What is the eternal world. "Eternal peace" between Russia and the Commonwealth

1686 Cit. Quoted from: Moskalev, 2004, p. 278.

ROCU 1686 * According to the Epiphany, the year of the Tsar’s Majesties became the king of Poland, and for that reason they broke the year with the Turks and Tatars, although they wanted to fight a war with them, helping the queen and the Commonwealth, in what weather and given the parish, what about Sozha Riki, Cossacks were

330 years ago, on May 16, 1686, the "Eternal Peace" between Russia and the Commonwealth was signed in Moscow. The world summed up the results of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, which went for the Western Russian lands ( modern Ukraine and Belarus). The Andrusovo truce ended the 13-year war. "Eternal Peace" confirmed territorial changes produced under the Andrusov Treaty. Smolensk forever retreated to Moscow, Left-bank Ukraine remained part of Russia, Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Commonwealth. Poland abandoned Kyiv forever, receiving compensation of 146 thousand rubles for this. The Commonwealth also refused to protectorate over the Zaporozhian Sich. Russia broke off relations with the Ottoman Empire and had to start a war with the Crimean Khanate.

Poland was an old enemy of the Russian state, but during this period, the Port became a stronger threat to it. Warsaw repeatedly made attempts to conclude an alliance with Russia against the Ottoman Empire. Moscow was also interested in creating an anti-Turkish alliance. War 1676-1681 with Turkey strengthened Moscow's desire to create such an alliance. However, repeated negotiations on this issue have not reached a result. One of the most important reasons for this was the resistance of the Commonwealth to the Russian demand to finally abandon Kyiv and some other territories. With the resumption in 1683 of the war with the Porte, Poland, in alliance with which Austria and Venice were, developed a stormy diplomatic activity in order to attract Russia to the anti-Turkish league. As a result, Russia joined the anti-Turkish alliance, which led to the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1686-1700.

Thus, the Russian state finally secured for itself a part of the Western Russian lands and annulled preliminary agreements with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, joining the anti-Turkish Holy League, and also pledged to organize a military campaign against the Crimean Khanate. This was the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1686-1700, the campaigns of Vasily Golitsyn to the Crimea and Peter to Azov. In addition, the conclusion of the "Eternal Peace" became the basis of the Russian-Polish alliance in the Northern War of 1700-1721.

background

The traditional opponent of the Russian state in the West for several centuries was Poland (the Commonwealth - the state union of Poland and Lithuania). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the crisis of Russia captured the vast western and southern Russian regions. In addition, the Russian state and Poland fought hard for leadership in Eastern Europe. The most important task of Moscow was to restore the unity of the Russian lands and the divided Russian people. Even during the reign of the Rurikovichs, Russia returned part of the previously lost territories. However, the Troubles early XVI 1st century led to new territorial losses. As a result of the Deulino truce of 1618, the Russian state lost the troops recaptured from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the very beginning of the 16th century. Chernigov, Smolensk and other lands. An attempt to win them back in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. did not lead to success. The situation was aggravated by the anti-Russian policy of Warsaw. The Russian Orthodox population of the Commonwealth was subjected to ethnic, cultural and religious discrimination by the Polish and Polonized gentry. The bulk of the Russians in the Commonwealth were practically in the position of slaves.

In 1648, an uprising began in the Western Russian regions, which grew into a people's liberation war. It was headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky. The rebels, which consisted mainly of Cossacks, as well as philistines and peasants, won a number of serious victories over the Polish army. However, without the intervention of Moscow, the rebels were doomed, since the Commonwealth had a huge military potential. In 1653, Khmelnitsky turned to Russia with a request for help in the war with Poland. October 1, 1653 Zemsky Sobor decided to satisfy the request of Khmelnitsky and declared war on the Commonwealth. In January 1654, the famous Rada took place in Pereyaslav, at which the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks unanimously spoke in favor of joining the Russian kingdom. Khmelnitsky, in front of the Russian embassy, ​​took an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

The war began successfully for Russia. It was supposed to solve a long-standing national task - the unification of all Russian lands around Moscow and the restoration of the Russian state within its former borders. By the end of 1655 all Western Russia, except for Lvov, was under the control of Russian troops and fighting were transferred directly to the ethnic territory of Poland and Lithuania. In addition, in the summer of 1655, Sweden entered the war, whose troops captured Warsaw and Krakow. The Commonwealth was on the verge of a complete military-political catastrophe. However, Moscow is making a strategic mistake. On a wave of dizziness from success, the Moscow government decided to return the lands that the Swedes captured from us during the Time of Troubles. Moscow and Warsaw signed the Vilna truce. Even earlier, on May 17, 1656, the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich declared war on Sweden.

Initially, Russian troops achieved some success in the fight against the Swedes. But in the future, the war was fought with varying success. In addition, the war with Poland resumed, and in 1657 Khmelnitsky died. The partially Polonized Cossack foreman immediately began to pursue a "flexible" policy, betraying the interests of the masses. Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky sided with the Poles and Russia faced a whole enemy coalition - the Commonwealth, Vyhovsky's Cossacks, Crimean Tatars. Soon Vygovsky was removed, and his place was taken by the son of Khmelnitsky Yuri, who first spoke on the side of Moscow, and then took an oath of allegiance to the Polish king. This led to a split and struggle among the Cossacks. Some were guided by Poland or even Turkey, others - by Moscow, others - fought for themselves, creating gangs. As a result, Western Russia became the field of a bloody battle, which completely devastated a significant part of Little Russia. In 1661, the Kardis Peace Treaty was concluded with Sweden, which established the boundaries provided for by the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617. That is, the war with Sweden only dispersed the forces of Russia and was wasted.

