not capture the family and make it the banner of the white movement, which was against the Germans. The Germans were afraid of the whites. In the event of their victory, Russia could turn its bayonets against Germany.

Western governments tried to do something?

- They reasoned like George V: “Why risk your skin because of some Romanovs!” But he nevertheless sent a ship to the Crimea and the mother of Nicholas II, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, and took the brothers Nicholas and Peter Nikolaevich to Europe.

As for the Entente governments, they persuaded the Bolsheviks to continue the war, to open a second front. And Lenin dressed up between the Germans and the Entente, guessing with whom it is better. To which the German Ambassador Mirbach made it clear: if you do this, then we can change you, win back. In the end, his Chekist Blyumkin blew a bomb. Meanwhile, the communists themselves had different attitudes towards the war. Many, especially those on the left, wanted it. To be like in French Revolution- there, too, the Germans entered Paris. They thought, like this, on bayonets, the world wave will begin. And the situation at the front was such that the Czechs went on the offensive. The Czechs are the strength of the Entente. And the Germans decided that if the new regime, which is not supported by the end of the war, will be thrown off, the former government will return, and a second front can be organized. We must support! And they turned a blind eye to the fact that the royal family was killed. But that's what I think. Or maybe there was some kind of agreement between the powers. Therefore, until now, everyone is silent.

What do you mean they are silent? Are there archives in the West to which access is closed?

On some issues there is a term of up to a hundred years or more, especially in England. Documents cannot be touched before its expiration. The British archives are like our Spetskhran, and even worse. It was we who pulled out almost everything during perestroika, and now we are sprinkling ashes on our heads. And those are silent, although behind them there are no less sins and provocations.

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Nicholas II and his family

The execution of Nicholas II and his family members is one of the many crimes of the terrible twentieth century. Russian Emperor Nicholas II shared the fate of other autocrats - Charles I of England, Louis XVI of France. But both of them were executed by the verdict of the court, and their relatives were not touched. The Bolsheviks destroyed Nikolai along with his wife and children, even his faithful servants paid with their lives. What caused such animal cruelty, who was its initiator, historians are still wondering

The man who was unlucky

The ruler should be not so much wise, just, merciful as lucky. Because it is impossible to take everything into account and many important decisions are made guessing. And this is a hit or miss, fifty-fifty. Nicholas II on the throne was no worse and no better than his predecessors, but in matters crucial for Russia, choosing this or that path of its development, he was mistaken, he simply did not guess. Not out of malice, not out of stupidity, or out of unprofessionalism, but exclusively according to the law of heads and tails

“This means dooming hundreds of thousands of Russian people to death,” the Emperor hesitated. “I sat opposite him, carefully following the expression of his pale face, on which I could read the terrible internal struggle that was going on in him at that moment. Finally, the sovereign, as if pronouncing the words with difficulty, said to me: “You are right. There is nothing left for us to do but to expect an attack. Give the Chief of the General Staff my order to mobilize "(Foreign Minister Sergey Dmitrievich Sazonov on the beginning of the First World War)

Could the king choose a different solution? Could. Russia was not ready for war. And, in the end, the war began with a local conflict between Austria and Serbia. The first declared war on the second on July 28. There was no need for Russia to intervene drastically, but on July 29, Russia began a partial mobilization in the four western districts. On July 30, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia demanding that all military preparations be stopped. Minister Sazonov persuaded Nicholas II to continue. July 30 at 17:00 Russia began a general mobilization. At midnight from July 31 to August 1, the German ambassador informed Sazonov that if Russia did not demobilize on August 1 at 12 noon, Germany would also announce mobilization. Sazonov asked if this meant war. No, the ambassador replied, but we are very close to her. Russia did not stop the mobilization. On August 1, Germany began mobilization.

