The atmosphere is one of the elements of the environment that is universally affected by human activity. The consequences of such an impact depend on many factors and are manifested in climate change and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. These changes, indifferent to the atmosphere itself, are a significant factor influencing the biotic component of the environment, including humans.
The atmosphere, or air environment, is evaluated in two aspects.
1. Climate and its possible changes both under the influence of natural causes and under the influence of anthropogenic influences in general (macroclimate) and this project in particular (microclimate). These estimates also imply a forecast of the possible impact of climate change on the implementation of the projected type of anthropogenic activity.
2. Atmospheric pollution, the assessment of which is carried out according to block diagram set out in topic 5. First, the possibility of atmospheric pollution is assessed using one of the complex indicators: atmospheric pollution potential (APA), atmospheric scattering power (ARA), etc. Then, estimates are made existing level air pollution in the region. The conclusions about both climate and meteorological features and initial atmospheric pollution are based primarily on the data of the regional Roshydromet, to a lesser extent, on the data of the sanitary and epidemiological service and special analytical inspections of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, as well as other literary sources. And finally. Based on the estimates obtained and data on specific emissions into the atmosphere of the projected facility, forecast estimates of atmospheric pollution are calculated using special computer programs (“Ecolog”, “Garant”, “Efir”, etc.). These programs allow not only to calculate the levels of potential pollution atmosphere, but also to obtain maps of concentration fields and data on the deposition of pollutants (pollutants) on the underlying surface.
The criterion for assessing the degree of air pollution is the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of pollutants. The measured or calculated concentrations of pollutants in the air are compared with MPC, and thus air pollution is measured in terms of MPC values (fractions). The concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere should not be confused with their emissions into the atmosphere. Concentration is the mass of a substance in a unit of volume (or even mass), and release is the mass of a substance received per unit of time (i.e. "dose"). Emission cannot be a criterion for air pollution, since air pollution depends not only on the size (mass) of the emission, but also on a number of other factors (meteoparameters, height of the emission source, etc.). Forecast estimates of atmospheric pollution are used in other sections of the EIA for forecasting the consequences of the state of other factors from the impact of a polluted atmosphere (pollution of the underlying surface, vegetation vegetation, morbidity of the population, etc.).
The assessment of the state of the atmosphere during the environmental review is based on an integral assessment of air pollution in the study area, which is determined using a system of direct, indirect and indicator criteria. The assessment of the quality of the atmosphere (primarily the degree of its pollution) is quite well developed and is based on a very large package of regulatory and directive documents using direct monitoring methods for measuring environmental parameters, as well as indirect methods - calculation methods and evaluation criteria.
Direct evaluation criteria. The main criteria for the state of pollution of the air basin are the values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC). At the same time, it should be taken into account that the atmosphere occupies a special position in the ecosystem, being the medium for the transfer of technogenic pollutants and the most variable and dynamic of all its abiotic components. Therefore, to assess the degree of air pollution, time-differentiated indicators are used: maximum single MPCmr (for short-term effects) and average daily MPCd, as well as average annual MPCg (for long-term impact). as well as the summation of the biological effects of pollutants (pollutants). The level of air pollution by substances of different hazard classes is determined by "reducing" their concentrations, normalized according to MPC, to the concentrations of substances of the 3rd hazard class. Pollutants in the air basin are divided into 4 classes according to the likelihood of their adverse impact on public health:
1st - extremely dangerous;
2nd - highly dangerous;
3rd - moderately dangerous;
4th - low-risk.
Usually, the actual maximum one-time, average daily and average annual MPCs are used, comparing them with the actual concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere over the past few years, but not less than 2 years. Another important criterion for assessing the total pollution of atmospheric air (by various substances in terms of average annual concentrations) is the value of the complex indicator (P), equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the concentrations of substances of various hazard classes, normalized according to MPC and reduced to concentrations of substances of the 3rd hazard class.
The most common and informative indicator of air pollution is KIFA - a comprehensive index of average annual air pollution. Its quantitative ranking according to the class of the state of the atmosphere is given in Table. 6.1.
Table 6.1. Criteria for assessing the state of atmospheric pollution by a complex index (KIZA)
The given ranking by classes of the state of the atmosphere is made in accordance with the classification of pollution levels on a four-point scale, where:
The “norm” class corresponds to the level of air pollution below the average for the cities of the country;
The "risk" class is equal to the average level;
The “crisis” class is above average;
Distress class is well above average.
QISA is usually used to compare air pollution in different parts of the study area (cities, districts, etc.) and to assess the temporal (long-term) trend in changes in the state of air pollution.
The resource potential of the atmosphere of a territory is determined by its ability to disperse and remove impurities, the ratio of the actual level of pollution and the MPC value. The assessment of the scattering power of the atmosphere is based on the value of such complex climatic and meteorological indicators as the potential for atmospheric pollution (PAP ) and air consumption parameter (AC). These characteristics determine the features of the formation of pollution levels depending on the meteorological conditions that contribute to the accumulation and removal of impurities from the atmosphere.
PZA is a complex characteristic of the repeatability of meteorological conditions that are unfavorable for the dispersion of impurities in the air basin. In Russia, 5 PZA classes have been identified that are typical for urban conditions, depending on the frequency of surface inversions and stagnation of weak winds and the duration of fogs. The air consumption parameter (AC) is the volume of clean air required to dilute pollutant emissions to the level of the average allowable concentration. This parameter is especially important when managing the quality of the air environment in the event that a regime of collective responsibility is established for users of natural resources (the “bubble” principle) in market relations. Based on this parameter, the volume of emissions is set for the whole region, and only then the enterprises located on its territory jointly find the most profitable way for them to provide this volume, incl. through trade in pollution rights.
The assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere is carried out taking into account the hygienic justification of the comfort of the climate of the territory, the possibility of using the territory for recreational and residential purposes. An important initial component in this assessment is the physiological and hygienic classification of weather (i.e., combinations of such meteorological factors as air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, etc.) of the cold and warm periods of the year. As a criterion for assessing the optimal location of sources of air pollution and residential areas, the value of the reserve (deficit) of the scattering properties of atmospheric air (AR) is used.
Atmospheric air is usually considered as the initial link in the chain of pollution of natural environments and objects. Soils and surface water can be an indirect indicator of its pollution, and in some cases, on the contrary, they can be sources of secondary pollution of the atmosphere. This determines the need, in addition to assessing the pollution of the air basin itself, to take into account possible consequences mutual influence of the atmosphere and adjacent media and obtaining an integral (“mixed”- indirect-direct) assessment of the state of the atmosphere.
Indirect indicators of the assessment of atmospheric pollution are the intensity of atmospheric impurities as a result of dry deposition on the soil cover and water bodies, and also as a result of its washing out by atmospheric precipitation. The criterion for this assessment is the value of allowable and critical loads, expressed in units of fallout density, taking into account the time interval (duration) of their arrival. The Nordic Group of Experts recommends the following critical loads for acid forest soils, surface and ground water(taking into account the totality of chemical changes and biological effects for these environments):
For sulfur compounds 0.2-0.4 gSq.m per year;
For nitrogen compounds 1-2 gN sq. m per year.
The final stage integrated assessment the state of atmospheric air pollution is the analysis of trends in the dynamics of technogenic processes and the assessment of their possible negative consequences in the short and long term (perspective) at the local and regional levels. When analyzing the spatial features and temporal dynamics of the consequences of the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of the population and the state of ecosystems, the method of mapping (more recently, building GIS) is used using a set of cartographic materials that characterize natural conditions region, including the presence of specially protected (protected, etc.) territories.
According to L.I. Boltnevoy, the optimal system of components (elements) of the integral (complex) assessment of the state of the atmosphere should include:
Estimates of the level of pollution from sanitary and hygienic positions (MAC);
Estimates of the resource potential of the atmosphere (APA and RP);
Estimates of the degree of influence on certain environments (soil and vegetation and snow cover, water);
Trends and intensity (speed) of anthropogenic development processes - technical system to identify short-term and long-term effects of exposure;
Determining the spatial and temporal scales of possible negative consequences of anthropogenic impact.
Considering all of the above, when substantiating and assessing the impact on the atmosphere, the Regulations for conducting SEE recommend considering the following.
1. Characteristics of the existing and predicted air pollution. Calculation and analysis of the expected atmospheric air pollution after commissioning of the designed facility at the border of the SPZ, in the residential area, in specially protected and other natural areas and objects located in the zone of influence of this facility should be carried out.
2. Meteorological characteristics and coefficients that determine the conditions for the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmospheric air.
3. Parameters of sources of pollutant emissions, quantitative and qualitative indicators of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air under the established (normal) operating conditions of the enterprise and the maximum load of equipment.
4. Substantiation of data on emissions of pollutants should, incl. contain a list of measures to prevent and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and an assessment of the degree of compliance of the applied processes, technological and dust and gas cleaning equipment with the advanced level.
5. Characteristics of possible volley ejections.
6. List of pollutants and groups of substances with a summing harmful effect.
7. Proposals for the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions.
8. Additional measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in order to achieve MPE standards and assess the degree of their compliance with the advanced scientific and technical level.
9. Justification of the adopted sizes of the SPZ (taking into account the wind rose).
10. List of possible accidents: in case of violation of the technological regime; during natural disasters.
11. Analysis of the scale of possible accidents, measures to prevent accidents and eliminate their consequences.
12. Assessment of the consequences of accidental air pollution for humans and the environment.
13. Measures to regulate emissions of harmful substances into the air during periods of abnormally unfavorable meteorological conditions.
14. Organization of air pollution control.
15. Scope of environmental protection measures and assessment of the cost of capital investments for compensatory measures and measures to protect atmospheric air from pollution, including in case of accidents and adverse weather conditions.
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is a unique mixture of gases that makes it possible for a huge biodiversity of living beings to exist on the planet. Therefore, it is important to maintain the purity and natural composition of the air. Monitoring of atmospheric air for the content of harmful impurities is required by GOST and gives an idea of the content of certain substances in the atmosphere.
Such observations help to control the environmental situation, which is especially important in industrial areas or in settlements with a high traffic flow. Monitoring of air pollution is carried out at the posts, as it requires the operation of precise equipment. The devices can be installed in pavilions or in automotive laboratories.
Organization of measurements
All observation posts are divided into three types according to the method of organizing work:
- Stationary. The main task is to assess the state of atmospheric air in the long term.
- Route. Assessment of the level of atmospheric air pollution at several points.
- Mobile. Research in underflare areas.
Stationary ones exist for a long time, usually located on favorable terrain for observations, designed for continuous assessment of atmospheric air pollution for the longest possible period. All conclusions about the annual change in concentrations in certain regions are based mainly on data from such posts. They perform scheduled, regular sampling for subsequent comprehensive analysis. At stationary posts, studies can be carried out both on the general pollution of the atmosphere and on the assessment of the content of specific substances.
Route posts are also involved in regular sampling at points where the terrain does not allow the establishment of a permanent pavilion. The task is a detailed study of the composition of the air in the designated area.
Peculiarities:
- Observations are made with the help of vehicles.
- Measurements are made at selected points.
- On average, a mobile laboratory visits 3-5 points per day, but the features of the equipment allow up to a dozen measurements per day.
- The order of visiting the points must be the same - as well as the time of visiting the point.
