The main result of the revolution of 1905-1907. Beginning of the first Russian revolution

Causes, tasks, driving forces. The causes of the revolution were rooted in the economic and socio-political structure of Russia. The unresolved agrarian-peasant question, the preservation of landownership and peasant land shortages, the high degree of exploitation of the working people of all nations, the autocratic system, complete political lack of rights and the absence of democratic freedoms, police and bureaucratic arbitrariness and the accumulated social protest - all this could not but give rise to a revolutionary explosion. . The catalyst that accelerated the emergence of the revolution was the deterioration in the material situation of the working people due to the economic crisis of 1900-1903. and a shameful defeat for tsarism in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905.

The tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the convening of the Constituent Assembly to establish a democratic system; elimination of class inequality; introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations; the abolition of landownership and the allocation of land to the peasants; reduction of the working day to 8 hours, recognition of the right of workers to strike and the creation of trade unions; achievement of equality of the peoples of Russia.

In the implementation of these tasks were interested in the broad sections of the population. The revolution was attended by: workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors, most of the middle and petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia and employees. Therefore, in terms of goals and composition of participants, it was nationwide and had a bourgeois-democratic character.

stages of the revolution. The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907). It went through several stages in its development.

The prologue of the revolution was the events in St. Petersburg - the general strike and Bloody Sunday. On January 9, workers who were going to the tsar with a petition were shot. It was compiled by the participants of the "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg" under the leadership of G. A. Talon. The petition contained a request from the workers to improve their financial situation and political demands - convocation Constituent Assembly on the basis of universal, equal and secret suffrage, the introduction of democratic freedoms. This was the reason for the execution, as a result of which more than 1200 people were killed and about 5 thousand were wounded. In response, the workers took up arms and began to build barricades.

First stage. From January 9 to the end of September 1905, the beginning and development of the revolution along an ascending line, its deployment in depth and breadth. More and more masses of the population were drawn into it. It gradually covered all regions of Russia.

Main events: January-February strikes and protest demonstrations in response to Bloody Sunday under the slogan "Down with autocracy!"; spring-summer demonstrations of workers in Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz, Riga and Baku (more than 800,000); the creation in Ivanovo-Voznesensk of a new body of workers' power - the Council of Authorized Deputies; uprising of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky"; the mass movement of peasants and agricultural workers in one-fifth of the districts of central Russia, in Georgia and Latvia; the creation of the Peasants' Union, which made political demands. During this period, part of the bourgeoisie financially and morally supported popular uprisings.

Under the pressure of the revolution, the government made its first concession and promised to convene the State Duma. (After the name of the Minister of the Interior, it was named Bulyginskaya.) An attempt to create a legislative body with significantly limited electoral rights of the population in the conditions of the development of the revolution ended in failure.

Second phase. October - December 1905 - the highest rise of the revolution. Main events: the general All-Russian October political strike (more than 2 million participants) and, as a result, the publication of the Manifesto on October 17 “On the improvement public order”, in which the tsar promised to introduce some political freedoms and convene a legislative State Duma on the basis of a new electoral law; peasant riots that led to the abolition of redemption payments; performances in the army and navy (uprising in Sevastopol under the leadership of Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt); December strikes and uprisings in Moscow, Kharkov, Chita, Krasnoyarsk and other cities.

The government suppressed all armed uprisings. At the height of the uprising in Moscow, which caused a special political resonance in the country, on December 11, 1905, a decree “On changing the situation on elections to the State Duma” was published and preparations for elections were announced. This act allowed the government to reduce the intensity of revolutionary passions.

The bourgeois-liberal strata, frightened by the sweep of the movement, recoiled from the revolution. They welcomed the publication of the Manifesto and the new electoral law, believing that this meant the weakening of the autocracy and the beginning of parliamentarism in Russia. Using the promised freedoms, they began to create their own political parties.

In October 1905, on the basis of the Union of Liberation and the Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists, the Constitutional Democratic Party (cadets) was formed. Its members expressed the interests of the middle urban bourgeoisie and intelligentsia. Their leader was the historian P. N. Milyukov. The program included the demand for the establishment of a parliamentary democratic system in the form of a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage, the introduction of broad political freedoms, an 8-hour working day, the right to strike and trade unions. The Cadets spoke out for the preservation of a single and indivisible Russia with the granting of autonomy to Poland and Finland. The cadet program implied modernization political system Russia on the Western European model. The Cadets became a party in opposition to the tsarist government.

In November 1905, the "Union of October 17" was created. The Octobrists expressed the interests of the big industrialists, the financial bourgeoisie, the liberal landowners and the wealthy intelligentsia. The leader of the party was businessman A. I. Guchkov. The program of the Octobrists provided for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy with a strong executive power of the tsar and a legislative Duma, the preservation of a single and indivisible Russia (with the granting of autonomy to Finland). They were ready to cooperate with the government, although they recognized the need for some reforms. They proposed to solve the agrarian question without affecting landownership (dissolve community, to return the cuts to the peasants, by resettlement peasants on the outskirts to reduce land hunger in the center of Russia).

Conservative-monarchist circles organized in November 1905 the "Union of the Russian People" and in 1908 the "Union of Michael the Archangel" (Black Hundreds). Their leaders were Dr. A. I. Dubrovin, large landowners N. E. Markov and V. M. Purishkevich. They fought against any revolutionary and democratic actions, insisted on strengthening the autocracy, the integrity and indivisibility of Russia, maintaining the dominant position of the Russians and strengthening the positions of the Orthodox Church.

Third stage. From January 1906 to June 3, 1907 - the recession and retreat of the revolution. The main events: "rearguard battles of the proletariat", which had an offensive, political character (1.1 million workers participated in strikes in 1906, in 1907 - 740 thousand); the new scope of the peasant movement (half of the landowners' estates in the center of Russia were on fire); uprisings of sailors (Kronstadt and Sveaborg); national liberation movement (Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Ukraine). Gradually, the wave of popular uprisings weakened.

The center of gravity in the social movement has shifted to the polling stations and the State Duma. Elections to it were not universal (farms, women, soldiers, sailors, students and workers employed in small enterprises did not participate in them). Each estate had its own norms of representation: the vote of 1 landowner was equal to 3 votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 votes of peasants and 45 votes of workers. The outcome of the elections was determined by the ratio of the number of electors. The government still counted on the monarchical commitment and Duma illusions of the peasants, so a relatively high representation rate was set for them. The elections were not direct: for the peasants - four-stage, for workers - three-stage, for the nobility and the bourgeoisie - two-stage. . An age limit (25 years) and a high property qualification for citizens was introduced in order to ensure the advantage of the big bourgeoisie in the elections.

The meaning of the revolution. The main result was that sovereignty was forced to change the socio-political system of Russia. New state structures were formed in it, testifying to the beginning of the development of parliamentarism. A certain limitation of autocracy was achieved, although the tsar still had the opportunity to make legislative decisions and all the fullness of executive power.

The socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, it is allowed to organize trade unions and legal political parties. The bourgeoisie received wide opportunity participation in the political life of the country.

The material situation of the workers has improved. In a number of branches of industry, wages increased and the length of the working day decreased to 9-10 hours.

