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The main decisions of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (October 25-27, 1917) Decree on Peace Decree on Land Decree on Power Conclusion of a universal democratic peace with the belligerent powers Solution of the agrarian question (agrarian program of the SRs) Creation of new authorities (SNK and All-Russian Central Executive Committee)
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Organs state power Advice People's Commissars(SNK) (Bolsheviks, Left SRs) All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) (Bolsheviks, Left and Right SRs) V.I. Lenin Ya.M. Sverdlov All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) F.E.Dzerzhinsky Supreme Council of National Economy ( VSNKh) N. Osinsky
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constituent Assembly(January 5-6, 1918) Chairman VM Chernov the first 10 points of the agrarian law, which proclaimed the land as the national property; an appeal to the belligerent powers to begin peace negotiations; the declaration proclaiming the creation of the Russian Democratic Federal Republic
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Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (January 6-7, 1918) The Bolsheviks proposed to the Constituent Assembly to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, which legitimized Soviet power and its first decrees Refusal of the Constituent Assembly and discussion of questions about land and peace The departure of the Bolsheviks and left Socialist-Revolutionaries from the Constituent meeting Adoption of the Decree on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly "Guard is tired"
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Positions in government on the issue Brest Peace Immediate conclusion of a separate peace with Germany Continuation of the revolutionary war "We do not stop the war, we demobilize the army, we do not sign peace" V. I. Lenin L. D. Trotsky N. I. Bukharin
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The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Signing of the armistice agreement Arrival of the Soviet delegation to Brest-Litovsk Soviet delegation
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Peace of Brest-Litovsk Lost territories, by the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Belarus and Transcaucasia were torn away from Russia. Soviet troops were withdrawn from Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Ukraine. The Black Sea Fleet with all its infrastructure was transferred to the Central Powers. Russia paid 6 billion marks of reparations plus payment of losses incurred by Germany during the Russian revolution - 500 million gold rubles. Soviet government pledged to stop revolutionary propaganda in the Central Powers and allied states formed on the territory of the Russian Empire.
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Chronology of the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk November 7, 1917 Appeal of the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L.D. Trotsky to the governments of all the belligerent powers on the conclusion of a general democratic peace November 14, 1917 Germany agreed to begin negotiations with the Soviet government November 20, 1917 negotiations begin between Soviet Russia and Germany From November 24 to December 4, 1917, an armistice was declared on December 9, 1917, peace negotiations begin January 28, 1918 breakdown of negotiations in response to German demands February 5, 1918 Austro-German troops begin an offensive along the entire front February 19, 1918 the Soviet government agreed to the conditions of Germany in Brest-Litovsk on February 22, 1918 Germany agrees to conclude a peace, but on new conditions on February 23, 1918 the Soviet government accepts the German conditions on March 3, 1918 In Brest-Litovsk, a separate peace was concluded between Germany and Soviet Russia March 14, 1918 IV Extraordinary Congress of Soviets ratified the Brest Peace contract
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Consequences of the Peace of Brest The Peace of Brest, as a result of which large territories were torn away from Russia, consolidating the loss of a significant part of the country's agricultural and industrial base, caused opposition to the Bolsheviks from almost all political forces, both right and left. Treason pact national interests Russia almost immediately received the name of the "obscene world". Allied with the Bolsheviks and included in the "red" government, the Left SRs, as well as the formed faction of "left communists" within the RCP (b) spoke of "betrayal of the world revolution", since the conclusion of peace Eastern Front objectively strengthened the conservative Kaiser's regime in Germany. The Brest-Litovsk Peace not only allowed the Central Powers, which were on the verge of defeat in 1917, to continue the war, but also gave them a chance to win, allowing them to concentrate all their forces against the Entente forces in France and Italy, and the elimination of the Caucasian Front freed Turkey's hands for action against the British on The Middle East and Mesopotamia. It is believed that by the conclusion of the Brest Peace and the withdrawal of Russia from the war, the Bolsheviks fulfilled their earlier obligations to Germany for her support in their seizure of power in Russia. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk served as a catalyst for the formation of a "democratic counter-revolution", expressed in the proclamation of Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik governments in Siberia and the Volga region, the uprising of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries in July 1918 in Moscow, and the general transition civil war from local skirmishes to large-scale battles.
