Uvarov articles. Birthday anniversary of Sergei Semyonovich Uvarov, Minister of Public Education of the Russian Empire

Russian scientist, statesman, minister of public education.

Origin and education. Early life

He came from an old noble family of Uvarovs. His father Semyon Fedorovich Uvarov was the adjutant wing of Catherine II, commanded the Life Grenadier Regiment. Sergei lost his parents early and was brought up in the family of the princes Kurakins, relatives of his mother, Darya Ivanovna Golovina. In the Kurakins' house, Sergei received his primary education under the guidance of Abbé Mangenya, a French emigrant, thanks to whom he became well acquainted with French and culture of France.

From 1801 to 1803 S. Uvarov studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany, where he studied German literature and the works of German scientists. Then, in 1801, Uvarov entered the civil service in the collegium of foreign affairs. In 1803, Uvarov became a translator, and in 1805 he went on his first business trip abroad to Italy. Upon his return from a business trip, Uvarov received the court rank of chamber junker. His career was on the rise. In 1806-1809 he worked in Vienna as an employee of the Russian embassy. In Vienna, he visited the aristocratic salons of Count Cobenzl and Prince de Ligne, communicated with the famous French writer Germaine de Stael and other representatives of European high society in those years. Uvarov managed to achieve the location of the Russian ambassador in Vienna A.K. Razumovsky, who greatly contributed to the further career growth of the young diplomat. In 1809, Uvarov was appointed secretary of the Russian embassy in Paris, but he never took advantage of this appointment. In 1810, he married Ekaterina Alekseevna Razumovskaya, daughter of Count Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky, who had just been appointed Minister of Public Education, and brother of the Russian ambassador in Vienna. Under the patronage of Razumovsky, Uvarov at the end of 1810 received a new high appointment to the post of trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district.

After returning to Russia. Scientific activity of Uvarov

Having become a trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, S. Uvarov opened the way for further advancement in career ladder. He becomes a real state councilor, and in 1818 he was appointed president of the Academy of Sciences. At the same time, Uvarov retains the position of trustee of the educational district, which he leaves only in 1821. In 1819, he achieved the transformation of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg into a university and personally wrote the charter for it.

In those same years, Uvarov became a member of the literary society "Conversation of Lovers of the Russian Word", founded by the Russian writer A.S. Shishkov. In 1813, Uvarov read his first work on the Russian hexameter there, in which he puts forward the idea of the proximity of the Greek and Russian prosodic systems and the possibility of transferring the Greek hexameter to Russian literary soil. Uvarov's mentor in the field of literature was then living in St. Petersburg and working there as a teacher. Greek German scientist Christian-Friedrich Graefe. According to Uvarov himself, for fifteen years, under the guidance of Grefe, he studied grammar and read ancient authors, especially the works of the poet Nonna from Panopol (5th century AD). Friendship with Uvarov was also beneficial for Grefe: with the support of Uvarov, he first became a professor at the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, became a corresponding member, and a little later a full member of the Academy of Sciences.

S. Uvarov also closely communicated with other representatives of the scientific and creative community of Russia, for example, with the researcher of classical antiquities A.N. Olenin, with the poets K.N. Batyushkov and N.I. Gnedich, who made a significant contribution to the translation of ancient Greek literature into Russian. Moreover, in the discussion that broke out in Russian literary circles in 1813-1815 about how Homer should be translated (in Alexandrian rhymed verses or in the size of the original), Uvarov also took part. Moreover, it was he who was one of the first to strongly advocate the use of the hexameter in the translation of Homer and supported the experience of Gnedich in this direction. In 1815, Uvarov founded a literary society, which included N.Ya. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, A.S. Pushkin.

Uvarov was the author of many scientific works. Thus, in his Study on the Eleusinian Mysteries (1812), general review these mysteries, as well as a number of considerations, in particular, about the possible origin of these ritual actions from the East and about the reflection in the doctrine of the Eleusinian mysteries of the philosophy of mature polytheism. In a work titled Nonn Panopolsky, Poet, Uvarov presented a kind of intermediate result of his philological studies under the guidance of Grefe. Here is a detailed mythological and philological analysis of Nonnus's poem "On Dionysus", which contains both general discussions about the development of epic poetry among the Greeks from Homer to Nonnus, and the atmosphere of the era when Nonnus lived. In his work “On the Pre-Homeric Epoch”, Uvarov responds to the work of G. Herman and F. Kreutzer “Letters on Homer and Hesiod”. In the work "Critical study of the legend of Hercules, as interpreted by Dupuy" Uvarov gives an assessment of the interpretation ancient mythology with the help of the astral-solar symbolism of the French mathematician Charles-Francois Dupuis (“The Origin of All Cults, or the Universal Religion”, 1795).

Uvarov - Minister of Education. The theory of official nationality

In 1822, Uvarov, having enlisted the support of the Minister of Finance D.A. Guryev, holds the position of Director of the Department of Manufactories and Internal Trade of the Ministry of Finance. In 1824 he received the rank of adviser, and in 1826, already during the reign of Nicholas I, he became a senator. In the Senate, Uvarov works with cases related to education. In 1828 he takes part in the development of a new censorship statute, in 1832 he was appointed comrade (deputy) minister of public education, in 1833 acting minister, and in 1834 - minister of education of Russia.

Upon taking office, Uvarov formulated the provisions of the so-called. theory of official nationality, which became the state ideology of the Russian Empire during the reign. In his report to the emperor “On some general principles that can serve as a guide in managing the Ministry of Public Education” dated November 19, 1833, Uvarov wrote: “Deepening into consideration of the subject, and seeking those principles that are the property of Russia (and every land, every nation such a Palladium), it is clear that such principles, without which Russia cannot prosper, grow stronger, live - we have three main ones: 1) the Orthodox Faith; 2) Autocracy; 3) Nationality. “Without love for the faith of the ancestors,” Uvarov wrote, “the people, like a private person, must perish; to weaken the Faith in them is the same as to deprive them of blood and tear out their hearts. This would prepare them for the lowest degree in moral and political destiny.” As for autocracy, according to Uvarov, the "Russian Colossus" relies on it as a cornerstone. Uvarov did not give any more detailed and clear definition of “nations”.

In 1833, Uvarov proposed to the emperor a series of radical measures against the spread of private schools not controlled by the state. In 1834, also at the initiative of Uvarov, home teachers and mentors were also included in the state education system, receiving the official status of employees. In the educational districts, the power of trustees is being strengthened, at whose disposal, in addition to lower and secondary educational institutions, universities were now also located. The trustees strictly ensured that the Russian language was studied in lower and secondary educational institutions, and loyalty to the emperor and the reigning house was instilled. In 1835, a new university statute was adopted, which deprived the institutions of higher education of their former autonomy. The Minister of Education, in one of his circulars, quite clearly stated that university teachers should become "worthy instruments of government."

