Solid fuels used as a source of energy and raw materials for chemical production are divided into fuels of natural origin - natural - and artificial fuels - synthetic. Natural fuels include peat, brown and black coals, anthracite, oil shale. They are also called fossil solid fuels. Artificial fuels are coal, peat and petroleum coke obtained by pyrogenetic processing. various kinds natural fuel, as well as briquettes and coal dust - products of mechanical processing of solid fuels.
Fossil solid fuels (solid fossil fuels) are natural solid combustible substances of organic origin, formed from the remains of dead plants and plankton as a result of bacterial action. IN earth's crust solid fossil fuels are in the form of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks that form deposits or basins. All fossil solid fuels, according to the material from which they were formed, are divided into sapropelites and humolites.
Sapropelites arose as a result of the reductive decomposition of sapropel residues - silt deposits formed at the bottom of water basins from plankton and lower plants. Sapropelites include oil shale and some other fossils.
Hummolites arose as a result of the oxidative decomposition of residues higher plants. They are divided into:
- - humites, consisting mainly of humic substances;
- - lintobiolites formed from stable structural elements of lower plants (spores, pollen, etc.).
The main types of fossil solid fuels (peat, brown and black coals, anthracite) are humites.
The depth of conversion of the initial biogenic materials into solid fuels as a result of coal formation is characterized by the so-called degree of their carbonification (metamorphism), which is understood as the average carbon content in the fuel (in wt.%, or fractions). As the degree of coalification increases, solid humite fuels form a genetic series:
Peat > lignite > black coal > anthracite
The degree of coalification is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Degree of coalification of fossil solid fuels
Solid fuels make up the bulk of the known fossil fuels on the planet. Their total reserves exceed the reserves of liquid (oil) and gaseous fuels by several orders of magnitude.
In Russia, for characterization customer value coal, the Unified classification of coals developed in the USSR according to GOST 25543-88 (EK-88) is used. According to the EC, according to the degree of metamorphism (changes in structure, mineral and chemical composition rock) emit brown coal, stone and anthracite. For taxation purposes, coal is typified by type, and coking and other coal also by grade: anthracite, coking coal (8 grades), lignite, other coal (7 grades).
Brown coal is a transitional form from peat to coal. Compared to peat, lignite has a smaller proportion of distinguishable plant residues, and compared to bituminous coal, lignite is more humid (up to 40% or more). Brown coal contains 55.0–78.0% carbon, 4.0–6.5% hydrogen, and 15.0–30.0% oxygen. Color from brown to black. The thickness of the seams is 60-90 meters, some are favorable for open mining. Brown coal is used as a fuel for thermal power plants, as well as a chemical raw material for the production of liquid fuels, synthetic substances, gas and fertilizers.
Hard coal is denser and less moist than brown coal, and is black or grey-black in color. The carbon content in coal is 75.0 - 97.0% or more, hydrogen 1.5 - 5.7%, oxygen 1.5 - 15.0%, sulfur 0.5 - 4.0%, nitrogen up to 1.5%, moisture 4--14%. The thickness of the layers is from fractions of a meter to several tens of meters. The depth of the layers - from the exit to the surface to 2 - 2.5 km and deeper. Coal is used as a fuel in everyday life, in the metallurgical and chemical industries, including for the extraction of rare and trace elements from it. fuel coal coking
Coking coals - capable of sintering at a temperature of 500--700 ° C or more, having a high calorific value and a low content of volatile substances and mineral impurities, hard coals, of which, during coking (13-18-hour process of heating coal without air access to 950--1050 ° C) you can get coke - coal of increased strength. Coke is mainly used in ferrous metallurgy for iron smelting, being not only a fuel, but also a reducing agent for iron ore. Less commonly, coke is used in foundry, chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, and some other processes. In coke, the carbon content is more than 96%, moisture 0.5--4.0%
Anthracite - from the point of view of consumer properties, the highest quality, humus coal of the highest degree of metamorphism, plant residues in anthracites are hardly distinguishable even under a microscope. Black, often with a grayish tint and obligatory metallic sheen, anthracite has the highest hardness on the mineralogical scale, good electrical conductivity, high viscosity and does not sinter. In anthracite, the carbon content is 93.5 - 97.0%, hydrogen 1.0 - 3.0%, oxygen 1.5 - 2.0%, nitrogen 1.5 - 2.0%, moisture 1, 0--3.0%. The thickness of the seams is mostly small (up to 1.3 meters) and medium (1.3-3.5 meters), rarely 10-40 meters. Anthracite is used as a high-quality energy fuel in chemical and metallurgical production.
The main methods of coal mining are indoor and outdoor. Enterprises for closed coal mining are called mines, for open - quarries, or, in the professional terminology of coal miners, cuts. In addition to cuts and mines, coal processing enterprises operate in the coal industry - enrichment factories.
The mine is a complex mining enterprise for underground coal mining. Depending on the thickness of the coal seam, the mine operates on average for about 40 years, and on especially thick seams up to 50-70 years. Coal mining is carried out in layers (the so-called "mining horizons"), each layer is taken out for about 10 years, after which the horizon is reconstructed and the next, deeper layer is developed. The reconstruction process is required to ensure the environmental safety of the environment and people working in the faces, this required condition the existence of the mine. Taking into account the processes of reconstruction and the average life of mines, in order to maintain the level of production, it is necessary to constantly build new mines - every year 5-7 exhausted enterprises leave the industry.