A mobile post is also called under-flare, because it is installed under a gas flare to control its effect on the composition of the atmosphere.
Peculiarities:
- Observations are also made from vehicles.
- The posts are located at some distance from the torch - the distance is determined for each specific case.
- Posts move and take measurements at different points in a short period of time.
All observation posts must be placed in an open area, on solid ground or on a hard surface.
Observation cycle
There are only three monitoring programs.
- The complete program consists in the calculation of single and average daily concentrations of a certain category of substances. Accordingly, observations and measurements are carried out daily. At the moment, registration is carried out using automation. Measurements are carried out at least 4 times. The standard time for measurements is one in the morning, seven in the morning, one in the afternoon and seven in the evening.
- An incomplete program involves daily studies to establish single concentrations three times a day - measurements are not carried out at night.
- The abbreviated program is the measurements twice during daylight hours. Observations under a reduced program are carried out in places with favorable environmental conditions - in green areas located far from industrial areas. Studies on a reduced program and incomplete can be carried out on a rolling schedule, shifting the time of measurement.
All three programs provide data for calculating average monthly and average annual concentrations.
Features of research in pavilions
Before installation, special preparatory measures are carried out:
- All possible impurities are calculated, and preliminary calculations of their concentrations are carried out, based on information from other observation posts, as well as from environmental services of industrial enterprises.
- Study the features of building and terrain.
- They study the prospects for the development of enterprises and construction in the selected area.
- Study the state of energy.
- Calculate the expected impact of transport on the level of pollution.
- Comprehensive meteorological studies are mandatory.
The number of stationary pavilions in a settlement depends on the ecological situation, the population, the ratio of green and residential areas. Recommended density for settlements with an unfavorable ecological situation is one post per 5-10 km. It is important to place posts evenly from different functional areas: industrial, residential, green. It is also required to carry out measurements near major highways.
At present, to ensure optimal observation conditions in Russia, standardized POST-type pavilions with standardized equipment are being produced. There are several modifications of the equipment set. Since measurements are made using standard equipment models, serious instrumental inaccuracies are excluded - all hardware errors will lie in the same range.
Stationary stations operate and conduct observations year-round and daily, regardless of meteorological conditions.
Mobile laboratories
Atmospheric monitoring at such posts makes it possible to take measurements at different points. Daily determination of pollutants is carried out in places where it is impossible to install stationary pavilions.
At the moment, the standard route post is represented by the automobile laboratory of the Atmosfera-P model. It is equipped with equipment for air examination and meteorological measurements. The same laboratory is used for under-flare studies.
Laboratory operating conditions:
- Monitoring of the atmosphere is possible at temperatures up to 35°C inside the car.
- The maximum permissible humidity is 80% at a temperature of 20 °C.
- Acceptable range atmospheric pressure from 680 to 790 mmHg.
- On an asphalt surface, the speed of the car is not more than 50 km / h.
There are two compartments inside the car: instrumental (equipment directly) and auxiliary. The auxiliary compartment contains humidity and temperature sensors, electrical wiring is also located there, batteries and other auxiliary equipment that is required to service the main devices are located. The wind speed and direction sensor, as well as special mounts for installing remote sensors, are placed on the roof in a special container.
Transport pollution
Monitoring of atmospheric air pollution by vehicles is extremely important, since cars are the main source of pollution.
Measurements are carried out at all motor transport enterprises. They allow you to monitor the content of harmful substances in the engine every minute. Also, motor transport enterprises regularly conduct independent checks for compliance with all established standards. In addition, environmental training is provided for the personnel of the enterprise.
Studies with the help of stationary and route posts are limited, since impurities from vehicles are distributed in an unusual way: the maximum can be measured only on the highway itself, and when moving away from it, the concentration of impurities drops sharply.
Therefore, the observations are organized in this way:
- Determine the maximum concentration on highways under different weather conditions and different traffic.
- Calculate the boundaries of the decrease in concentration when moving away from the highway.
- Conduct more thorough environmental monitoring in residential and green areas located near highways.
- The distribution of traffic flows within the urban area is taken into account.
Highways are subject to daily inspections. Devices are usually placed on the sidewalk, and the observation points are selected according to the volume of traffic.
Significance for nature and man
The assessment of atmospheric air pollution is of great importance for the environment - based on the data obtained, it is possible to predict the excess of the MPC, as well as develop a set of measures to reduce the harm from impurities.
The study of atmospheric air is carried out for the following purposes:
- Ensure environmental safety for those living in areas of industrial pollution.
- To collect information about the dynamics of the concentration of impurities of harmful substances in the atmospheric air.
- Develop measures to reduce harm from flare emissions.
- Control the amount of carbon, prevent the rapid growth of pollution.
- Create a database for individual territories.
- Predict the possibility and feasibility of placement industrial facilities in certain regions.
Thus, monitoring posts perform the most important functions, helping to collect information, which will then be processed by environmentalists. Continuous air research is one of the main directions of environmental protection. Over time, methods and methods are modified, research becomes easier and more accessible. At the moment, monitoring is carried out everywhere.
The problem of environmental pollution, especially the air shell of the Earth, is becoming more and more urgent over time. The basis for solving this problem lies in the development and improvement of environmental monitoring systems, carried out on a modern organizational and technological basis.
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Introduction 1. Methods for monitoring atmospheric air 1.1. General concept of atmospheric air monitoring 1.2. Tasks of atmospheric air monitoring 1.3. Basic air monitoring methods 1.4. Criteria for sanitary and hygienic assessment of the state of air 2. The system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air in Russia 2.1. Organizational structure of atmospheric air pollution monitoring 2.2. Problems of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air 2.3. Ways of further development of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air 2.4. Regulatory documents regulating atmospheric air monitoring Conclusion References |
Introduction
The problem of environmental pollution, especially the air shell of the Earth, is becoming more and more urgent over time. The basis for solving this problem lies in the development and improvement of environmental monitoring systems, carried out on a modern organizational and technological basis. The main areas of methodological support are analyzes of dust pollution and the presence of pollutants in the air.