Thanks to Uvarov, censorship was also strengthened in the country (the censorship department was also subordinate to him). According to the aforementioned censorship regulations of 1828, the press was forbidden to discuss political issues, and even in articles on historical topics, politics could only be touched upon "with special care." Any publication that violated the charter could be the reason for the closure of a particular publication. In 1834, the magazine "Moscow Telegraph" was closed, in 1836 the magazine "Telescope". It is known that Uvarov wanted to use the talent of A.S. Pushkin, and even before his appointment as Minister of Education, he tried to gain confidence in the poet. But Pushkin evaded Uvarov's patronage, which caused the minister to dislike the poet.

However, Uvarov's tenure as Minister of Education was marked not only by increased state control over educational institutions and increased censorship. Under Uvarov, Kiev University and a number of other educational institutions were founded, the sending of young scientists abroad was resumed, and a real education was launched. Uvarov was the first of the ministers of public education to publish his reports on the management of the ministry in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education founded under him.

By the highest decree on March 1, 1846, the Minister of Public Education, real Privy Councilor S. Uvarov was elevated to the dignity of a count.

During the European revolutions of 1818-1849, with the knowledge of Uvarov, an article was published in defense of universities, which Emperor Nicholas I was extremely dissatisfied with. After that, Uvarov resigned from his post as minister. In December 1850 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. In 1851, in the journal Sovremennik, Uvarov under the pseudonym A.V. published his Literary Memoirs.

Sergiy Semenovich Uvarov

Uvarov Sergei Semenovich (August 25, 1786-September 4, 1855), count, statesman.

Uvarov was a descendant of an old Russian noble family, known in Russia since the 15th century. His father was G. A. Potemkin's adjutant; imp. Catherine II took him from the font and became the godmother of the baby, named Sergius in memory of the greatest Russian ascetic Sergius of Radonezh. The father died when the boy was 2 years old. The mother was unable to maintain a small inheritance and, having no means, gave both sons to be raised by her sister, who was married to Prince. Kurakin. The position of the "freeloader" was painfully reflected in the character of Uvarov.

He realized early on that success in life could only be achieved through his own efforts, he consciously strove for education; passion for science retained until the end of his life. He was educated at home, attended lectures (no more than a year in 1801-1803) at the University of Göttingen in Germany. Thanks to persistent self-education, he had deep knowledge (especially in Greek history), knew 7 languages (new and ancient, studied Greek for 15 years), wrote and published in 4 languages.

He published over 20 works on the history, literature, philology and fine arts of Ancient Greece, Rome and the East (mainly in French). After retiring in 1853, he publicly defended his master's thesis at the University of Dorpat on the origin of the Bulgarians; until the last days he worked on his doctoral dissertation.

He was considered one of the most educated people of his time. Elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1811), the Russian Academy (1828), many scientific societies of Russia (the Moscow Imperial Society of Agriculture, the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at the Moscow Imperial University, the Society of Russian History and Antiquities, the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, the Imperial University St. Vladimir, Imperial Russian Geographical Society); was an honorary member of scientific societies of almost all European countries(including the National Institute of France, the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen and Copenhagen, the Royal Historical Society in Madrid, the French Academy of Inscriptions and Literature), was also elected a member of the Historical and Geographical Society of Brazil.

He was friends with N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, K. N. Batyushkov, corresponded with European celebrities (I. Goethe, G. Stein, C. Pozzo di Borgo, A. Humboldt and his brother V. Humboldt, J. Stahl).

He was granted in 1803 to the chamber junkers. He began his service at the age of 15 as a cadet in the College of Foreign Affairs (1801), then appointed to the embassy in Vienna (1806), secretary of the embassy in Paris (1809), trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district and member of the Main Board of Schools (1810-21), president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1818-55), director of the Department of Manufactories and Domestic Trade of the Ministry of Finance and member of the Council of Ministers of Finance (1822-24), senator (1826: participated in the development of the Censorship Charter of 1828), deputy minister of public education (1832), and. D. Minister of Public Education (1833), approved by the Minister of Public Education (1834-49).

Particularly significant is his role as president of the Academy of Sciences, which he headed for 37 years and radically transformed (the structure he developed remains to this day). He headed the Ministry of Public Education for 15 years, creating the foundation for education, including higher university education.

Brought up by the French abbot Mangin on European (mainly French) culture, a 20-year-old young man found himself in Western Europe in the diplomatic service, having lived abroad for several years, knowing the Western world quite deeply, he returns to Russia as a passionate patriot of his Fatherland. Having critically perceived Western European civilization, he believed that in the countries Western Europe“the order of things has gradually uprooted the spirit of the people in almost every state”, and the result of this was revolutionary upheavals; came to the conclusion that Russia, under the leadership of the monarch, can develop without revolutions, preserving its national and spiritual traditions.

Uvarov was devoted to the interests of Russia, he worked with dignity for her good. Twice voluntarily resigned (in 1821 and 1849) in protest against the policy aimed at weakening Russia. Combination deep knowledge with systematic thinking and a heightened sense of modernity, they allowed him to develop an original worldview and carry out fundamental transformations, especially in public education.

Uvarov's worldview was based on 2 fundamental principles. The first was that Russia should not repeat the Western way of development, based on revolutionary upheavals and despotic regimes, that it is necessary to look for your own path, based on your own historical past and characteristics state of the art Russia. Guided by this principle, Uvarov acted as a staunch supporter of the original evolutionary path of Russia's development in the general mainstream of world civilization in the state reform activities. “It is time to abandon attempts to make Russia English, Russia French, Russia German. It is time to understand that from the moment when Russia ceases to be Russian, it will cease to exist.”

The 2nd principle was that the basis for moving forward to the strongest degree depends on the education of society. Uvarov was one of the first not only Russian, but even European statesmen who realized that the progress of the country, its well-being depended on the level of education. Therefore, Uvarov made education the core of the large-scale national strategy he developed. One of the main tasks of education was to strengthen the feeling of national pride.

Uvarov's original program in the field of public education was built on the "historical principles of Russian statehood and culture"; she set the task of enlightening all strata of society: "The ministry wants enlightenment for everyone, to the extent of everyone's ability for a greater affirmation of the people's spirit in loyalty to the religion of their ancestors and devotion to the throne and the king."

Its main provisions were first expressed in 1832 in a report on the state of Moscow University: "Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality constitute the last anchor of our salvation and the surest guarantee of the strength and greatness of our society"; finally formulated in 1833 in a report to Nicholas I: “After my accession, from Your Highest Imperial Majesty, to the post of Minister of Public Education, I used, so to speak, the headline, the slogan of my administration, the following expressions: “Public education should be carried out in the united spirit of Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalities” (published in 1834 in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education).

The well-known Uvarov formula was taken by him and transformed from the old military motto "For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland"; became the motto of the Count Uvarov family (raised to the dignity of a Count in 1846). The famous Uvarov triad formed the basis not only of public education, but of the entire state activities Uvarov. It contains a deep "state-building philosophy".

