Syktyvkar State University
Institute for the Humanities
Faculty of International Relations
Test
Discipline: "Ecology"
Topic: "Differences between rational and irrational use of natural resources"
Completed by: Popov A.N., 517 group
Checked by: Dorovskikh G.N.
Syktyvkar, 2014
Introduction
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
From the very first appearance, a person began to master natural resources in the context of their needs, whether it be an animal or plant species. As man developed, he moved from an appropriating economy to a producing one, that is, instead of hunting or gathering, he discovered some patterns and subsequently, following these phenomena, began to produce means for his existence. Thus, man was able to domesticate a few species of animals and domesticate many varieties of plants. It was from that moment that people began to provide their own food on their own.
However, in view of the depletion of the soil, a person faced the need to develop new fertile territories that would provide him with the same yield and feed for livestock as before. In connection with the emerging need, people began to move in search of favorable lands. Having found them, he faced another problem: now he needed to somehow protect himself from external conditions and adapt to the conditions environment, for which it was required to build a dwelling. This led to mass adoption forest resources... Wooden houses began to be built, which provided relative protection from the outside world and kept warm. But as a result, the large-scale use of wood as a resource also negatively affected the natural environment. It led to the problem of deforestation, which is still relevant today. However, the use of wood for construction was gradually reduced due to the emergence of various new materials such as stone or brick. But at the same time, wood was still widely used as a fuel for stoves. In rural areas, wood procurement is still the main source of heating, especially in winter.
Later during the XVIII century. in connection with the intensive development of technologies and the transport system in society, it became necessary to switch to qualitatively new resources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. This transition was marked by the fact that with the development of these resources, the further environmental situation in the world began to deteriorate, which in turn caused a number of environmental problems. This was due to the fact that at that time the level scientific development was not high enough to organize ecological waste-free production, so industrial and agricultural resources were still not fully developed and could not be processed. In addition, due to the lack of processing, man had to constantly develop more and more new deposits and deposits. Thus, the untapped resources accumulated over many years began to have a direct impact on the surrounding world of our planet.
The constant use of natural resources by humans often negatively affected the environment and caused many environmental issues... Besides Live nature for many centuries it has been plagued by unprocessed and unproduced surpluses. And, although scientific progress has already reached sufficient development in the development of waste-free industries, there are many difficulties in re-equipping enterprises. The main reason for not implementing high-tech ecological production is the lack of proper financial resources, thanks to which it would be possible to re-equip the factories. However, thanks to investment, it is already possible to notice how actively such production is being introduced, which allows the rational and more efficient use of natural resources.
Rational use of natural resources
To consider all aspects of this concept, first you need to try to explain it. So, what is environmental management and what is it?
Rational use of natural resources is a production activity aimed at meeting human needs through the full exploitation of extracted resources: the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured and production waste is used, which in turn helps to preserve the environment. In other words, rational use of natural resources is a waste-free, environmentally friendly production aimed at meeting the needs of society.
The main goal of rational environmental management is scientifically based efficient use natural resources, maximally contributing to the preservation of the natural environment and minimally disrupting the ability of biogeocenoses to self-regenerate. Therefore, rational use of natural resources should be extremely beneficial both to the person himself and to all living things around him. First, it saves the environment from unrecycled surplus production and release into it. harmful substances, which is important for the health of any living organism, secondly, it allows you to save and save resources, thirdly, it provides a person with the means of subsistence and, fourthly, encourages the development of science and the emergence of new technologies.
So, rational use of natural resources allows you to protect nature from negative impacts factors of production. How does this happen? To shield external environment from the harmful influence of enterprises, it is necessary to optimize production and find such types of resources that could be maximally used by humans and would cause relatively least damage to nature.
Relatively environmentally friendly nuclear power plants can serve as one example of environmental management. Unlike thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit harmful substances into the atmosphere. The second advantage of nuclear power plants may be the absence of oxygen consumption, while thermal power plants consume about 8 million tons of oxygen per year to oxidize the fuel. In addition, coal-fired power plants emit more radioactive substances into the environment than nuclear power plants. Another advantage of nuclear power plants is the diversion of energy for heating and hot water supply of cities, which also helps to reduce unproductive heat losses.
In addition, wave power plants are another example. This type of power plant can serve as wave absorbers, protecting ports, shores and harbors from destruction. In addition, wave power plants also save resources and are more profitable compared to wind power plants. They also protect the environment from harmful emissions.
Another type of ecological power plant is solar. Their main advantages, first of all, lie in the availability and inexhaustibility of an energy source in the face of a constant rise in prices for traditional types of energy carriers. In addition, with the current level of consumption, an exceptional advantage is absolute safety for the surrounding world.