The purpose of this abstract is to highlight the main methods of atmospheric air monitoring.
The following tasks are highlighted:
Define the concept of atmospheric air monitoring;
To study methods of atmospheric air monitoring;
Consider the organization of the atmospheric air monitoring system.
1. Methods for monitoring atmospheric air
1.1. General concept of atmospheric air monitoring
Atmospheric air monitoring system observations of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution and the natural phenomena occurring in it, as well as the assessment and forecast of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution (Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air")
For the purpose of monitoring atmospheric air pollution, a comprehensive assessment and forecast of its condition, as well as providing organs state power, local governments, organizations and the public with current and emergency information about air pollution Government Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments organize state monitoring of atmospheric air and, within their competence, ensure its implementation in the relevant territories of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.
State atmospheric air monitoring is an integral part of state environmental monitoring and is carried out by federal executive authorities in the field of environmental protection, other executive authorities within their competence in the manner established by the federal executive authority authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, together with the territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas, establish and revise the list of objects whose owners must monitor atmospheric air.
1.2. Tasks of atmospheric air monitoring
The monitoring system solves the following tasks related to air quality management, including:
- control over compliance with state and international air quality standards;
- obtaining objective initial data for the development of environmental protection measures, urban planning and planning of transport systems;
- informing the public about air quality and deploying warning systems for spikes in pollution;
- conducting health impact assessments of air pollution;
- assessment of the effectiveness of environmental protection measures.
1.3. Basic air monitoring methods
The first attempts to study the atmosphere were made by M.V. Lomonosov. The first weather service appeared in Russia in 1872. Many experiments have confirmed the relationship between atmospheric pollution and meteorological parameters.
Meteorology is the science of earth's atmosphere, its structure, properties and processes occurring in it. The properties of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it are considered in connection with the properties and influence of the underlying surface (land and sea). The main task of meteorology is weather forecasting for various periods.
Meteorological stations are the main component of regular observations of the state of the atmosphere. Intended for:
- Temperature, pressure and air humidity measurements;
- Wind speed and direction;
- Cloudiness, precipitation, visibility, solar radiation control.
There are ground and drifting weather stations installed on ships, on buoys on the high seas.
The ground data acquisition subsystem includes 65 centers for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring, 21 hydrometeorological centers, 21 hydrometeorological observatories, 16 hydrometeorological bureaus, 18 aviation meteorological centers, 343 airborne weather stations, 22 environmental pollution monitoring centers, 1606 hydrometeorological stations in Antarctica, 17 ionospheric and magnetic and 30 ozonometric stations. Radiometric measurements are carried out at 1450 stations and posts. Air pollution is determined at 687 stations in 299 cities.
Atmospheric air sounding methods
Rocket sounding is used for sounding the upper layers of the atmosphere: a layer from 15-20 to 80-120 km (stratosphere and mesosphere), in which most of the ozonosphere and lower ionosphere and higher layers of the thermosphere and exosphere are located.
To study the middle atmosphere, meteorological rockets are used, rising to altitudes of 80-100 km. They can be liquid and solid propellant. The main parameters measured by meteorological rockets are: pressure, temperature, density and gas composition of the air. Other characteristics may be measured depending on the research program.
To study the upper atmosphere, powerful geophysical rockets are used, rising to altitudes of more than 100-150 km. Measurements are made of the intensity of solar and cosmic radiation, the optical properties of air, its thermodynamic and electrical properties, and the parameters of the Earth's magnetic field. Along with rocket sounding, which is a direct measurement method, indirect methods are also used to study the upper atmosphere using radar, weather lidars, microwaves, and optical equipment.
The rocket sounding system consists of the rocket itself, equipped with measuring instruments and a ground-based measuring complex, which is understood as a set of ground-based radio equipment designed to receive telemetric information about atmospheric parameters and to measure the coordinates of the rocket during flight.
Delivery of the instrument container to the ground is carried out using a parachute.
Echo and radar method
Sonar sounding the atmosphere using sound waves. Allows you to identify areas of large-scale changes in atmospheric density.
Radar, radar sounding the atmosphere with radio waves with lengths from the meter to the millimeter range. Allows you to detect various objects of natural and artificial origin moving in the atmosphere, determine their distance and speed (using the Doppler effect).
Radar is carried out in three ways:
1) irradiation of the object and reception of radiation reflected from it;
2) irradiation of the object and reception of waves re-radiated (retransmitted) by it;
3) reception of radio waves emitted by the object itself.
Lidar is a device for laser sounding of the atmosphere in the optical range of the spectrum. In a generalized sense, a laser in a lidar is used as a pulsed source of directed light radiation. Unlike the radio range, in the light frequency range, due to the smallness of the wavelengths, especially the visible and ultraviolet radiation all molecular and aerosol components of the atmosphere are reflectors of the location signal, i.e. in fact, the atmosphere itself forms a lidar echo signal from the entire sounding path. This makes it possible to carry out laser sounding in any direction in the atmosphere.
The principle of laser sensing of the atmosphere is that the laser beam, during its propagation, is scattered by the molecules and inhomogeneities of the air, molecules of impurities contained in it, aerosol particles, is partially absorbed and changes its physical parameters (frequency, pulse shape, etc.). A glow (fluorescence) appears, which makes it possible to qualitatively and quantitatively judge various parameters of the air environment (pressure, temperature, humidity, gas concentration).