It was Uvarov's deep conviction that this brief and outwardly simple formula could and should have become national idea th, around which all strata of society would be able to rally on the path of evolutionary (and not Western, revolutionary) transformation of Russia. Uvarov believed that the educated stratum of Russian society was especially in need of a national idea, which, due to the peculiarities of development, had departed from Russian culture, from Orthodoxy, and which, as a result, lacked national self-consciousness.

Uvarov linked progress human society first of all, with the progress of the human spirit (material progress reduces a person to the level of things), therefore Orthodoxy occupied the first position in his formula. Faith protects a person and society as a whole from extreme cynicism, skepticism, materialism, immorality (“Without love for the faith of the ancestors, the people, like a private person, must perish; to weaken faith in them is the same as to deprive them of blood and tear out their hearts” ); ensures the unity of the Russian people, affirms the beginnings of an internal community (defines the norms of behavior and beliefs of an individual, a people, and a sovereign ruler). Orthodoxy has managed to preserve the purity and strength of its foundations (unlike the Christian religions of the West) and is capable of uniting Russian society. Faith is unshakable. Creative spiritual power lies at the foundation of Russian statehood and Russian culture.

In autocracy and autocratic rule, Uvarov saw the main condition for the political existence of Russia. Autocracy, as the defining form of the sovereign existence of the Russian people, was endured and accepted by the people. Uvarov believed that a vast and diverse empire required a strong central government, that only a strong government could successfully implement reforms, that autocratic rule would allow Russia to avoid the economic problems that accompanied industrialization in Europe, and that industry could and should develop not spontaneously, but on the basis of a state leadership, and then reasonable economic growth is able to benefit the people, lead to the painless elimination of serfdom.

Any attempt to weaken the autocracy will inevitably lead to the death of Russia: “The Russian colossus rests on the autocracy as on the cornerstone; the hand that touches the foot shakes the entire composition of the state. This truth is felt by an innumerable majority among Russians; they feel it in full, although they are placed among themselves at different degrees and differ in enlightenment and in the way of thinking, and in their attitudes towards the government. This truth must be present and developed in public education.

Autocracy corresponds to Orthodox and folk traditions, but over time, very distant, the nature of the form of state government can be changed (“when Russia is covered with prosperous cities, well-cultivated fields, industrial enterprises, when markets are open”).

Nationality is, first of all, a historical identity: the idea of nationality in the concept of Uvarov implied a careful attitude to national history, literature, native language, and customs. Uvarov believed that “nationality does not consist in going back or stopping; it does not require immobility in ideas. The composition of the state, like the human body, changes its appearance with age: the features change with age, but the physiognomy should not change. Foreign trends had to be perceived sensibly, so as not to "strangle" the national culture and national self-consciousness, and thereby not forcibly change the "physionomy" of the people. Uvarov has always opposed the blind imitation of Western culture.

Of the 3 components of Uvarov's formula, the concept of nationality was the most mobile element, since the assessment of originality is directly dependent on the depth of knowledge of one's own history. To know the originality is possible only by studying the national history and culture: knowing in its entirety the “precious heritage”, Russia will be able to throw off the shackles of the “intellectual” colony: “Listen to the voice of history! She will answer you, she will explain all your doubts, she will solve all your questions.”

In deep historical education Uvarov saw a guarantee against revolutionary upheavals, from atheistic ideas corrupting society, therefore he assigned a special place to the teaching of history at all levels of education for the full preparation of a Russian citizen; history, according to Uvarov, is the main subject in the education of citizenship and patriotism: "History forms citizens who know how to honor their duties and rights, judges who know the price of justice, warriors who die for the Fatherland, experienced nobles, kind and firm kings."

Uvarov believed that "the teaching of history is a matter of state." The basic principles of teaching: "general - briefly, modern peoples - more extensive, domestic - with all the necessary detail" (first published back in 1813 in the article "On the Teaching of History in Relation to Public Education"); at the same time, in the national history, it is necessary to single out its most striking stages, where the “moral strength of the Russian people” was especially manifested.

He considered history as a progressive process, as a natural movement of mankind from the “autocracy” of despots and the “anarchy” of republics, slavery, serfdom to an enlightened monarchy that guarantees the rights of man and citizen.

Also, Uvarov considered concern for the preservation and development of the Russian language as an important element in the preservation and development of national culture. According to the Uvarov reform of education, the teaching of Russian grammar, history and literature was introduced into the gymnasium course for all 7 years of education. (“To inspire young people to take a closer look at the history of our country, paying more attention to recognizing our nationality in all its various forms”).

Proceeding from the concept of “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality”, during the years of his reign in the Ministry, he managed to create the foundation of the system of public education in Russia really on Russian national principles and in the interests of community development Fatherland. Reformed curricula based on classical education; laid the foundation for real education; created 2 universities: St. Petersburg (transformed in 1819 from the Main Pedagogical Institute), St. Vladimir in Kiev (1833). A graduate of St. Petersburg University (graduated in 1849) wrote: "The University of Count Uvarov was not a German, not French, not English university, but its own original Russian, such as the needs of society created it."

In all universities (in accordance with the university charter of 1835 developed by Uvarov) special departments on Russian history were opened, world history, history and literature of Slavic dialects; departments of history and literature strengthened ancient greece and ancient Rome. Foreign internships have been introduced for young cadres of teachers of higher educational institutions.

"Scientific Notes", which universities began to publish at the initiative of Uvarov, did not print political news and "literary curses", they acted "as the purest source of knowledge and information." One of the main tasks of the "Notes" was to "inspire young people to take a closer look at the history of our country, paying more attention to recognizing our people." The priority in the study of Russian history in Russian universities was to show the youth the place of the Russian people in the system of peoples.

The first of the ministers began to report publicly on his work: reports on the management of the ministry were published annually in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education founded under him in 1834.

Under him, a centralized system for managing educational districts was created. Educational institutions of all levels (parish, district, gymnasiums, universities) were included in a single state system. Private education and foreign educators were eradicated as not corresponding to the public character and national direction in the education and upbringing of youth: “put an end to the perverse home education of them by foreigners and establish both between young people of the upper class, and in general in university youth, the desire for education of the people, independent” . Defending Russian enlightenment from European revolutionary and atheistic ideas, Uvarov considered it necessary to “preserve all the benefits European enlightenment, to move the intellectual life of Russia on a par with other nations "and to be at the height of the latest scientific achievements of Western Europe.

Uvarov actually raised the Academy of Sciences from the ruins. He radically transformed it: under him, the number of academicians increased, he contributed to the election of the largest Russian and European scientists to it; under him, the Pulkovo Observatory was founded, a large-scale research program in the field of Russian history and linguistics was carried out, including the Archeographic Expedition, created in 1829 and still existing today, which purposefully collected sources throughout Russia on the history of pre-Petrine Russia, examining for this purpose approx. 200 libraries, archives, monasteries; strengthened the relationship between the Academy and universities.