The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments. The freedom of movement of peasants was expanded and the power of zemstvo chiefs was limited. started agrarian reform, which destroyed the community and strengthened the rights of peasants as landowners, which contributed to the further capitalist evolution of agriculture.

The end of the revolution led to the establishment of temporary internal political stabilization in Russia.

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Chronology

January 9, 1905 "Bloody Sunday"
May 1905 Formation of the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Ivanovo-Voznesensk
October 1905 All-Russian October political strike
October 17, 1905 Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”
1905 October Founding of the “Constitutional Democratic Party”
1905, November Establishment of the party "Union of October 17"
Creation of the party "Union of the Russian people"
1906 April-June Activity I State Duma
1907, February-June Activities of the II State Duma
June 3, 1907 Dispersal of the II State Duma
1907 - 1912 Activities of the III State Duma
1912 - 1917 Activities of the IV State Duma

First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)

Early 20th century for Russia it was stormy and difficult. In the context of the impending revolution, the government sought to preserve the existing system without any political changes. The nobility, the army, the Cossacks, the police, an extensive bureaucratic apparatus, and the church continued to remain the main socio-political support of the autocracy. The government used the age-old illusions of the masses, their religiosity, political obscurity. However, there have also been innovations. The government camp was heterogeneous. If rights sought to block all attempts at reform, defended unlimited autocracy, advocated the suppression of revolutionary uprisings, then in the government camp appeared and liberals, who understood the need to expand and strengthen the socio-political base of the monarchy, the union of the nobility with the top of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie.

liberal camp formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its formation proceeded slowly due to the fact that the representatives of the bourgeoisie firmly stood on loyal positions, defiantly evaded political activity. 1905 was a turning point, but even at that time the Russian bourgeoisie was not particularly radical.

The liberals stepped up their activities on the eve of the revolution of 1905. They created their own illegal organizations: “ Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists" and " Liberation Union”.

The real fact of the prevailing liberal opposition to the autocracy was 1 zemstvo congress, opened November 6, 1904 in St. Petersburg. It adopted a program that reflected the main provisions of the programs of the Osvobozhdeniye and Zemstvo-constitutionalists. The congress was followed by the so-called “ banquet campaign”, organized by the Union of Liberation. The culmination of this campaign was a banquet held in the capital on the anniversary of the Decembrist uprising of 1825, at which 800 participants proclaimed the need for the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

The inglorious defeat on land and sea in the military conflict with Japan heated up the situation in Russian society, was a catalyst that accelerated the emergence of the revolution. Causes of the revolutionary explosion- the unresolved agrarian question, the preservation of landownership, a high degree of exploitation of the working people of all nations, an autocratic system, the absence of democratic freedoms. The accumulated social protest broke out, uniting various layers Russian population under the same slogan Down with autocracy!”.

The first stage of the revolution

Chronological framework first Russian revolution — January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907"Bloody Sunday" became the starting point of the revolution.

On January 3, 1905, 12,000 workers at the Putilov factory stopped work in protest against the dismissal of four comrades. The strike spread to all enterprises in St. Petersburg. During the strikes, the workers decided to petition the tsar. The petition was drawn up by a headed priest Gapon Society of factory workers in St. Petersburg and received 150 thousand signatures. It was an amazing mix. harsh demands(convening the Constituent Assembly, ending the war with Japan, etc.) and mystical blind faith in the almighty king.

In the morning January 9 the flow of people rushed to the Winter Palace, left by Nicholas II on January 6th. The workers were met with rifle shots. On Bloody Sunday, faith in the tsar was shot.

The news of the execution of workers in St. Petersburg caused a huge number of strikes in the country. In January 1905 alone, 440,000 workers went on strike. During the first third of 1905, 810,000 people were already on strike. In a number of cases, strikes and demonstrations were accompanied by clashes with the police and regular troops. In the course of the revolution, the proletariat created its own democratic organs for the leadership of the revolutionary struggle— Soviets of Workers' Deputies. The first Council arose in May 1905 during a strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

In the spring of 1905, unrest spread to the village. Three large centers of the revolutionary movement of the peasants emerged - the Chernozem region, the western regions (Poland, the Baltic provinces) and Georgia. As a result of these performances, more than 2 thousand landowners' estates were destroyed.

flared up in June insurrection on the most modern ship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet " Prince Potemkin-Tauride". Thus, the army also joined the revolution as an opposition force.

August 6, 1905 Nicholas II signed a decree establishing State Duma, which would be engaged in “preliminary development of laws”. This project sparked outrage. Bulygin Duma(by the name of the Minister of the Interior), because he limited the electoral rights of the population to a high estate and property qualification.

The second stage of the revolution

In autumn, the first stage of the revolution ends, which was characterized by the expansion of the revolution in depth and breadth, and the second stage begins. October - December 1905 - the highest rise of the revolution.

The economic strike of printers, which began in Moscow on September 19, soon turned into a nationwide strike. massive political strike. In early October, the Moscow railway junction joined the strike movement, which was a decisive factor in the spread of strikes throughout the country. The strike covered 120 cities of Russia. It was attended by 1.5 million workers and railway workers, 200 thousand officials and employees public institutions, about 500 thousand representatives of the democratic strata of the city, at the same time, about 220 peasant protests took place in the village. Trotsky, one of the leaders of the Social Democracy, later wrote about this event: knocked down absolutism”.

Count Witte presented the Tsar with a program of urgent reforms, and on October 13, 1905, he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Count Witte accepted this post from the emperor on the condition of approval of his program for improving the state order. This program was the basis of the famous Manifesta October 17. It should be emphasized that the concessions that tsarism made when issuing this manifesto were largely determined not by the desire to follow the path of reforms and transformations, but by the desire to extinguish the revolutionary fire. Only under the pressure of events, which it was no longer possible to contain by means of suppression and terror, Nicholas II reconciles with the new situation in the country and chooses the path of evolution towards the rule of law.

In the Manifesto, the tsar made promises to the Russian people:

Grant freedom of the individual, speech, freedom to create organizations;
Not to postpone the elections to the State Duma, in which all estates must participate (and the Duma will subsequently work out the principle of general elections);
No law shall be adopted without the consent of the Duma.

Many questions remained unresolved: how exactly the autocracy and the Duma would be combined, what were the powers of the Duma. The question of a constitution was not raised at all in the Manifesto.

The forced concessions of tsarism, however, did not weaken the intensity of the social struggle in society. The conflict between the autocracy and the conservatives supporting it, on the one hand, and revolutionary-minded workers and peasants, on the other, is deepening. Between these two fires were the liberals, in whose ranks there was no unity. On the contrary, after the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, the forces in the liberal camp became even more polarized.

This document was highly appreciated in moderate liberal circles, who immediately expressed their readiness to cooperate with the government and support it in the fight against the revolution. The leader of the radical wing, P.N. Milyukov, having received news of the manifesto, in Moscow in a literary circle delivered an inspirational speech with a glass of champagne: "Nothing has changed, the war continues."