Laser sounding of the atmosphere is carried out mainly in the ultraviolet, visible and microwave ranges. The use of lidars with a high pulse repetition rate of short duration makes it possible to study the dynamics of fast processes in small volumes and in significant thicknesses of the atmosphere.
Optical location method
Similar to the echo and radar method.
Raman scattering method
When light is scattered by gas molecules, the frequency of the scattered radiation is shifted. Each gas molecule has a combination frequency shift, which is characteristic only for it. A medium consisting of gas molecules has only its own combination spectrum. Its registration makes it possible to determine the presence of impurities in the medium under study by analyzing the shift of absorption bands.
Due to the small cross section of Raman scattering, this method is used at short distances of several tens of meters (for example, to control harmful emissions from house pipes).
Resonant fluorescence method
Based on the ability of molecules to fluoresce when exposed to radiation. For example, molecules CO fluoresce when irradiated with radiation =4.6 µm, and the molecules NO 2 when irradiated with an argon laser with = 488 nm.
The fluorescence cross section is much higher than the Raman cross section, so this method more sensitive.
Transmitted radiation detection method
The method is based on the registration of radiation passing through the medium "in transmission", when the reference laser generator and the receiver are located on opposite sides of the object under study.
With the use of reflectors, the generator and receiver are side by side.
The method has the highest sensitivity of all, but can only be used to measure the integral concentration only along the beam path.
Differential method
Combines the method of absorption and backscattering.
Bioindicative methods
Bioindication a method that allows you to judge the state of the environment by the fact of the meeting, absence, developmental features of organisms bioindicators. Pollutants in the ambient air, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, etc., have the strongest anthropogenic impact on phytocenoses. heating stoves population, as well as transport, especially diesel).
Plant resistance to sulfur dioxide is different. Even a slight presence of sulfur dioxide in the air is well diagnosed by lichens - first bushy forms disappear, then leafy and, finally, scale forms. Of the higher plants, conifers (cedar, spruce, pine) have an increased sensitivity to SO2. Pollution-resistant spindle tree, privet, ash-leaved maple.
For a number of plants, the boundaries of their vital activity and the maximum permissible concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air have been established. MPC values (mg/m3): for meadow timothy grass, common lilac - 0.2; barberry - 0.5; meadow fescue, golden currant - 1.0; ash-leaved maple - 2.0.
Plants such as wheat, corn, fir, spruce, garden strawberry, warty birch are sensitive to the content of other pollutants in the air (for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride).
Resistant to the content of hydrogen fluoride in the air are cotton, dandelion, potatoes, roses, tobacco, tomatoes, grapes, and to hydrogen chloride - cruciferous, umbrella, pumpkin, geranium, clove, heather, Compositae.
Methods for monitoring the gas composition of atmospheric air
Air sampling in the analysis of gaseous and vaporous impurities is carried out by drawing air through special solid or liquid absorbers, in which the gaseous admixture is condensed or adsorbed.
AT last years Soluble inorganic chemisorbents, film polymer sorbents are used as sorbents for concentrating microimpurities, which make it possible to capture a wide variety of chemicals from polluted air. An important advantage of polymeric sorbents is their hydrophobicity (moisture in the air does not concentrate in traps and does not interfere with analysis) and the ability to retain the initial composition of the sample for a long time without changing.
Control of concentrations of gas and vapor impurities in atmospheric air is carried out with the help of gas analyzers that allow for instant and continuous monitoring of the content of harmful impurities in it.
1.4. Criteria for sanitary and hygienic assessment of the state of air
Substances in the air enter the human body mainly through the respiratory system. Inhaled polluted air through the trachea and bronchi enters the alveoli of the lungs, from where impurities enter the blood and lymph.
In our country, work is underway on hygienic regulation (rationing) of the permissible level of impurities in the atmospheric air. The substantiation of hygienic standards is preceded by multifaceted complex studies on laboratory animals, and in the case of assessing the body's olfactory reactions to the effects of pollutants, on volunteers. In such studies, the most modern methods developed in biology and medicine are used.
Currently, the maximum permissible concentrations in the atmospheric air of more than 500 substances have been determined.
The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) is the maximum concentration of an impurity in the atmospheric air, referred to a certain averaging time, which, when periodic exposure or throughout the life of a person does not have and will not have a harmful effect on him (including long-term consequences) and on the environment as a whole.
Hygienic standards should provide a physiological optimum for human life, and, in this regard, high demands are placed on the quality of atmospheric air in our country. Due to the fact that short-term exposure to harmful substances that are not detected by smell can cause functional changes in the cerebral cortex and in the visual analyzer, the values \u200b\u200bof the maximum single maximum allowable concentrations (MACm) were introduced. Taking into account the likelihood of long-term exposure to harmful substances on the human body, values of average daily maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) have been introduced.
Thus, for each substance, two standards have been established: the maximum single maximum permissible concentration (MAC) (averaged over 20-30 minutes) in order to prevent reflex reactions in humans and the average daily maximum permissible concentration (MAC) in order to prevent general toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and another action with unlimitedly prolonged breathing.
The values of MPCmr and MPCss for the most common impurities in the atmospheric air are given in Table 2.1. The rightmost column of the table shows the hazard classes of substances: 1-extremely hazardous, 2-highly hazardous, 3-moderately hazardous and 4-low-hazardous. These classes are designed for continuous inhalation of substances without changing their concentration over time. In real conditions, significant increases in the concentrations of impurities are possible, which can lead to a sharp deterioration in the human condition in a short time interval.
