Minerals of the Leningrad region

Systems autonomous water supply help solve a whole range of problems. They have long established themselves as effective remedy, both in the city and beyond. They help solve issues with regular water outages, low water quality, low pressure, lack of central water supply and others

11.02.2016
IN this year Gazprom's investments in gasification of the region will amount to 500 million rubles. These funds will be used to begin construction of four gas pipelines, continue construction of two more and complete construction of one gas pipeline, as well as to prepare design documentation for 21 gas pipelines.

18.02.2014 A new oil terminal will be built in the commercial port of Ust-Luga
The Transbunker company received a loan of seventeen million dollars to begin construction of a new oil terminal in the commercial port of Ust-Luga in the Leningrad region. The project will take three to five years to complete.

02.10.2012 The reclamation project in Sestroretsk may be dangerous for the environment
Commission for Environmental Protection of the Population Legislative Assembly in St. Petersburg recognized the project to create new territories in Sestroretsk as dangerous for the environment, as well as for future residents.

22.09.2012 Another victim of Gazprom is the Kurgalsky nature reserve.
The Nord Stream company plans to build a new gas pipeline across the Baltic Sea. A specially protected natural area, the Kurgalsky Nature Reserve, stood in his way.

29.12.2011 A unique collection of gold samples and nuggets from "Jewelry of the Urals"
At the JUNWEX PETERSBURG exhibition a collection of samples with visible inclusions of gold will be presented.

General information

The Leningrad region is relatively rich in various mineral resources. Their composition, occurrence conditions and location of deposits are in close connection with the geological structure of the region.
The Leningrad region is rich in a variety of natural resources. The territory has large reserves of minerals: bauxite, clay, phosphorites, shale, granite, limestone, sand. More than 80 mineral deposits are exploited in the region. New types of raw materials have been identified: magnetite ores, tin-silver and uranium mineralization, non-ferrous and finishing stones, natural gas and bitumen.
A total of 26 types of mineral resources have been explored, including 20 types of non-metallic minerals used for production building materials and organic fertilizers. The state balance of reserves includes 173 deposits of solid minerals, of which 46% are being developed.

Bauxite is of greatest industrial importance (in the area of the city of Boksitogorsk; the ores lie shallow and can be mined open method), oil shale (in the area of the city of Slantsy; occurrence depth 80-300 m, mining) and phosphorites (near the city of Kingisepp).
The Leningrad region has huge reserves of granite, limestone, brick and refractory clay, construction and molding sand and other building materials, mineral paints. Available large sources mineral waters(Polyustrovsky carbonic in St. Petersburg, sulfuric in Sablino, chloride-sodium in Sestroretsk).
Granite is mined in the north of the Karelian Isthmus, where an ancient crystalline basement comes to the surface. Limestones are widespread in the region. Depending on the time of formation different properties. The ancient limestones that make up the Izhora Upland are very dense and break into large slabs. The most significant limestone deposits are concentrated in the Glint area and in the area of the city of Pikalevo, in the east of the region.
A significant number of swamps (13.5% of the total area) determine the presence of industrial deposits of peat, widely used both in fuel industry, and in agriculture.
Over 2,300 peat deposits have been discovered in the region. Peat reserves in the region exceed 17 billion cubic meters. The most large deposits peat is located in low-lying areas of the region, especially in the south and east.
Thanks to stocks forest resources The region is one of the leading zones in North-West Russia for logging, wood processing and timber exports. The total area of the forest fund of the Leningrad region is 6027 thousand hectares. The total wood reserve is 647 million m3, including ripe and overmature wood - 289 million m3. Currently, the volume of procurement is 8.7 million m3 per year. The estimated cutting area is more than 10 million m3.