He made a major contribution to Oriental studies, considering the East "the cradle of mankind." He proposed the creation of the Asian Academy (1810): although the project did not receive support, Uvarov's policy as president of the Academy of Sciences and Minister of Public Education contributed to the transformation of Russia into one of the world's largest centers for the study of the East: a department of Persian and Arabic literature was created at the Main Pedagogical Institute; a department of Oriental studies was established in the Academy of Sciences (the Asian Museum was created at the department), a department (in 1854 it was transformed into a faculty) of Oriental languages was created at St. Petersburg University (11 departments, where history, archeology, geography, and religion were studied along with languages); Kazan University becomes a major center of oriental studies. Uvarov attached great importance to the education of natives of the Caucasus, Tatars, Kalmyks, Buryats, etc. at Russian universities, so that "young people from different parts of the single great Fatherland could see each other as close fellow citizens."

Uvarov founded the literary society "Arzamas" (1815-18), which united mainly metropolitan writers (about 20 people, the most active members: K. N. Batyushkov, D. N. Bludov, P. A. Vyazemsky, D. V. Dashkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, V. L. Pushkin), followers and defenders of the literary and aesthetic views of N. M. Karamzin, who aimed to merge Russian traditions with Western innovations, especially in language, because, according to According to the leader of the society, Uvarov, national culture depends on the perfection of the language.

At the initiative of Uvarov, the outstanding ancient Greek epic poems of Homer "The Iliad" (Gnedich N.I.) and "The Odyssey" (Zhukovsky V.A.) were translated into Russian in the size of the original.

Despite a personal conflict with A. S. Pushkin in 1835, Uvarov highly valued his talent and considered him a truly national poet: in 1831 he translated Pushkin's poem "To the Slanderers of Russia" into French, and in 1832 invited Pushkin to an open debate at Moscow University. The unflattering characterization of Uvarov in the poet's diary for 1835 and his famous pamphlet "On the recovery of Lucullus" were actively used by fierce opponents of Uvarov's reformist, national-Russian in essence, activities.

Awarded: Order of St. Vladimir, St. Anna, White Eagle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called.

Collector of documents on the history of Russia, monuments of ancient and Western European art; bibliophile (about 12 thousand volumes, mostly classics, historical works, rare editions). The library and collection (known in Russia as the private Poretsky Museum, housed in specially equipped rooms) were located in the Porechye estate of Mozhaysky district. Moscow province. (contemporaries called the estate "Russian Athens"); passed by inheritance to his son Alexei, and according to the will of the latter - to the Russian Historical Museum. After 1917, the collection was disbanded: most of the books entered the State Public historical library(where it is preserved to this day in a separate fund), monuments of ancient and Western European art - to the State Museum of Fine Arts. A. S. Pushkin, Russian antiquities remained in the State Historical Museum.

In memory of his father, Alexei Uvarov established in 1858 at the Academy of Sciences 5 annual Uvarov Prizes, which were intended for the best works of Russian writers and playwrights writing in Russian about the history of Russia and the Slavs.

He had a son and 3 daughters. In the person of Alexei Sergeevich (1824-84), Russian science and culture found an outstanding archaeologist and organizer of archaeological science: one of the founders of the Russian Archaeological Society (1846), founder of the Moscow Archaeological Society (1864), one of the founders of the Russian Historical Museum (1872), initiator convening Archaeological congresses, which colossally advanced the study of Russian history.

S. S. Uvarov was buried in the family tomb in the village. Hill of Gzhatsky Smolensk lips.

Polunina N.

Used materials from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian people - http://www.rusinst.ru

Years of life: 1786-1855

From the biography

Uvarov Semyon Semyonovich – Minister of Public Education Russia in the period from 1833-1849 .
His activities took place during the reign of Nicholas I.
Was the originator of the idea official nation.
The views of Uvarov S.S. were close to the Slavophiles

The main activities of Uvarov S.S. and their results

One of the directions activity was the public service.

Uvarov S.S. occupied high positions in the state: he was a real privy councilor, for 16 years he headed the Ministry of Education of the Russian Empire, from 1818-1855 he was president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

In 1833, being minister of public education, Uvarov sent a circular to the trustees of the educational districts, in which were the following words: “ Our common duty is that public education, in accordance with the Highest Intention of the August Monarch, be carried out in a united spirit Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality».

The triad from this circular - "Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality" became the essence of the official ideology of the state.

The main directions of development of public education under Uvarov S.S.:

Carrying out the reform of public education on Russian national principles. Introducing spirit into education "Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalities, it is necessary to cultivate respect for the national history, language, and institutions. It is necessary to remove private teachers and foreign educators from education. It must be public.
Uvarov S.S. was sure that the progressive development of society is largely dependent on the level of education in it. One of the tasks of education is to strengthen the sense of national pride among the Russian people.
Strengthening government control over the activities of universities and gymnasiums
The beginning of real education in Russia
Restoring the practice of sending scientists abroad to study and generalize experience
The level of education in gymnasiums and universities reached European level, and Moscow State University has become one of the leading universities in Europe.
Preservation orthodoxy «

The essence of the official ideology: "Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality"

Preservation orthodoxy- the most important task of Russia, since it is the basis of the culture and life of the people. A Russian person cannot imagine his life without Orthodoxy; it encompasses all activity and life. Orthodoxy was the force that helped Russia "to stand in the midst of storms and phenomena." « Without love for the faith of the ancestors, the people, like a private person, must perish; to weaken their faith is the same as to deprive them of blood and rip out their hearts.”

Autocracy is the basis of statehood. It "represents the main condition for the political existence of Russia." Any, even insignificant, restriction of it will inevitably lead to the weakening of the country, the reduction of its power, the violation of inner peace and tranquility. " The Russian colossus rests on autocracy as on a cornerstone; the hand that touches the foot, shakes the entire structure of the State. It is this idea that, according to Uvarov S.S., should underlie education. He paid great attention to the teaching of history, believing that it was she who brought up citizenship and patriotism.

Nationality. The essence of the concept of nationality, according to Uvarov S.S., comes down to two components: the Russian nation and the Russian state as a single organism. The unity of the people and the state is achieved through joint development. “The Russian spirit, healthy, lofty in its simplicity, humble in valor, unshakable in obedience to the law, adorer of kings, ready to sacrifice everything for the beloved Fatherland, from time immemorial exalted its moral strength.”

The result of this activity was the formalization of the official ideology in the country, the further development of education.

another direction was literary and educational.

Uvarov was a member of the well-known Russian literary society Arzamas, which he himself founded in 1815. The Society united more than 20 famous writers and poets (Zhukovsky V.I., Batyushkov K.B., Vyazemsky P.Ya., Pushkin A.S. and others). Much attention was paid to the preservation and development of the Russian language. Uvarov S.S. believed that the development of national culture largely depends on the perfection of the language.

Uvarov S.S. was fond of botany. In his estate, he created a botanical garden, amazing in terms of the number of plant species. The scientist Alexander Bunge in honor of Uvarov named one of the plants of the Verbenov family - uvarovia. And even one of the minerals is also named after him - uvarovite.

The son of Uvarov - Alexei Sergeevich, in 18657 established in honor of his father Uvarov Prizes at the Academy of Sciences.