Table 1.4
Maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) in the atmospheric air of populated areas
|
Substance |
MAC, mg/m3 |
Hazard Class |
|
|
Maximum single |
Average daily |
||
|
nitrogen dioxide |
0,085 |
0,04 |
|
|
sulphur dioxide |
0,05 |
||
|
carbon monoxide |
|||
|
Dust (suspended particles) |
0,15 |
||
|
Ammonia |
0,04 |
||
|
Sulfuric acid |
|||
|
Phenol |
0,01 |
0,003 |
|
|
Mercury metal |
0,0003 |
||
In places where resorts are located, in the territories of sanatoriums, rest houses and in recreation areas of cities with a population of more than 200 thousand people. The concentration of impurities polluting the atmospheric air should not exceed 0.8 MPC.
A situation may arise when there are simultaneously substances in the air that have a summed (additive) effect. In this case, the sum of their concentrations (C), normalized to MPC, should not exceed unity according to the following expression:
Harmful substances that have a summation of action include, as a rule, those that are similar in chemical structure and the nature of their effect on the human body, for example:
- sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid aerosol;
- sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide;
- sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide;
- sulfur dioxide and phenol;
- sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride;
- sulfur dioxide and trioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides;
- sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol and converter dust.
At the same time, many substances, when simultaneously present in atmospheric air, do not have a summation of action, i.e. extremely allowed values concentrations are stored for each substance separately, for example:
- carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide;
- carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide;
- hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide.
In the case when MPC values are not available, to assess the hygienic hazard of a substance, one can use the indicator of the approximate safe maximum single level of air pollution (SLI).
The values of the maximum allowable concentrations of substances in the air of the working area (MPKrz) have also been developed.
The MPC value should be such that it does not cause diseases in workers during daily inhalation for 8 hours or does not lead to a deterioration in health in the long term. The working area is considered to be a space up to 2 m high, where the place of permanent or temporary stay of workers is located. Thus, the maximum permissible concentration for sulfur dioxide is 10, for nitrogen dioxide - 5, and for mercury - 0.01 mg/m3, which is much higher than the maximum concentration limit and maximum concentration limit for the corresponding substances (see Table 1.4).
2. The system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air in Russia
2.1. Organizational structure of atmospheric air pollution monitoring
State monitoring of atmospheric air is:
1) an integral part of state environmental monitoring;
2) type of atmospheric air monitoring;
3) a system for monitoring the state of atmospheric air, its pollution and natural phenomena occurring in it, as well as the assessment and forecast of the state of atmospheric air, its pollution, carried out by federal executive authorities in the field of environmental protection, other executive authorities within their competence in the manner prescribed by the Government of the Russian Federation.
State control over the protection of atmospheric air must ensure compliance with:
- conditions established by permits for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and for harmful physical effects on it;
- standards, regulations, rules and other requirements for the protection of atmospheric air, including the performance of production control over the protection of atmospheric air;
- the regime of sanitary protection zones of facilities with stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air;
- implementation of federal targeted programs for the protection of atmospheric air, programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the protection of atmospheric air and the implementation of measures for its protection;
- other requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection.
State control over the protection of atmospheric air is carried out by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and its territorial bodies in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation organize and conduct state control (state environmental control) over the protection of atmospheric air, with the exception of control at economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control.
The atmospheric air quality monitoring network has been created and is being implemented in the system of organizations of Roshydromet. It includes 260 cities of Russia. Regular observations of atmospheric air quality are carried out at 710 stations. The control and observation network of other departments includes another 50 stations. The State Air Monitoring Service also operates specialized monitoring subsystems, in particular stations in biosphere reserves, including those for the transboundary transport of air pollutants.
Rice. 2.1. Organizational and structural diagram of atmospheric air pollution monitoring
special role carry out control measurements carried out as part of a joint program of observation and assessment of the long-range distribution of air pollutants in Europe. Under a special program (the EMEP Program), countries that have signed the "Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution" work.
Some observing stations operating as part of monitoring subsystems are included in international observing systems, such as background air pollution monitoring stations.
At “background” stations in biosphere reserves, it is mandatory to determine the following chemicals in the air: suspended particles (aerosols), sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, benzapyrene, organochlorine compounds (DDT, etc.), heavy metals ( lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic), freons. In atmospheric precipitation, biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus), radionuclides are additionally determined.
Monitoring of the most important components of the atmosphere is carried out, in addition, as part of global international observing networks. The composition of the observed components and the number of observation points are as follows: ozone determination (130 ground stations, Meteor artificial earth satellite with ozonometric equipment), aerosol optical density determination (10 stations), atmospheric electrical characteristics assessment (3 stations).
An appropriate monitoring subsystem has been created to assess the timely state and forecast the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (CO2, CH4, chlorofluorocarbons).
Main Applications of Air Pollution Research
- Justification of government decisions in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety;
- Assessing the risk to public health and the burden on the environment;
- Selection and optimization of atmospheric solutions and technologies in economic sectors, municipal services, etc.;
- Rationing of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere;
- Justification of the size of sanitary protection zones;
- Design and reconstruction of objects for various purposes;
- Computational and hybrid monitoring of atmospheric pollution, assimilation and interpretation of instrumental monitoring data. In order to normalize emissions in concentration calculations, instrumental monitoring data are taken into account through background concentrations of Cf.;
- Forecast and regulation of air pollution;
- Assessment of the consequences of potential and support of real accidents, etc.;
- Assessment of the impact of possible climate change on air pollution in cities and industrial areas;
- International projects;
- military applications.
2.2. Problems of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air
1. The density of the existing network is insufficient:
The population in cities where the level of pollution is not assessed due to the lack of observations or their insufficient number is 35% of the urban population of the Russian Federation;
Current state networks and funding allow for the actual implementation of the volume of work on monitoring urban air pollution by 41% in relation to the normative.