In the future, the war with Poland went on with varying success. Russia lost a number of positions in Belarus and Little Russia. On the southern front, the Poles were supported by traitorous Cossacks and the Crimean horde. In 1663-1664. a large campaign of the Polish army led by King Jan-Kazimir took place in conjunction with detachments of the Crimean Tatars and the right-bank Cossacks to the Left-Bank Little Russia. According to strategic plan Warsaw was dealt the main blow by the Polish army, which, together with the Cossacks of the right-bank hetman Pavel Teteri and the Crimean Tatars, having captured the eastern lands of Little Russia, was to advance on Moscow. An auxiliary blow was delivered by the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Pats. Pac was supposed to take Smolensk and connect with the king in the Bryansk region. However, the campaign, which began successfully, failed. Jan Casimir suffered a heavy defeat.

Problems began in Russia itself - economic crisis, Copper rebellion, Bashkir uprising. Poland was no better off. The Commonwealth was devastated by wars with Russia and Sweden, raids by Tatars and various bands. The material and human resources of the two great powers were exhausted. As a result, at the end of the war, forces were mostly only enough for small skirmishes and battles. local importance both in the northern and southern theaters of operations. They were not of great importance, except for the defeat of the Poles from the Russian-Cossack-Kalmyk troops in the battle of Korsun and in the battle of Belaya Tserkov. The exhaustion of both sides took advantage of the Port and the Crimean Khanate. Right-bank hetman Pyotr Doroshenko rebelled against Warsaw and declared himself a vassal of the Turkish sultan, which led to the beginning of the Polish-Cossack-Turkish war of 1666-1671.

Bloodless Poland lost to the Ottomans and signed the Treaty of Buchach, according to which the Poles abandoned the Podolsky and Bratslav voivodeships, and the southern part of the Kyiv voivodeship went to the right-bank Cossacks of Hetman Doroshenko, who was a vassal of the Porte. Moreover, militarily weakened Poland was obliged to pay tribute to Turkey. The offended proud Polish elite did not accept this world. In 1672 a new Polish-Turkish war began (1672-1676). Poland was again defeated. However, the Zhuravensky Treaty of 1676 somewhat softened the conditions of the previous, Buchach peace, abolishing the requirement for the Commonwealth to pay an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. The Commonwealth was inferior to the Ottomans Podolia. Right-bank Ukraine-Little Russia, with the exception of the Belotserkovsky and Pavolochsky districts, passed under the rule of the Turkish vassal, Hetman Petro Doroshenko, thus becoming an Ottoman protectorate. As a result, for Poland, the Port became more dangerous enemy than Russia.

Thus, the depletion of resources for further military operations, as well as the general threat from the Crimean Khanate and Turkey, forced the Commonwealth and Russia to negotiate peace, which began in 1666 and ended with the signing of the Andrusovo truce in January 1667. Smolensk passed to the Russian state, as well as lands that had previously been ceded to the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, including Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny, Velizh, Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub. Poland recognized Russia's right to the Left-Bank Little Russia. According to the treaty, Kyiv temporarily passed to Moscow for two years (Russia, however, managed to keep Kyiv to itself). Zaporizhzhya Sich passed under the joint control of Russia and the Commonwealth. As a result, Moscow was able to recapture only part of the original Russian lands, which was the result of managerial and strategic mistakes of the Russian government, in particular, the war with Sweden was a mistake, which dispersed the forces of the Russian army.

On the way to "Eternal Peace"

At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. two old adversaries - Russia and Poland, faced the need to coordinate actions in the face of the strengthening of two powerful enemies - Turkey and Sweden in the Black Sea and Baltic regions. At the same time, both Russia and Poland had long-standing strategic interests in the Black Sea region and the Baltic. However, for success in these strategic areas, it was necessary to unite efforts and carry out internal modernization, primarily of the armed forces and state administration, in order to successfully resist such strong enemies as the Ottoman Empire and Sweden. The situation was exacerbated by the crisis in internal arrangement and domestic politics of the Commonwealth and Russia. It is worth noting that the Polish elite was never able to get out of this crisis, which ended in complete degradation state system and sections of the Commonwealth (the liquidation of the Polish state took place). Russia was able to create new project, which gave rise to Russian Empire, which eventually solved the main tasks in the Baltic and Black Sea regions.

Already the first Romanovs began to look more and more to the West, to adopt the achievements of military affairs, science, as well as elements of culture. Princess Sophia continued this line. After the death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the Miloslavsky boyars, led by Sophia, organized the Streltsy rebellion. As a result, on September 15, 1682, Princess Sophia, the daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, became regent for the young brothers Ivan and Peter. The power of the brothers almost immediately became nominal. Ivan Alekseevich was sickly from childhood and incapable of governing the state. Peter was small, and Natalya and her son moved to Preobrazhenskoye in order to protect themselves from a possible blow.

Princess Sophia in historical popular science and fiction is often presented in the form of a kind of woman. However, this is a clear slander. She came to power at the age of 25, and the portraits convey to us the image of a somewhat overweight, but pretty woman. Yes, and the future Tsar Peter described Sophia as a person who “could be considered both bodily and mentally perfect, if not for her boundless ambition and insatiable thirst for power.”