Also, waste-free production can be the repeated use of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes and other sources in the technological process, since the used water is purified and re-participates in the production process without harming the environment.
Irrational use of natural resources
Irrational use of natural resources is a production system in which readily available natural resources are developed on a large scale, while their rapid depletion occurs due to incomplete processing. Thus, a large amount of waste is distributed and environmental pollution occurs.
Such nature management is characteristic of the rapid development of the economy in the absence of a sufficiently developed scientific and technical potential, and, although at first such activities can give good results, subsequently it still leads to detrimental consequences in relation to the ecological environment.
An example of irrational use of natural resources is the campaign for the development of virgin lands in the USSR in 1955-1965. The reasons for the failure of this company were a number of factors: the development of virgin lands began without preparation in the absence of infrastructure - there were no roads, no granaries, no qualified personnel. The natural conditions of the steppes were also not taken into account: sandstorms and dry winds were not taken into account, there were no methods of soil cultivation and grain varieties adapted to this type of climate.
It is worth noting that the plowing of land was carried out at a forced pace and at huge costs. Thanks to such a colossal concentration of funds and people, as well as natural factors new lands in the early years gave super-high yields, and from the mid-1950s - from half to a third of all grain produced in the USSR. However, they did not manage to achieve stability: in lean years on virgin lands they could hardly collect the sowing fund. In addition, due to the violation of the ecological balance and soil erosion in 1962-1963. dust storms appeared. One way or another, the development of virgin lands entered the stage of crisis, and the efficiency of cultivation decreased by 65%.
All these data only indicate that the development of soils took place in an extensive way, but, nevertheless, this way did not lead to an effective result. On the contrary, the structure of the soil began to deteriorate, the level of the yield decreased markedly, and the funds did not justify their investment. All this undoubtedly testifies to the ineffective use of resources in an attempt to quickly and immediately solve all agricultural problems, without having as a solid foundation neither science, nor high-quality technologies, nor an appropriate level of infrastructure, so that the outcome could be completely different.
Differences between rational and unsustainable environmental management
Having previously compared the two concepts, rational and irrational use of natural resources and by illustrating them with examples, we can relate their meanings, compare and reveal the fundamental differences between them. These differences can be essentially designated as two paths of development: intensive and extensive.
The first way is fully consistent with the rational use of natural resources. He points to the efficient use of resources, which makes a tangible contribution to both production in general and high-quality waste-free technologies, thereby making production environmentally friendly and not harming the environment. In addition, the intensive path is often in in full satisfies the cultural and material needs of society.
The second way, on the contrary, is applicable to irrational use of natural resources. Its main features are a disproportionate ratio between the resources expended and the result, orientation towards spatial (quantitative) rather than high-tech (qualitative) value, and also, most often, failure to meet social needs. And, finally, an extensive path causes colossal damage by nature through actions that are not based on any scientific developments or technologies, the release of chemically harmful and hazardous substances, and other production wastes into the environment. Including sometimes this damage can reach an ecological catastrophe and be the causes of negative global processes and phenomena occurring around the world.
rational unsustainable use of natural resources
Conclusion
Summing up, it is necessary to note the priority importance of the future development of rational nature management, in order to ensure the once disturbed ecological balance. The development of science in this area will make it possible to efficiently use resources with minimal damage to ecosystems, which will restore a certain balance that existed long before the emergence of industrial production. And although completely normalize ecological situation in the world it will hardly ever be possible, perhaps, thanks to a new way of development, we will be able to avoid some of the world's problems and cataclysms, and then the environment will start to regenerate again. We must not repeat previous mistakes and understand the full responsibility for our actions. It is also necessary to foster ecological awareness and instill love for the world around us, and, therefore, support it, and, first of all, protect the nature of our homeland.
Bibliography
1.IN AND. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky - "Ecology"
2.S.I. Kolesnikov - "Ecology"
3.
Https: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power Plant
Https: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Volnova_Power Station
Https: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Power Station
Https: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_target
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Nature management- 1) the use of the natural environment to meet the ecological, economic, cultural and health-improving needs of society; 2) the science of the rational (for the relevant historical moment) use of natural resources by society - a complex discipline that includes elements of natural, social and technical sciences.
Nature management is subdivided into rational and irrational.
With the rational use of natural resources, the most complete satisfaction of the needs for material benefits is carried out while maintaining the ecological balance and the possibility of restoring the natural resource potential. Finding such an optimum economic activity for a specific territory or object is an important applied problem of the science of nature management. The achievement of this optimum is called "".
Irrational use of natural resources leads to ecological degradation of the territory and irreversible depletion of the natural resource potential.