Political parties in the revolution

liberal camp

The process of institutionalization of the liberal parties begins. Even during the All-Russian political strike on October 12, the liberal bourgeoisie convened its congress. Everything was ready for the proclamation Constitutional Democratic Party. But they did not want to create an illegal party, and therefore they dragged out the congress. When the manifesto appeared on October 17, the party was already proclaimed on October 18. The congress adopted the program, chartered, elected a provisional Central Committee. And in November 1905, a Octobrist Party(“Union October 17”). These are the two most numerous liberal parties, brought to life by the first revolution in Russia. By the winter of 1906, the number of the Cadet Party was 50-60 thousand people, the "Union of October 17" - 70-80 thousand people.

The social composition of the parties was far from homogeneous. Representatives of different social groups united here. The motives that guided people who joined the Kadets or Octobrists were very diverse.

To the party cadets included color intelligentsia, but in the central and local organizations there were also large landowners, and merchants, and bank employees, and prominent entrepreneurs of that time. There were 11 large landowners in the central committee of the party. The most famous surnames in Russia: F.A. Golovin - vowel of the county and provincial zemstvos, chairman of the II State Duma; Prince Pavel Dmitrievich Dolgorukov - district marshal of the nobility; N.N. Lvov - county marshal of the nobility, honorary magistrate, deputy of four dumas; DI. Shakhovskoy - district leader of the nobility, secretary of the First Duma.

The intelligentsia was represented by well-known scientists, such as the historian P.N. Milyukov, Academician V.I. Vernadsky, famous lawyers S.N. Muromtsev, V.M. Gessen, S.A. Kotlyarevsky. The Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party consisted of at least one third of lawyers. party leader and her main ideologue P.N. Milyukov.

The Cadets considered the main method of struggle to be the legal struggle for political freedoms and reforms through the Duma. They raised questions about convening a Constituent Assembly, about the need to adopt a Constitution. Their political ideal was parliamentary monarchy. They proclaimed the idea of separating the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The Cadets demanded a reform of local self-government, recognized the right to form a trade union, freedom to strike, and assemble, but did not recognize the people's right to self-determination, they believed that they could limit themselves only to the right to free cultural self-determination. They denied the social revolution, but believed that political revolution may be caused by “irrational” government policies.

Member of the governing bodies Octobrists Zemstvo figures played a particularly prominent role: D.N. Shipov- a prominent zemstvo figure, led the party in 1905.; Count D.A. Olsufiev - a large landowner, member of the State Council; Baron P.L. Korf - Comrade Chairman of the Central Committee of the "Union of October 17"; ON THE. Khomyakov - provincial marshal of the nobility (in the future chairman of the III State Duma); Prince P.P. Golitsyn is a member of the State Council. Even Rudolf Vladimirovich von Freiman, manager of affairs of His Imperial Majesty's office for the acceptance of petitions, joined the Octobrist party.

As for the representatives of the intelligentsia, figures of science and culture, among them were: the popular lawyer F.N. Plevako; IN AND. Guerrier is a professor of general history at Moscow University; B.A. Suvorin is the editor of the Evening Time newspaper.

And of course, social support of the Octobrist party were, first of all, representatives of the big commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. In this sense, the Union of October 17 was much more bourgeois than the Kadet Party, which was based mainly on broad strata of the intelligentsia. Many bankers and industrialists became Octobrists, for example, the brothers Vladimir and Pavel Ryabushinsky, owners of a banking house and manufactories; A.A. Knoop - Chairman of the Moscow Bank; A.I. Guchkov (future chairman of the III State Duma), leader of the Octobrist Party in 1906.; his brothers, Konstantin, Nikolai and Fedor, who owned commercial banks in Moscow, tea trade, sugar beet factories, and publications of books and newspapers; M.V. Zhivago is the director of the Lensky gold mining association.

The Octobrists considered their goal to be to assist the government, following the path of reforms aimed at updating the social system. They rejected the ideas of revolution and were supporters of slow reforms. Their political program was conservative. Opposing parliamentarism, they defended principle of hereditary constitutional monarchy with the Legislative State Duma. The Octobrists were supporters of a united and indivisible Russia (with the exception of Finland), the preservation of property, educational qualifications, settled residence for participation in elections to the State Duma, local self-government, court.

Conservative camp in the revolution

V November 1905 the main landowner-monarchist party arose " Union of the Russian people". Nicholas II called this Union "a reliable support of law and order in our fatherland." The most prominent figures of the Union were Dr. A.I. Dubrovin (chairman), Bessarabian landowner V.M. Purishkevich, Kursk landowner N.E. Markov. Among the rather extensive network of the government camp, it should be noted such as the "Union of Russian People", "Russian Monarchist Party", "Society for Active Struggle against the Revolution", "People's Monarchist Party", "Union of Russian Orthodox people". These organizations were called Black Hundreds. Their programs were based on the inviolability of the autocracy, the privileged position of the Orthodox Church, great-power chauvinism and anti-Semitism. In order to win the workers and peasants over to their side, they advocated state insurance of workers, a reduction in the working day, cheap credit, and assistance to the migrant peasants. By the end of 1907, the Black Hundreds, primarily the "Union of the Russian People", operated in 66 provinces and regions, and the total number of their members was more than 400 thousand people.

revolutionary camp

The leading parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp are Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) and the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs).

Held in Minsk v March 1898 I Congress of the RSDLP only proclaimed the creation of the RSDLP. Having neither a program nor a charter, the party existed and acted separately, in the form of separate organizational circles not connected with each other. After big preparatory work of the Russian Social Democrats, who held out in total for more than 5 years, the Second Congress of the RSDLP was prepared. The congress took place in July-August 1903 in Brussels, and then in London, and was essentially of a constituent nature. The main task of the congress is the adoption of the Program and Rules of the Party.

The party program consisted of two parts: minimum programs and maximum programs. Minimum program considered the immediate political tasks: the bourgeois-democratic revolution, which was supposed to overthrow the autocracy, establish a republic. Three groups of issues were identified to be resolved after the implementation of the immediate political tasks: 1) political demands(equal and universal suffrage, freedom of speech, conscience, press, assembly and association, election of judges, separation of church and state, equality of all citizens, the right of nations to self-determination, the destruction of estates); 2) economic demands of workers (8-hour working day, improvement of the economic and housing situation, etc.); 3) agricultural demands (the abolition of redemption and quitrent payments, the return of land taken from the peasants during the reform of 1861, the establishment of peasant committees). Maximum program determined the ultimate goal of social democracy: social revolution, the establishment dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist reconstruction of society.

At the II Congress of the RSDLP, it was also adopted charter fixing the organizational structure of the party, the rights and obligations of its members.

Party of Social Revolutionaries organizationally took shape in 1901 as an illegal one, the basis of which were former populists. The Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs) fully accepted the populist ideology, supplementing it with new ideas of the left-wing radical bourgeois-democratic strata of Russian society. In general, the party was formed from disparate populist groups with various political overtones.

The third stage of the revolution. The State Duma is the first experience of Russian parliamentarism

At the height of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the government issued a decree “On changing the situation on elections to the State Duma” and announced preparations for elections.

This act allowed the government to reduce the intensity of revolutionary passions. January 1906 - June 3, 1907 - the third stage of the revolution, its retreat, decline. The center of gravity in social movement shifts to State Duma- the first representative legislative institution in Russia. This is the most important political result of the events of 1905.