Sophia had several favorites. Among them, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn stood out. He received under the command of the Ambassadorial, Discharge, Reitarsky and Foreign orders, concentrating in his hands enormous power, control over foreign policy and the armed forces. He received the title of "Royal Great Seal and State Great Ambassadorial Affairs Saver, Neighbor Boyar and Governor of Novgorod" (actually the head of government). The leadership of the Kazan order was received by the cousin of V.V. Golitsyn - B.A. Golitsyn. The Streltsy order was headed by Fyodor Shaklovity. A native of the Bryansk children of the boyars, who owed his exaltation only to Sophia, he was infinitely devoted to her (perhaps, like Vasily Golitsyn, he was her lover). Sylvester Medvedev was exalted, becoming the tsarina's adviser on religious issues (Sophia was on cold terms with the patriarch). Shaklovity was the "faithful dog" of the queen, but almost all state administration was entrusted to Vasily Golitsyn.

Golitsyn was a Westerner of that time. The prince bowed before France, was a real Francophile. The Moscow nobility of that time began to imitate the Western nobility in every possible way: the fashion for Polish outfits was preserved, perfume came into fashion, a craze for coats of arms began, it was considered the highest chic to acquire a foreign carriage, etc. Golitsyn was the first among such Western nobles. Noble people and wealthy citizens, following the example of Golitsyn, began to build houses and palaces of the Western type. Jesuits were admitted to Russia, Chancellor Golitsyn often held closed meetings with them. In Russia, Catholic worship was allowed - the first Catholic church was opened in the German Quarter. Golitsyn began to send young people to study in Poland, mainly at the Krakow Jagiellonian University. They taught not the technical or military disciplines necessary for the development of the Russian state, but Latin, theology and jurisprudence. Such personnel could be useful in the transformation of Russia according to Western standards.

Golitsyn was most active in foreign policy, since in domestic politics the conservative wing was too strong, and the queen held back the prince's reformist ardor. Golitsyn actively negotiated with Western countries. And during this period, almost the main business of Europe was the war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1684, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary Leopold I sent diplomats to Moscow, who began to appeal to the “brotherhood of Christian sovereigns and invited the Russian state to join the Holy League. This alliance consisted of the Holy Roman Empire, the Venetian Republic and the Commonwealth and opposed the Porte. Moscow received a similar proposal from Warsaw.

However, the war with a strong Turkey did not respond then national interest Russia. Poland was our traditional enemy and it still owned vast Western Russian territories. Austria was not a country for which our soldiers were worth shedding blood. It was only in 1681 that the Bakhchisaray peace treaty was concluded with Istanbul, which established peace for a 20-year period. The Ottomans recognized the Left-Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye and Kyiv as the Russian state. Moscow has significantly strengthened its position in the south. The Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan pledged not to help the enemies of the Russians. The Crimean horde pledged to stop raids on Russian lands. In addition, the Port did not take advantage of a series of unrest in Russia, the struggle for power in Moscow. At that time, it was more profitable for Russia not to get involved in a direct battle with Porta, but to wait for its weakening. There was more than enough land for development. It was better to focus on the return of the original Russian territories in the west, taking advantage of the weakening of Poland. In addition, the Western "partners" traditionally wanted to use the Russians as cannon fodder in the fight against Turkey and get all the benefits from this confrontation.

Golitsyn, however, gladly accepted the opportunity to enter into an alliance with the "progressive Western powers." The Western powers turned to him, called him as a friend. Therefore, the Moscow government put forward only one condition for joining the Holy Alliance, for Poland to sign the "eternal peace". True, the Polish lords indignantly rejected this condition - they did not want to forever abandon Smolensk, Kyiv, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Left-Bank Ukraine-Little Russia. As a result, Warsaw itself pushed Russia away from the Holy League. Negotiations continued throughout 1685. In addition, in Russia itself there were also opponents of this union. Participation in the war with the Porte was opposed by many boyars, who feared a long war of attrition. Against the union with Poland was the hetman of the Zaporozhian Army Ivan Samoylovich. Little Russia lived only a few years without the annual raids of the Crimean Tatars. The hetman pointed to the treachery of the Poles. In his opinion, Moscow had to stand up for Russian Orthodox Christians who were subjected to oppression in the Polish regions, to recapture the Russian ancestral lands from the Commonwealth - Podolia, Volhynia, Podlachie, Pidhiria and all of Chervona Rus. Patriarch Joachim of Moscow was also against the war with the Porte. At that time, an important religious and political issue for Ukraine-Little Russia was being resolved - Gideon was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv, he was approved by Joachim, now the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople was required. This important event for the church could be disrupted in the event of a quarrel with Porta. However, all the arguments of Samoilovich, Joachim and other opponents of the alliance with the Poles, the Pope and the Austrians were swept aside.