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"Rational and unsustainable use of natural resources"
Presentation prepared
biology teacher
MOU "School No. 5" of Vsevolozhsk
Pavlova Tatiana Alexandrovna
- Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
- Nature management is an activity human society, aimed at meeting their needs through the use of natural resources.
- According to the available estimates of leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all kinds. At the same time, the total number of national parks approached 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
- Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts.
Rational and not
Nature management
Rational use of natural resources
Nuclear energy.
At major accident the scale of radioactive contamination is so great that the legitimacy of the risk of further expansion of the NPP construction becomes doubtful. Moreover, with an increase in the number of nuclear power plants, the degree of risk also increases. The problem of radioactive waste disposal is of no less concern. Thus, an increase in energy consumption and its production globally can cause the following dangerous consequences:
Climatic changes due to the greenhouse effect, the likelihood of which increases due to the growth of accumulation in the planet's atmosphere carbon dioxide emitted by power plants;
· The problem of neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste and dismantled equipment of nuclear reactors after the end of their service life;
· An increase in the likelihood of accidents in nuclear reactors;
· Growth of areas and levels of acidification of the environment;
Pollution atmospheric air in cities and industrial areas as a result of the burning of fossil fuels.
Manufacturing industry as an environmental pollutant.
The specificity of the impact of the manufacturing industry on the environment lies in the variety of pollutants for the environment and for the person himself. The main channels of exposure are technogenic processing of natural substances and its changes during processing, reaction to the effects of technological processes (splitting, change in composition). In the process of production and consumption, the substance of nature is so modified that it turns into a toxic material that negatively affects both nature and humans.
A feature of the manufacturing industry is the similarity of the composition of pollutants emitted by enterprises. various industries production, but using similar materials, raw materials and semi-finished products.
Chemical industry.
The chemical industry is one of the dynamic manufacturing industries. It penetrated into all aspects of life: the production of medicines, drugs, vitamins, etc. All this contributed to an increase in the quality of life and the level of material security of society. However, the seamy side of this level is the growth of waste, poisoning of air, water bodies, soil.
There are about 80 thousand different chemicals in the environment. Every year in the world, 1-2 thousand new products of the chemical industry enter the trading network, which often have not passed preliminary testing. In the building materials industry, the greatest "contribution" to environmental pollution is made by cement, glass and asphalt concrete production.
In the process of glass production, among the pollutants, besides dust, lead compounds, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, arsenic - all these are toxic waste, almost half of which ends up in the environment.
Timber industry complex.
It is well known that the forest area is drastically reduced under the impact of the increasing demand for timber and arable land due to the growth of the total human population.
Types of violation of environmental friendliness of the use of forest resources:
· Violation of the current rules and norms of forest use;
The technology of skidding and hauling wood contradicts the protective functions of mountain forests (the use of caterpillar tractors), leads to the destruction soil cover, stripping off forest litter, intensification of erosion processes, destruction of undergrowth and young growth;
· Reforestation works do not keep pace with deforestation due to poor survival rate of plantings, as a result of carelessness.
Energy factor
The energy factor is of great importance due to the shortage of energy resources and the implementation of energy saving policies in the European regions of the country. In high-energy industries of the chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (nylon and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel), fuel consumption significantly exceeds weight finished products, reaching 7-10 tons and more for each ton. The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than those for raw materials and supplies. The share of the energy component is the largest, in addition to the electric power industry, in metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. In ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, production of copper, lead, hydrolytic yeast, caustic soda and some other specific energy intensity of production is 1–3 tons of standard fuel, but the total demand for energy resources is very significant due to large production volumes. Therefore, the further development of energy-intensive industries is most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, on the basis of the abundant and cheap energy resources available there.
Water factor
The water factor plays a significant and, in some cases, a decisive role in the location of enterprises in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile, ferrous metallurgy, and electric power industries. The costs of the entire complex of water management measures (water supply, disposal and treatment Wastewater) is from 1–2% to 15–25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries. As a result, they should be located in Siberia, on Far East, The European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh water is 3-4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South of the European part.
Labor factor
The labor factor (the cost of living labor for the manufacture of products) remains important in the placement of mechanical engineering (in particular instrument-making), light industry, as well as the most large enterprises other industries. Since labor costs per 1 ton of product and the share wages in the cost price do not give a correct idea of the labor intensity of products, then when organizing the allocation of productive forces, taking into account the labor factor, it is advisable to focus on the absolute need of each enterprise for labor.
Land factor
The land factor becomes especially acute when allotting sites for industrial construction (their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in areas of intensive Agriculture and cities in conditions of limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case is the group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial hubs.