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The uprising of the Left SRs Yakov Blumkin On July 6, 1918, two left SRs, officers of the Cheka Yakov Blumkin and Nikolai Andreev, presenting the Cheka credentials, went to the German embassy in Moscow and killed the German ambassador, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach. Blumkin fired several shots at the ambassador, and Andreev, fleeing, threw two bombs into the living room. The ambassador died on the spot. The criminals fled. The assassination of Mirbach served as a signal for an armed uprising of the Left SRs against the Soviet government led by the Bolsheviks. Lenin himself took the lead in suppressing the rebellion. Workers of Soviet and communist bodies, delegates to the Congress of Soviets, and workers of Moscow were mobilized to fight the rebels. Within a few hours, the mutiny was liquidated.
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First transformations Soviet power Region government controlled 1917 Liquidation of ministries, the Synod, the Senate and other old government bodies. Convocation of Soviets, creation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and the government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). The elimination of the old judicial system and the creation of revolutionary tribunals and local courts. On the ground, power was transferred to the provincial, district, city and district Soviets. 1918 Organization of committees of the poor in rural areas. Establishment of the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense and its transformation into the Council of Labor and Defense in April 1921 1921 Creation of the State Planning Committee National question 1917 "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" Formation of the Ukrainian Republic and the transfer of independence to Finland.
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Economic sphere 1917 Adoption of the law on workers' control, covering the financial activities of enterprises, production, trade in raw materials and products. Creation of the All-Russian Council National economy(VSNKh) and local economic councils. Nationalization of banks and liquidation of foreign financial institutions. 1918 Elimination of foreign and domestic loans, concluded by the tsarist and Provisional governments. Decree on the socialization of the land. Nationalization and the establishment of a monopoly on foreign trade. Nationalization of the food, oil, heavy industry and railroad transport. The beginning of the suppression of the kulaks and the establishment of a food dictatorship. 1919 Decree on surplus appropriation and the establishment of the policy of "war communism". 1920 Decree on universal labor service. Adoption of the plan for the State Electrification of Russia (GOELRO). 1921 Organization of the State Planning Commission. State control of industry, finance, transport and communications. Replacing the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind, the transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP).
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The main decisions of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (25-27.10.1917) Decree on Peace Decree on Land Decree on Power Conclusion of a general democratic peace with the belligerent powers Solution of the agrarian question (agrarian program of the SRs) Creation of new authorities (SNK and All-Russian Central Executive Committee) )
Creation of new bodies of power October 25, 1917 Decree on Power Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee 62 Bolsheviks 29 Left Social Revolutionaries
Creation of new bodies of power December 1917 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of the Cheka The first punitive body of Soviet power F. E. Dzerzhinsky To fight counter-revolution, sabotage and speculation.
Elimination of national and class inequality Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia q. Equality of the peoples of Russia. q. The right to self-determination up to secession and the formation of independent states. q. Cancellation of national and religious privileges. q. Free development of national minorities.
What was the significance of the cancellation estate structure Elimination of national and class inequality of society for political development country? Decree on the abolition of estates and civil servants q. The division of society into nobles, merchants, peasants, and philistines was abolished. q. Abolished princely, county and other titles. Citizen of the Russian Soviet Republic
Did the separation of the church from the state, the abolition of national and class inequality contribute to the strengthening of the authority of the Soviet government? The Local Council of the Orthodox Russian Church On January 20, 1918, the Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church was approved. From 1 (14) February 1918 from the church. there was a transition to the Gregorian calendar.
Why did the results of the elections to the Constituent Assembly disappoint the Bolsheviks? The idea of a Constituent Assembly was very popular among the people, and the Bolsheviks did not dare to cancel the elections scheduled for November 12, 1917 by the Provisional Government. But the results of the people's expression of will disappointed them.
Constituent Assembly Attitude of Parties to the Constituent Assembly There is little hope that the Constituent Assembly can fulfill the task of the Cadets of saving the homeland. The Bolsheviks must be held accountable for everything they have done. Socialist-Revolutionaries Bolsheviks Slogan of the day- "All power to the Constituent Assembly!" To oppose the Bolshevik method with the tactics of active and deep legislation. The slogan "All power the legislature! " became in fact the slogan of the Cadets and the counter-revolution.
Constituent Assembly Demonstration in support of the Constituent Assembly in Petrograd On November 28, a demonstration in support of the Constituent Assembly took place in Petrograd. On the same day, Lenin signed a decree on the arrest of the leaders of the Civil War against the Revolution, in which the Cadets were declared "the party of the enemies of the people", and its leaders were subject to arrest and a revolutionary trial.