The section cuts coal in ledges and successive strips. The upper ledges are ahead of the lower ones and expand the space developed by the section.
The total geological (projected) coal reserves in Russia amount to 4 trillion. tons, which is 30% of the world's coal reserves. Explored (balance) reserves are estimated at 190 billion tons. The volume of production is limited by the total production capacity of mining enterprises. In 2010, 91 mines and 137 cuts produced coal with a total annual capacity of 380 million tons. In fact, in 2010, 323 million tons of coal were mined.
Russian coal deposits are not equal in terms of the quality of coal, the amount of its reserves, as well as the area occupied, and are located in different regions of the country. Currently, Russian coal is mined in ten major coal basins. The largest developed deposit of brown coal is the Kansk-Achinsk basin, hard and coking coal - the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass), anthracites - the Eastern Donbass and the Gorlovsky basin.
The Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) is the largest in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Located in the Kemerovo region, most of the mining enterprises are concentrated in the south of the region. Mining methods: open (36 cuts) and closed (58 mines). The total geological reserves of hard coal are estimated at 693 billion tons, of which 207 billion tons are coking.
The Kansko-Achinsk coal basin is located mostly in the center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and also occupies a small area of the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. Mining method: open. General geological reserves: 638 billion tons, mainly brown coals. The thickness of the seams is 2-56 meters.
The Pechora coal basin is located within the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and covers an area of 90,000 km². Mining method: closed, seam depth up to 298 meters. Total geological reserves of coal: 344.5 billion tons, including 9 billion tons of coking coal. Powerful Eastern Donbass. The main part of the Donetsk coal basin (Donbass) is territorially located in Ukraine, and its Russian part (Eastern Donbass) is located entirely within the Rostov region. In general, Donbass has geological coal reserves of 140.8 billion tons, of which 60% are hard, 18% are coking (25 billion tons), 22% are anthracites. Mining method: mostly closed. The thickness of the seams is 0.6-1.2 meters. Eastern Donbass has 24.2 billion tons of total geological coal reserves, of which 90% are anthracites, 5% are coking. Explored reserves of industrial categories: anthracite 298.7 million tons, coking coal 16 million tons.
The Ulug-Khem coal basin in Tuva is one of the most attractive for development and, at the same time, the least developed, since there is no railway for transporting coal. The area of the basin is 2.3 thousand km². Mining method: open. The total geological reserves are estimated at about 14 billion tons. Hard coal, mainly coking. The thickness of the seams is 0.6-12 meters.
Moscow region coal basin with a total area of 120 thousand km? affects the territories of the Leningrad, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Moscow, Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan regions. General geological reserves: 11.8 billion tons of brown coal. The depth of the layers reaches 200 meters.
The Irkutsk coal basin is located in the south of the Irkutsk region on an area of 42.7 thousand km². Total geological reserves of coal: 9 billion tons, of which 94% is hard (partially coking) and 6% brown. The thickness of the seams is 1-10 meters.
The South Yakutsk coal basin is located in Yakutia and occupies a total area of 25 thousand km². Mining method: open. Explored reserves: 3.0 billion tons. Hard coal. The thickness of the layers is from 1-3 to 10-60 meters. The thickness of the layers is average, about 1.53 meters.
The Minusinsk coal basin is located within the administrative limits of the Republic of Khakassia. Mining methods: open (5 cuts) and closed (2 mines). Balance reserves are estimated at 2.7 billion tons, coals are mainly hard.
The Gorlovsky coal basin is located in the Novosibirsk region on the territory of the Iskitimsky district. Mining methods: open (2 cuts) and closed (1 mine). Explored reserves: 303 million tons. 100% of the reserves are anthracite. The thickness of the seams is up to 41 meters.
Fuel industry Russia- this is a set of industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel. The fuel industry is one of the most important branches of heavy industry. The role of fuel increases with the development of technological progress and the mechanization, automation, electrification and heating of production, which are inextricably linked with it, causing an intensive growth in national economy. Combustible matter, especially oil and gas, are also used as raw materials for the chemical industry. Consists of three main industries: gas, oil and coal. The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.
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In 1913, the total production of fuel (in terms of conditional) in Russia amounted to 48.2 million tons, including more than 20% of firewood.
In the USSR, as a result of the successful implementation of the first five-year plans (1929-1940), the total annual production in 1940 reached 238 million tons of reference fuel. The structure of the fuel industry has changed radically. A new industry emerged - the gas industry. During the years of the Great Patriotic War enemy troops caused enormous damage to the fuel industry of the USSR. During the years of the 4th Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), the enterprises of the fuel industry were restored, in 1950 fuel production in the USSR exceeded the level of 1940 by 31%. In subsequent years, the leading branches of the fuel industry - oil and gas - grew at a faster pace. Fuel production in 1975 increased by 5 times in comparison with 1950.
In 1975, the USSR produced 1.59 billion tons of standard fuel, including oil (including gas condensate) - 702 million tons, gas - 346 million tons, coal - 490 million tons, peat - 16.9 million tons, shale - 11.7 million tons, firewood - 23.8 million tons.
Oil production in the USSR increased in 1975 compared with 1950 by 13 times and amounted to 491 million tons, the USSR in oil production came out on top in the world. Oil was produced in many regions of the USSR: between the Volga and the Urals, in Western Siberia, in the Komi ASSR, in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Far East. Gas production in the USSR increased from 3.2 billion cubic meters in 1940 to 289 billion cubic meters in 1975.