On August 1, in the evening, the German ambassador again came to Sazonov. He asked if the Russian government intended to give a favorable answer to yesterday's note to stop the mobilization. Sazonov answered in the negative. Count Pourtales was showing signs of growing agitation. He took a folded paper out of his pocket and repeated his question once more. Sazonov again refused. Pourtales asked the same question a third time. "I can't give you any other answer," Sazonov repeated again. “In that case,” said Pourtales, breathless with excitement, “I must give you this note.” With these words, he handed Sazonov the paper. It was a note declaring war. The Russo-German War Began (History of Diplomacy, Volume 2)

Brief biography of Nicholas II

• 1868, May 6 - in Tsarskoye Selo
• 1878, November 22 - Nikolai's brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich was born
• 1881, March 1 - death of Emperor Alexander II
• 1881, March 2 - Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich was declared the heir to the throne with the title "Tsesarevich"
• 1894, October 20 - death of Emperor Alexander III, accession to the throne of Nicholas II
• 1895, January 17 - Nicholas II delivers a speech in the Nicholas Hall of the Winter Palace. Policy Continuity Statement
• 1896, May 14 - coronation in Moscow.
• 1896, May 18 - Khodynka disaster. More than 1,300 people died in a stampede on the Khodynka field during the coronation holiday

The coronation festivities continued in the evening at the Kremlin Palace, and then with a ball at the reception of the French ambassador. Many expected that if the ball was not canceled, then at least it would take place without the sovereign. According to Sergei Alexandrovich, although Nicholas II was advised not to come to the ball, the tsar spoke out that although the Khodynka disaster was the greatest misfortune, it should not overshadow the coronation holiday. According to another version, the entourage persuaded the king to attend a ball at the French embassy due to foreign policy considerations.(Wikipedia).

• 1898, August - Nicholas II's proposal to convene a conference and discuss the possibilities of "putting a limit on the growth of armaments" and "protecting" world peace
• 1898, March 15 - Russian occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula.
• 1899, February 3 - Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on Finland and published the "Basic Provisions on the Drafting, Consideration and Promulgation of Laws Issued for the Empire with the Inclusion of the Grand Duchy of Finland".
• 1899, May 18 - the beginning of the "peace" conference in The Hague, initiated by Nicholas II. The conference discussed the issues of limiting arms and ensuring a lasting peace; representatives of 26 countries took part in its work
• 1900, June 12 - decree on the abolition of exile to Siberia for a settlement
• 1900, July - August - the participation of Russian troops in the suppression of the "Boxer Rebellion" in China. Occupation of all Manchuria by Russia - from the border of the empire to the Liaodong Peninsula
• 1904, January 27 - beginning
• 1905, January 9 - Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg. Start

Diary of Nicholas II

— January 6th. Thursday.
Until 9 o'clock. let's go to the city. The day was gray and quiet at -8° below zero. Changed clothes at home in the Winter. AT 10 O'CLOCK? went into the halls to greet the troops. Until 11 o'clock. moved to the church. The service lasted an hour and a half. We went out to Jordan in a coat. During the salute, one of the guns of my 1st cavalry battery fired buckshot from Vasiliev [sky] Ostr. and doused it with the area closest to the Jordan and part of the palace. One policeman was wounded. Several bullets were found on the platform; the banner of the Naval Corps was pierced.
After breakfast, the ambassadors and envoys were received in the Golden Room. At 4 o'clock we left for Tsarskoye. Walked. Engaged. We had lunch together and went to bed early.
— January 7th. Friday.
The weather was calm and sunny with wonderful frost on the trees. In the morning I had a conference with D. Alexei and some ministers on the case of the Argentine and Chilean courts (1). He had breakfast with us. Hosted nine people.
The two of us went to venerate the icon of the Sign of the Mother of God. I read a lot. The evening was spent together.
— January 8th. Saturday.
Clear frosty day. There were many cases and reports. Fredericks had breakfast. Walked for a long time. Since yesterday, all plants and factories have gone on strike in St. Petersburg. Troops were called in from the surrounding area to reinforce the garrison. The workers have been calm so far. Their number is determined at 120,000 hours. At the head of the workers' union is some kind of priest - the socialist Gapon. Mirsky came in the evening to report on the measures taken.
— January 9th. Sunday.
Tough day! Serious riots broke out in St. Petersburg as a result of the desire of the workers to reach the Winter Palace. The troops had to shoot in different parts of the city, there were many killed and wounded. Lord, how painful and hard! Mom came to us from the city right in time for Mass. We had breakfast with everyone. Walked with Misha. Mom stayed with us for the night.
— January 10th. Monday.
Today there were no special incidents in the city. There were reports. Uncle Alexei had breakfast. He accepted a deputation of the Ural Cossacks who came with caviar. Walked. We drank tea at Mom's. To unite actions to stop the unrest in St. Petersburg, he decided to appoint Gen.-m. Trepov as governor-general of the capital and province. In the evening I had a conference on this subject with him, Mirsky and Hesse. Dabich (dej.) dined.
— January 11th. Tuesday.
During the day there were no special disturbances in the city. Had the usual reports. After breakfast, he received Rear Adm. Nebogatov, appointed commander of an additional detachment of the squadron Pacific Ocean. Walked. It was a cold gray day. Did a lot. We spent the evening together, reading aloud.