Constituent Assembly On January 5, 1918, on the day of the opening of the Constituent Assembly, a demonstration in its defense, organized by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, took place in Petrograd. By order of the authorities, she was shot. The Constituent Assembly was held in a tense atmosphere of confrontation. The meeting room was flooded with armed sailors, supporters of the Bolsheviks.
Constituent Assembly Manifestation of Junkers The Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Bolshevik Y.M. Sverdlov, read out the declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people, adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on January 3, and proposed to approve it, thereby legitimizing the existence of Soviet power and its first decrees. The deputies refused and began a discussion on the draft laws on peace and land proposed by the Social Revolutionaries.
What are the reasons for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly? On January 6, early in the morning, the Bolsheviks announced their resignation from the Constituent Assembly. Following them, the Left SRs left the meeting. The discussion, which dragged on after midnight, was interrupted by the head of the guard, sailor A. G. Zheleznyakov: "Guard G. Zheleznyakov is tired." On the night of January 6-7, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly. The guard is tired
Can we agree with Plekhanov? Constituent Assembly GV Plekhanov And if for the sake of the success of the revolution it was necessary to temporarily restrict the operation of one or another democratic principle, then it would be criminal to stop at such a restriction. ... And if the elections (to parliament) were unsuccessful, then we would have to try to disperse it not in two years, but if possible, then in two weeks.
The Constituent Assembly "Declaration of Rights" was adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. From this congress the SNK ceased to be a provisional government.
Peace of Brest On November 8 (21), 1917, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L. D. Trotsky addressed the Entente countries with a note in which he proposed to start negotiations. However, none of the countries responded to the peace proposals of the Soviet Republic. L. D. Trotsky
Peace of Brest-Litovsk On November 14, the German command agreed to begin separate negotiations with separate negotiations by representatives of the Soviet Republic with the aim of concluding peace. A separate peace is a peace treaty or an armistice concluded with the enemy by one of the states that are part of a coalition of countries waging a war, without the knowledge or consent of their allies. At the station in Brest-Litovsk. January 1918
Peace of Brest, Stage I November 20 - November 24, 1917 - the Soviet delegation in the city of Brest-Litovsk signed an armistice agreement with Germany. December 12 - December 15, 1917 - the beginning of the second stage of the discussion of the conditions for concluding a peace treaty. Germany, in an ultimatum, declared its desire to retain the occupied territories of Russia. The Soviet delegation could not agree to this and on December 15 left Brest.
Stage III Brest Peace December 27, 1917 - January 5, 1918 - new composition The Soviet delegation was headed by L. D. Trotsky. However, he did not accept the conditions of Germany and dragged out the negotiations. On January 5, representatives of the German delegation reaffirmed their claims to the territory of Poland, Lithuania, parts of Estonia, Latvia and Belarus, after which Trotsky urgently returned to Petrograd.
Peace of Brest "Peace at any cost" pp. 97 V. I. Lenin " Revolutionary war and the world revolution ”. NI Bukharin "No peace, no war." L. D. Trotsky
Imagine the reaction of Germany to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the statement of the Soviet delegation. Stage IV L. D. Trotsky January 19 - February 18, 1918 - Trotsky returns to Brest, but hesitates to continue negotiations. On January 28, he made an official statement. Government of the Russian Federal Republic informs the governments and peoples fighting with them, allied and neutral countries, that he refuses to sign the annexationist treaty. Russia, for its part, declares the state of war with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria terminated. At the same time, the Russian troops are given an order for complete demobilization along the entire front.
Peace of Brest-Litovsk In response, the German troops launched an offensive and, without encountering serious resistance, rapidly advanced into the interior of the country. On February 23, the Soviet government received the German ultimatum. The terms of the peace proposed in it were much more difficult than the previous ones, but Lenin, threatening to resign, persuaded the Central Committee and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to sign the peace.
Peace of Brest-Litovsk Delegation of the Bolsheviks On March 3, 1918 in Brest-Litovsk a separate peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Germany. Under the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Peace, Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Belarus and Transcaucasia were torn away from Russia.
Peace of Brest On March 14 in Moscow, the IV Extraordinary Congress of Soviets ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, ratified the Ratification - approval by the supreme body of state power of an international treaty signed by an authorized representative of the state.