2. The technical equipment of the stations is by now largely morally obsolete and, as a rule, has exhausted its resource;
3. The existing monitoring system with manual sampling does not meet modern requirements for the transmission of operational information on atmospheric pollution to forecasting centers in order to assimilate it and provides measurements of only a small fraction of those harmful impurities that need to be predicted.
4. Insufficient provision of analytical laboratories with modern measuring instruments.
2.3. Ways of further development of the system of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air
1. Fundamental modernization of instrumentation and technical equipment of the observational network and laboratory equipment
2. Widespread transition from a reduced to a full program of air sampling and analysis;
3. Organization of a subsystem for monitoring the concentrations of fine dust, PM10 and PM2.5 fractions;
4. Coverage by the air pollution monitoring system of cities with a population of over 100 thousand people;
5. Development of new, of local importance, and revision of existing methods for determining the concentrations of impurities with active and passive sampling. Particularly promising are techniques using multicomponent methods of analysis, in particular chromatographic;
6. Improving the system for ensuring the quality of data of the monitoring network in order to increase the reliability of the results of measurements of impurity concentrations;
7. Updating the regulatory and methodological framework for instrumental and computational monitoring, atmospheric pollution forecasting, including issues of data processing and presentation, coordination of departmental, territorial and local observation systems, taking into account WHO recommendations and foreign experience;
8. Further improvement of the in-depth analysis of the results of observations in order to more fully assess changes in the level of air pollution;
9. Development of new software tools for processing and analyzing observational data in order to fully automate the compilation and creation of information documents and resources. Introduction of modern technical means and technologies in regional monitoring centers;
10. Providing initial data for calculations of atmospheric pollution;
11. Development of a network of GSA stations, background monitoring as reference points for restoring the characteristics of atmospheric pollution over the territory of Russia.
The main directions for the development of the observation network in accordance with the Strategy for activities in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas for the period up to 2030 (taking into account aspects of climate change), approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 No. 1458-r:
Carrying out regular observations of atmospheric air pollution and their optimization by increasing the frequency of observations,
Observation organizations in 43 cities with a population of over 100 thousand inhabitants,
Extensions to international requirements of the list of analytes (RM10, RM2.5),
Phased introduction of automated systems for continuous measurement of the content of the main pollutants in the atmospheric air of settlements.
2.4. Regulatory documents regulating atmospheric air monitoring
Legal protection of the atmosphere - the implementation of the constitutional rights of the population and norms in the environmental sphere has led to a significant expansion of the base of legislative regulation in the field of atmospheric air protection. The main legislative and other normative legal acts are the following:
* The Air Code of the Russian Federation (March 19, 1997) It sets special requirements for the state of flight equipment, regulation of engine operation to reduce atmospheric pollution.
* Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 (as amended on July 23, 2013) “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”. The law establishes the legal basis for the protection of atmospheric air and is aimed at realizing the constitutional rights of citizens to a favorable environment and reliable information about its condition.
* Federal Law "On the Destruction of Chemical Weapons" (May 2, 1997) Establishes the legal basis for carrying out a set of works to ensure environmental protection.
* The Criminal Code (January 1997) Has a number of articles relating to the protection of atmospheric air contains the definition of "Environmental crimes".
* The State Committee for Ecology of Russia has reviewed and approved several legal documents relating to the protection of the atmosphere, in particular, on the methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
* GOST (1986) “Nature protection. Atmosphere. Norms and methods for determining emissions of harmful substances from exhaust gases of diesel engines, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines.
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Federal legislation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation general use |
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01-01 |
"The Constitution of the Russian Federation" (as amended on December 30, 2008) (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) - / Art. 42, 58/ |
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01-02 |
"Criminal Code of the Russian Federation" dated 06/13/1996 No. 63-FZ (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 05/24/1996) (as amended on 03/07/2011) / Ch. 26, art. 358/ |
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01-03 |
Federal Constitutional Law of December 17, 1997 No. 2-FKZ(as amended on December 28, 2010) "On the Government of the Russian Federation" (approved by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on May 14, 1997) - / art. eighteen/ |
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01-04 |
Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 (as amended on December 27, 2009) "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on April 2, 1999) |
|
01-05 |
Federal Law No. 294-FZ of December 26, 2008 (as amended on December 28, 2010, as amended on February 7, 2011) "On the Protection of the Rights of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs in the Implementation of state control(supervision) and municipal control" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 19, 2008) |
|
01-06 |
"Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses" dated December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 20, 2001) (as amended on February 7, 2011) (as amended and supplemented, effective from January 27, 2011) - /chapter 8/ |
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01-07 |
Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 (as amended on December 29, 2010) "On Environmental Protection" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 20, 2001) |
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01-08 |
Federal Law No. 184-FZ of December 27, 2002 (as amended on September 28, 2010) "On Technical Regulation" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 15, 2002) |
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01-09 |
Federal Law No. 102-FZ of June 26, 2008 "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on June 11, 2008) |
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01-10 |
Federal Law No. 261-FZ of November 23, 2009 (as amended on July 27, 2010) "On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on November 11, 2009) |
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01-11 |
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1996 No. 440 "On the Concept of Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development" |
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01-12 |
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp "On the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation" |
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01-13 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 2, 2000 No. 182 (as amended on February 15, 2011) "On the procedure for establishing and revising environmental and hygienic standards for atmospheric air quality, maximum permissible levels of physical effects on atmospheric air and state registration of harmful (polluting) substances and potentially dangerous substances" |
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01-14 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 2, 2000 No. 183 (as amended on February 15, 2011) "On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it" |
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01-15 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 847 (as amended on April 22, 2009) "On the procedure for limiting, suspending or stopping emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air" |
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01-16 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2008 No. 404 (as amended on January 28, 2011) "On the Ministry natural resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation" |
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01-17 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 No. 400 (as amended of November 12, 2010) "On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources Management and Amendments to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2004 No. 370" |