True, the Poles continued to persist in refusing the "eternal peace" with Russia. At this time, however, things were going badly for the Holy League. Turkey quickly recovered from defeats, mobilized, attracted troops from Asian and African regions. The Turks temporarily took Cetinje, the residence of the Montenegrin bishop. Turkish troops defeated the Commonwealth. Polish troops suffered retreat, the Turks threatened Lvov. This forced Warsaw to accept the need for an alliance with Moscow. In addition, the position of Austria became more complicated. The French king Louis XIV decided to take advantage of the fact that Leopold I was bogged down in a war with Turkey and developed a stormy activity. Leopold, in response, makes an alliance with William of Orange and begins negotiations with other sovereigns to create an anti-French coalition. For the Holy Roman Empire there is a threat of war on two fronts. Austria, in order to compensate for the weakening of the front in the Balkans, stepped up diplomatic efforts against the Russian state. Austria is also stepping up pressure on the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jan III Sobieski. The Pope, the Jesuits and the Venetians worked in the same direction. As a result, Warsaw was squeezed by common efforts.

Prince Vasily Golitsyn

"Eternal Peace"

At the beginning of 1686, a huge Polish embassy arrived in Moscow, almost a thousand people, headed by the Poznań governor Krzysztof Grzymultowski and the Lithuanian chancellor Marcian Ogiński. Russia was represented in the negotiations by Prince V.V. Golitsyn. The Poles initially again began to insist on their rights to Kyiv and Zaporozhye. But in the end they gave in.

An agreement with the Commonwealth was reached only in May. On May 16, 1686, the Eternal Peace was signed. Under its terms, Poland renounced its claims to the Left-Bank Ukraine, Smolensk and Chernigov-Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub, Kyiv, Zaporozhye. The Poles received compensation for Kyiv in the amount of 146 thousand rubles. Northern Kiev region, Volhynia and Galicia remained in the Commonwealth. Southern Kiev region and Bratslav region with a number of cities (Kanev, Rzhishchev, Trakhtemirov, Cherkasy, Chigirin, etc.), i.e., lands heavily devastated during the war years, was to become a neutral territory between the Commonwealth and the Russian Kingdom. Russia broke off treaties with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, entered into an alliance with Poland and Austria. Moscow pledged through its diplomats to facilitate the entry into the Holy League - England, France, Spain, Holland, Denmark and Brandenburg. Russia pledged to organize campaigns against the Crimea.

"Eternal Peace" was promoted in Moscow as Russia's greatest diplomatic victory. Prince Golitsyn, who concluded this agreement, was showered with favors, received 3 thousand peasant households. On the one hand, there have been successes. Poland recognized a number of its territories for Russia. There was an opportunity to strengthen positions in the Black Sea region, and in the future in the Baltic states, relying on the support of Poland. In addition, the contract was personally beneficial to Sophia. He helped to establish her status as a sovereign queen. During the hype raised about the "eternal peace", Sophia appropriated the title of "All the Great and Other Russias of the Autocrat" to herself. And a successful war could further strengthen the position of Sophia and her group.

On the other hand, the Moscow government allowed itself to be drawn into someone else's game. Russia did not need a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate at that time. Western "partners" used Russia. Russia had to go to war with strong enemy, and even pay big money to Warsaw for their own lands. Although the Poles at that time did not have the strength to fight with Russia. In the future, the Commonwealth will only degrade. Russia could calmly look at the wars of the Western powers with Turkey and prepare for the return of the rest of the original Russian lands in the west.

By signing the "Eternal Peace" with the Commonwealth in 1686, Russia began a war with the Porte and the Crimean Khanate. However, the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 did not lead to success. Russia just wasted resources. It was not possible to secure the southern borders and expand possessions. Western "partners" benefited from the fruitless attempts of the Russian army to break into the Crimea. The Crimean campaigns allowed for some time to divert significant forces of the Turks and Crimean Tatars, which was beneficial to Russia's European allies.

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330 years ago, on May 16, 1686, the "Eternal Peace" between Russia and the Commonwealth was signed in Moscow. The world summed up the results of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, which went for the Western Russian lands (modern Ukraine and Belarus). The Andrusovo truce ended the 13-year war. "Eternal Peace" confirmed the territorial changes made under the Andrusov Treaty. Smolensk forever retreated to Moscow, Left-bank Ukraine remained part of Russia, Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Commonwealth. Poland abandoned Kyiv forever, receiving compensation of 146 thousand rubles for this. The Commonwealth also refused to protectorate over the Zaporozhian Sich. Russia broke off relations with the Ottoman Empire and had to start a war with the Crimean Khanate.

Poland was an old enemy of the Russian state, but during this period, the Port became a stronger threat to it. Warsaw repeatedly made attempts to conclude an alliance with Russia against the Ottoman Empire. Moscow was also interested in creating an anti-Turkish alliance. War 1676-1681 with Turkey strengthened Moscow's desire to create such an alliance. However, repeated negotiations on this issue have not reached a result. One of the most important reasons for this was the resistance of the Commonwealth to the Russian demand to finally abandon Kyiv and some other territories. With the resumption in 1683 of the war with the Porte, Poland, in alliance with which Austria and Venice were, developed a stormy diplomatic activity in order to attract Russia to the anti-Turkish league. As a result, Russia joined the anti-Turkish alliance, which led to the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1686-1700.