Since 1958, the USSR began to take first place in the world in coal production. In 1975, the USSR produced 701 million tons of coal.
Industries
Gas industry.
In 2009 production natural gas in Russia (excluding volumes of flared gas) amounted to 582 trillion cubic meters.
Oil industry.
In terms of oil reserves, Russia is among the top five countries in the world, and in terms of production, it ranks 1-3rd. Currently, oil production in Russia is declining due to the depletion of some rich fields, an increase in the cost of oil production, a decrease in the cost of oil on the market, due to a lack of investment in geological exploration.
The Russian oil industry is based on nine vertically integrated oil and gas companies (VIOCs). They own approximately 80.7% of Russia's proven oil reserves and provide the vast majority of the country's oil production. In 2009, the share of VIOCs in the total Russian oil production was 87%.
Most of the leaders of Russian oil production are based in the West Siberian OGB. The leading positions in oil production here are occupied by Rosneft holdings, OJSC Surgutneftegaz, LUKOIL Group, OJSC TNK-BP Holding. Rosneft, in addition, is producing in almost all other oil and gas regions of Russia. The LUKOIL Group has large production facilities in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Komi, the Perm Territory and the North Caucasus. The remaining VIOCs have reserves and produce oil, as a rule, in one or two Russian regions. The oil production of the Gazprom Neft holding is concentrated in the Yamal-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Tomsk Region.
In 2011, Russia produced 511 million tons of oil. This amounted to about 13% of world oil production.
The main oil production area is the central part of the West Siberian Plain. IN Lately the role of fields located on the sea shelf (Caspian, Barents and Okhotsk Seas) has increased. Oil was discovered at the bottom of the Black and Bering Seas. Almost the entire oil industry in Russia is run by private companies (Lukoil, Tatneft).
The main oil resources are concentrated in the West Siberian oil and gas province. Since 1960, the Shaim, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil regions have been delineated here, where such large deposits, as Samotlorskoe, Ust-Balykskoe, Megionskoe, Yuganskoe, Kholmogorskoe, Varyegonskoe, etc.
The formation of the Timan-Pechora oil base continues, the largest field is Usinskoye. Heavy oil is extracted here (by the mine method) - the most valuable raw material for the production of low-temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.
Oil was also found in other regions of Russia: in the North Caucasus, in the Caspian lowland, on about. Sakhalin, in the shelf zones of the Barents, Kara, Okhotsk, Caspian Seas.
Oil production is concentrated in the three most important oil and gas provinces, which together provide over 9/10 of all Russian oil, including more than 2/3 in the West Siberian province, and about 1/4 of the total production in the Volga-Urals.
The privatization of oil and gas complex facilities has fragmented the previously unified centrally controlled state system. Private oil companies have seized production facilities and the country's national wealth - oil fields and their reserves. There are 17 companies in the Russian oil complex. Among them, the largest are LUKOIL (18.7% of Russian oil production), TNK (18.5%), Rosneft (15.6%), Surgutneftegaz (13.6%).
The advancement of production to the eastern regions and to the north of the European part sharply poses the problem of oil transportation. The most effective means for this in Russia are pipelines (see chapter "Transport complex"). The development of the network of oil pipelines contributes to the further approach of oil refining to the places of consumption of oil products.
The oil and gas processing industry is engaged in the primary processing of associated gas from oil fields and is located in large oil production centers - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Almetyevsk, Ukhta. However, the most powerful gas processing centers in Russia are the centers of gas condensate fields - Orenburg and Astrakhan.
The location of enterprises in the oil refining industry depends on the size of the consumption of petroleum products in different regions, the technology of processing and transporting oil, and the territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.
Currently, there are 28 oil refineries (ORs) with a total capacity of 300 million tons per year. Almost 90% of the capacities of the oil refining industry are located in the European part of Russia, which is explained by its predominant attraction to the consumer: it is cheaper to transport crude oil through pipelines than to transport petroleum products, and the technological process of oil refining is water-intensive, so most of the country's refineries are located on the Volga and its tributaries (Volgograd , Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl), along the routes and at the ends of oil pipelines (Tuapse, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), as well as at points with an advantageous transport and geographical position (Khabarovsk) . A significant amount of oil is also processed in the places of its production: Ufa, Salavat, Samara, Perm, Ukhta, Krasnodar.
Currently, the oil and oil products market in Russia is dominated by several oil companies with a vertically integrated structure (VIOC), which produce and refine oil, as well as sell oil products, both in large wholesale and through their own supply and marketing network. The situation on the oil products market depends entirely on the strategy of oil companies, which is formed under the influence of oil prices, commodity structure and geography of demand. VIOCs own more than 70% of the country's processing capacities. By the beginning of 2010, Rosneft and LUKOIL had the largest installed capacities, they are also leaders in terms of oil refining, 49.6 million tons and 44.3 million tons, respectively. In total, this is almost 40% of raw materials processed in Russia.
In 2009, Russian refineries received 238 million tons of oil; this amounted to 49.8% of the raw materials produced in the country and less than 7% of the volume of oil refining in the world. Almost all oil is processed at 28 major refineries, mini-refineries accounted for 2.8% of Russian oil refining. Production of basic oil products in 2009 amounted to 176 million tons, including VIOCs produced 155 million tons of basic oil products, OAO Gazprom - 3.9 million tons. Independent companies produced 57.5 million tons of oil products.