The result of this activity– further development of culture, bringing it to the best world standards.

In this way, Uvarov S.S. - one of the famous and educated people of his time, a man of versatile knowledge. Occupying influential positions, and above all the post of Minister of Public Education, he made a significant contribution to the development of education in the country, to the formation of an official ideology. And his studies in literature, archeology and botany also did not go unnoticed, they were known not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

Note.

This material can be used when writing a historical essay (task No. 25) on the era of Nicholas I .

Approximate theses (the material for them is in the historical portrait).

The era of the reign of Nicholas I

(1825-1855)

*Events, phenomena.*	*Persons who took part in this event, phenomenon, process.*
Strengthening autocracy, the power of the emperor.	Nicholas I, having come to power after the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, considered strengthening the autocracy, establishing strict discipline in the country as one of the main tasks. The official ideology " *Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”,* drafted by the Minister of Education Uvarov S.S.. played a significant role in this. ( Next, you need to describe the essence of the theory).
Further development of culture.	The development of culture, primarily education, enlightenment, under Nicholas I received its further development. It was based on the principles of official ideology. The education of patriotism, citizenship, love for national culture, language - all these thoughts lay in the works Uvarova S.S., who, both in the public service and in literary and educational activities, defended the need for the development of culture on a national basis, taking into account the uniqueness of national history and culture.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

Reder Christian Fedorovich (1769–1828)

Portrait of Count S.S. Uvarov. 1810s

Cardboard, oil. 43 x 30.5

Receipt: From M.L. Karpova in 1935

The portrait entered the Pushkin House as an image of Count S.S. Uvarova in his youth by an unknown artist. Authorship H.D. Reder was established thanks to an identical lithograph stored in the Pushkin House, published in a lithographic institution

P.F. Gelmersen in Petersburg.

H.D. Reder - painter, draftsman and lithographer, studied in Dresden with F. Casanova, from 1800 he lived in Russia; one of the first Russian lithographers.

Count Sergei Semyonovich Uvarov headed the Imperial Academy of Sciences from January 18, 1818 to September 4, 1855.

The second quarter of the 19th century was an important turning point in the activities of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The reforms carried out in the system of academic science in the 1830s–1840s were preceded by a socio-economic crisis, which also affected the position of domestic science. The Academy of Sciences was undergoing great difficulties: the funding of the institution remained within staffing the charter of 1803. There was a noticeable outflow of foreign scientists. Members of the Academy had to be distracted from scientific studies in order to earn money outside its walls.

S.S. Uvarov was born in St. Petersburg on August 15, 1786 (according to M.P. Pogodin, S.V. Rozhdestvensky in Moscow) (1). He belonged to an old noble family of Tatar origin, who had been in the Russian service since the 2nd half of the 15th century. Uvarov received a good education at home, attended lectures at the University of Göttingen in Germany, on January 30, 1798, he entered the service of the State College of Foreign Affairs as a cadet. On June 27, 1799, he was "expelled from service due to infancy", and on June 7, 1801, he was again accepted. From March 26, 1803 - translator, from January 1, 1804 - chamber junker of the Court of His Imperial Majesty. From June 21, 1806 S.S. Uvarov was appointed to the Russian embassy in Vienna, from October 22, 1809 - secretary of the embassy in Paris. On December 31, 1810, having returned to St. Petersburg, Uvarov became a trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, a member of the Main Board of Schools and a real state councilor. On March 2, 1812, he was approved as assistant director of the Imperial Public Library.

January 12, 1818 S.S. Uvarov was appointed President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (2) with the post of Trustee of the educational district. In 1821, at the end of the reign of Alexander I, he resigned from the post of trustee of the educational district in St. Petersburg (3).

From July 28, 1822 to November 21, 1824, Uvarov was director of the Department of Manufactories and Internal Trade of the Ministry of Finance. On June 13, 1824, he became a Privy Councilor, and on August 22, 1826, as a manager of the State Loan and Commercial Banks, he became a senator. August 21, 1832 S.S. Uvarov was appointed deputy minister of public education, leaving the post of president of the Academy of Sciences. On April 21, 1834, he was approved as Minister of Public Education. April 2, 1838 S.S. Uvarov received the highest rank of the Russian Empire - a real Privy Councilor.

Kanievsky (Kanevsky, Konevsky) Xavier Yan Ksaverievich (1805-1867)

Portrait of Count S.S. Uvarov, President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1844

Canvas, oil. 116 x 90

In the image on the lower right, the artist's signature: J.X. Kaniewski pinx.1844

Receipt: From the Board of the Academy of Sciences in 1927

YES. Rovinsky mentions this image in the list of portraits of presidents and directors of the Imperial Academy of Sciences: “Count Serg<ей>Sem<енович>Uvarov, president from 1818 to 1855. Generational portrait painted in 1844 by Academician Xaver<ием>Xav<ериевичем>Kanievsky from nature” (See: Rovinsky D.A. Detailed dictionary of Russian engraved portraits. St. Petersburg, 1889. Vol. 4. Stb. 256). Probably the ceremonial portrait of S.S. Uvarov was created by order of the Academy of Sciences.

Xavier Jan (Ivan-Xavier Xaverievich) Kanevsky (Kanievsky; Konevsky) (1805-1867) - painter, portrait painter. A pensioner at Vilna University, an outside student of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he studied with A.O. Orlovsky; in 1845 he received the title of academician.

Inv. PD-48969

© IRLI (Pushkin House) RA

Bryullov Alexander Pavlovich (1798–1877) from his own original

Portrait of Count S.S. Uvarov. 1820s

Paper, lithography. 36 x 27.2

On the image to the left of the center is the signature: A. Brulloff

Receipt: From F.A. Temchina (from the collection

M.D. Romm) in 1996.

October 2, 1849 S.S. Uvarov was dismissed from the post of Minister of Public Education with the retention of his position as a member State Council and President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

Since taking office as President of the Academy of Sciences S.S. Uvarov paid great attention natural sciences, preservation of museum collections. Uvarov's idea of organizing an oriental center was realized in the opening of the Asian Museum.

On January 30, 1830, “Additional clauses to the Academic Regulations of 1803” were approved, thanks to which the number of academicians increased, a new division was made according to the sciences in connection with the development of scientific areas. One of the main changes in organizational structure The Academy of Sciences was formed on the basis of an overgrown academic museum, whose collections no longer fit in the building of the Kunstkamera, eight museums of different profiles.

In 1832 S.S. Uvarov instructed three academicians, Ya.D. Zakharov, P.N. Fusu and G.I. Hess, to draw up a draft of the new Charter of the Academy.

December 30, 1834 as Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov submitted a memorandum to the State Council on the need for organizational changes in the Academy of Sciences.

On January 1836, the Imperial Academy of Sciences, by order of Nicholas I, received a new Charter and Staff (6). Having retained the essential features of the former organization, it was able to significantly stimulate its scientific activity, put in order and enrich the new academic museums: the Mineralogical, Botanical, Zoological, Zootomical with a laboratory, the Botanical Garden, the Numismatic Cabinet, the Collection of Asian and Egyptian Antiquities and the Ethnographic Cabinet.