Peace of Brest-Litovsk Consequences of the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace q. Russia actually lost an area of 1 million km 2 with a population of 56 million people - 1/3 of the total population of Russia, which included 1/4 of all cultivated land, 2/3 of steel production, 90% of coal reserves, 40% of industrial workers. q. The payment of reparations inflicted a heavy economic blow on the country. Prisoners of war, 2 million people, returned to the country, joining the ranks of the unemployed. q. Russia's position in the international arena was changing dramatically; it was losing its usual territorial ties.
Peace of Brest Do you agree with the opinion of the historian A. Ushakov that Brest "gave only an illusion of peace, a myth of peace"? In your opinion, were there any alternatives to the Brest Peace in the spring of 1918? If so, why have they not been realized?
The collapse of the coalition government The Left SRs were the Left SRs against the conclusion of peace with Germany. In protest, they left the SNK. The bipartisan Soviet government ceased to exist. But representatives of the Left SRs remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Soviets at all levels. Caricature of the signing of the Brest Peace
The collapse of the coalition government Caricature of the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty The right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks reacted very sharply to the Brest Peace Treaty. VIII Council of the AKP to the Mensheviks. May 1918 demanded that the treaty be annulled and declared that the liquidation of Soviet power "constitutes the next and urgent task of all democracy," that is, the party embarked on the path of armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. The resignation of the Council of People's Commissars was demanded by the leader of the Mensheviks Martov at the IV Congress of Soviets
The collapse of the coalition government In June 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee expelled representatives of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from its membership and invited the Soviets of all levels to remove them from their midst. In fact, this meant the prohibition of the Menshevik and Right Socialist Revolutionary parties. The Left SRs voted against this decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
First measures in industry November 1917 Priority measures in the economic field. Workers' control over factories. Expropriation of factories and plants. EXPROPRIATION is a compulsory, gratuitous or compensated seizure, alienation of property carried out by the state EXPROPRIATION. Nationalization of banks.
The first measures in the industry Putilovsky plant. Tower workshop building. Photo of the beginning of XX in November 17, 1917 by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars the factory of the Likinskaya Manufactory partnership was nationalized, in December - several enterprises in the Urals and the Putilov factory in Petrograd. Nationalization - transfer to the ownership of the state of land, industrial enterprises, banks, transport or other property owned by private individuals.
First events in industry December 1, 1917 Created Supreme Council National economy. Banking A.I. Rykov Nationalization of private banks Liquidation of private banks Banking is a state monopoly State Bank renamed into Narodny
First measures in industry January-April 1918 Nationalization of transport, sea and river fleets, foreign trade The Soviet government announced that it did not recognize the internal and external debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments. In May 1918, the right to inheritance was canceled. On June 28, all large industrial enterprises of the most important branches of industry passed into the hands of the state.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. On February 19, 1918, the day of the abolition of serfdom, the Law on the Socialization of the Land was published. By the spring of 1918, the first redistribution of the land fund was almost completely completed, and private ownership of land was liquidated. The owner of the land was the state, which endowed the peasants with it according to the equalizing labor norm.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. What do the facts say? By February 1918, 75% of the estates were plundered. The land was divided by eaters. Farms and cuts were swept away by the agrarian revolution. Black redistribution swept the village. Livestock, inventory and property were equally divided.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. In the spring of 1918, the situation deteriorated significantly. The amount of bread supplied to the market dropped sharply, and the country was threatened with famine. The peasants did not want to sell grain to the state at low prices, especially since there was nothing to buy with money: industry and trade did not work.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. "To conduct a merciless and terrorist war against the peasant and other bourgeoisie" V. I. Lenin "... it seems that this is a struggle for bread, in fact it is a struggle for socialism" How do you assess these statements of V. I. Lenin? Give your assessment of the situation.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. At the end of April 1918, the daily bread ration in Petrograd was reduced to 50 g. In Moscow, workers received an average of 100 g of bread per day. Food riots began. Famine of 1918
What are the political circumstances caused the Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. the turn of the Bolsheviks to emergency measures in the countryside? “We must seriously raise before ourselves the question of stratification in the countryside, the question of creating two opposing hostile forces in the countryside, and set ourselves the task of opposing the poorest strata of the population to the kulak elements in the countryside. Only if we can split the village into two irreconcilably hostile camps, if we can ignite the same civil war there that was not so long ago in the cities. ... ... only if we can say that we have done in relation to the village what we were able to do for the cities. " Ya.M. Sverdlov
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. The government toughened its course towards the peasantry, deciding to take away its grain by force. On May 13, 1918, consumption rates were set. All bread that exceeded these norms was called surplus and was subject to forcible withdrawal. Those who did not give their bread were considered enemies of the people. Armed food detachments were created with emergency powers.