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01-18 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 No. 401 (as amended on January 28, 2011) "On the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision" |
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01-19 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 23, 2004 No. 372 (as amended on January 28, 2011) "On the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring" |
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01-20 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2007 No. 421 (as amended on February 15, 2011) "On the delimitation of powers of federal executive bodies involved in the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the field of chemical disarmament" - / p. 16, 19/ |
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01-21 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2009 No. 285 "On the list of objects subject to federal state environmental control" |
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01-22 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.04.2009 No. 322 (as amended of 04.03.2011) "On measures to implement the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2007 No. 825 "On assessing the effectiveness of the activities of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation" (together with " Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation") |
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01-23 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2001 No. 641-r "On the procedure for issuing certificates in the field of atmospheric air protection" |
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01-24 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r "On the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation" |
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01-25 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2008 No. 74-r "On the Concept of the Federal Target Program "National System of Chemical and Biological Safety of the Russian Federation (2009 - 2013)" |
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01-26 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1662-r dated November 17, 2008 (as amended on August 8, 2009) "On the Concept of the Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020" (together with the "Concept for the Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020") |
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01-27 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1663-r (as amended on December 14, 2009) "On approval of the main activities of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2012 and the list of projects for their implementation" |
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01-28 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 18, 2009 No. 1166-r "On a set of measures for environmental protection in terms of ensuring environmental and radiation safety in the Russian Federation" |
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01-29 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 No. 1715-r "On the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030" |
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01-30 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 31, 2010 No. 869-r "On approval of a set of measures for the gradual bringing of the most polluted territories of settlements in line with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements that ensure comfortable and safe conditions human habitation" |
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01-31 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2010 No. 1458-r "On approval of the Strategy for activities in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas for the period up to 2030 (taking into account aspects of climate change)" |
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01-32 |
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 205 dated August 9, 2007 (as amended on December 25, 2009) "On approval of the Regulations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation" (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on September 17, 2007 No. 10144) |
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01-33 |
Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation dated March 18, 2009 No. 150"On approval of the Strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry of Russia for the period up to 2020" |
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Note : In addition, the following documents correspond to the subject of this section: in section 4 - Nos. 04-01, 04-03, 04-06, 04-13, 04-16; in section 6 - Nos. 06-01, 06-02; in section 8 - Nos. 08-01, 08-09; in section 9 - Nos. 09-01, 09-02, 09-04. |
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Conclusion
The development of the state observation network should be carried out in conjunction with state programs of socio-economic development federal districts and subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account the information received by the territorial observation systems of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local observation systems.
References
- Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 (as amended on July 23, 2013) "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air"http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_150000/
Gorelin D.O., Konopelko L.A. Monitoring of atmospheric pollution and emission sources. M.: Publishing house of standards, 1992. 432 p. - Peshkov Yu.V. System of state monitoring of the state and pollution of atmospheric air, St. Petersburg, 2013
- Environmental monitoring. Methods and means. Tutorial. A.K. Murtazov; Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin. Ryazan, 2008. 146 p.
- Russian Environmental Law: Dictionary legal terms. M.: Gorodets. A. K. Golichenkov. 2008.
- Ecological monitoring of atmospheric air Mazulina O.V., Polonsky Ya.V. Volgograd, 2012
http://sibac.info/index.php/2009-07-01-10-21-16/3003-2012-05-31-06-09-14.
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Systematization, refinement and generalization of the results makes it possible to determine the statistical characteristics of atmospheric pollution. They determine the dynamics of the change in the concentration of the test substance. These characteristics include:
1. Average arithmetic value the concentration of a substance is determined by the formula:
where q c - average daily, average monthly, average annual concentrations of substance q i , which are calculated from the total data of stationary, mobile and under-flame observation posts.
n is the number of one-time concentrations for the corresponding period.
2. The standard deviation of the measurement results from the arithmetic mean.
, mg / m 3
3. The coefficient of variation, which indicates the degree of change in the concentration of a harmful substance:
where q is the average concentration
4. The maximum value of the concentration of a substance is calculated when choosing the maximum of one-time, monthly, annual and long-term concentrations and is determined by the formula:
where L is the number of studied settlements.
5. The air pollution index (API) quantitatively characterizes the level of atmospheric pollution by a separate additive, which takes into account the difference in the rate of increase in the hazard level of a substance, reduced to the level of sulfur dioxide hazard, with an increase in the excess of MPC:
where C i is a constant, with values: 1.7; 1.3; 1.0; 0.9, respectively, for hazard classes 1, 2, 3, and 4 of a substance and allows you to convert the hazard degree of the i-th substance to the hazard degree of sulfur dioxide.
6. Comprehensive city air pollution index (KIZA) - a quantitative characteristic of the level of atmospheric pollution, which is formed by a variety of substances:
n is the amount of harmful substances in the atmosphere. (major contaminants).
To assess changes in the state of the air, the obtained concentrations are compared with background concentrations.
Background concentration– statistically probable maximum concentration (Сph, mg/m3), which characterizes atmospheric pollution. It is defined as the concentration value that does not exceed 5% of the total sample of observations. It characterizes the total concentration formed by all sources in a given territory. C f is determined for each observation post according to the data obtained over a period of 2 to 5 years.
In order to increase the reliability of the calculation of Cf, it is necessary to choose such an observation period during which the nature of buildings in the area of the observation post, the characteristics of emissions within a radius of 5 km from the post and its location did not change significantly. The number of observations must be at least 200 per year, and their total number must be at least 800.
To identify the harmful effects of several pollutants, the value of Cf for these substances is used. This takes into account the concentration of each substance and the concentration of the most common of them. For example, when summing the influence of SO 2 and NO 2.