In 2011, tripartite modernization agreements (of oil companies, the government and the Federal Antimonopoly Service) were concluded, which stipulate that by 2015 Russia will produce about 180 million tons of light oil products. The agreements stated that during the modernization of the refinery for the period up to 2020, oil companies will reconstruct and build 124 secondary process units at the refinery. As of the spring of 2012, work was underway to reconstruct and build 40 units, the commissioning of which is planned to be carried out in the period 2013-2015; construction of secondary process units scheduled for commissioning in 2016-2020 was mainly at the planning or basic design stage.
In 2012, the Russian oil refining industry set a record for the volume of oil refining over the past 20 years and for the first time in the past five or six years, avoided the autumn crisis in the gasoline market.
Coal industry.
Open mining of coal in Russia is 2/3 of the total. This method of extraction is considered the most productive and cheapest. However, this does not take into account the severe disturbances of nature associated with it - the creation of deep quarries and extensive overburden dumps. Mine production is more expensive and has a high accident rate, which is largely determined by the depreciation of mining equipment (40% of it is outdated and requires urgent modernization).
The role of this or that coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quality of the coal, the size of the reserves, the technical and economic indicators of extraction, the degree of preparedness of the reserves for industrial exploitation, the size of the extraction, and the peculiarities of the transport and geographical position. Together, these conditions stand out sharply interdistrict coal bases- Kuznetsk and Kansko-Achinsk basins, which together account for 70% of coal production in Russia, as well as the Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo and South Yakutsk basins.
Kuznetsk basin, located in the south of Western Siberia in the Kemerovo region, is the main coal base of the country and provides half of the all-Russian coal production. Here lies the coal High Quality, including coking. Almost 12% of production is carried out open way. The main centers are Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
Kansko-Achinsk basin located in the south of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Trans-Siberian Railway and provides 12% of coal production in Russia. The lignite of this basin is the cheapest in the country, since it is mined in an open pit. Due to the low quality of coal, it is not very transportable, and therefore powerful thermal power plants operate on the basis of the largest mines (Irsha-Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky).
Pechora pool is the largest in the European part and provides 4% of coal production in the country. It is remote from the most important industrial centers and is located in the Arctic; mining is carried out only by the mine method. Coking coal is mined in the northern part of the basin (Vorkuta, Vorgashorskoye deposits), while in the southern part (Intinskoye deposit), mainly energy coal is mined. The main consumers of Pechora coal are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, enterprises of the North-West, the Center and the Central Chernozem Region.
Donetsk basin in the Rostov region is eastern part coal basin located in Ukraine. This is one of the oldest coal mining areas. The mining method of extraction led to the high cost of coal. Coal production is declining every year, and in 2007 the basin produced only 2.4% of the total Russian production.
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region provides a low cost of coal, since mining is carried out in an open way and provides 3.4% of coal in the country. Due to the great distance from large consumers, it is used at local power plants.
South Yakutian Basin(3.9% of the total Russian production) is located in the Far East. It has significant reserves of energy and process fuels, and all mining is carried out by an open method.
The promising coal basins include the Lensky, Tungussky and Taimyrsky, located beyond the Yenisei to the north of the 60th parallel. They occupy vast areas in the poorly developed and sparsely populated areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
In parallel with the creation of coal bases of inter-district significance, there was a wide development of local coal basins, which made it possible to bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption. At the same time, in the western regions of Russia, coal production is declining (the Moscow Basin), and in the eastern regions it is sharply increasing (deposits of the Novosibirsk Region, the Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye.
- Extraction, taxes... There is a cause for alarm. November 16, 2010
- V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom Geography of Russia: population and economy. Grade 9
- V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze Geography of Russia: economy and geographical regions. Grade 9
The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.
This industry includes: oil production, oil refining, gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining.
Fuel - a group of resources used mainly to obtain thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.
Fuel is classified:
By physical condition:
- gaseous;
- solid;
- liquid.
How to receive:
- natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);
- artificial, resulting from the processing of natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).
The fuel industry location factors are considered to be a set of conditions for the most rational choice of the location of an economic facility, groups of facilities, an industry, or a specific territorial organization of the economic structure of the republic, economic region and territorial production complex.
The whole variety of factors that have a huge impact on the location of production can be combined into related groups:
natural factors, including the economic assessment of individual natural conditions and resources for the development of individual industries and regions;
economic factors, including measures for the protection of nature and its rational use of natural resources;
demographic factors, which are understood as settlement systems, the provision of individual territories of the country with labor resources.
These factors should also include the state of the social infrastructure. An important role in the rational distribution of the country's productive forces is played by economic, geographical and economic factors.
When placing individual industries, depending on natural factors it is necessary to single out industries gravitating towards sources of raw materials. This group of industries includes all branches of the fuel industry: oil, coal, gas, etc.
When locating branches of the fuel industry, the economic assessment of resources is especially important: the mining and geological conditions of a particular resource, the thickness of the reservoir, the depth of occurrence, the size of reserves, especially balance, quality (calorific value of coal, component composition of oil or gas, etc.).
At the same time, the transport factor is important for the location of fuel industries; availability of railways, waterways, pipelines, etc. At the same time, the conditions for the construction of certain types of transport, throughput, for example, railways, the availability of vehicles, rolling stock are taken into account. railways or ships for water transportation, their carrying capacity, as well as the cost of transporting the extracted raw materials to its consumer.