• January 11, 1905 - Nicholas II signed a decree on the establishment of the St. Petersburg Governor General. Petersburg and the province were transferred to the jurisdiction of the governor-general; all civil institutions were subordinated to him and the right to call in troops independently was granted. On the same day, the former Moscow police chief D.F. Trepov was appointed to the post of governor general.
• 1905, January 19 - Reception in Tsarskoe Selo by Nicholas II of the deputation of the workers of St. Petersburg. On January 9, the Tsar allocated 50 thousand rubles from his own funds to help the families of those killed and wounded.
• 1905, April 17 - signing of the Manifesto "On the approval of the principles of religious tolerance"
• 1905, August 23 - the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace, which put an end to the Russo-Japanese War
• 1905, October 17 - the signing of the Manifesto on political freedoms, the establishment of the State Duma
• 1914, August 1 - the beginning of World War I
• 1915, August 23 - the assumption of duties by Nicholas II Supreme Commander
• 1916, November 26 and 30 - State Council and the Congress of the United Nobility joined the demand of the deputies of the State Duma to eliminate the influence of "dark irresponsible forces" and create a government ready to rely on the majority in both chambers of the State Duma
• 1916, December 17 - the murder of Rasputin
• 1917, end of February - Nicholas II decided on Wednesday to go to Headquarters, located in Mogilev

The palace commandant, General Voeikov, asked why the emperor made such a decision when it was relatively calm at the front, while there was little calm in the capital and his presence in Petrograd would be very important. The emperor replied that the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Alekseev, was waiting for him at Headquarters and wanted to discuss some issues .... Meanwhile, Chairman of the State Duma Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko asked the emperor for an audience: with my most loyal duty as Chairman of the State Duma to report to you in full about the threatening Russian state danger." The emperor accepted him, but rejected the advice not to dissolve the Duma and form a "ministry of trust" that would enjoy the support of the whole society. Rodzianko called on the emperor in vain: “The hour that decides the fate of yours and your homeland has come. Tomorrow it may be too late ”(L. Mlechin“ Krupskaya ”)

• February 22, 1917 - the imperial train left Tsarskoye Selo for Headquarters
• February 23, 1917 - Began
• 1917, February 28 - adoption by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma of the final decision on the need to abdicate the king in favor of the heir to the throne under the regency of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich; departure of Nicholas II from Headquarters to Petrograd.
• 1917, March 1 - the arrival of the royal train to Pskov.
• 1917, March 2 - signing of the Manifesto on abdication for himself and for Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in favor of his brother - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich.
• 1917, March 3 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich's refusal to accept the throne

Family of Nicholas II. Briefly

• 1889, January - the first acquaintance at a court ball in St. Petersburg with his future wife, Princess Alice of Hesse
• 1894, April 8 - the engagement of Nikolai Alexandrovich and Alice of Hesse in Coburg (Germany)
• 1894, October 21 - chrismation of the bride of Nicholas II and the naming of her "Blessed Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna"
• 1894, November 14 - the wedding of Emperor Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna

In front of me stood a tall, slender lady of about 50 in a simple gray sister's suit and a white scarf. The empress greeted me affectionately and asked me where I was wounded, in what business and on what front. A little worried, I answered all Her questions without taking my eyes off Her face. Almost classically correct, this face in youth was undoubtedly beautiful, very beautiful, but this beauty was obviously cold and impassive. And now, aged with age and with small wrinkles around the eyes and corners of the lips, this face was very interesting, but too stern and too thoughtful. I thought so: what a correct, intelligent, strict and energetic face (memories of the empress ensign of the machine-gun team of the 10th Kuban plastun battalion S.P. Pavlov. Being wounded in January 1916, he ended up in Her Majesty's Own infirmary in Tsarskoye Selo)

• 1895, November 3 - the birth of a daughter, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
• 1897, May 29 - the birth of a daughter, Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna
• 1899, June 14 - the birth of a daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
• 1901, June 5 - the birth of a daughter, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
• 1904, July 30 - the birth of a son, heir to the throne, Tsarevich and Grand Duke Alexei Nikolaevich

Diary of Nicholas II: “An unforgettable great day for us, on which the mercy of God so clearly visited us,” Nicholas II wrote in his diary. - Alix had a son, who was named Alexei during prayer ... There are no words to be able to thank God enough for the consolation sent down by Him in this time of difficult trials!
The German Kaiser Wilhelm II telegraphed Nicholas II: “Dear Niki, how nice that you invited me to be godfather your boy! Well, what is long awaited, says the German proverb, so be it with this dear little one! May he grow up to be a brave soldier, wise and strong statesman May the blessing of God always keep his body and soul. May he be the same ray of sunshine for both of you all his life, as he is now, during trials!

• 1904, August - on the fortieth day after his birth, Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. The palace commandant, General Voeikov: “For the royal parents, life has lost its meaning. We were afraid to smile in their presence. We behaved in the palace as in a house where someone had died.”
• 1905, November 1 - the acquaintance of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna with Grigory Rasputin. Rasputin somehow positively influenced the well-being of the Tsarevich, therefore Nicholas II and the Empress favored him

The execution of the royal family. Briefly

• 1917, March 3–8 - stay of Nicholas II in Headquarters (Mogilev)
• 1917, March 6 - decision of the Provisional Government to arrest Nicholas II
• 1917, March 9 - after wandering around Russia, Nicholas II returned to Tsarskoye Selo
• 1917, March 9-July 31 - Nicholas II and his family live under house arrest in Tsarskoye Selo
• 1917, July 16-18 - July days - powerful spontaneous popular anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd
• 1917, August 1 - Nicholas II and his family went into exile in Tobolsk, where he was sent by the Provisional Government after the July days
• 1917, December 19 - formed after. The Soldiers' Committee of Tobolsk forbade Nicholas II to attend church
• 1917, December - The Soldiers' Committee decided to remove the epaulettes from the king, which was perceived by him as a humiliation
• 1918, February 13 - Commissioner Karelin decided to pay from the treasury only soldiers' rations, heating and lighting, and everything else - at the expense of prisoners, and the use of personal capital was limited to 600 rubles per month
• February 19, 1918 - destroyed by pickaxes at night ice slide, built in the garden for riding royal children. The pretext for this was that from the hill it was possible to "look over the fence"
• March 7, 1918 - Church ban lifted
• April 26, 1918 - Nicholas II and his family set off from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg

Was there no execution of the royal family in reality?

According to official history, on the night of July 16-17, 1918 Nikolay Romanov was shot along with his wife and children. After the burial was opened and identified, the remains were reburied in 1998 in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. However, then the ROC did not confirm their authenticity.

“I cannot rule out that the church will recognize the royal remains as genuine if convincing evidence of their authenticity is found and if the examination is open and honest,” said Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, in July this year.

As you know, the Russian Orthodox Church did not participate in the burial in 1998 of the remains of the royal family, explaining this by the fact that the church not sure whether the true remains of the royal family are buried. The Russian Orthodox Church refers to the book of the Kolchak investigator Nikolai Sokolov who concluded that all the bodies had been burned. Some of the remains collected by Sokolov at the place of burning are stored in Brussels, in the church of St. Job the Long-suffering, and they were not investigated. At one time, a version of the note was found Yurovsky, who supervised the execution and burial, - it became the main document before the transfer of the remains (together with the book of investigator Sokolov). And now, in the coming year of the 100th anniversary of the execution of the Romanov family, the Russian Orthodox Church has been instructed to give a final answer to all dark places execution near Yekaterinburg. To obtain a final answer under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church, research has been conducted for several years. Once again, historians, geneticists, graphologists, pathologists and other specialists are rechecking the facts, the powerful scientific forces and the prosecutor’s office are again involved, and all these actions are taking place again. under a thick veil of secrecy.