Thus, the Russian state finally secured for itself a part of the Western Russian lands and annulled preliminary agreements with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, joining the anti-Turkish Holy League, and also pledged to organize a military campaign against the Crimean Khanate. This was the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1686-1700, the campaigns of Vasily Golitsyn to the Crimea and Peter to Azov. In addition, the conclusion of the "Eternal Peace" became the basis of the Russian-Polish alliance in the Northern War of 1700-1721.

background

The traditional opponent of the Russian state in the West for several centuries was Poland (the Commonwealth - the state union of Poland and Lithuania). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the crisis of Russia captured the vast western and southern Russian regions. In addition, the Russian state and Poland fought hard for leadership in Eastern Europe. The most important task of Moscow was to restore the unity of the Russian lands and the divided Russian people. Even during the reign of the Rurikovichs, Russia returned part of the previously lost territories. However, the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. led to new territorial losses. As a result of the Deulino truce of 1618, the Russian state lost the troops recaptured from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the very beginning of the 16th century. Chernigov, Smolensk and other lands. An attempt to win them back in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. did not lead to success. The situation was aggravated by the anti-Russian policy of Warsaw. The Russian Orthodox population of the Commonwealth was subjected to ethnic, cultural and religious discrimination by the Polish and Polonized gentry. The bulk of the Russians in the Commonwealth were practically in the position of slaves.

In 1648, an uprising began in the Western Russian regions, which grew into a people's liberation war. It was headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky. The rebels, which consisted mainly of Cossacks, as well as philistines and peasants, won a number of serious victories over the Polish army. However, without the intervention of Moscow, the rebels were doomed, since the Commonwealth had a huge military potential. In 1653, Khmelnitsky turned to Russia with a request for help in the war with Poland. On October 1, 1653, the Zemsky Sobor decided to satisfy the request of Khmelnitsky and declared war on the Commonwealth. In January 1654, the famous Rada took place in Pereyaslav, at which the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks unanimously spoke in favor of joining the Russian kingdom. Khmelnitsky, in front of the Russian embassy, ​​took an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

The war began successfully for Russia. It was supposed to solve a long-standing national task - the unification of all Russian lands around Moscow and the restoration of the Russian state within its former borders. By the end of 1655, all of Western Russia, except for Lvov, was under the control of Russian troops and hostilities were transferred directly to the ethnic territory of Poland and Lithuania. In addition, in the summer of 1655, Sweden entered the war, whose troops captured Warsaw and Krakow. The Commonwealth was on the verge of a complete military-political catastrophe. However, Moscow is making a strategic mistake. On a wave of dizziness from success, the Moscow government decided to return the lands that the Swedes captured from us during the Time of Troubles. Moscow and Warsaw signed the Vilna truce. Even earlier, on May 17, 1656, the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich declared war on Sweden.

Initially, Russian troops achieved some success in the fight against the Swedes. But in the future, the war was fought with varying success. In addition, the war with Poland resumed, and in 1657 Khmelnitsky died. The partially Polonized Cossack foreman immediately began to pursue a "flexible" policy, betraying the interests of the masses. Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky sided with the Poles and Russia faced a whole enemy coalition - the Commonwealth, Vyhovsky's Cossacks, Crimean Tatars. Soon Vygovsky was removed, and his place was taken by the son of Khmelnitsky Yuri, who first spoke on the side of Moscow, and then took an oath of allegiance to the Polish king. This led to a split and struggle among the Cossacks. Some were guided by Poland or even Turkey, others - by Moscow, others - fought for themselves, creating gangs. As a result, Western Russia became the field of a bloody battle, which completely devastated a significant part of Little Russia. In 1661, the Kardis Peace Treaty was concluded with Sweden, which established the boundaries provided for by the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617. That is, the war with Sweden only dispersed the forces of Russia and was wasted.

In the future, the war with Poland went on with varying success. Russia lost a number of positions in Belarus and Little Russia. On the southern front, the Poles were supported by traitorous Cossacks and the Crimean horde. In 1663-1664. a large campaign of the Polish army led by King Jan-Kazimir took place in conjunction with detachments of the Crimean Tatars and the right-bank Cossacks to the Left-Bank Little Russia. According to the strategic plan of Warsaw, the main blow was delivered by the Polish army, which, together with the Cossacks of the right-bank hetman Pavel Teteri and the Crimean Tatars, having captured the eastern lands of Little Russia, was to advance on Moscow. An auxiliary blow was delivered by the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Pats. Pac was supposed to take Smolensk and connect with the king in the Bryansk region. However, the campaign, which began successfully, failed. Jan Casimir suffered a heavy defeat.

In Russia itself, problems began - the economic crisis, the Copper Riot, the Bashkir uprising. Poland was no better off. The Commonwealth was devastated by wars with Russia and Sweden, raids by Tatars and various bands. The material and human resources of the two great powers were exhausted. As a result, at the end of the war, forces were mainly sufficient only for small skirmishes and battles of local importance in both the northern and southern theaters of operations. They were not of great importance, except for the defeat of the Poles from the Russian-Cossack-Kalmyk troops in the battle of Korsun and in the battle of Belaya Tserkov. The exhaustion of both sides took advantage of the Port and the Crimean Khanate. The right-bank hetman Pyotr Doroshenko rebelled against Warsaw and declared himself a vassal of the Turkish sultan, which led to the beginning of the Polish-Cossack-Turkish war of 1666-1671.

Bloodless Poland lost to the Ottomans and signed the Treaty of Buchach, according to which the Poles abandoned the Podolsky and Bratslav voivodeships, and the southern part of the Kyiv voivodeship went to the right-bank Cossacks of Hetman Doroshenko, who was a vassal of the Porte. Moreover, militarily weakened Poland was obliged to pay tribute to Turkey. The offended proud Polish elite did not accept this world. In 1672 a new Polish-Turkish war began (1672-1676). Poland was again defeated. However, the Zhuravensky Treaty of 1676 somewhat softened the conditions of the previous, Buchach peace, abolishing the requirement for the Commonwealth to pay an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. The Commonwealth was inferior to the Ottomans Podolia. The right-bank Ukraine-Little Russia, with the exception of the Belotserkovsky and Pavolochsky districts, passed under the rule of the Turkish vassal, Hetman Petro Doroshenko, thus becoming an Ottoman protectorate. As a result, the Port became a more dangerous enemy for Poland than Russia.