Agrarian policy. Food dictatorship. What do the facts say? With a procurement plan of 240 million poods of grain, 94 million were procured. In 1918 alone, in the central regions, there were up to 250 peasant uprisings. The Russian peasants greeted the Czechoslovak prisoners who had revolted against Red Russia as deliverers. Hungry demonstrations did not stop in the cities. They were suppressed by force.
Speech by the Left SRs Latvian riflemen guard the 5th Congress of Soviets The Left SRs were categorically against emergency measures in the countryside. At the Fifth Congress of Soviets, they subjected the government to fierce criticism and proposed to adopt a resolution on distrust of foreign and domestic policy SNK and termination of the peace treaty. After a heated debate, the resolution of the Left SRs was rejected.
Speech of the Left Social Revolutionaries Ya.G. Blumkin V. Mirbakh On July 6, 1918, members of the PLSR Ya.G. Blumkin and P.A. Left Socialist-Revolutionary D.I. Popov. The chairman of the Cheka F.E.Dzerzhinsky rushed to the detachment to arrest the terrorists, but was taken prisoner.
Speech by the Left SRs M. A. Spiridonov In response, the Left SR faction of the Congress of Soviets, headed by the leader of the party M. A. Spiridonova, was arrested. The Bolsheviks regarded these events by Spiridonova as the beginning of a rebellion against Soviet power. By decision of the 5th Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were expelled from the Soviets at all levels. In August 1918, the PLSR went into an illegal position.
Adoption of the Constitution of 1918 The main result of the work In the Constitution of the V All-Russian Congress was consolidated by the Soviets in July 1918, the federal was the adoption of the structure of the country and its Constitution of the RSFSR. Its name is - the Russian Constitution of the RSFSR legislatively Socialist formalized the establishment of the Federal Soviet dictatorship of the proletariat Republic (RSFSR). in the form of the Soviet Supreme Authority. The dictatorship was recognized by the proletariat, the All-Russian Congress was introduced with the aim of suppressing the Soviets, and in the intervals of the Soviets, the bourgeoisie, destruction - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Exploitation and the Executive Power of building socialism. belonged to SNK
Adoption of the Constitution of 1918 The Constitution enumerated the basic rights and obligations of citizens. All were obliged to work ("He who does not work, but does not eat"), to protect the gains of the revolution, to defend the socialist Fatherland. The 5th Congress approved the flag and coat of arms of the RSFSR.
November 2- Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia: the abolition of national oppression, the equality of nations, the right to self-determination
January 3, 1918- Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People: Russia is a republic, federation, socialist reorganization of society
November 1917 - victory in the elections to the US of the Right Socialist Revolutionaries. The cadets have been declared enemies of the people.
December 1917 - the wavering Bolsheviks were removed from the SNK, their places were taken by the Left SRs.
January 5, 1918- Opening of the US. Chairman-Chernov. Sverdlov proposed to adopt the Declaration of January 3. When the deputies refused, the Bolsheviks left the building, and the commander of the guard, sailor Zheleznyak, dispersed the rest.
Jan. 7- The Central Executive Committee approved Lenin's proposal to dissolve the CA. Peaceful demonstrations in support of the US were shot.
January 10-18- 3rd Congress of Soviets. The Declaration of January 3 was adopted. Russia was declared the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat. RSFSR. Unification of workers 'and soldiers' councils with peasant deputies.
13th of January- the law on the socialization of land: the decree on land was confirmed, the need to approve collective farming.
Opinions on the ultimatum:
- Lenin-world at any cost, because in the conditions of the collapse of the army and complete isolation of Russia, this is the only way to stay in power
- Bukharin and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries - the continuation of the war, since it will turn into a world revolution
- Trotsky - unilateral end to the war. "No war, no peace."
February 1918 - Trotsky at the talks in Brest-Litovsk, a statement about his withdrawal from the war. Resumption of the German offensive.