Research on genetic identification is carried out by four independent groups of scientists. Two of them are foreign, working directly with the ROC. In early July 2017, Bishop Egorevsky Tikhon (Shevkunov) said: a large number of new circumstances and new documents have been discovered. For example, an order is found Sverdlov about the execution of Nicholas II. In addition, according to the results of recent research, forensic scientists confirmed that the remains of the king and queen belong to them, since a trace was suddenly found on the skull of Nicholas II, which is interpreted as a trace from a saber blow he received when visiting Japan. As for the queen, dentists identified her by the world's first porcelain veneers on platinum pins.

Although, if you open the conclusion of the commission, written before the burial in 1998, it says: the bones of the sovereign’s skull are so destroyed, that the characteristic callus cannot be found. The same conclusion noted severe damage to teeth alleged remains of Nikolai by periodontal disease, since this The person has never been to the dentist. This confirms that it was not the king who was shot, since there were records of the Tobolsk dentist, to whom Nikolai addressed. In addition, the fact that the growth of the skeleton of "Princess Anastasia" by 13 centimeters has not yet been found more than its lifetime growth. Well, as you know, miracles happen in the church ... Shevkunov did not say a word about genetic examination, and this despite the fact that genetic studies in 2003, conducted by Russian and American specialists, showed that the genome of the body of the alleged empress and her sister Elizabeth Feodorovna do not match, which means no relationship.

In addition, the museum of the city Otsu(Japan) there are things left after the injury of the policeman Nicholas II. They have biological material that can be examined. According to them, Japanese geneticists from the Tatsuo Nagai group proved that the DNA of the remains of "Nicholas II" from near Yekaterinburg (and his family) does not match 100% with DNA biomaterials from Japan. During the Russian DNA examination, second cousins ​​were compared, and in the conclusion it was written that "there are matches." The Japanese compared relatives of cousins. There are also the results of a genetic examination of the President of the International Association of Forensic Physicians, Mr. Bonte from Dusseldorf, in which he proved: the found remains and twins of the family of Nicholas II Filatovs- relatives. Perhaps, from their remains in 1946, the “remains of the royal family” were created? The problem has not been studied.

Earlier, in 1998, the ROC based on these conclusions and facts did not recognize the existing remains are genuine, but what will happen now? In December, all the conclusions of the Investigative Committee and the commission of the Russian Orthodox Church will be considered by the Council of Bishops. It is he who will decide on the attitude of the church to the Yekaterinburg remains. Let's see why everything is so nervous and what is the history of this crime?

Worth the fight for that kind of money

Today, some of the Russian elites have suddenly become interested in one very piquant story of relations between Russia and the United States, connected with the royal family of the Romanovs. Briefly, this story is as follows: more than 100 years ago, in 1913, the United States created Federal Reserve System(Fed) - the central bank and printing press for the production of international currency, which still operates today. The Fed was created for the emerging League of Nations (now UN) and would be a single global financial center with its own currency. Russia contributed to the “authorized capital” of the system 48,600 tons of gold. But the Rothschilds demanded from the then re-elected President of the United States Woodrow Wilson transfer the center to their private property along with the gold.

The organization became known as the FRS, where Russia owned 88.8%, and 11.2% to 43 international beneficiaries. Receipts stating that 88.8% of the gold assets for a period of 99 years are under the control of the Rothschilds, in six copies were transferred to the family Nicholas II. The annual income on these deposits was fixed at 4%, which was supposed to be transferred to Russia annually, but settled on the X-1786 account of the World Bank and on 300 thousand accounts in 72 international banks. All these documents confirming the right to the gold pledged to the FRS from Russia in the amount of 48,600 tons, as well as income from leasing it, the mother of Tsar Nicholas II, Maria Fedorovna Romanova, I put it in one of the Swiss banks for safekeeping. But the conditions for access there are only for the heirs, and this access controlled by the Rothschild clan. For the gold provided by Russia, gold certificates were issued that allowed the metal to be claimed in parts - the royal family hid them in different places. Later, in 1944, Bretton Woods conference confirmed Russia's right to 88% of the Fed's assets.