Deposit Reserves (thousand tons) Kingisepp phosphate ore deposit 225,357 Leningrad oil shale deposit (city of Slantsy) 152,573 Radynsky bauxite mine (mining discontinued) 2,135 Iron-manganese nodules in the Gulf of Finland ore - 2,411
In the Lower Ordovician obol sands and sandstones of the Tosnensky formation there is the Ulyanovsk deposit of phosphorite ores, in which the phosphorus pentoxide content is 4.7%. Similar ores from the Kingisepp deposit with a phosphorite content of up to 12-15% are processed into phosphate rock.

manganese - 188,576 Pikalyovskoye fluxing limestone deposit 300,000 Slantsevskoye limestone deposit more than 9,000,
with the Borovnya deposit - more than 45,000 Diamond pipes are not commercially mined Radon sources near the village of Lopukhinka and Voronino - Mineral thermal waters near Luga - Leningrad thermal anomaly (deposit of thermal groundwater)

The main asset of our region is, of course, the famous blue Cambrian clays of the Lontova Formation. In the town of Nikolskoye, adjacent to the SPP to the north, these clays are extracted by open-pit mining from quarries. One quarry has already been developed, and active development is underway at the other.
Other important minerals are quartz glass sands and sandstones of the Sablinsky Formation. The Sablinskoye glass sand deposit was intensively exploited from 1860 to 1930. Sand was used not only in glass making, but also for the production of the famous imperial crystal.
Diktyonema shales of the Koporsky Formation of Early Nordic age belong to combustible rocks. From the Middle Ordovician kukersites, which are of industrial importance in the west and south of the Leningrad region, dictyonema shales are distinguished by high ash content and low kerogen content, therefore they belong to low-grade oil shale.

Regional component.

From second generation standards. The course content includes topics:

Minerals, their importance in the human economy, minerals of the native land.

Topic: “Mineral resources of the Leningrad region.”

Goals: introduce students to the mineral resources of the Leningrad region, compile a table of mineral deposits in the region.

Tasks: continue develop skills

work independently with text material, tables,
analyze through selection and comparison of material, describe observation

improve skills

explore a new object, make assumptions,
work with a map, with printed information, with tables
work in a team, speak publicly, draw conclusions, generalizations, evaluate your work.

Through knowledge and skills, continue to instill in students a love for their small homeland.

Equipment: samples of minerals with numbering: 1-granite, 2-bauxite, 3-shale, 4-phosphorite, 5-dolomite, map “Mineral resources of the Leningrad region”, tables “Mineral resources of the Leningrad region”, articles on the use of minerals and their locations production

Lesson Plan:

Immersion in the topic. First study: description of the mineral resource (MR) according to plan. The ability to use the drawn up plan, that is, to be able to apply it in practice.
Children's answers: description of a mineral.
Determination of the name and location of mineral extraction, its designation on the map.
Children's answers.
Working with printed information. Systematization of the information received by compiling a table.
Children's answers and filling out the table. (Properties of PI, its use, preparation of a story and team performances about PI).
Lesson summary. Defining the topic, goals.
Various homework assignments.
Lesson grades.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment. Stage 1 of the lesson. Immersion in the topic. First study: description of the mineral according to plan. The ability to use the drawn up plan, that is, to be able to apply it in practice(5 minutes)

The teams have samples of minerals with numbers: the first team has 1 (granite), the second has 2 (bauxite), the third has 3 (shale), the fourth has 4 (phosphorite), the fifth has 5 (dolomite).

Teacher: Look at what's on your desk. What kingdom are these objects from?

Children's answers: From underground. These are minerals.

Teacher: Why are they here?

Children: We will probably study these minerals.

Teacher: Do research #1. Describe this fossil according to the plan you made in previous lessons.

Slide 2 – mineral description plan

state (liquid, solid, gaseous)
main property (flammability, fusibility, strength)
production
usage

Teacher: Can you answer all points of the plan?

Children: No, only to the first point - we can describe the mineral.

Teacher: Make a guess about what properties the fossil has and where it can be used. Decide who will be in charge for the team.

In the last lesson we drew a table. It's time to fill it out. Listening to the guys’ answers and preparing your answer, write down everything you learn about PI in the table.

3 slide - PI table

The teacher walks around the teams, directing the children’s work. The children start a discussion.

Stage 2. Children's answers - description of the mineral(5 minutes). Slide 4 – photograph of granite. 1 team.

The fossil is gray with white and black inclusions, durable. We think it's granite. It is mined here in Ponds and used in construction.

Slide 5 – photograph of bauxite. 2nd team.