An important factor for the development and rational distribution of the fuel industry is the level of scientific and technological progress, which ensures the greatest efficiency in the extraction of a particular resource. Not unimportant factor in the fuel industry is the availability of electricity production areas.
Thus, when analyzing the features of the location of the fuel industry, one should take into account a combination of factors with the decisive importance of the proximity of objects with the decisive importance of the approximation of resource extraction objects to the raw material base.
Refinery. Photo: Alexander Meins
Industries
Oil industry
The Russian oil industry is based on nine vertically integrated oil and gas companies (VIOCs). They own approximately 80.7% of Russia's proven oil reserves and provide the vast majority of the country's oil production. In 2009, the share of VIOCs in the total Russian oil production was 87%.
Most of the leaders of Russian oil production are based in the West Siberian OGB. The leading positions in oil production here are occupied by Rosneft holdings, OJSC Surgutneftegaz, LUKOIL Group, OJSC TNK-BP Holding. Rosneft, in addition, is producing in almost all other oil and gas regions of Russia. The LUKOIL Group has large production facilities in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Komi, the Perm Territory and the North Caucasus.
The remaining VIOCs have reserves and produce oil, as a rule, in one or two Russian regions. The oil production of the Gazprom Neft holding is concentrated in the Yamal-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Tomsk Region.
In 2011, Russia produced 511 million tons of oil. This amounted to about 13% of world oil production.
Gas industry
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of production, explored reserves and predicted gas resources and provides about 20% of its world production. The gas industry provides more than 50% of domestic energy consumption, about 15% of foreign exchange earnings from Russian exports, and about 5% of tax revenues to the Russian budget system.
The gas industry in Russia is primarily Gazprom, which is the world's largest gas producing company.
In 2009, natural gas production in Russia (excluding volumes of flared gas) amounted to 582 trillion cubic meters.
Oil refining industry
Oil refining in Russia is carried out at 28 large oil refineries (refineries), as well as more than 200 mini-refineries, less than half of which operate legally. The total capacity of processing facilities in Russia is 279 million tons.
The largest enterprises in the refining sector are the Kirishinefteorgsintez Refinery with an installed primary oil refining capacity of 19.8 million tons per year, the Omsk Refinery (19.5 million tons), the Ryazan Refinery (19.1 million tons), the Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Refinery (17 million tons) and the Yaroslavnefteorgsintez Refinery (14 million tons).
The main production facilities are located mainly near the areas of consumption of petroleum products: in the European part of the country - in the Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Leningrad regions, Krasnodar Territory, in the south of Siberia and the Far East - in the cities of Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In addition, refineries have been built in Bashkiria, the Samara Region and the Perm Territory - regions that were once the largest centers of oil production. Subsequently, when oil production moved to Western Siberia, oil refining capacities in the Urals and the Volga region became redundant.
Currently, the oil and oil products market in Russia is dominated by several oil companies with a vertically integrated structure (VIOC), which produce and refine oil, as well as sell oil products, both in large wholesale and through their own supply and marketing network. The situation on the oil products market depends entirely on the strategy of oil companies, which is formed under the influence of oil prices, commodity structure and geography of demand. VIOCs own more than 70% of the country's processing capacities. By the beginning of 2010, Rosneft and LUKOIL had the largest installed capacities, they are also leaders in terms of oil refining, 49.6 million tons and 44.3 million tons, respectively. In total, this is almost 40% of raw materials processed in Russia.
In 2009, Russian refineries received 238 million tons of oil; this amounted to 49.8% of the raw materials produced in the country and less than 7% of the volume of oil refining in the world. Almost all oil is processed at 28 major refineries, mini-refineries accounted for 2.8% of Russian oil refining. Production of basic oil products in 2009 amounted to 176 million tons, including VIOCs produced 155 million tons of basic oil products, OAO Gazprom - 3.9 million tons. Independent companies produced 57.5 million tons of oil products.
In 2011, tripartite modernization agreements (of oil companies, the government and the Federal Antimonopoly Service) were concluded, which stipulate that by 2015 Russia will produce about 180 million tons of light oil products. The agreements stated that during the modernization of the refinery for the period up to 2020, oil companies will reconstruct and build 124 secondary process units at the refinery. As of the spring of 2012, work was underway to reconstruct and build 40 units, the commissioning of which is planned to be carried out in the period 2013-2015; construction of secondary process units scheduled for commissioning in 2016-2020 was mainly at the planning or basic design stage.
coal industry
In 2011, 336 million tons of coal were mined in Russia. At the beginning of 2012, it was noted that the production of Russian coal over the past ten years has increased by about a quarter, the volume of its exports - by almost 3 times.
The main region of coal production in Russia is Kuzbass, which accounts for about 60% of coal production in the country.
Refinery in Dzerzhinsky, Moscow region
(FEC) is one of the intersectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interdependent branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry. It also includes specialized types of transport - pipeline and main high-voltage lines.
The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and deployment of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached more than 60% in the country's export balance. The fuel and energy complex has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget and its regional structure. The branches of the complex are closely connected with all sectors of the Russian economy, are of great regional importance, create prerequisites for the development of fuel production and serve as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, gas industrial complexes.
At the same time, the normal functioning of the fuel and energy complex is constrained by a lack of investment, a high level of obsolescence and depreciation of fixed assets (more than 50% of the equipment in the coal and oil industry has exhausted its design life, more than 35% in the gas industry, more than half of the main oil pipelines are operated without overhaul 25-35 years old), increase it negative impact on the environment(the share of the fuel and energy complex accounts for 1/2 of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere, 2/5 Wastewater, 1/3 solid waste from all users).