This “golden” issue was once proposed by two well-known “Russian” oligarchs - Roman Abramovich and Boris Berezovsky. But Yeltsin “did not understand” them, and now, apparently, that “golden” time has come ... And now this gold is remembered more and more often - though not at the state level.

Some speculate that the surviving Tsarevich Alexei later grew up to be Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin.

For this gold they kill, fight and make fortunes on it

Today's researchers believe that all wars and revolutions in Russia and in the world occurred due to the fact that the Rothschild clan and the United States did not intend to return the gold to the Russian Federal Reserve. After all, the execution of the royal family made it possible for the Rothschild clan not to give away gold and not pay for its 99-year lease. “Now, out of three Russian copies of the agreement on gold invested in the Fed, two are in our country, the third is presumably in one of the Swiss banks,” the researcher believes. Sergei Zhilenkov. - In the cache, in the Nizhny Novgorod region, there are documents from the royal archive, among which there are 12 "golden" certificates. If they are presented, then the global financial hegemony of the United States and the Rothschilds will simply collapse, and our country will receive a lot of money and all the opportunities for development, since it will no longer be strangled from across the ocean, ”the historian is sure.

Many wanted to close questions about royal assets with the reburial. Professor Vladlena Sirotkina there is also a calculation for the so-called military gold exported during the First World War and the Civil War to the West and East: Japan - $ 80 billion, Great Britain - 50 billion, France - 25 billion, USA - 23 billion, Sweden - 5 billion, Czech Republic - 1 billion dollars. Total - 184 billion. Surprisingly, officials in the US and UK, for example, do not dispute these figures, but surprised at the lack of requests from Russia. By the way, the Bolsheviks remembered Russian assets in the West in the early 20s. Back in 1923, the people's commissar foreign trade Leonid Krasin ordered a British investigative law firm to evaluate Russian real estate and cash deposits abroad. By 1993, the firm reported that it had amassed a $400 billion data bank! And this is legal Russian money.

Why did the Romanovs die? Britain did not accept them!

There is a long-term study, unfortunately, by the now deceased professor Vladlen Sirotkin (MGIMO), “Foreign Gold of Russia” (M., 2000), where the gold and other holdings of the Romanov family accumulated in the accounts of Western banks are also estimated at an amount of at least 400 billion dollars, and together with investments - more than 2 trillion dollars! In the absence of heirs from the Romanovs, the closest relatives turn out to be members of the English royal family ... These are whose interests may be the background of many events of the XIX-XXI centuries ... By the way, it is not clear (or, on the contrary, it is clear) for what reasons the royal house of England refused the family three times Romanovs in the shelter. The first time in 1916, at the apartment Maxim Gorky, an escape was planned - the rescue of the Romanovs by abduction and the internment of the royal couple during their visit to an English warship, then sent to Great Britain.

The second was the request Kerensky which was also rejected. Then they did not accept the request of the Bolsheviks. And this despite the fact that mothers George V and Nicholas II were sisters. In the surviving correspondence, Nicholas II and George V call each other "Cousin Nicky" and "Cousin Georgie" - they were cousins ​​with an age difference of less than three years, and in their youth, these guys spent a lot of time together and were very similar in appearance. As for the queen, her mother is a princess Alice was the eldest and favorite daughter of the Queen of England Victoria. At that time, 440 tons of gold from the gold reserves of Russia and 5.5 tons of personal gold of Nicholas II were in England as collateral for military loans. Now think about it: if the royal family died, then to whom would the gold go? Close relatives! Isn't that the reason why Cousin Georgie was denied admission to Cousin Nicky's family? To get gold, its owners had to die. Officially. And now all this must be connected with the burial of the royal family, which will officially testify that the owners of untold wealth are dead.

Versions of life after death

All versions of the death of the royal family that exist today can be divided into three.