Thus, the depletion of resources for further military operations, as well as the general threat from the Crimean Khanate and Turkey, forced the Commonwealth and Russia to negotiate peace, which began in 1666 and ended with the signing of the Andrusovo truce in January 1667. Smolensk passed to the Russian state, as well as lands that had previously been ceded to the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, including Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny, Velizh, Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub. Poland recognized Russia's right to the Left-Bank Little Russia. According to the treaty, Kyiv temporarily passed to Moscow for two years (Russia, however, managed to keep Kyiv to itself). Zaporizhzhya Sich passed under the joint control of Russia and the Commonwealth. As a result, Moscow was able to recapture only part of the original Russian lands, which was the result of managerial and strategic mistakes of the Russian government, in particular, the war with Sweden was a mistake, which dispersed the forces of the Russian army.

On the way to "Eternal Peace"

At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. two old adversaries - Russia and Poland, faced the need to coordinate actions in the face of the strengthening of two powerful enemies - Turkey and Sweden in the Black Sea and the Baltic. At the same time, both Russia and Poland had long-standing strategic interests in the Black Sea region and the Baltic. However, for success in these strategic areas, it was necessary to unite efforts and carry out internal modernization, primarily of the armed forces and state administration, in order to successfully resist such strong enemies as the Ottoman Empire and Sweden. The situation was aggravated by crisis phenomena in the internal structure and internal politics of the Commonwealth and Russia. It is worth noting that the Polish elite was never able to get out of this crisis, which ended with the complete degradation of the state system and the divisions of the Commonwealth (the liquidation of the Polish state took place). Russia, on the other hand, was able to create a new project, which led to the emergence of the Russian Empire, which eventually solved the main tasks in the Baltic and Black Sea regions.

Already the first Romanovs began to look more and more to the West, to adopt the achievements of military affairs, science, as well as elements of culture. Princess Sophia continued this line. After the death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the Miloslavsky boyars, led by Sophia, organized the Streltsy rebellion. As a result, on September 15, 1682, Princess Sophia, the daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, became regent for the young brothers Ivan and Peter. The power of the brothers almost immediately became nominal. Ivan Alekseevich was sickly from childhood and incapable of governing the state. Peter was small, and Natalya and her son moved to Preobrazhenskoye in order to protect themselves from a possible blow.

Princess Sophia in historical popular science and fiction is often presented in the form of a kind of woman. However, this is a clear slander. She came to power at the age of 25, and the portraits convey to us the image of a somewhat overweight, but pretty woman. Yes, and the future Tsar Peter described Sophia as a person who “could be considered both bodily and mentally perfect, if not for her boundless ambition and insatiable thirst for power.”

Sophia had several favorites. Among them, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn stood out. He received under the command of the Ambassadorial, Discharge, Reitarsky and Foreign orders, concentrating in his hands enormous power, control over foreign policy and the armed forces. He received the title of "Royal Great Seal and State Great Ambassadorial Affairs Saver, Neighbor Boyar and Governor of Novgorod" (actually the head of government). The leadership of the Kazan order was received by the cousin of V.V. Golitsyn - B.A. Golitsyn. The Streltsy order was headed by Fyodor Shaklovity. A native of the Bryansk children of the boyars, who owed his exaltation only to Sophia, he was infinitely devoted to her (perhaps, like Vasily Golitsyn, he was her lover). Sylvester Medvedev was exalted, becoming the tsarina's adviser on religious issues (Sophia was on cold terms with the patriarch). Shaklovity was the "faithful dog" of the queen, but almost all state administration was entrusted to Vasily Golitsyn.

Golitsyn was a Westerner of that time. The prince bowed before France, was a real Francophile. The Moscow nobility of that time began to imitate the Western nobility in every possible way: the fashion for Polish outfits was preserved, perfume came into fashion, a craze for coats of arms began, it was considered the highest chic to acquire a foreign carriage, etc. Golitsyn was the first among such Western nobles. Noble people and wealthy citizens, following the example of Golitsyn, began to build houses and palaces of the Western type. Jesuits were admitted to Russia, Chancellor Golitsyn often held closed meetings with them. In Russia, Catholic worship was allowed - the first Catholic church was opened in the German Quarter. Golitsyn began to send young people to study in Poland, mainly at the Krakow Jagiellonian University. They taught not the technical or military disciplines necessary for the development of the Russian state, but Latin, theology and jurisprudence. Such personnel could be useful in the transformation of Russia according to Western standards.

Golitsyn was most active in foreign policy, since in domestic politics the conservative wing was too strong, and the tsarina restrained the prince's reformist ardor. Golitsyn actively negotiated with Western countries. And during this period, almost the main business of Europe was the war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1684, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary Leopold I sent diplomats to Moscow, who began to appeal to the “brotherhood of Christian sovereigns and invited the Russian state to join the Holy League. This alliance consisted of the Holy Roman Empire, the Venetian Republic and the Commonwealth and opposed the Porte. Moscow received a similar proposal from Warsaw.