The State Duma existed for about 12 years, until the fall of the autocracy, and had four convocations. In the elections in I Duma in 1906 legal political parties formed in the country took part. The election was won by the left-liberal constitutional-democratic party (the Cadets), which won the majority of seats in the Russian parliament. Chairman became a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, professor-lawyer S.A. Muromtsev.

Elections were held according to the class-curial principle: 1 elector from 2 thousand landowners, 1 from 4 thousand city owners, 1 from 30 thousand peasants and 1 from 90 thousand workers. A total of 524 deputies were elected. The socialist parties boycotted the elections to the First Duma, so the victory of the Kadet party (more than 1/3 of the seats), as the most radical of those participating in the elections, turned out to be inevitable. The victory of the Kadet Party became one of the main reasons for Witte's resignation. The head of the government, I.L. Goremykin categorically rejected all the demands put forward by the radical deputies: general elections, agrarian reform, universal free education, cancel death penalty etc. As a result, on July 9, 1906, the Duma was dissolved. The new Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin had to subdue the opposition and pacify the revolution.

During the elections in II State Duma in February 1907(revolutionary parties also took part in them) the composition of the deputies turned out to be even more unacceptable for the government (about 100 deputies - socialists, 100 Cadets, 100 Trudoviks, 19 Octobrists and 33 monarchists). As a result, the Second Duma turned out to be even more left-wing than the First Duma. The main struggle was on the agrarian issue, the peasant deputies opposed the agrarian program of the government, developed by Stolypin.

In the midst of the recession of the revolution July 3, 1907 The Social Democratic faction of the Second State Duma was arrested on charges of plotting a coup. Itself The Duma was dissolved and announced a new electoral law. Thus, the autocracy violated the provision formulated by the Manifesto on October 17 that not a single new law has no effect without the approval of the Duma. Even Nicholas II called the new electoral law "shameless." This situation in political history Russia is called " Third of June coup". He put an end to the revolution.

III State Duma was elected after the suppression of the revolution and became the first to serve the entire prescribed five-year term. Of the 442 seats, 146 were occupied by the right, 155 by the Octobrists, 108 by the Cadets, and only 20 by the Social Democrats. The Union of October 17 became the center of the Duma, and N.A. Khomyakov, then A.I. Guchkov.

In 1912 - 1917. worked IV State Duma(Chairman - Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko).

Revolution of 1905 First Russian Revolution

	Russian empire

	Land hunger; numerous violations of workers' rights; dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties; activities of liberal and socialist parties; The absolute power of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and constitution.
The main goal:	Improvement of working conditions; redistribution of land in favor of the peasants; liberalization of the country; expansion of civil liberties; ;
	Establishment of Parliament; Third June coup, the reactionary policy of the authorities; carrying out reforms; preservation of the problems of land, labor and national issues.
Organizers:	Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, RSDLP, SDKPiL, Polish Socialist Party, General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, Latvian Forest Brothers, Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party, Belarusian Socialist Community, Finnish Active Resistance Party, Poalei Zion, "Bread and Freedom " other
Driving forces:	Workers, peasants, intelligentsia, separate parts of the army
Number of participants:	Over 2,000,000
Enemies:	Army units; supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations.
Dead:

Arrested:

Russian Revolution of 1905 or First Russian Revolution- the name of the events that took place between January 1905 and June 1907 in the Russian Empire.

The impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" - the execution by imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest Georgy Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905. unrest and uprisings took place in the fleet, which resulted in mass demonstrations against the monarchy.

The result of the speeches was an imposed constitution - the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions. The Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma.

The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called "Third of June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907. The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; local authorities did not respect the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the agrarian question, the most significant for the majority of the population of the country, was not resolved.

Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not fully resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary uprising in 1917.

Causes of the revolution

The development of forms of human activity into a new infrastructure of the state, the emergence of industry and types of economic activity, radically different from the types of economic activity of the 17th-19th centuries, entailed an aggravation of the need to reform the activities of government and authorities. The end of the period of essential importance of subsistence farming, an intensive form of progress in industrial methods, already for the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution was required legislature and normative legal acts of regulation of legal relations.

Peasantry

Peasants were the most numerous class of the Russian Empire - about 77% of total population. The rapid population growth in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times, while the average yield for the specified period increased by only 1.34 times. The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average grain harvest per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.

The course towards actively stimulating the export of grain, taken from the end of the 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry. The slogan "we won't finish it, but we'll take it out" put forward by Finance Minister Vyshnegradsky reflected the government's desire to support grain exports at any cost, even in the face of domestic crop failures. This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891-1892. Beginning with the famine of 1891, the crisis of agriculture was increasingly recognized as a protracted and profound ailment for the entire economy of Central Russia.

The motivation of peasants to increase the productivity of their labor was low. The reasons for this were stated by Witte in his memoirs as follows:

How can a person show and develop not only his own work, but initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates after a while can be replaced by another (community), that the fruits of his labors will be divided not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but by custom (and often custom is discretion) when he can be responsible for taxes not paid by others (mutual responsibility) ... when he can neither move nor leave his, often poorer than a bird's nest, home without a passport , the issuance of which depends on the discretion, when in a word, its life is to some extent similar to the life of a domestic animal, with the difference that the owner is interested in the life of the domestic animal, for this is his property, and Russian state this property is in excess at a given stage of development of statehood, and what is in excess is either little or not valued at all.

The constant reduction in the size of land allotments (“small land”) led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the revolution of 1905 was the demand for land, due to the redistribution of privately owned (primarily landlord) land in favor of peasant communities.

industrial workers

By the 20th century, there was already a real industrial proletariat, but its position was approximately the same as it was in a number of other European countries the proletariat in the first half of the 19th century: the most difficult working conditions, a 12-hour working day (by 1897 it was limited to 11.5), the lack of social security in case of illness, injury, old age.

1900-1904: Growing crisis

The economic crisis of 1900-1903 aggravated all the socio-political problems of the country; the general crisis was also aggravated by the agrarian crisis, which engulfed the most important agricultural regions.

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War showed the urgent need for reform. The refusal of the authorities to make any positive decisions in this direction also became one of the reasons for the start of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.

The course of the revolution

After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of the Interior and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 12.

By decree of Nicholas II of January 29, a commission was created under the chairmanship of Senator Shidlovsky with the aim of "immediately ascertaining the reasons for the discontent of the workers of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and eliminating them in the future." Officials, manufacturers and deputies from the St. Petersburg workers were to become its members. The elections of deputies were two-stage: electors were elected at the enterprises, who, having united in 9 production groups, were to elect 50 deputies. At a meeting of electors on February 16-17, under the influence of the socialists, it was decided to demand from the government publicity of the meetings of the commission, freedom of the press, restoration of the 11 departments of the Gapon "Assembly" closed by the government, and the release of arrested comrades. On February 18, Shidlovsky rejected these demands as being beyond the competence of the commission. In response to this, the electors of the 7 production groups refused to send deputies to the Shidlovsk commission and called on the workers to strike. On February 20, Shidlovsky submitted a report to Nicholas II, in which he acknowledged the failure of the commission; on the same day, by tsarist decree, the commission of Shidlovsky was dissolved.