March 18 - the Bolsheviks were appointed to the vacated places from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The Soviet government becomes homogeneous.
May- the right SRs proclaimed the elimination of the Bolsheviks as their goal, they were supported by the Mensheviks
June - expelled from the Central Executive Committee and local councils.
6-11 July- armed uprisings of the Left SRs led by Spiridonova. The assassination of the German ambassador Mirbach. Dzerzhinsky was captured.
Civil War 1917-1922.
Causes of the war:
- Dissolution of the US by the Bolsheviks
- Uncooled contradictions between classes and social groups after the revolution
- Brest Peace
- Dictatorial food policy of the Bolsheviks
Participants:
- Red- the Bolsheviks, the proletariat, the urban and rural poor, part of the intelligentsia and the military
- White- landowners, the bourgeoisie, part of the military and the intelligentsia, wealthy peasants and Cossacks.
War stages:
Cossacks. Kaledin. Alekseev. Krasnov. Dutov. Semyonov.
Ukraine. Hetman Skoropadsky's regime.
Interventions
2.May - November 1918 - Russia is in a ring of fronts, the enemy has ¾ the territory of the country, the unification of the forces of counterrevolution and intervention
Czechoslovak Corps Hyde; 60 thous.
Counterrevolutionary Democratic Governments
September - Ufa directory, Avksentiev
Nondeterminacy- a movement that did not impose its position in advance until the convocation of the CA
B- Kolchak
Yu-Denikin
Don-Krasnov
S-Z-Yudenich
Interventions
Bolsheviks' measures to overcome the crisis:
- General conscription (18-40 years old)
- Mobilization of military experts in the Red Army (Egorov, Tukhachevsky)
- Institute of War Commissioners
- Announcement Soviet republic united military camp, the slogan "Socialist Fatherland is in danger"
- After the assassination attempt on Lenin by the Socialist Revolutionary Kaplan and the chairman of the St. Petersburg Cheka Uritsky, the beginning of the Red Terror was announced. Concentration camp system.
- September 6, 1918- RSVSR headed by Trotsky - a unified organization of front and army command and control
- November 30, 1918- Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense, headed by Lenin
- 8. War communism
Contributed to providing the army with everything necessary
The outflow of the peasants towards the white movement.
Makhno. Green. Gulyaypole Republic:
Cancel VK
Transfer of power to the Soviets
Ownership of land to peasants
Abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat
3.November 1918-March 1919 - the end of World War I, the leadership of the white movement at the generals
Interventions
Petliura's regime in Ukraine.
1919 - two united campaigns of the interventionists and the White Guards. Kolchak.
1919- movement in the west "Hands off Soviet Russia»
Defeat of Kolchak and Denikin
1919 - 2 unsuccessful campaigns of Yudenich on Peter
5.1920-1922- liquidation of the last centers of civil war
1920 - Soviet-Polish war. We gave away Western Ukraine and Belarus.
Fight against the remnants of Denikin's army in the south - Wrangel's army (black baron)
Reasons for the victory of the Reds:
- We were able to quickly concentrate and mobilize all resources for the needs of the front
- Millions of working people who believed in its ideals stood up to defend the Soviet regime.
- No white document could give more than 3 Lenin's decrees
- White terror
- The slogan of a united and indivisible Russia pushed away from the whites national movements
- Single leader - Lenin
- Talented commanders (Shchors, Chapaev, Frunze, Budyonny, Kotovsky)
- Support for workers in Europe
Results of the war:
- Population decline by 13 million, more than 2 million emigrated
- Loss of a significant part of the territory
- Liquidation of private property
- Economic devastation
- Disappearing political parties, the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks
The first measures in industry In the program of the Bolshevik party questions economic policy after the victory of the proletarian revolution were considered in the very general view... They spoke of the need for a transitional period, during which private property would be liquidated, production would be concentrated in the hands of the workers 'and peasants' state, and economic ties would be formed based on the distribution of products from a single center.
Economic measures In November 1917, V. I. Lenin defined the first-order measures in the economic field: "workers' control over the factories, the subsequent expropriation of them, the nationalization of banks." Many entrepreneurs began to close their factories and plants in protest. In response, the expropriation of private enterprises began. On November 17, 1917, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the factory of the Likinskaya Manufactory partnership was nationalized, in December - several enterprises in the Urals and the Putilovsky plant in Petrograd.