The fossil is dark brown, burgundy in color. It is dense and durable. There are no inclusions in it. We don’t know its name, we think that since it is durable, it can be used in construction. Maybe it burns, or maybe if you heat it up, it can turn into something.

Slide 6 – photograph of shale. Team 3

Dark breed Brown with a reddish tint. Durable. But if you hit it with a hammer, it might crumble. They can use it in the same way as the previous command said. We saw such a fossil in the Galeleo program and think it is shale. They said it was on fire. If this is so, then the main property of the fossil is flammability.

Slide 7 – photograph of phosphorites. Team 4 It may be flammable, but we can't check.

Slide 8 – photograph of dolomites. 5 team.

Maybe this property is used in construction. But if it is metal, then it has different uses and qualities.

Teacher:

Children: So that we learn to explore new things, learn to use the plan drawn up, that is, be able to apply it in practice. Describe the appearance of the fossil, make assumptions about its properties and use.

Slide 9 – what we learned at the stage .

Reflection.

A table for evaluating your work is drawn on a magnetic board.

Teacher: Let's summarize this stage of the lesson. Fill out the table in which you evaluate your performance at this stage.

Each student attaches his name on a magnet to the indicator with which he rated himself:

Evaluation of my work

Teacher: You have already filled out part of the table.

Slide 10 – appearance, properties of the PI.

Where is it mined?	Appearance, properties	Usage
	Gray color with white and black dots, durable.
	Dark brown, burgundy, dense, durable. There are no inclusions in it.

	The breed is dark gray in color. At the break of brown. Not durable.
	Dark gray, a very durable, heavy fossil.

Stage 3. Determination of the name and location of mineral extraction, its designation on the map ( 4 min.)

Slide 11 – map of the Leningrad region.

The teacher gives the teams a map “Mineral Resources of the Leningrad Region”, on which, next to the icons indicating the fossil, there are numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, indicating deposits and on which the sides of the horizon are indicated.

Teacher: Do research #2

Slide 12 – study No. 2.

What kind of fossil is this? Find the number of your mineral on the map. Look at the icon it is indicated by. Find out the name of your mineral.

Teacher: Don't forget to fill out the table.

Stage 4 – children’s answers(14 min.)

Students quickly find the PIs on the cards and answer.

13, 14, 15, 16, 17 slides – map of the Leningrad region.

Team 1: We definitely have granite; it is mined near Vyborg and Svetogorsk in the north-west of the Leningrad region.

Team 2: we have bauxite (aluminium). It is mined in Boksitogorsk in the east of the Leningrad region.

Team 3: we have shale. And it is mined in Slantsy in the southwest of the Leningrad region.

Team 4: we have phosphorite. It is mined in Kingisep in the southwest of the Leningrad region.

Team 5: We have dolomite. It is mined in Pikalevo in the east of the Leningrad region.

Teacher: Why would this stage be needed?

Children: Find out where the mineral is mined and what it is called.

Slide 18 is the goal of the stage.

Teacher: Part of your table is already full

Name of the mineral, designation on the map	Where is it mined?	Appearance, properties	Usage
	near Vyborg and Svetogorsk in the north-west of the Leningrad region.	Gray with white and black dots, durable
	in Boksitogorsk in the east of the Leningrad region	Dark brown, burgundy color, dense and durable. There are no inclusions in it.
	in Slantsy in the southwest of the Leningrad region	Dark brown with a reddish tint. Durable. But if you hit it with a hammer, it may crumble.
4. Phosphorite	in Kingisep in the southwest of the Leningrad region	The breed is dark gray in color. At the break of brown. Not durable.
5. Dolomite	in Pikalevo in the east of the Leningrad region	Dark gray in color, very durable, heavy fossil.

Stage 5. Working with printed information. Systematization of the information received by drawing up a table(4 min.)

Articles about PI are attached to the board.