Formation of the structure of the Academy of Sciences during the leadership of S.S. Uvarov was completed by the merger of the Academy of Sciences with the Russian Academy and the division of the leading scientific institution into three departments: the Department of Physics and Mathematics, the Department of Russian Language and Literature, the Department of History and Philology. Another achievement of the new statute was the uncensored receipt of works by Russian authors by the Library of the Academy of Sciences. This was a great victory, since since 1828 censorship, which had previously existed on the basis of the relatively liberal charter of 1825, after the adoption of a new censorship charter, formally remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, but in fact came under control III Branches.

The duties of the President under the new Charter did not change noticeably; only one clarification was added to the activities of the head of the Academy, namely: “The President alone has the right to make proposals in the Assembly regarding the management of the Academy” (7).

The academy was finally freed from the obligation to train academic gymnasium students, since a network of new universities was already operating in the country. With regard to changes in the financing of the Academy, there was actually an indexing of funds after inflation, and the total amount of appropriations doubled. Changes in the field of financing were dictated by the needs of the development of new directions in science and inflation over the past 30 years. According to the charter of 1803, a total of 120,000 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the Academy. In the draft of the new Charter, it was assumed that the amount would double - up to 240,000 rubles (8).

The general mood of the members of the Academy before the adoption of the charter was upbeat. Hope for future changes was in the air, and the authority of scientific activity increased significantly.

C.S. Uvarov tried to put in order the scientific institutions of the Ministry of Public Education, which could, "preserving all the benefits of European education, exposing the mental life of Russia on a par with other nations, give it national independence, base it on its own principles and bring it into line with the needs of the people and the state " (9).

On November 18, 1836, the “Regulations on promotion to ranks and on the determination of pensions and lump-sum allowances for the scientific part of the Ministry of Public Education” was issued, which became the final chord of the reforms of the 1930s in the field of science (10). Ministry employees were divided into two categories, according to which promotion to ranks took place. The 1st category included “all persons who are in the scientific and teaching service under the department of the Ministry of Public Education in the positions of professor, adjunct, prosector, lecturer or language teacher at universities, the Main Pedagogical Institute and lyceums, an astronomer-observer at Derpt University, senior teachers of the Moscow Noble Institute, gymnasiums and noble county schools. All the above-mentioned persons are promoted to the ranks according to the length of service of the terms established in the Regulations of June 25, 1834, that is, having certificates of graduation from sciences in higher educational institutions ”(11).

This "Regulation" says nothing about the members of the Academy of Sciences. According to § 22 of the Charter of 1836, ordinary academicians who served in this rank for 20 years were entitled to an increase in salary in the amount of 1000 rubles, and according to § 29 they belonged to the 6th class of ranks of the “Table of Ranks”. However, academicians and adjuncts of the Academy of Sciences did not fall into the system of division by category of the Ministry of Public Education, because the 2nd category according to the “Regulations” included persons, although they were in the service of the scientific department, but did not occupy scientists and teachers' positions. Probably, the members of the Academy in the ministry were in a special position: the staff division by rank did not affect them.

Other important event in the life of the Academy was its unification with the Russian Academy. On April 11, 1841, on a memorandum on the death of the President of the Russian Academy, Admiral A.S. Shishkov, Nicholas I wrote: “To present a project for the connection of the Russian Academy with the Academy of Sciences” (12). Wishing to preserve the independent existence of the Academy as an institution “bequeathed to Russia by Peter the Great” and called upon to develop mainly the exact sciences, Uvarov drew up a plan for such a scientific institution, which, under the general name of the “Imperial United Academies”, would fall into three autonomous parts: the Academy of Russian Literature, the Academy of History and philology and the Academy of Sciences, dealing with exact sciences" (thirteen). Each academy would have its own president and vice president, a conference, and an indispensable secretary. General bodies all three academies would become the Chancellery and General meeting all real members. But the emperor rejected this plan. As early as June 12, 1841, he issued an order to merge the Russian Academy with the Academy of Sciences. Nicholas ordered that “under the general name of the Imperial Academy of Sciences there should be three departments: the Academy of Sciences itself; the second department of literature, which included the Russian Academy; the third branch of history and antiquities, with which the Archaeographic Commission should also be brought into contact” (14). According to the rescript addressed to the Minister of Public Education of October 19, 1841, the Russian Academy was attached to the Academy in the form of its special department.

Dietz Samuel Friedrich (1803-1873) Portrait of Count S.S. Uvarov. 1840

Paper, ink, pencil. 38 x 30

To the right of the image in pencil, the artist's signature: JDiezt1840;

under the image there is an inscription in French: dessine d apres la nature / St Petersburg mai1840. (created from nature / St. Petersburg May 1840). On the back in pencil: Gr. Sergiy Semenovich Uvarov / Prez. AN and min. Nar. Prosv.

Receipt: From I.S. Zilberstein in 1938, earlier - in the collection of P.D. Ettinger.

Presenting to Nicholas I the project of establishing the Department of the Russian Language and Literature (ORYaS), S.S. Uvarov asked to leave him the right to appoint the members of the Branch himself. Permission was given, and the famous Russian writers became part of the ORJAS: I.A. Krylov, V.A. Zhukovsky, P.A. Vyazemsky; major philologists and historians: K.I. Arseniev, M.P. Pogodin, P.M. Stroev, A.Kh. Vostokov; representatives of the highest church and administrative hierarchy: Metropolitan Filaret, Archbishop Innokenty, Prince. P.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, A.I. Krasovsky and others. Most of the members of the Russian Academy received the titles of honorary members of the Department, and not full or honorary members of the Academy of Sciences. Corresponding members of the Department are such outstanding domestic and foreign linguists as V.I. Dahl, P. Safarik, V. Karadzic.

The main tasks of the Department were to complete the work on compiling a dictionary and grammar of the Russian language. The members of the Branch also worked diligently in the fields of history, archeography and archaeology. The first chairman of the ORJAS was the chairman of the Archaeographic Commission, Prince P.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov. On December 23, 1841, the Section opened its meetings.

A small innovation in the life of the Academy, dated May 12, 1849, looks quite in a democratic spirit: “On the Permission to Elect Extraordinary Academicians and Adjuncts as Members of the Board Committee of the Imperial Academy of Sciences”, (15) that is, it was decided to accept young members of the Board as well. Academy, more energetic and less loaded with scientific work.

Structural reorganization of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, connected with the formation of its three Departments, led to further changes in its Charter. By the end of the 1940s, the system for electing full members needed to be adjusted. On August 11, 1849, the "Regulations on the procedure for electing full members of the Imperial Academy of Sciences" (16) was adopted.

If, according to the Charter of 1836, the election of new full members (ordinary academicians and adjuncts) was held immediately at a meeting of the Conference or General Assembly, (§§63-66) then with the reorganization of the structure of the Academy, the creation of three Divisions, all the main electoral activities are transferred to the Divisions.