The Supreme Council of the National Economy was established on December 1, 1917 for the first time in world economic practice. government agency direct regulation of the national economy and management - Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh). The attack on private property has intensified. The nationalization of private banks began, banking was declared a state monopoly. The State Bank was renamed the Halyk Bank. In years. All banks, except for Narodny, were liquidated. All safes were opened, securities, gold were confiscated
1918 In January - April 1918, the nationalization of railway transport, river and sea fleets, foreign trade took place. The Soviet government announced that it did not recognize the internal and external debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments. In May 1918, the right of inheritance was abolished. On June 28, all large industrial enterprises of the most important industries passed into the hands of the state: metallurgy, mining, engineering, chemical, textile, etc.
Agrarian policy On February 19, 1918, the day of the abolition of serfdom, the Law on the Socialization of the Land was published. The law was based on the Socialist-Revolutionary principle of land distribution on the basis of "equalizing labor principles." By the spring of 1918, the first redistribution of the land fund was almost completely completed, and private ownership of land was liquidated. The owner of the land was the state, which endowed the peasants with it according to the equalizing labor rate.
In the spring of 1918, the situation worsened. The amount of bread has sharply decreased and the threat of hunger hung over the strange one! Under the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Peace, regions rich in grain were torn away from Russia. The peasants did not want to sell grain to the state at low prices, especially since there was nothing to buy with this money. industry and trade did not work. At the end of April 1918 Daily rate ration in Petrograd was reduced to 50 grams. In Moscow, workers received an average of 100 grams. bread a day. Food riots have begun!
Under these conditions, the government toughened its policy towards the peasants, deciding to take away their grain by force. On May 13, 1918, consumption rates were established - 12 poods of grain, 1 pood of cereals per year. All bread exceeding this norm was subject to confiscation. Those who did not give away the bread were considered enemies of the people. The Bolsheviks feared that the "crusade" announced by the city to the village might provoke a response - the unification of the peasants for an organized grain blockade.
When preparing this topic, it is necessary to analyze the first decrees of the Soviet government, to identify the reasons for the so-called triumphal march of Soviet power in November 1917 - March 1918. It is also necessary to characterize the new structure of government bodies, the main activities of the Bolsheviks in socio-economic, political and cultural spheres and in the field national relations, their results and consequences.
Peace decree - the announcement of Russia's withdrawal from the war, an appeal to all the belligerent powers with a proposal to start negotiations on a peace without annexations and indemnities;
Land decree - in fact, the Socialist-Revolutionary program of land socialization was adopted, popular among the peasants: the abolition of private ownership of land, the gratuitous confiscation of the landowners' land and their division among the peasants according to labor and consumer standards. The peasants' demands have been fully satisfied;
Power decree - the proclamation of the transfer of power to the Soviets, the creation of a new structure of power, the rejection of the principle of separation of powers as a bourgeois one.
It should be noted that initially the Bolsheviks appealed to all socialist parties with a proposal to join the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but only the Left SRs ( got about 1/3 of seats). Thus, until March 1918, the government was bipartisan.
Causes " triumphal march of Soviet power", That is, relatively peaceful ( except Moscow) and would-strictly establish it throughout the country. Chief among them is the almost instant implementation of more-wikis ( albeit in a declarative form) their promises, which provided them at first with the support of the population, especially the peasants.
In the political sphere:
18 (31) December 1917- decree on equality in civil rights of men and women;
7 (20) December 1917- Creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission ( VChK);
5 - 6 (18 - 19) January 1918- the opening and dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. The reason is the refusal to vote for the Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploited People, proposed by the Bolsheviks;
12 (25) January 1918- adoption by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People: Russia was proclaimed a Soviet federal socialist republic - the RSFSR;
July 10, 1918 - the first Constitution of the RSFSR: consolidated the new power structure of the Soviets. Her characteristic feature- vividly expressed ideologization: depriving the exploiting classes of electoral rights, a course towards a world revolution, etc .;
July 1918- an unsuccessful rebellion of the Left SRs, who opposed the new peasant policy of the Bolsheviks and the signing of the Brest Peace with Germany. Results: the formation of a one-party government and a one-party political system in the country.
In the socio-economic sphere:
October - December 1917- decrees on the introduction of an 8-hour working day and working control at enterprises, the nationalization of banks and large enterprises;