After January 9, a wave of strikes swept the country. On January 12-14, a general strike took place in Riga and Warsaw to protest against the execution of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. A strike movement and strikes began on the railways of Russia. All-Russian student political strikes also began. In May 1905, a general strike of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile workers began, 70,000 workers went on strike for more than two months. Soviets of workers' deputies sprang up in many industrial centers.

Social conflicts were aggravated by conflicts on ethnic grounds. In the Caucasus, clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began, which continued in 1905-1906.

On February 18, a tsar's manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate, allowing proposals to be submitted to the tsar to improve "state improvement". Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an order to prepare a law on an elected representative body - a legislative Duma.

The published acts, as it were, gave direction to further social movement. Zemstvo assemblies, city dumas, professional intelligentsia, who formed whole line various unions, individual public figures discussed issues of involving the population in legislative activity, about the attitude to the work of the “Special Conference” established under the chairmanship of Chamberlain Bulygin. Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, projects of state transformation were drawn up.

The February, April and May congresses organized by the zemstvos, of which the last one was held with the participation of city leaders, ended with the presentation to the Sovereign Emperor on June 6 through a special deputation of the all-subject address with a petition for popular representation.

On April 17, 1905, the Decree “On Strengthening the Principles of Religious Tolerance” was adopted, proclaiming freedom of religion for non-Orthodox confessions.

On June 21, 1905, an uprising began in Lodz, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.

On August 6, 1905, the State Duma was established by the Manifesto of Nicholas II as "a special legislative institution, which is given the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals and consideration of the schedule of state revenues and expenditures". The deadline for the convocation was set - no later than mid-January 1906.

At the same time, the Regulations on the Elections of August 6, 1905 were published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma. Of the four most famous and popular democratic norms (universal, direct, equal, secret elections), only one turned out to be implemented in Russia - secret voting. The elections were neither universal, nor direct, nor equal. The organization of elections to the State Duma was assigned to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.

In October, a strike began in Moscow, which swept the whole country and grew into the All-Russian October Political Strike. On October 12-18, over 2 million people were on strike in various industries.

On October 14, the Governor-General of St. Petersburg D.N. Trepov pasted proclamations on the streets of the capital, in which, in particular, it was said that the police were ordered to resolutely suppress the riots, “if there is resistance from the crowd, do not give empty volleys and cartridges do not regret."

This general strike, and above all the railroad strike, forced the Emperor to make concessions. The manifesto of October 17, 1905 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association. Trade unions and trade unions, Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose, the Social Democratic Party and the Socialist Revolutionary Party were strengthened, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of October 17, the Union of the Russian People, and others were created.

Thus, the demands of the liberals were met. The autocracy went for the creation of parliamentary representation and the beginning of the reform (see Stolypin agrarian reform).

Stolypin's dissolution of the 2nd State Duma with a parallel change in the electoral law (the June 3 coup of 1907) meant the end of the revolution.

Armed uprisings

The declared political freedoms, however, did not satisfy the revolutionary parties, who were going to gain power not by parliamentary means, but by armed seizure of power and put forward the slogan "Finish off the government!" Fermentation engulfed the workers, the army and the navy (the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the Vladivostok uprising, etc.). In turn, the authorities saw that there was no further way to retreat, and began to resolutely fight the revolution.

On October 13, 1905, the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies began its work, which became the organizer of the All-Russian October political strike of 1905 and tried to disorganize the country's financial system, calling for not paying taxes and taking money from banks. The deputies of the Council were arrested on December 3, 1905.

highest point unrest reached in December 1905: in Moscow (December 7 - 18) and other major cities. In Rostov-on-Don, on December 13-20, detachments of militants fought with troops in the Temernik area. In Yekaterinoslav, the strike that began on December 8 grew into an uprising. The working district of the city of Chechelevka was in the hands of the rebels until December 27.

Pogroms

After the publication of the tsar's manifesto on October 17, 1905, Jewish pogroms took place in many cities of the Pale of Settlement. The largest pogroms took place in Odessa (more than 400 Jews died), in Rostov-on-Don (over 150 dead), Yekaterinoslav - 67, Minsk - 54, Simferopol - over 40 and Orsha - over 30 dead.

Political assassinations

In total, from 1901 to 1911, about 17 thousand people were killed and wounded in the course of revolutionary terrorism (of which 9 thousand fell directly on the period of the revolution of 1905-1907). In 1907, up to 18 people died on average every day. According to the police, only from February 1905 to May 1906 were killed: governors general, governors and town governors - 8, vice-governors and advisers to provincial boards - 5, police chiefs, district chiefs and police officers - 21, gendarmerie officers - 8 , generals (combatants) - 4, officers (combatants) - 7, bailiffs and their assistants - 79, district guards - 125, policemen - 346, officers - 57, guards - 257, gendarmerie lower ranks - 55, security agents - 18, civil officials - 85, clerics - 12, rural authorities - 52, landowners - 51, manufacturers and senior employees in factories - 54, bankers and large merchants - 29.

Known victims terror:

Party of Socialist Revolutionaries

The militant organization was created by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the early 1900s to fight against the autocracy in Russia through terror. The organization included from 10 to 30 militants headed by G. A. Gershuni, from May 1903 - by E. F. Azef. Organized the assassinations of the Minister of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin and V.K. Plehve, the Kharkov governor, Prince I.M. Obolensky and Ufa - N.M. prepared assassination attempts on Nicholas II, Minister of Internal Affairs P. N. Durnovo, Moscow Governor-General F. V. Dubasov, priest G. A. Gapon, and others.

RSDLP

The combat technical group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), headed by L. B. Krasin, was the central combat organization of the Bolsheviks. The group carried out mass deliveries of weapons to Russia, supervised the creation, training and arming of combat squads that participated in the uprisings.

The Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP is the Moscow military organization of the Bolsheviks. It included P.K. Sternberg. The bureau led the Bolshevik combat detachments during the Moscow uprising.

Other revolutionary organizations

Polish Socialist Party (PPS). In 1906 alone, PPS militants killed and wounded about 1,000 people. One of the major actions was the Bezdan robbery of 1908.
General Jewish Workers Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia
Socialist Jewish Workers' Party
Dashnaktsutyun is an Armenian revolutionary-nationalist party. During the revolution, she actively participated in the Armenian-Azerbaijani massacre of 1905-1906. The Dashnaks killed quite a few administrative and private persons objectionable to the Armenians: General Alikhanov, governors: Nakashidze and Andreev, colonels Bykov, Sakharov. The revolutionaries blamed the tsarist authorities for fanning the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
Armenian Social Democratic Organization "Hunchak"
Georgian National Democrats
Latvian forest brothers. V Courland province in January - November 1906 they committed up to 400 actions: they killed representatives of the authorities, attacked police stations, burned landowners' estates.
Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party
Belarusian socialist community
Finnish Active Resistance Party
Jewish Social Democratic Party Poalei Zion
Federation of Anarchists "Bread and Freedom"
Federation of Anarchists "Black Banner"
Anarchist Federation "Beznachalie"

Display in fiction

Leonid Andreev's story "The Story of the Seven Hanged Men" (1908). The story is based on real events - hanging on Fox
Nose, near St. Petersburg February 17, 1908 (old style) 7 members of the Flying Combat Detachment of the Northern Region of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
Article by Leo Tolstoy "I can't be silent!" (1908) on government repression and revolutionary terror
Sat. stories by Vlas Doroshevich "Whirlwind and other works of recent times"
Poem by Konstantin Balmont "Our Tsar" (1907). The famous accusatory poem.
Boris Pasternak's poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1926-27)
Boris Vasiliev's novel "And there was evening and there was morning" ISBN 978-5-17-064479-7
Stories by Yevgeny Zamyatin "Unlucky" and "Three days"
Varshavyanka - a revolutionary song that became widely known in 1905

They are a violation of the balance between the ideological aspirations of the Russian thinking society and the current formats of its life. Russia has outgrown the form of the existing system. It is striving for a new system based on a legal society based on civil liberties.
S.Yu. Witte

The Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907, which we will briefly talk about today, was one of the first stages, indicating that the people no longer wanted to live in the old way. The revolution of 1905 is very important because it preceded the revolution of 1917, it personified the problems in Russian society, as well as the unresolved conflicts of the foreign policy order of the world.