However, the war with a strong Turkey did not meet the national interests of Russia at that time. Poland was our traditional enemy and it still owned vast Western Russian territories. Austria was not a country for which our soldiers were worth shedding blood. It was only in 1681 that the Bakhchisaray peace treaty was concluded with Istanbul, which established peace for a 20-year period. The Ottomans recognized the Left-Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye and Kyiv as the Russian state. Moscow has significantly strengthened its position in the south. The Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan pledged not to help the enemies of the Russians. The Crimean horde pledged to stop raids on Russian lands. In addition, the Port did not take advantage of a series of unrest in Russia, the struggle for power in Moscow. At that time, it was more profitable for Russia not to get involved in a direct battle with Porta, but to wait for its weakening. There was more than enough land for development. It was better to focus on the return of the original Russian territories in the west, taking advantage of the weakening of Poland. In addition, the Western "partners" traditionally wanted to use the Russians as cannon fodder in the fight against Turkey and get all the benefits from this confrontation.

Golitsyn, however, gladly accepted the opportunity to enter into an alliance with the "progressive Western powers." The Western powers turned to him, called him as a friend. Therefore, the Moscow government put forward only one condition for joining the Holy Alliance, for Poland to sign the "eternal peace". True, the Polish lords indignantly rejected this condition - they did not want to forever abandon Smolensk, Kyiv, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Left-Bank Ukraine-Little Russia. As a result, Warsaw itself pushed Russia away from the Holy League. Negotiations continued throughout 1685. In addition, in Russia itself there were also opponents of this union. Participation in the war with the Porte was opposed by many boyars, who feared a long war of attrition. Against the union with Poland was the hetman of the Zaporozhian Army Ivan Samoylovich. Little Russia lived only a few years without the annual raids of the Crimean Tatars. The hetman pointed to the treachery of the Poles. In his opinion, Moscow had to intercede for Russian Orthodox Christians who were subjected to oppression in the Polish regions, to recapture Russian ancestral lands from the Commonwealth - Podolia, Volhynia, Podlachie, Pidhiria and all of Chervona Rus. Patriarch Joachim of Moscow was also against the war with the Porte. At that time, an important religious and political issue for Ukraine-Little Russia was being resolved - Gideon was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv, he was approved by Joachim, now the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople was required. This important event for the church could be disrupted in the event of a quarrel with Porta. However, all the arguments of Samoilovich, Joachim and other opponents of the alliance with the Poles, the Pope and the Austrians were swept aside.

True, the Poles continued to persist in refusing the "eternal peace" with Russia. At this time, however, things were going badly for the Holy League. Turkey quickly recovered from defeats, mobilized, attracted troops from Asian and African regions. The Turks temporarily took Cetinje, the residence of the Montenegrin bishop. Turkish troops defeated the Commonwealth. Polish troops suffered retreat, the Turks threatened Lvov. This forced Warsaw to accept the need for an alliance with Moscow. In addition, the position of Austria became more complicated. The French king Louis XIV decided to take advantage of the fact that Leopold I was bogged down in a war with Turkey and developed a stormy activity. Leopold, in response, makes an alliance with William of Orange and begins negotiations with other sovereigns to create an anti-French coalition. For the Holy Roman Empire there is a threat of war on two fronts. Austria, in order to compensate for the weakening of the front in the Balkans, stepped up diplomatic efforts against the Russian state. Austria is also stepping up pressure on the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jan III Sobieski. The Pope, the Jesuits and the Venetians worked in the same direction. As a result, Warsaw was squeezed by common efforts.

Prince Vasily Golitsyn

"Eternal Peace"

At the beginning of 1686, a huge Polish embassy arrived in Moscow, almost a thousand people, headed by the Poznań governor Krzysztof Grzymultowski and the Lithuanian chancellor Marcian Ogiński. Russia was represented in the negotiations by Prince V.V. Golitsyn. The Poles initially again began to insist on their rights to Kyiv and Zaporozhye. But in the end they gave in.

An agreement with the Commonwealth was reached only in May. On May 16, 1686, the Eternal Peace was signed. Under its terms, Poland renounced its claims to the Left-Bank Ukraine, Smolensk and Chernigov-Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub, Kyiv, Zaporozhye. The Poles received compensation for Kyiv in the amount of 146 thousand rubles. Northern Kiev region, Volhynia and Galicia remained in the Commonwealth. Southern Kiev region and Bratslav region with a number of cities (Kanev, Rzhishchev, Trakhtemirov, Cherkasy, Chigirin, etc.), i.e., lands heavily devastated during the war years, was to become a neutral territory between the Commonwealth and the Russian Kingdom. Russia broke off treaties with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, entered into an alliance with Poland and Austria. Moscow pledged through its diplomats to facilitate the entry into the Holy League - England, France, Spain, Holland, Denmark and Brandenburg. Russia pledged to organize campaigns against the Crimea.

"Eternal Peace" was promoted in Moscow as Russia's greatest diplomatic victory. Prince Golitsyn, who concluded this agreement, was showered with favors, received 3 thousand peasant households. On the one hand, there have been successes. Poland recognized a number of its territories for Russia. There was an opportunity to strengthen positions in the Black Sea region, and in the future in the Baltic states, relying on the support of Poland. In addition, the contract was personally beneficial to Sophia. He helped to establish her status as a sovereign queen. During the hype raised about the "eternal peace", Sophia appropriated the title of "All the Great and Other Russias of the Autocrat" to herself. And a successful war could further strengthen the position of Sophia and her group.