In the Charter of 1836, the conditions for competitive admission to the Academy of Sciences were poorly developed. By the middle of the XIX century. the status of the country's leading scientific institution required further development of this issue. Candidates for the position of a full member of the Academy were first nominated by the Branches, and then, having received at least two-thirds of the votes, they were presented by the Branch to the General Assembly for final election. “If two candidates, when running for office in the Branch, received the legal number of ballots,” we read in § 9 of the “Regulations”, “the General Assembly will make the final election of one of these candidates.” In case of equality of votes and in this situation, the decisive word (vote) is for the President (§10).

The role of S.S. Uvarov in organizing the activities of the Academy of Sciences is enormous. The Ministry of Public Education was the first instance to resolve issues arising in scientific institutions. Further, petitions, memorandums and other documents were submitted to the State Council, a legislative institution founded by Alexander I on March 30, 1801. The Academy of Sciences, being directly subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education, made proposals, projects for discussion by the State Council and received the final supreme resolution regarding the adoption of organizational, personnel and other decisions from the hands of the emperor. Thus, the Academy fulfilled §7 and §13 of the Charter of 1836: “The Academy is obliged to bring to the attention of the government everything done by its member or foreign scientists discovery whose adaptation to practice can be useful in any way, either for the preservation of the health of the inhabitants, or for the improvement of industry, arts, factories, manufactories, trade, navigation and other things ”(17). The Academy and all its members (§ 13) are "under the highest special patronage, remaining under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Public Education, through which all the affairs of the Academy that require the highest consideration go back to His Imperial Majesty" (18).

With the adoption of the new Charter and the accession to the Academy of Sciences of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature, the transformations at the Academy ended not only in the Nikolaev era, but also during the period of S.S. Uvarov as president of the Academy, and minister of public education. This Charter was in effect until 1927, when the structure of the Academy underwent a radical reorganization.

On August 19, 1839, the opening of the Main Astronomical Observatory in Pulkovo took place. In terms of the richness and perfection of its equipment, the Pulkovo Observatory occupied a leading position in the world. The task of the new astronomical institution was to determine the positions of the stars in the celestial sphere, the distances to the stars, and so on. October 12, 1839 Uvarov was awarded the Highest Rescript for the construction of the Pulkovo Observatory. In April 1849, the Main Physical Observatory was opened; all the observatories of the Mining Department were subordinate to it. One of the activities of the observatory was the control of the meteorological service of the country.

Organizational activity of S.S. Uvarova as Minister of Public Education from March 21, 1833 also brought significant changes in the field of public education. At the head of the ministry’s activities, Uvarov put a broad program based on the historical principles of Russian statehood and culture: “... to adapt the general world education to our people’s way of life, to our people’s spirit, to establish it on the historical principles of Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality” (19). In an effort to maintain control over the minds, the government launched an offensive to infiltrate dangerous influences from the West - spreading in the society of materialistic and democratic ideas. Proclaimed by S.S. Uvarov, the program of the official nationality included the principle of autocracy as an unshakable element of social life. S.S. Uvarov was sure of the correctness state system based on autocracy, and believed that an attempt to Europeanize Russia dooms it to a social catastrophe. “We, that is, people of the nineteenth century,” wrote S.S. Uvarov, - in a difficult situation, we live in the midst of storms and political unrest. Peoples are changing their way of life, they are being renewed, they are agitated, they are moving forward. But Russia is still young, virgin, and must not taste, at least not yet, these bloody anxieties. It is necessary to prolong her youth and thereby educate her. Here is mine political system. If I manage to move Russia fifty years away from what theories are preparing for her, then I will fulfill my duty and die peacefully ”(20).

During his ministerial reign, S.S. Uvarov managed to translate the basic principles of his program into a number of important transformations that affected all aspects of the educational system and were expressed in the new organization of the management of educational districts on a bureaucratic basis, the restriction of university autonomy and academic freedom according to the new university charter of 1835.

In March 1849, Uvarov supported in Sovremennik an article by I.I. Davydov "On the Appointment of Russian Universities and Their Participation in Public Education" (21). Speaking about the high purpose of universities, the author sought to "discover the frivolity of superficial dreamers and convict them of injustice" to their higher educational institutions(22). On April 2, the Censorship Committee saw in this article an appeal to public opinion, which was then unacceptable (23). On March 21, Uvarov submitted a report to the tsar, where he supported I.I. Davydov and took full responsibility for the article. In April 1848 S.S. Uvarov was instructed to form a departmental committee to revise the censorship charter, and in September 1849 a new draft charter on censorship was submitted to the State Council, which, however, was subsequently “buried” by the “April 2 Committee”.

Having resigned for health reasons from the post of Minister of Public Education, Uvarov, at the request of the academicians, remained president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences until the end of his life (24).

Unknown lithographer I.P. Beggrov 1820s (?)

Portrait of Count S.S. Uvarov. 1833

Paper, watercolor. 20 x 17 (pic.); 40 x 37 (passe-partout)

Receipt: From IRLI (Pushkin Dom) RAS in 1939, transferred there from RAS archive in 1928.

Sergei Semenovich Uvarov was awarded many honorary titles. So, on January 16, 1811, he was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, March 5, 1818 - an honorary founding member of the Imperial Moscow Society Agriculture, March 30, 1818 - an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at the Imperial Moscow University and approved by the president of the Jena Society of Lovers of Latin Literature, April 14, 1828 - a member of the Russian Academy, December 25, 1838 approved by the election of an honorary trustee of the University of Krakow in the Kingdom Polish. January 7, 1844 - an honorary member of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev, October 7, 1845 - an honorary member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, etc. In addition, he was an honorary member of the Royal Societies of Sciences in Göttingen and Copenhagen, the Royal Historical Society in Madrid , French Academy of inscriptions and literature (25).

During the years of service, Uvarov was repeatedly awarded the orders: John of Jerusalem (1802); St. Vladimir 2nd (1816) and 1st degree (1818); St. Anne, 1st degree (1826), and a year later, with diamond signs to this order for his work at the Academy of Sciences; Order of the White Eagle (1834); St. Alexander Nevsky (1835). In July 1846, Uvarov received the title of Count of the Russian Empire; On December 6, 1850, he was awarded the highest order of the Russian Empire - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (26).

S.S. died. Uvarov on September 4, 1855 and was buried in the family tomb with. Hill of the Gzhatsky district of the Smolensk province.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher St. Petersburg branch of IIET RAS M.F. Hartanovich

S.S. Uvarov. Portrait.

Lithography.

Printed by Paul Petit.

Not earlier than 1849

SPF ARAN. R.X. Op.1-U. D.8.

Title page of the Charter of the Academy of Sciences, approved by Emperor Nicholas I.

Printing house copy.

SPF ARAN. F.1. Op.2-1836. D.9. L.4.

Decree of Emperor Alexander I on the appointment of S.S. Uvarov as President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

SPF ARAN. F.1. Op.2-1818. D.4. L.2.