With the founding of St. Petersburg, industry began to develop rapidly. The city grew and was built. For its construction it was necessary granite. It was mined in the northern part of the Karelian Isthmus in quarries. So near Vyborg The Peterlaks quarry arose. Columns were cut down here for St. Isaac's Cathedral. Granite was mined to decorate other Russian cities. There is a deposit in the village of Prudy, Granite and granite chips are mined there.
In 1916, a deposit was discovered near the city of Tikhvin. bauxite– ores of brown-red or greenish-gray color; aluminum is obtained from this ore. A city arose on the site of the deposit Boksitogorsk, and the first aluminum plant in our country was opened in the city of Volkhov.
Slantsy town got its name from the flammable material - shale. Oil shale is a dark brown rock rich in organic matter. This rock is used as fuel and chemical raw materials, combustible gas. This rock is mined in mines.
In the late 1950s, scientists discovered Kingiseppskoe phosphorite deposit on the basis of which the production enterprise was built mineral fertilizers containing phosphorus. Phosphorus is necessary for plant life to ripen fruits. It is part of mineral fertilizers, thanks to which you can get high yields.
Near Pikalevo reserves are concentrated dolomites which are used to produce cement. A cement plant was built in the city. Dolomites are also crushed and turned into flour. Used to soften and deoxidize soils.

Teacher: Team captains, select the desired article on the board and, using the plan, prepare an answer as a team. While listening to the teams' performances, do not forget to fill out the table

Children are preparing to answer.

Stage 6 – Children’s answers and filling out the table(10 min.)

We listen to the commands' answers and fill out the table.

Slide 20 - the result is a table:

Name of the mineral, designation on the map	Where is it mined?	Appearance, properties	Usage
	Priozersk, Vyborg	Gray, Pink colour, grainy, durable.	In construction.
	Boksitogorsk, Pikalevo	Brown-red, greenish-gray, fusible. Aluminum is obtained.	In construction, in industry, in everyday life.
		Dark brown color with organic substances, flammability.	Fuel as a chemical raw material.
4. Phosphorite	Kingisepp	The breed is dark gray in color. At the break of brown. Not durable.	Mineral fertilizers.
5. Dolomite	Pikalevo	Dark gray in color, very durable, heavy fossil.	Cement for construction.

Check your completion of the table. Make corrections.

Teacher: Why was this stage of the lesson needed?

Children answer: So that we learn to work with printed information, put the acquired knowledge in order by compiling a table, and learn the properties of PI, where it is used.

As a result, I show a slide that reflects the children’s answers.

21 slides are the goal of the stage.

Learn about the properties of minerals
Where is it used
Prepare a story and team presentation about PI

Stage 7. Lesson summary. Defining the topic, goals(2 minutes.)

Teacher: What new did you learn in the lesson? What did you study?

Children: We learned what minerals are mined in the Leningrad region, their main properties, we learned where they are mined and where they are used.

We learned to work with a table - we compiled a table of deposits in the region.

Developed the ability to independently work with printed information.

We did the analysis through description and observation.

Teacher: Why was such a lesson needed? (His goals.)

Children: The lesson was needed so that we could study the mineral resources of our region.

Teacher: determine the topic of the lesson.

Students:"Mineral resources of the Leningrad region"

Slide 22 – goals, objectives, topic of the lesson.

23 slide. Stage 8. Homework.

Teacher: Read the assignment options. Think about which option you will choose. Write down the task in your diary.

Different task options

find on the Internet which PIs are still mined in our area
visit a library or reading room and find information about other PIs mined in our area
Find out: why do we need aluminum?

Children record their choices in a diary.

Stage 9 – grades for the lesson.(2 minutes.)

Teacher: Attach your name in the table in another column if you changed your mind about your work by the end of the lesson (first table on the magnetic board).

I go up to the stand and comment on the table. I give ratings.

Teacher: The best captains teams today were: ... They skillfully organized the team’s work and responded well. These teams get “5” for their work.

One team incorrectly logically arranged the passages when reading the articles. If you had rewritten the text like other commands, there would have been no error. As a result, it was difficult to understand the meaning of the text and I had to re-read it. Therefore, the team score is “4”.

The rest of the teams retold the texts rather than reading them out. I want to praise Masha and Natasha. These girls tried very hard, were active throughout the lesson, and had their tables filled out well. “A” for work too. Polina underestimated her rating. A strong “4” for the lesson. But Sveta inflated her self-esteem: she did not always take part in the team’s work, rarely raised her hand, and filled out the table with errors.