Causes of the revolution

The main causes of the revolution of 1905-1907 are as follows:

Lack of political freedoms among the majority of the population of the Russian Empire.
unresolved agrarian question. Despite the abolition of serfdom in 1861, there were no significant changes for the peasants.
Difficult working conditions in plants and factories.
Russian failures in the Russo-Japanese War.
national question. Russia was a multinational country, but the rights of many small nations were.

In fact, the revolution advocated limiting the autocracy. There was no question here of overthrowing the monarchy in Russia, so the events of 1905-1907 should be regarded solely as preparations for the February and October revolutions of 1917. An important point, which is unlikely to be dissuaded in most history textbooks, is the financing of the revolution. In order for the people to rise to active actions, those who will lead the people must appear. These people, respectively, need money and influence. As the famous movie said, any crime has a financial footprint. And this trace really needs to be looked for, since pop Gapon is not suitable for the role of a person who created a revolution and raised it from scratch to active action.

I suggest looking for the origins of the first Russian revolution and the second Russian revolution in Witte's reforms. The monetary reform of 1897, after which the gold standard was introduced in the Russian Empire, actually pronounced a sentence on the country. The Russian ruble became more controlled by global financial institutions, and in order to finally fix the string, the system needed a revolution. The same scenario was tested not only in Russia, but also, for example, in Germany.

Main tasks

During the revolution, the following tasks were set:

Restriction or elimination of autocracy.
Creation of democratic foundations: political parties, freedom of speech, press, free choice of occupation, and so on.
Reducing the working day to 8 hours.
Allotment of land to peasants.
Establishment of equality of peoples in Russia.

Understanding these tasks is very important, since they cover not just one segment of the population, but practically the entire population of the Russian Empire. The tasks covered all segments of the population, so it was possible to reach the broad masses who took part in the revolution.

The revolution of 1905-1907 was essentially bourgeois-democratic. Bourgeois, since the tasks of the revolution included the final destruction of serfdom, and democratic, since the broad masses of the population took part in it: workers, peasants, soldiers, intelligentsia, and so on.

The course of the revolution and its stages

The revolution of 1905-1907 can be divided into three main stages: January-September 1905, October-December 1905, January 1906 - June 3, 1907. Let's take a closer look at each of these stages, but before that I want to dwell on 3 main indicators that allowed start a revolution and accelerate its progress:

The defeat of Russia during the Russo-Japanese War. Many historians say that Japanese intelligence actively financed the revolution in Russia. This was necessary to weaken the enemy from within. Of course, there are no traces to prove this theory, but interesting fact- once Russo-Japanese War ended - the first Russian revolution of 1905 began to decline.
Crisis of 1900-1903. It was economic crisis which hit the main sections of the population, especially the poor, very painfully.
Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905. It was after this day that the revolution began to gain momentum, as blood was shed.

The first stage of the revolution: January-September 1905

On January 3, a strike began at the Putilov factory, which was supported by most of the large factories in St. Petersburg. The reason is layoffs of several workers. At the head of the strike was the organization "Assembly of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg", which was headed by priest Gapon. During the strike, they began to write a petition to the tsar, which they decided to take to the Winter Palace on January 9th. The petition consisted of five main points:

The release of all those who suffered for strikes, for political and religious beliefs in the country.
Declarations of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and personal integrity.
Compulsory free education for all citizens.
Responsibility of ministers and ministries to the people.
Equality of all before the law.

Please note that the petition itself is not a call for a revolution. Therefore, the events of January 3-8 can be seen as preparation for the revolution of 1905-1907. But the question is who prepared and who organized the first Russian revolution, if the protesters wanted to change the country, but did not call for taking up arms? Therefore, it is very important to study the issues of January 9, 1905, which went down in history as Bloody Sunday, since it was a provocation that came from both the priest Gapon and the tsarist army.

Main events

Table 2. Dates and events of the first stage of the revolution: January-September 1905

date	Event
January 3 - 8	Workers' strikes in St. Petersburg. Preparing a petition to the king.
January 9	Bloody Sunday. The execution of a 140,000-strong workers' demonstration moving towards the Winter Palace.
January February	Mass strikes of workers who opposed the events of January 9th.
January 19	Nicholas 2 speaks to the workers. In his speech, the emperor notes that he forgives all the protesters, that the protesters themselves are to blame for the execution, and that if such petitions and demonstrations are repeated, executions will be repeated.
February March	The beginning of the peasant riots. Captured approximately 1/6 of the county in Russia. The beginning of the boycott by the workers. The demonstrations are attended by workers, peasants and intellectuals.
February 18	Acts on the convocation of the State Duma, the so-called Bulygin Duma, are published.
1st of May	The uprising of the weavers in Łódź. Demonstrations in Warsaw, Reval and Riga. To suppress the army used weapons.
May 12 - July 23	Workers' strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk.
June 14-25	Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".
July	By order of the government, all factories raised the wages of workers.
July 31 - August 1	Congress of the Peasants' Union.
July August	The active stage of repression by the state, expressed in mass arrests of protesters.

Strikes during the revolution

Change in the number of strikes in Russia from 1905 to 1916.

Second stage of the revolution: October-December 1905

All-Russian strike

On September 19, Moscow newspapers came out demanding economic changes. In the future, these demands were supported by the workers of Moscow enterprises, as well as railway workers. As a result, the largest strike of the revolution of 1905-1907 began. Today this strike is called all-Russian. More than 2 million people from more than 50 cities took part in it. As a result, the protesters began to spontaneously form Soviets of Workers' Deputies in the cities. For example, on October 13, the Soviet of Workers' Deputies appeared in St. Petersburg.

To understand the significance of those events, it should be noted once again that 2 million people took part in them, and during the event, classes were canceled in all educational institutions, banks, pharmacies, and shops stopped working. It was during the October strike that the slogans "Down with autocracy" and "Long live the democratic republic" were first heard. The situation began to get out of control and the tsar was forced to sign a manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" dated October 17, 1905. This manifesto contained 3 main provisions:

All people receive civil liberties and personal immunity. Freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association is also proclaimed. Freedom of conscience means freedom of religion.
Even those strata of the population who before 1905 were deprived of civil and voting rights are involved in the work of the State Duma.
Not a single law of the Russian Empire could be adopted without the approval of the State Duma.