The main works of Uvarov S.S.: About the teaching of history in relation to public education. SPb., 1813; About Goethe // In the solemn meeting of the Academy of Sciences read by the President of the Academy. M., 1833; General view on the philosophy of literature. St. Petersburg, 1848; Is historical accuracy improving? Dorpat, 1852; On the history of classicism in Russia // Russian archive. 1899. No. 11.

Literature about S.S. Uvarov: Pletnev P.A. In memory of Count S.S. Uvarov. St. Petersburg, 1855; Shcherbatov G.A. The nature and significance of Count S.S. Uvarova // St. Petersburg Vedomosti. 1869. No. 334. December 4; Pogodin M.N. For the biography of Count S.S. Uvarova // Russian archive. 1871. No. 12; Barsukov N.P. S.S. Uvarov and Admiral Shishkov // Russian archive. 1882. No. 6; Isabayeva L.M. Socio-political views of S.S. Uvarov in the 1810s // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 8. History. 1990; Hartanovich M.F. Nicholas I and Count S.S. Uvarov - reformers of the Academy of Sciences // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1995. V.65. No. 12.

Sources: St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPF ARAN):

Fund 5. Inventory 3. Materials on the activities of Uvarov S.S. (1786–1855) in the Ministry of Education. The volume of documents is 5 cases. Chronological framework: 1832–1833; Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA): F.733. Op.12. D.175. Materials about the service in the Academy of Sciences (1818–1855); F.1162. Op.6. D.567. Materials about the service in the State Council (1834-1850).

Notes

Shilov D.N. Statesmen of the Russian Empire. 1802–1917. Biobibliographic reference book. SPb., 2001. P. 682.
History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M.; L., 1964. S.20.
Hartanovich M.F. The scientific community of Russia. Imperial Academy of Sciences of the second quarter of the 19th century. SPb., 1999. P.15.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. P.35.
Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). F.733. Op.12. D.8. L.181.
Chronicle of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1803–1860 T.2. / Rev. ed. M.F. Hartanovich. SPb., 2002. P.257.
Statutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1724–1999 M., 1999. P. 114.
There. P.43.
Rozhdestvensky S.V. Historical review of the activities of the Ministry of Public Education. 1802–1902 SPb., 1902. P. 331.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. C.5.
Rozhdestvensky S.V. Decree. op. P.31.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. P.50.
There. P.46.
Collection of resolutions on MNP. SPb., 1875. V.2. Department 2. No. 106. Stb.256–266.
SPF ARAN. F.1. Op.1a. D.38. L.31.
There. P.46.
Statutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. P.106.
There. P.108.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. P.21.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. P.27.
Shevchenko M.M. Sergei Semenovich Uvarov // Russian Conservatives. M., 1997. P. 127.
Barsukov N.P. Life and works of M.P. Pogodin. SPb., 1896. Book X. P.532.
Shevchenko M.M. Decree. op. P.127.
Hartanovich M.F. Decree. op. P.28.
Shilov D.N. Decree. op. P.683.
Shilov D.N. Decree. op. pp.682–683.

Born into a noble family. He received an excellent education at home, becoming a connoisseur of ancient and new languages, European culture; had literary talent.

In 1801 he entered the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1806 he became a diplomat at the Vienna court, then secretary of the Russian. embassies in Paris. He was friends with Goethe, Humboldt and others. famous writers and scientists. He himself wrote scholarly works on philology and antiquity in French and German. The ruin of the Uvarov family made it impossible to continue a successful career. In 1810, by marriage of convenience with the daughter of the Minister of Education A.K. Razumovsky, Uvarov not only improved his financial affairs, but also received the post of trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, the rank of real state councilor.

In 1811 Uvarov became an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Uvarov was the initiator of the creation of the literary society "Arzamas" (1815), which included V.A. Zhukovsky, N.M. Karamzin, A.S. Pushkin, A.I. Turgenev and others. At that time he held liberal views and was his man in the Arzamas circle. M. M. Speransky, who highly appreciated Uvarov, called him "the first Russian educated person." In 1816, Uvarov was appointed trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district, and two years later - president of the Academy of Sciences; his scholarly writings written in French ("On the Eleusinian Mysteries", "Emperor Alexander and Bonaparte"), essays on ancient culture, won him honorable fame.

Appointed in 1818 as president of the Academy of Sciences, Uvarov delivered a liberal speech, for which, according to the venomous remark of the writer N.I. Grecha, later he "would have planted himself in a fortress." In this post, Uvarov contributed to the success of the academy.

In 1821, when Alexander I began to rely on A.A. Arakcheev, Uvarov was dismissed from the post of trustee of the metropolitan educational district. Dreaming of continuing his career, Uvarov accepted the appointment of director of the department of manufactories and domestic trade, as well as loan and commercial banks, i.e. agreed to take up an activity in which he understood nothing and therefore was ready to perform any service, if only his superiors would appreciate his devotion. A cautious liberal in the past, Uvarov has become a guardian of the existing order. In 1826 he was appointed senator and member of the State Council. In the 1820s, Uvarov served as director of the Department of Manufactories and Trade.

In 1827, when Pushkin returned to Petersburg, Uvarov renewed his acquaintance with the poet. He showed Alexander Sergeevich his disposition: he supported the project of publishing the newspaper Dnevnik before Benckendorff (summer 1831), introduced Pushkin to the students of Moscow University in flattering terms (September 1832), voted for his election as a member of the Russian Academy (December 1832). In 1831 filed a note to Nicholas I, in which he expressed a close imp. an idea that substantiated the need to educate the serfs before their emancipation. "Delighted by the beautiful, truly folk verses" of the ode to "Slanderers of Russia", Uvarov translated it into French. Pushkin thanked him in a letter dated October 21, 1831: “My poems have served you as a simple theme for the development of brilliant imagination. appointed Deputy Minister of Education; opposing any manifestation of freethinking, he submitted a note to Nicholas I justifying the education of youth "with warm faith in the truly Russian guardian principles of Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality, which constitute the last anchor of our salvation." In 1833 he was appointed Minister of Public Education, Chairman of the Main Directorate of Censorship. Defended the principle of class education, tightened censorship. He was one of the persecutors of A.S. Pushkin, attacking the poet.

In 1846 he was awarded the title of count. Occupied by Uvarov in the second half of his life, the position of exceptional patriotism and service to the Fatherland gave rise to slander of various kinds of figures of liberal views, both contemporaries, who proved themselves after Uvarov's death. For example, historian S.M. Solovyov gave Uvarov extremely critical assessments: "In this man, the abilities of the heart did not at all correspond to the mental ones ... When talking with this man, the conversation was very often brilliantly intelligent, however, one was struck by extreme pride and vanity." Or even worse: "Decent people, close to him, borrowed by him and loving him, confessed with grief that there was no meanness that he was not able to do, that he was dirty around him with unclean deeds." It is obvious that Uvarov's personal qualities are described in such harsh terms because of his public position.