Photos of students' self-assessment, which was completed using magnetic cards with the children's names.

Literature:

Sample initial programs general education. Second generation standards. Moscow. "Enlightenment" 2008.
Ecological state and environmental management of the Leningrad region: textbook. manual for grades 10-11 / Z. A. Tomanova, M. A. Shatalov, A. N. Lyubarsky. St. Petersburg: Special Literature, 2007
Newspaper "ECO Petersburg". April 2008. St. Petersburg.
The nature of the native land: a textbook for 6th grade students / Tomanova Z. A., Lyubarsky A. N. - St. Petersburg: Special Literature, 2007.
Moral and environmental education of schoolchildren. Litvinova L.S., Zhirenko O.E. – M.:5 for knowledge, 2007. – (Methodological library).
Svetogorsk: local history essay / based on materials by A.A. Osmakov. – St. Petersburg: MorVest Publishing House, 2002.
Milestones of Vyborg history. Tutorial in local history. Team of authors: Volkova L.G., Gerashchenko L.V., Korobova T.A., Usoltseva T.V., Fedoseeva V.N., – Vyborg 2005.
Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Specially protected natural areas. Government of the Leningrad region. Ministry environment Finland. Biological Research Institute of St. Petersburg state university. – St. Petersburg 1999.
Leningrad region: today and tomorrow. Creative team: A.V. Agapova, V.A. Antonov, V.V. Balashov, V.B. Bogush and others. Government of the Leningrad Region, 2003. IPK “Vesti”. 2003
History and culture of the Leningrad land from ancient times to the present day. Under the general editorship of S.A. Lisitsyn. Saint Petersburg. Special literature. 2003.
Leningrad region: Did you know? (Tutorial) / Compiled by V. A. Ulanov. – St. Petersburg: Paritet Publishing House, 2007.

3. Geology of the Leningrad region

GeolOGia(from geo... and...logy), a complex of sciences about the earth's crust and deeper spheres of the Earth; in the narrow sense of the word - the science of composition, structure, movements and history of development earth's crust and the placement of minerals in it. Most of the applied and theoretical questions solved by geology are related to the upper part of the earth's crust, accessible to direct observation.

Engineering Geology– the science of the formation and change of engineering geological conditions, territories, the geological conditions of construction and operation of structures, rational use geological environment, to create safe and comfortable living conditions for humans.

Engineering survey for construction - work carried out for a comprehensive study of the natural conditions of the area, site, site, route of the planned construction, local building materials and water supply sources and obtaining the necessary and sufficient materials for the development of economically feasible and technically sound solutions in the design and construction of facilities, taking into account rational use and protection of the natural environment, as well as obtaining data for forecasting changes in the natural environment under the influence of the construction and operation of enterprises, buildings and structures.

Engineering surveys are one of the most important types of construction activities; any process of construction and operation of facilities begins with them. An integrated approach that combines various types of engineering surveys allows for a comprehensive and timely inspection of construction sites, buildings and structures.

Main types of surveys in construction:

Engineering and geodetic;

Engineering-geological;

Engineering and hydrometeorological;

Engineering and environmental (mobilization work; field work; laboratory; office work);

Surveys of soil building materials (experimental field work; inspection of earthen structures during their reconstruction).

Geology of the Leningrad region.

The Leningrad region is rich in natural monuments. These are not only individual geological, aquatic, botanical objects, but also integral areas of nature - territories, water areas. Territorial monuments include state-protected tracts - areas with untouched especially picturesque nature, scientifically valuable areas of valleys, sea and lake coasts, river sources, relict lakes...

Monuments of geological history on the territory of the Leningrad region are found in the form of picturesque rocks and geological outcrops that reveal the historical past of the Earth, as well as in the form of caves, waterfalls, boulders and some other formations.

These monuments natural objects are called because they testify to the history of nature and the processes taking place in it, helping us to reveal many of its secrets.

Thus, the remains of fossilized fauna in geological outcrops allow us to determine the age of the rocks composing them and often help organize searches for various minerals. Accumulations of boulders in the fields indicate glacier activity in years gone by...