A feature of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia is the restructuring of its structure in the direction of increasing the share of natural gas over the past 20 years (more than 2 times) and reducing the share of oil (1.7 times) and coal (1.5 times), which is due to the continuing discrepancy in the distribution of productive forces and fuel and energy resources (FER), since up to 90% of the total reserves of FER are in the eastern regions.
Structure of production of primary energy resources in Russia* (% of total)
The needs of the national economy in fuel and energy depend on the dynamics of the economy and on the intensity of energy saving. The high energy intensity of the Russian economy is due not only to the natural and geographical features of the country, but also to the high share of energy-intensive heavy industries, the prevalence of old energy-wasting technologies, and direct energy losses in the networks. Until now, there is no widespread practice of energy-saving technologies.
Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their regional structure is dominated by coal, but in Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance.
In 2007, in the country as a whole, oil production amounted to 491 million tons, gas - 651 billion m3, coal - 314 million tons. 20th century and up to the present day, there is a clear trend - as the most efficient oil, natural gas and coal deposits in the western regions of the country are developed, the main volumes of their production are shifting to the east. In 2007, the Asian part of Russia produced 93% of natural gas, more than 70% of oil and 92% of coal in Russia.
See next: See next: See next:Power industry
Power industry- the basic industry, the development of which is an indispensable condition for the development of the economy and other spheres of life. The world produces about 13,000 billion kW / h, of which only the United States accounts for up to 25%. Over 60% of the world's electricity is produced at thermal power plants (in the USA, Russia and China - 70-80%), approximately 20% - at hydroelectric power stations, 17% - at nuclear power plants (in France and Belgium - 60%, Sweden and Switzerland - 40-45%).
Norway (28 thousand kWh per year), Canada (19 thousand), Sweden (17 thousand) are the most provided with electricity per capita.
The electric power industry, together with the fuel industries, including the exploration, production, processing and transportation of energy sources, as well as the electric energy itself, forms the most important for the economy of any country. fuel and energy complex(TEK). About 40% of the world's primary energy resources are used to generate electricity. In a number of countries, the main part of the fuel and energy complex belongs to the state (France, Italy, etc.), but in many countries mixed capital plays the main role in the fuel and energy complex.
The electric power industry is engaged in the production of electricity, its transportation and distribution.. The peculiarity of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for subsequent use: the production of electricity at any given time must correspond to the size of consumption, taking into account the needs of the power plants themselves and losses in the networks. Therefore, communications in the electric power industry have constancy, continuity and are carried out instantly.
The electric power industry has a great impact on the territorial organization of the economy: it allows the development of fuel and energy resources in remote eastern and northern regions; development of main high voltage lines contributes to a freer location of industrial enterprises; large hydroelectric power plants attract energy-intensive industries; in the eastern regions, the electric power industry is a branch of specialization and serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.
It is believed that for the normal development of the economy, the growth in electricity production should outstrip the growth in production in all other industries. Industry consumes most of the generated electricity. In terms of electricity production (1015.3 billion kWh in 2007), Russia ranks fourth after the USA, Japan and China.
In terms of the scale of electricity production, the Central Economic Region (17.8% of the total Russian production), Eastern Siberia(14.7%), the Urals (15.3%) and Western Siberia (14.3%). Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of electricity generation, Moscow and the Moscow Region, Khanty-Mansiysk are in the lead autonomous region, Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region, Sverdlovsk region. Moreover, the electric power industry of the Center and the Urals is based on imported fuel, while the Siberian regions work on local energy resources and transmit electricity to other regions.
Power industry modern Russia mainly represented by thermal power plants (Fig. 2) operating on natural gas, coal and fuel oil, in last years the share of natural gas in the fuel balance of power plants is increasing. About 1/5 of domestic electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants and 15% by nuclear power plants.
Thermal power plants, working on low-quality coal, as a rule, gravitate to the places of its extraction. For oil-fired power plants, their optimal location is near oil refineries. Due to the relatively low cost of its transportation, gas-fired power plants are predominantly gravitated towards the consumer. Moreover, in the first place, power plants of large and largest cities are switched to gas, since it is cleaner in terms of environmentally fuel than coal and oil. CHP plants (which produce both heat and electricity) gravitate towards the consumer regardless of the fuel they operate on (the coolant cools down quickly during transmission over a distance).
The largest thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 3.5 million kW each are Surgutskaya (in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), Reftinskaya (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Kostromskaya GRES. Kirishskaya (near St. Petersburg), Ryazanskaya (Central region), Novocherkasskaya and Stavropolskaya (Northern Caucasus), Zainskaya (Volga region), Reftinskaya and Troitskaya (Urals), Nizhnevartovskaya and Berezovskaya in Siberia have a capacity of more than 2 million kW.
Geothermal power plants, using the deep heat of the Earth, are tied to an energy source. In Russia, Pauzhetskaya and Mutnovskaya GTES operate in Kamchatka.
hydroelectric power plants are very efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, are easy to manage and have a very high efficiency (over 80%). Therefore, the cost of electricity produced by them is 5-6 times lower than at thermal power plants.
Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are most economically built on mountain rivers with a large elevation difference, while on flat rivers, large reservoirs are required to maintain a constant water pressure and reduce dependence on seasonal fluctuations in water volumes. For a more complete use of the hydropower potential, cascades of hydroelectric power stations are being built. In Russia, hydropower cascades have been created on the Volga and Kama, the Angara and the Yenisei. The total capacity of the Volga-Kama cascade is 11.5 million kW. And it includes 11 power plants. The most powerful are Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgogradskaya (2.3 million kW). There are also Saratov, Cheboksary, Votkinskaya, Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and others.
Even more powerful (22 million kW) is the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which includes the largest hydroelectric power plants in the country: Sayanskaya (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6 million kW), Bratskaya (4.6 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW).
Tidal power plants use the energy of high tides in a bay cut off from the sea. In Russia, an experimental Kislogubskaya TPP operates off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula.
Nuclear power plants(NPP) use highly transportable fuel. Given that 1 kg of uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal, it is more expedient to place nuclear power plants near the consumer, primarily in areas lacking other types of fuel. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in the city of Obninsk (Kaluga region). Now there are 8 nuclear power plants in Russia, of which the most powerful are Kursk and Balakovo (Saratov region) with 4 million kW each. In the western regions of the country there are also Kola, Leningrad, Smolensk, Tver, Novovoronezh, Rostov, Beloyarsk. In Chukotka - Bilibino ATEC.
The most important trend in the development of the electric power industry is the unification of power plants in power systems that produce, transmit and distribute electricity between consumers. They are a territorial combination of power plants different types working on the total load. The integration of power plants into power systems contributes to the ability to choose the most economical load mode for different types of power plants; in the conditions of a large extent of the state, the existence of standard time and the mismatch of peak loads in certain parts of such power systems, it is possible to maneuver the production of electricity in time and space and transfer it as needed in opposite directions.
Currently operating Unified Energy System(UES) of Russia. It includes numerous power plants of the European part and Siberia, which operate in parallel, in a single mode, concentrating more than 4/5 of the total capacity of the country's power plants. In the regions of Russia east of Lake Baikal, small isolated power systems operate.
The energy strategy of Russia for the next decade provides for the further development of electrification through the economically and environmentally sound use of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable types of energy, as well as improving the safety and reliability of existing nuclear power units.
Topic 2. Fuel industry and electric power industry
The fuel industry is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of fuel. It consists of sub-sectors that extract or process certain types of fuel - gas, gas processing, oil, oil refining, coal, peat, shale industries. The fuel industry is of great importance in the Russian economy. The industry's products (gas, oil and oil products) account for about half of Russia's exports. The industry accounts for up to 20% of the country's industrial production.
Role different types fuel shows the structure of primary energy production. Moreover, based on the possibility of obtaining energy, all types of fuel and energy are reduced to one unit - a ton of reference fuel.
The leading sub-sector of the fuel industry in modern Russia is gas (until the 1990s, the oil sub-sector was the main one, and before it, coal). The reasons for this situation are as follows: 1) gas is the most cost-effective fuel: energetically valuable and with a low production cost, its transportation through pipelines is cheaper than transportation of solid or liquid fuels; 2) Russia has huge reserves of natural gas - about a third of the world's proven reserves. Russia ranks first in the world in gas production. About a third of the produced fuel is exported. Russia supplies gas to the Transcaucasian states of the CIS and many European countries.
Of the total Russian gas production, the West Siberian Basin currently accounts for about 90%. These are mainly deposits of the Yamalo-Nenets (85%) and Khanty-Mansiysk (5%) autonomous regions. The main centers of gas production in Western Siberia are the cities of Novy Urengoy and Nadym. In second place is the Volga-Ural basin, which produces about 6% of gas (in the Orenburg region, etc.). In the Volga region in the 1940s, gas production began on a large scale for the first time. Promising in the basin is the Astrakhan gas condensate field. The third in terms of volume is the Timan-Pechora basin (about 1% of gas), where production is carried out mainly in the Komi Republic (the main center is Vuktyl). Extraction for local needs is available in some regions North Caucasus, near Norilsk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Vilyui basin of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the north of Sakhalin.
In Russia, a gas pipeline system has been created to transport gas, uniting all the main areas of gas production and consumption. The most powerful gas pipelines are laid from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the southwest to the central regions of the country. From here, through Belarus and Ukraine, gas pipelines go west to European countries. The ʼʼSoyuzʼʼ gas pipeline was laid from Orenburg to the west. In the eastern regions of Russia, small isolated gas pipelines operate near the cities of Norilsk and Yakutsk.
Oil industry is engaged in oil production, its primary processing and transportation through pipelines, as well as the extraction of associated gas. In terms of oil production, Russia ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. Approximately 40% of the produced oil is exported. Russia provides oil to most of the CIS countries and foreign Europe, deliveries are made to the USA, Japan and other countries.
About 2 / 3 of Russian oil production falls on the West Siberian basin (mainly the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), where the main production centers are the cities of Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk. To date, the largest deposits (Samotlor and others) are almost exhausted here. The second place is occupied by the Volga-Ural basin. Today it accounts for about a quarter of oil production. Most of the oil is produced in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The largest is the Romashkinskoye deposit near the city of Almetyevsk. Of interregional importance is oil production in the Timan-Pechora basin (Komi Republic and Nenets Autonomous Okrug), which accounts for about 4% of production in the country. The main centers in this basin are Usinsk and Ukhta. There is local oil production in the North Caucasus, as well as in the Sakhalin and Kaliningrad regions, where development is carried out not only on land, but also on the sea shelf.