The first two points are very important for the population, but not critical for the country. But the last point is very important for the history of Russia. The recognition that the monarch cannot issue independent laws without the approval of the State Duma is the end of autocracy. In fact, after 1905, autocracy ended in Russia. An emperor who cannot pass all the laws he considers necessary cannot be considered an autocrat. Therefore, from 1905 to 1917 in Russia there was a form of government reminiscent of a constitutional monarchy.

December events in Moscow

It would seem that the manifesto of October 17, 1905 was supposed to extinguish the center of the revolution, but the fact is that the political parties regarded the signing of this document as a diplomatic move by the tsarist government, which thereby tried to suppress the revolution, but was not going to execute the manifesto. As a result, preparations began for a new stage of the revolution. Moreover, this stage was supposed to result in an armed conflict, because the revolutionaries for the first time began to purchase weapons on a large scale. On December 7, 1905, the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies, which was formed only in November, appealed to all citizens with a demand to stop work and start a strike. This demand was heeded by all the Moscow workers, and they were supported by everyone and the workers of St. Petersburg. The government decided to suppress the rebellion with the help of the army, as a result of which an active armed conflict began. It happened on December 10th.

The fighting in Moscow went on for 7 days. About 6,000 people spoke on the side of the revolutionaries. The workers began to form their own quarters, blocking them with barricades. On December 15, the Guards Semyonovsky Regiment arrived in Moscow, which immediately began shelling the workers' positions. The main events took place on Presnya. But the forces were unequal, so on December 19 the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies decided that the uprising was ending. There is no specific data on the victims, official sources only say that more than 1,000 people were killed and arrested in these events. It was the culmination of the revolution of 1905-1907, after which its intensity began to decline.

Main dates and events

Table 3. Dates and events of the second stage of the revolution: October-December 1905

date	Event	The reaction of the authorities
October 7-15	General Russian political strike. The workers acted in an organized manner, stopping the work of almost all large factories, post, telegraph, transport, educational institutions etc.	In response to this, on October 12, Nicholas 2 signed an order on the use of weapons to suppress strikes, and on October 17 he signed a manifesto "On the improvement of the state order."
October November	Political parties are being created. The peasant movement is growing stronger. In the European part of Russia, approximately 1/2 of all county lands were captured. New "peasant republics" with their own power were formed there. At the same time, there was an uprising in the fleet of Kronstadt and Sevastopol.	Manifesto of November 3 "On the reduction of redemption payments" by half in 1906, and on the complete abolition of redemption payments from January 1, 1907. The active stages of the uprising, primarily in the navy, were suppressed.
November December	Spontaneous uprisings in large cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, where Soviets of Workers' Deputies were formed.	The army arrested all the leaders of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies.
December 7-9	Beginning and preparation of the big strike in Moscow
December 10-19	Armed uprising in Moscow.	On December 11, a new electoral law of the Russian Empire is adopted. On December 17-19, a new execution of the rebels. The armed uprising was put down.
December	Armed uprisings in Nizhny Novgorod, in the Urals, in Vladivostok, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnoyarsk, in Georgia, in the Caucasus.	Armed suppression of uprisings.

Third stage of the revolution: January 1906 - June 3, 1907

The third stage of the revolution is characterized by a significant decrease in the number of strikes. That is, as soon as the war with Japan ended, the number of uprisings immediately decreased. This is an amazing fact, which once again proves that the revolutionaries have Japanese funding.

One of the first major events of 1906 was on February 2, when the act on the creation of the State Duma was signed. The Duma was created for 5 years, and the tsar retained the right to dissolve it and announce new elections. From March 26 to April 20, elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire were held. From April 27 to July 8, the activities of the first State Duma in Russia continued, but these meetings did not create any significant documents. On July 10, 1906, the so-called "Vyborg views" were signed in protest of the deputies against the dissolution of the Duma. In February 1907, elections to the Second State Duma began, the activity of which began on February 20 and continued until June 2, 1907. The Duma was chaired by the Cadet Golovin, the main issue for discussion was the agrarian question.

Among the important events of the third stage are the following:

On April 23, 1906, the main code of laws of the Russian Empire was published, with amendments due to the revolution.
November 9, 1906 - a decree allowing peasants to receive plots for personal use after leaving the community.
July 3, 1907 - a manifesto was signed on the dissolution of the Duma and the adoption of a new electoral law. This ended the revolution.

The results of the revolution

Table 4. Results of the revolution 1905-1907

	Before the revolution	After the revolution
Autocracy	Not limited by anyone or anything	Limited by the State Council and the State Duma
The main segments of the population	Deprived of political freedoms	Have political freedoms, including personal immunity
Working conditions	High degree exploitation of workers	Increasing wages and reducing the working day to 9-10 hours
Land issue	The land belonged to the landlords, the peasant question was not resolved	Giving peasants land rights. agrarian reform

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907 can be called intermediate. Globally, nothing has changed in the country. The only major change was that the tsar had to pass all laws through the State Duma. Otherwise: the peasant question was not resolved, the working day was reduced slightly, wages not enlarged. It turns out that 2.5 years of the revolution were aimed at slightly limiting the power of the monarch, and at asserting the right to create trade unions and hold strikes? The answer is paradoxical - this is exactly what was required of the first Russian revolution. It did not solve problems within the country, but prepared Russia for a future, more powerful revolution.

Trade unions, strikes and the State Duma played a big role in the 1917 revolution. Therefore, these two revolutions must be considered together. The second would not exist without the first. After all, the revolution of 1905 did not solve any serious problems: the tsar remained in power, the ruling classes did not change, the bureaucracy did not disappear, corruption increased, the standard of living fell, and so on. At first sight it seems illogical that under such conditions the revolution calmed down. After all, this is what people opposed. But if one understands that the revolutions in Russia were connected, then the results of the first revolution should eventually become the causes for the second revolution. And so it happened.

The events that took place in Russia in 1905-1907 are usually called the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution. Relatively speaking, this revolution is the initial stage of preparation for a larger event in the history of the Russian people - the 1917 revolution. The events of these years opened the wounds that were ripening under the auspices of absolute monarchy, outlined the paths for the development of events in history, outlined the socio-historical conflict that was brewing among the people.

The events of this era are preceded by several unresolved conflicts of the social structure of the empire. Let us understand what was the task of the first Russian revolution. The most important reasons can be which were the catalyst for unrest in society:

Most of the country's population did not have political freedoms.
The abolition of serfdom in 1861 essentially remained on paper. The peasant class did not feel any special privileges.
The difficult work of workers in factories and factories.
The war with the Japanese, which weakened the Russian Empire. The war will be discussed separately, since many historians believe that it was she who contributed to the reactionary unrest.
The oppression of national minorities in a multinational country. Any multinational country sooner or later comes to the Civil War to defend their rights and freedoms.

At the initial stages, the revolution did not pursue the goals of armed confrontations. Its main goal is to limit the power of the king. Even the overthrow of the monarchy was out of the question. The people politically and mentally could not exist without a king. Historians unanimously call all the events of this period preparations for larger historical events - the February and October revolutions.