The geological past of our region is complex and diverse.

In the northern part of the Karelian Isthmus, the oldest igneous rocks come to the surface. rocks- granites. Their study allows us to penetrate not only into the depths of the Earth, but also into the depths of centuries. They say that in the distant Precambrian time, when there was no organic life on Earth yet, streams of fiery liquid lava-magma rose from its depths, accompanied by diverse processes: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, vertical and horizontal displacements of individual sections of the earth's surface. cortex and other phenomena. At the surface of the Earth, magma cooled, hardened and turned into granites.

Granites on the Korel Isthmus

The oldest Archean and Proterozoic rocks - granites, diorites and altered - metamorphic - gneisses of the Karelian Isthmus form part of the so-called Baltic crystalline shield.

South of the Vuoksa River they go to greater depths, under younger sedimentary formations of the Upper Proterozoic and Paleozoic ages.

Since the beginning of the Paleozoic, almost the entire territory of the Leningrad region was covered by the sea, at the bottom of which various sedimentary rocks were deposited.

At the base of the Paleozoic deposits are sandstones and blue Cambrian clays (age about 6 centuries million years). They are well known to Leningrad metro builders, since most of the tunnels were built through blue clay. These clays are poor in organic remains, like the overlying sandstones.

The deposits of the next, Ordovician period are more diverse. These are sandstones, limestones, dolomites, clayey and oil shale. They come directly to the surface south of Leningrad within the so-called Ordovician Plateau.

The plateau is a flat, elevated plain with absolute surface elevations of 2-8 meters. To the south of Leningrad, the plateau abruptly ends with a high, up to 4 meters, ledge, which is called the Baltic-Ladoga Klint (from the Danish word "glint" - cliff, cliff, ledge).

Baltic-Ladoga cliff ledge

Glypt stretches in a latitudinal direction, 2-25 kilometers south of the Neva River and the Gulf of Finland, across the entire Leningrad region, from the Syasi River west to the city of Paldiski in the ESSR.

Glint is crossed by the rivers Koporka, Izhora, Sablinka, Tosna, Lava and others. It is here that mainly geological outcrops - natural monuments - are located.

The western, elevated part of the Ordovician plateau is called the Izhora Upland (up to 176 meters of absolute height). Its distinctive feature is the almost complete absence of rivers and lakes. The proximity to the earth's surface of rocks that are easily soluble by surface and groundwater, such as limestone, gave rise to the development of so-called karst processes here. They consist in the destruction of limestone and the formation in them of numerous sinkholes, underground channels and cracks through which water flows down.

Sablinka river

The largest mineral deposits in our region are associated with Ordovician deposits. One of them is a phosphorite deposit near the city of Kingisepp. It is being developed by a production association. In addition to Kingisepp, several more phosphorite deposits have been identified in the Leningrad region. In all cases, the useful component is phosphate, represented by fragments and whole shells of marine mollusks - brachiopods that lived on the bottom of the Ordovician Sea. The shells contain 35-37 percent phosphorus pentoxide.

Phosphorit plant

Oil shale deposits are also associated with Ordovician deposits (Slantsevsky region). The first ton of oil shale in our region was mined in 1934, when mine N1 began operating (later it was named after S. M. Kirov). Now there are three mines in Slantsy, in which up to 5 million tons of shale are extracted annually.

In addition, Ordovician limestones are of great importance for the national economy. They are developed as raw materials for the metallurgy, cement and glass industries. The largest deposits are Pikalevskoye and Kikerinskoye. The total thickness of Ordovician deposits is 2v-3v meters.

There are no Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments on the territory of our region, since by this time the sea had left the Leningrad region.

The entire listed ancient sedimentary sequence of the Paleozoic lies on a crystalline basement almost horizontally. Above are Quaternary deposits that began to form about 5-1.5 million years ago and continue to accumulate in our time. They consist of glacial, water-glacial, lake, river, sea and swamp formations. Their thickness within the Neva River valley reaches 5 meters or more, in some areas of the eastern region it exceeds 1 century meters.