The network of oil pipelines developed in Russia in the 1960s, when the Volga-Ural basin was the leading production basin. From here, oil pipelines are laid to oil export ports (Novorossiysk in the south, Odessa in the southwest, Ventspils in the west), to the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe(oil pipeline ʼʼDruzhbaʼʼ), as well as to large domestic consumers (to the northwest - to Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, to the east - to the city of Angarsk in the Irkutsk region). Later, oil pipelines from the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic were connected to this system. In the Far East, there is an isolated oil pipeline linking Sakhalin with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
gas processing industry is engaged in the processing of gas condensate and associated gas from oil fields. Accordingly, large gas processing complexes operate in the centers of gas condensate fields (Orenburg and Astrakhan) and the main centers of oil production (Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Almetyevsk, Sosnogorsk near Ukhta).
Oil refining industry larger than gas processing, since oil necessarily needs to be processed before use. Processing takes place at oil refineries (refineries). Annual volumes of oil refining in Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. account for about 200 million tons - the third largest in the world after the USA and Japan.
Initially, refineries were built in oil production areas. For this reason, by the 1960s, large-scale oil refining had developed in the Volga-Ural basin, which was the leader in oil production. In the Volga region, refineries were built in Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Saratov, Volgograd, in the Urals - in Ufa, Salavat, Perm, Orsk. The Volga and Ural regions are still leaders in terms of oil refining volumes. Also near the fields, refineries are located in the Krasnodar Territory (Krasnodar and Tuapse), the Republics of Komi (Ukhta) and Tatarstan (Nizhnekamsk). After the construction of the oil pipeline system, processing began to approach the consumer, since it is more profitable to transport and store crude oil than numerous products of its processing. In the European part of Russia, refineries on oil pipeline lines were built in Kstovo (Nizhny Novgorod region), Ryazan, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kirishi ( Leningrad region). In the Asian part, the largest oil refining center is Omsk, there are oil refineries in Achinsk, Angarsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
coal industry engaged in the extraction and enrichment of hard and brown coal. Brown coal is used as fuel in power plants, like most hard coals. But some grades of coal after processing (coking) are used as process fuel in metallurgy, as well as in the chemical industry. In terms of coal production, Russia ranks third in the world after China and the United States. 3 / 4 of the coal mined is used for the production of electricity and heat, 1 / 4 - in the metallurgical and chemical industries. For export, unlike oil and gas, there is a small share of coal mined in Russia.
During the 1990s, coal production in Russia declined greatly, as it is an economically inefficient fuel compared to oil and gas. As a rule, coal mining is profitable only with a quarry (open) mining method (about 2/3 of the production volume in Russia). But the use of this method is possible only where thick coal seams lie close to the surface. Shaft (underground) mining is several times more expensive than the open one, and in this regard, in most countries of the world, coal mines are gradually closing. The cost of coal also depends on its quality, geological features of deposits, development and natural conditions of the mining area. For consumers, the price of coal is also highly dependent on the distance of its transportation. As a result, due to various reasons, a significant part of the Russian coal industry enterprises are unprofitable.
The largest in terms of production (about half of the all-Russian) coal basin in the country is Kuznetsk in the Kemerovo region. High-quality hard coal is mined here, incl. coking, approximately in equal proportions by open and underground methods. But this basin was intensively developed in the 1930-40s, in connection with this, many mines are outdated and are in disrepair. The main centers of coal mining in the basin are the cities of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. The second place in terms of production volumes (about 1/6) is occupied by the Kansk-Achinsk basin in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The cost of production here is the lowest in Russia, since thick seams lie close to the surface, and coal is mined in large sections (Nazarovsky, Irsha-Borodinsky). But the coal here is brown, of poor quality, not easily transportable, and therefore it is burned at local power plants.
In addition to the two leading basins, coal mining in four more basins is of interdistrict importance. The Donets Basin in Rostov Oblast (Shakhty, Novoshakhtinsk and other centers) is the eastern part of a large coal basin located mainly in Ukraine. Coal mining has been going on here since the 18th century. To date, all good seams have already been developed, and mining is carried out in mines at great depths, in connection with this, the cost of coal is high, and this basin has no prospects.
In the Pechora basin in the Komi Republic (Vorkuta and Inta), high-quality coal occurs, incl. coking. But the cost of production is very high, since mining is carried out underground in an area with severe natural conditions. For this reason, this basin also has no prospects. The Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region (the main center is Cheremkhovo) has a low cost of production, since coal is mined in an open way. This basin supplies coal to nearby power plants, but transportation of fuel to other regions is unprofitable due to the great remoteness of the territory. The South Yakutsk basin in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (the main mining center is Neryungri) has coal reserves, incl. coking, mined in an open way. The cost of production is average. Today, a significant part of the coal from this basin is exported to Japan and the Republic of Korea.
The remaining coal basins of Russia are of local importance. Οʜᴎ are located mainly in the eastern regions of the country. Here, the high cost of production is often not very important, since the fuel from the leading basins cannot compete with the local one due to the lack of transport routes. In the western regions of Russia (the Urals, the Moscow Basin), on the contrary, high costs led to a sharp reduction in production in the 1990s, since local coal is uncompetitive not only in comparison with oil and gas, but also with cheaper Kuznetsk coal. The Russian coal industry is shown on the map (Fig.).
Fuel industry - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Fuel industry" 2017, 2018.