First version: near Yekaterinburg, the royal family was shot, and their remains, with the exception of Alexei and Maria, were reburied in St. Petersburg. The remains of these children were found in 2007, all examinations were carried out on them, and they, apparently, will be buried on the day of the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. When confirming this version, it is necessary for accuracy to once again identify all the remains and repeat all the examinations, especially genetic and pathological anatomical ones.

Second version: the royal family was not shot, but was scattered throughout Russia and all family members died of natural causes, having lived their lives in Russia or abroad, in Yekaterinburg, a family of twins was shot (members of the same family or people from different families, but similar to family members emperor). Nicholas II had twins after Bloody Sunday 1905. When leaving the palace, three carriages left. In which of them Nicholas II sat is unknown. The Bolsheviks, having seized the archive of the 3rd department in 1917, had these twins. There is an assumption that one of the families of twins - the Filatovs, who are distantly related to the Romanovs - followed them to Tobolsk.

Here is one of the versions of the historian of the royal family, Sergei Zhelenkov, which seems to us the most logical, although very unusual.

Before investigator Sokolov, the only investigator who published a book about the execution of the royal family, investigators worked Malinovsky, Nametkin(his archive was burned along with the house), Sergeev(dismissed and killed), General Lieutenant Dieterichs, Kirsta. All these investigators concluded that the royal family was not killed. Neither the Reds nor the Whites wanted to disclose this information - they understood that they were primarily interested in obtaining objective information. American bankers. The Bolsheviks were interested in the money of the king, and Kolchak declared himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, which could not be with a living sovereign.

Investigator Sokolov handled two cases - one on the fact of murder and the other on the fact of disappearance. At the same time, military intelligence, represented by Kirsta. When the whites left Russia, Sokolov, fearing for the collected materials, sent them to Harbin Some of his materials were lost along the way. Sokolov's materials contained evidence of the financing of the Russian revolution by the American bankers Schiff, Kuhn and Loeb, and Ford became interested in these materials, in conflict with these bankers. He even called Sokolov from France, where he settled, to the USA. When returning from the USA to France Nikolai Sokolov was killed. Sokolov's book was published after his death, and over it many people have tried, removing many scandalous facts from there, so it cannot be considered completely truthful.

The surviving members of the royal family were watched by people from the KGB, where a special department was created for this, which was dissolved during perestroika. The archive of this department has been preserved. Saved the royal family Stalin- the royal family was evacuated from Yekaterinburg through Perm to Moscow and was at the disposal Trotsky, then People's Commissar of Defense. To further save the royal family, Stalin carried out a whole operation, stealing it from Trotsky's people and taking them to Sukhumi, to a specially built house next to the former house of the royal family. From there, all family members were distributed to different places, Maria and Anastasia were taken to the Glinskaya Hermitage (Sumy Region), then Maria was transported to the Nizhny Novgorod Region, where she died of illness on May 24, 1954. Anastasia subsequently married Stalin's personal bodyguard and lived very secluded on a small farm, died

June 27, 1980 in the Volgograd region. The eldest daughters, Olga and Tatyana, were sent to the Serafimo-Diveevsky convent - the empress was settled not far from the girls. But they did not live here for long. Olga, having traveled through Afghanistan, Europe and Finland, settled in Vyritsa Leningrad region where she died on January 19, 1976. Tatyana lived partly in Georgia, partly on the territory Krasnodar Territory, buried in the Krasnodar Territory, died September 21, 1992. Alexei and his mother lived in their dacha, then Alexei was transferred to Leningrad, where he was "made" a biography, and the whole world recognized him as a party and Soviet leader Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin(Stalin sometimes called him prince). Nicholas II lived and died in Nizhny Novgorod (December 22, 1958), and the tsarina died in the village of Starobelskaya, Lugansk region, on April 2, 1948, and was subsequently reburied in Nizhny Novgorod, where she and the emperor share a common grave. Three daughters of Nicholas II, except for Olga, had children. N.A. Romanov talked with I.V. Stalin, and wealth Russian Empire were used to strengthen the power of the USSR ...

There was no execution of the Royal Family! New data 2014

Falsification of the Execution of the Imperial Family Sychev V

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