Any war, any unrest, must have a clear financial footprint at its core. It cannot be said that the priest Gapon took and raised the masses to the battle with the autocracy, without having huge money, which poured like oil into the fire to kindle modernization sentiments. And here it is appropriate to say that there was a Russo-Japanese war. It would seem, what is the connection between these events? However, this is where this financial catalyst should be sought. The enemy is interested in weakening the enemy from within. And what, if not a revolution, can quickly ignite enemy forces, and then just as quickly extinguish them. Do I need to add that with the end of this war, revolutionary unrest also subsided.

V national history It is customary to divide the movement of this period into three stages:

Beginning (01.1905 - 09.1905);
Takeoff (10.1905 - 12.1905);
The extinction of unrest (10.1906 - 06.1907).

Let us consider the events of these periods in more detail. This is important for understanding the course of the revolutionary movement.

Start

In January 1905, several people were fired at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. This angered the workers. On January 3, under the leadership of the previously mentioned priest Gapon, a strike begins. It is she who will be the prototype of the first revolution of the country. The strike lasted only a week. The outcome of the confrontation was a petition to the monarch, which included several main points:

In essence, these are absolutely normal requirements of an adequate democratic society. But there is no need to talk about this in a country with an autocratic monarchy. There is no call for the overthrow of the tsar, there is still no such slogan “Down with the tsar”, there are no instructions to take up arms. All requirements are maximally loyal. However, the tsarist authorities accepted this petition as an encroachment on their person and the foundations of autocratic power.

January 9, 1905 is called Bloody Sunday. On this day, people gather a crowd of 140,000 and begin to move towards the Winter Palace. By order of the king, the crowd was shot, and this was the first wrong step of the monarch, for which he would pay years later with his life and the life of the whole royal family. Bloody Sunday 1905 can briefly be called the detonator of all subsequent revolutionary movements Russia.

On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II speaks to the rebels, where he says in plain text that he forgives those who went against the tsar. However, if the situation with discontent repeats, then the tsarist army, as on January 9, will use force and weapons to suppress the uprising.

Between February and March 1905, worker-peasant riots and strikes began in many counties. Until the end of September, various uprisings break out throughout the empire and beyond. So, on May 12, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, at a textile factory under the control of the Bolshevik M. Frunze, a strike and strikes began. The workers demand a reduction in the working day from 14 hours to 8 hours, a decent level of wages (they pay no more than 14 rubles), and the abolition of fines. The strike lasted 72 days. As a result, on June 3, demonstration executions took place. Famine and flourishing diseases (especially tuberculosis) forced the workers to return to the machines.

It should be mentioned that all these strikes gave the first result - in July, by order of the authorities, all workers received an increase in wages. On August 31 - July 1, a congress of the peasant union was held.

Then the tsarist government commits a second offense: in late July - early August, mass repressions, arrests and exile to Siberia begin. On this, the first stage of the revolution of 1905 can be considered completed. A start was made, and then the revolution began to gain strength and power.

Takeoff

The events of this period are often called the all-Russian strike. Historians attribute this name to the fact that on September 19, in the central newspapers of Moscow, the editors published information about the need for a number of changes in the political and economic structure of the country. These articles received active support from the Moscow workers and railway workers. Major riots break out across the empire.

The strikes take place almost simultaneously countrywide. 55-60 large cities are involved. The first political parties, the Soviets of People's Workers' Deputies, began to form. Everywhere there are calls for the overthrow of the king. The royal power begins to gradually lose control over the ongoing riots. Nicholas II 10/17/1905 was forced to sign the manifesto "On the improvement of the state order." There are several important points in this document:

Democratic freedoms proclaimed. All people have the inviolability of the person and receive civil rights given by law.
All classes of society are admitted to the State Duma.
All laws of the country can be adopted only through their approval in the State Duma.

From these provisions of the manifesto, it becomes clear that autocracy as a form of power no longer has an absolute. From that moment until 1917, the form of government in Russia can be called a constitutional monarchy.

By conviction royal power the manifesto was supposed to give the revolutionaries what they demanded, and the revolution was to uproot itself, because for this the requirements of the will of the people were fulfilled. But the miracle didn't happen.

The fact is that the manifesto was perceived by the current political parties as an attempt by the tsar to suppress the uprisings. The leaders of the people do not believe in the power of the manifesto and in the guarantor of its execution. Instead of subsiding, the revolution begins to gain new strength.

October 17 Manifesto is very important document in the history of Russia. It is from him that the formation of parliamentarism begins in Russia, the first political parties are created. Anti-government camp from the general gray mass begins to split into three powerful currents, which in the foreseeable future will come to blows civil war where brother will go with a gun against brother.

The liberal bourgeoisie stands out, which consists of the bourgeois intelligentsia and Zemstvo liberals. The Mensheviks stand out - the social democratic stratum, which claims that the revolution is useless.

In their opinion, the revolution must be stopped, since the country is not yet ready to accept socialism. And, finally, the Bolshevik Social Democrats, who advocate the socialization of society, the overthrow of tsarist power.

These are the main three currents of the antagonists of the tsarist regime. And if the first two camps are passive in relation to the tsar and even come to his defense, then the Bolshevik socialist camp stands for radical reforms, where there is no place for the monarchy, and even more so for autocracy.

On December 7, 1905, at the call of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies, a strike of workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg began. On December 10, the authorities try to suppress the uprising with weapons. The fights go on for a week. Barricades are being formed, workers are seizing entire city blocks. On December 15, the Semyonovsky regiment arrives in Moscow, which begins a massive shelling of the protesters. As a result, on December 19, the turmoil was crushed by the tsarist army.

In the same period, strikes take place in large cities. and regions throughout the country. As a result, many cities now have squares and streets with the name of the events of 1905-1907.

fading unrest

The number of unrest decreases and gradually disappears. On February 2, 1906, the tsar signs a decree on the formation of the State Duma. The Duma is created for a period of 5 years, but Nikolai retains the right to dissolve it ahead of schedule and form a new one, which, in fact, he did.

On April 23, 1906, following the results of revolutionary changes and the signed manifesto, a new set of laws was published. In November of the same year, the tsar issued a decree on endowing the peasants with land plots.

What did the first Russian revolution lead to

Despite mass unrest, many executions, exiles, the country's way of life has not changed radically. For this reason, the events of 1905-1907 are called preparations or rehearsals for the 1917 revolution.

The autocracy, previously not restrained by anything, has now turned into a semblance of a constitutional monarchy - the State Council and the State Duma appear. The poorest segments of the population receive certain rights and freedoms guaranteed by law. Thanks to the strikes, the working day was reduced to 8-9 hours, and the salary level was slightly increased. And, finally, since 1861, the peasants received the land in their own hands. In fact, it was the first Russian revolution of reform political system country.

Despite the positive developments, there is a moment that the level of social security after these events decreased, corruption flourished, and the monarch continued to sit on the throne. It is a little illogical that, following the results of mass bloodshed and victims, the way of life remained the same. It seems that what they fought for, they ran into something. Be that as it may, this stage in the history of Russia was the start of the 1917 revolution. The collective consciousness has changed, the forces of the people have been felt. This revolution was simply necessary so that 10 years later history would develop.