Most scientists believe that the modern relief was formed mainly as a result of glacier activity during the Quaternary period. At that time, the territory of our region was repeatedly covered by continental ice. During the last interglacial era (about 85-75 thousand years ago) Northern part The area was flooded by sea waters. As a result of the transport and deposition of sediments by glaciers and melted glacial waters, peculiar forms of modern relief arose in the form of a chaotic accumulation of hills, often alternating with depressions, often occupied by lakes and swamps, the so-called hilly-moraine relief, if the hills are composed of loam with rubble and boulders, and kame relief if the hills are composed of sand.

At the end of the last glaciation, approximately 12 thousand years ago, during the melting of the glacier, water accumulated in the pre-glacier lowland. At this time, a large reservoir was formed that connected the waters of the Gulf of Finland with Lake Ladoga; the central part of the Karelian Isthmus was then an island. The final contours of the modern relief were formed relatively recently, only 4.5-5 thousand years ago.

Table of mineral resources of the Leningrad region:

Field	Reserves (thousand tons)
Kingisepp phosphate ore deposit
Leningrad oil shale deposit (city of Slantsy)
Radynsky bauxite mine (mining stopped)
Iron-manganese nodules in the waters of the Gulf of Finland	ore - 2411 manganese - 188 576
Pikalyovskoye deposit of fluxing limestones
Slantsevskoe limestone deposit	more than 9,000, with the Borovnya deposit - more than 45,000
Diamond tubes	there is no industrial production
Radon springs in the village of Lopukhinka and Voronino
Mineral thermal waters near Luga
Leningrad thermal anomaly (deposit of thermal underground waters)

Scheme of location of natural monuments on the territory of the Leningrad region.

1. Sablinskie caves and waterfall. 2. Geological outcrops on the Popovka River. 3. Geological outcrops on the Oredezh River. 4. Geological outcrops near Staraya Ladoga. 5. Duderhof Heights. 6. The disappearing river Ragusha. 7. Vyborg granites. 8. Priozersk granites. 9. Zhikharevskaya cave. 1st century Radon lake in Lonukhinka. 11. Balun "Old Man". 12. Springs of the village of Kipen. 13. Sestroretsk dunes. 14. Geological outcrops near the village of Yam-Tesovo. 15. Geological outcrops near Lake Antonovskoye. 16. Lava River Canyon. 17. Granites of Yastrebinoye Lake. 18. Granites on Gustom Island. 19. Shchleika gabbro-norites. 2c. Lake Red. 21. Sources of the Dontsy tract. 22. Novonladozhsky dunes. 23. Of course, the moraine ridge Michurinskaya. 24. Geological outcrops on the Saba River. 25. Olga boulder. 26. Toksovsky kamas. 27. Kama Kirsino-Shapki. 28. Fox Mountain Dunes.

Soils.

Soddy-podzolic soils

The main type of soil in the region is podzolic, poor in humus and characterized by significant acidity. At the same time, on loams, in low places with increased moisture accumulation, mainly in spruce forests, strongly podzolic soils with a strong top layer. In higher places, less favorable for moisture accumulation, medium podzolic soils are formed. On sandy loams and sands that do not retain moisture well, weakly podzolic soils are found in pine forests. Where herbaceous vegetation predominates - in forest clearings, in rare mixed or deciduous forests -

On the territory of the Izhora Upland, on rocks containing lime, which neutralizes acidity and protects the top layer of soil from washing away, soddy-carbonate soils have formed. These are the best soils in the region: they are richer than others in humus and minerals, and have a well-defined lumpy structure. They are also called “northern chernozems”.

In lowlands and flat areas, with weak flow (poor drainage) of atmospheric waters, causing them to stagnate on the surface, and sometimes at high standing levels groundwater peaty and marshy soils. They are distributed in the central part of the region, in the east of the Karelian Isthmus, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, in the Ladoga region.

In some places on meadow terraces (along the Volkhov, Luga and other rivers), flooded with water during floods, alluvial soils rich in humus are formed from river sediments. Their area is small.

The main soil-forming rocks are clays, loams, sands and peat. Agricultural use of the region's soils requires their artificial improvement.

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Minerals of the Leningrad region

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