On the other hand, the Moscow government allowed itself to be drawn into someone else's game. Russia did not need a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate at that time. Western "partners" used Russia. Russia had to start a war with a strong enemy, and even pay a lot of money to Warsaw for their own lands. Although the Poles at that time did not have the strength to fight with Russia. In the future, the Commonwealth will only degrade. Russia could calmly look at the wars of the Western powers with Turkey and prepare for the return of the rest of the original Russian lands in the west.

By signing the "Eternal Peace" with the Commonwealth in 1686, Russia began a war with the Porte and the Crimean Khanate. However, the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 did not lead to success. Russia just wasted resources. It was not possible to secure the southern borders and expand possessions. Western "partners" benefited from the fruitless attempts of the Russian army to break into the Crimea. The Crimean campaigns allowed for some time to divert significant forces of the Turks and Crimean Tatars, which was beneficial to Russia's European allies.

Russian copy of the agreement between Russia and the Commonwealth on "Eternal Peace"

In 1686, Russia and Poland concluded the Eternal Peace. He put an end to numerous and long wars neighboring countries for influence in the border regions. The treaty consolidated the strengthening of Russia and the return of part of Ukraine and Smolensk to it.

Shaky world

In 1654-1667. Russia and the Commonwealth were in a state of exhausting war. Powers argued over border lands claimed by each of the countries. The eternal peace with Poland in 1686 became an agreement that confirmed the results of this conflict. In fact, he duplicated the provisions of the document signed in the village of Andrusovo in 1667. If the first treaty was only a temporary 13-year truce (which was recorded in one of the clauses), then the Eternal Peace with Poland in 1686 secured the reconciliation of the two countries and their political rapprochement.

According to the agreements reached, Russia received Novgorod-Seversky, Smolensk, and Kyiv (located on the right bank of the Dnieper). For Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, at one time it was a real historical triumph. He returned the lands that were once part of a single Old Russian state. They were annexed to Lithuania when the East Slavic principalities were fragmented and not consolidated. At the end of the XIV century. the rulers of Vilna concluded a union with Poland, after which Moscow, and then Russia, received a powerful force near their western borders.

Reunification with Ukraine

It was especially important that the Eternal Peace with Poland in 1686 returned Smolensk to Russia. This city was first conquered from Lithuania Basil III, and then lost again in the Time of Troubles. With the restoration of stability in Russia, the Romanovs came to the Moscow throne. The second king from this dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich - has now restored historical justice, and under his daughter Sophia it was fixed.

In the second half of the 17th century, uprisings of local nationalists who gravitated toward Moscow began to shake Polish Ukraine. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky became their leader. The many years of struggle ended only when the Eternal Peace was concluded with Poland. 1686 became a holiday date for Ukrainians. Their conflict with the Poles matured on the basis of confessional (some were Orthodox, while others were Catholics) and linguistic differences.

Division of Cossack lands

Nevertheless, Poland retained the Right-Bank Ukraine. The division only widened the gap between the two parts of the country, the border between which was the Dnieper. Consolidation of the new political position things in the region contributed to the Eternal Peace with Poland (1686). The result of lengthy negotiations was that it became a buffer between the two powers. It was an important region in which the free Cossacks lived. Atamans and their armies were reliable protection from the Ottoman Empire, which increased its influence in the Black Sea region.

Turkey became the very force that contributed to the rapprochement between Poland and Russia and the conclusion of their mutual peace treaty. In 1672, when the negotiations in Andrusovo had already ended, and it was still unclear how the situation would develop, the Muslims captured Kamyanets-Podilskyi, which had previously belonged to the Commonwealth. After that, the Turks began to systematically attack the Cossack lands, which were in the zone of interests of Russia. It became clear that it was time for the two Christian countries to iron out their own contradictions and join forces in the fight against the Ottoman threat.

Turkish threat

The Turks continued to fight with all of Europe. In 1683, they even tried to besiege Vienna, the capital of Austria and a powerful general coalition began to take shape against Istanbul. which was in the most vulnerable position, until then did not want to recognize the results last war with Russia, after which the Romanovs returned Smolensk and other important Russian lands.

But in the new conditions, when the southern ones suffered from the raids of the Turks and Tatars, the monarchy decided to reconsider its attitude towards the agreements with Moscow. central authority, feeling the approach of the denouement, even convened in the capital the last Zemsky Sobor in the history of the country. At its meeting, the terms of the Eternal Peace with Poland in 1686 were to be discussed.

Signing an agreement

The final stage of negotiations with the Poles fell on the period of the regency of Tsarina Sophia, the eldest daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She put her favorite, Prince Golitsyn, at the head of the Ambassadorial Department. He, in direct contact with the foreign delegates sent, insisted that Russia would join the anti-Turkish alliance only if the Commonwealth finally confirmed the terms of the former Andrusov treaty.

These proposals were accepted. The royal ambassadors decided not to bargain at a time when their country was on the verge of ruin due to the war with the Turks. So the Eternal Peace was agreed with Poland (1686). Where is signed this important for national history document? He was imprisoned in Moscow on 6 May. According to the agreements, Russia joined the union European countries who fought with the Ottoman Empire. In 1687 and 1689, the famous, headed by the same Prince Golitsyn, took place.