Raw material factor
The raw material factor determines the consumption of materials, that is, the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished products. The industries with the highest indices of material consumption (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials per
1 ton of products) include ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy full cycle, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, plywood, cement, sugar industries. Wherein special attention require enterprises remote from sources of raw materials, enterprises with large-tonnage products (metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper mills). When placing them, it is necessary to correctly determine the areas of consumption of finished products and the costs of their transportation.
Transport factor
The transport factor for Russia with its significant continental spaces is of particular importance. Despite the systematic decrease in the share of transport costs in the cost of industrial products, in a number of industries it remains very high - from 20% for ferrous metal ores to 40% for mineral construction materials. The transportability of raw materials and finished products depends on the material consumption of production, the transport capacity of the transported goods, the quality properties of raw materials and finished products from the standpoint of the possibility of their transportation and storage. With an index of material consumption of more than 1.0, production tends to the raw material bases, less than 1.0 - to the regions and places of consumption of finished products.
Agroclimatic conditions
Agro-climatic conditions play a decisive role in the distribution of agricultural activities of the population. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is directly related to the natural soil fertility, climate, and water regime of the territory. The agricultural climate assessment is based on comparing the agro-climatic conditions of the territory with the requirements of various cultivated plants to their factors of life and has significant regional differences.
Environmental factors in the location of productive forces at the present stage of economic development play a special role, since they are directly related to the careful use of natural resources and the provision of necessary living conditions for the population. Significant economic losses from anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment, increasing negative consequences for public health have led to an urgent need for constant accounting environmental factor in the production location.
Features of social and historical development... These include: the nature of social relations, features modern stage development of the state, economic stability and political system, perfection legislative framework and etc.
The last decades have been marked by a noticeable change in the role of factors in the distribution of productive forces in a developed market environment. Thus, the process of Scientification (synthesis of science with production) led to the advancement of potential opportunities for establishing close ties along the lines of cooperation and the attraction of industrial enterprises to the largest scientific centers to the forefront in placing industry. However, due to the extremely high fuel, energy, raw materials and materials consumption Russian economy, the specifics of the sectoral structure of its economy and gigantic continental spaces, the new factors in the distribution of productive forces in our country have not yet acquired such great importance as in developed post-industrial countries.
Of the whole variety of factors in the location of the economy, some of them are characteristic of many sectors of the production complex (for example, gravitation towards the consumer) and the non-production sphere, while others are inherent in only one industry or group of industries (gravitation towards recreational resources).
However, each branch of the economy has its own set of factors of its location. Moreover, even factors common with other industries in each specific case are manifested with varying strength, and if for some industries a factor has a decisive influence on the placement of an industry, then in another industry it is of secondary importance.
Thus:
· Each branch of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors of its location;
· The combination and role of individual factors in the location of the economy in a certain area depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of the country or region.
At the same time, for most branches of the non-production sphere, consumer orientation is the most important factor in their location. And the higher the share of non-productive sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater role in the location of the economy is played by attraction to the consumer. Since the sectoral structure of most countries of the world is evolving towards an increase in the share of non-production sectors and a decrease in the production sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend.
Traditional approaches
Territorial approach
For Russia, with its gigantic areas, the territorial approach is of great importance, the application of which makes it possible to regulate territorial and economic processes. The essence of this approach is to take into account the complex relationships between various objects and phenomena located in the same territory. In this case, the study is carried out at different spatial levels (ranks), the highest of which is global, followed by regional (subregional), national (country), district and local levels. The need to apply the territorial approach arises from the presence of the territorial organization of the country and the existing political and administrative structure of the Russian Federation. Huge scale In Russia, the variety of natural and social conditions characteristic of individual zones and regions implies taking into account regional characteristics when solving complex economic problems, especially the development of new territories. This approach was used in previous decades and found its manifestation in the development of such programs as the transformation of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, the development of the BAM zone, the development of the economy and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North.
The territorial approach identifies ways of rational distribution of production in the country and its regions, ensuring the integrated development of individual territories on the basis of their rational specialization, optimal dynamic spatial proportions of production and distribution of products, improving settlement systems, protecting nature and improving the environment. At the same time, the ultimate goal of using the territorial approach in the study of the distribution of productive forces is the most effective development economy in the interests of society as a whole.
A complex approach
An integrated approach means establishing the optimal interconnection between the elements of the economy of a certain territory, in which the main economic function (specialization) of the region is successfully performed on the basis of rational use its natural, scientific, production-technical and socio-economic potential.
An integrated approach assumes a balance of economic and social aspects of the functioning of the economy, the proportionality of the development of specialized, auxiliary and service industries, material production and the non-production sphere by coordinating the activities of enterprises and organizations of various departmental subordination located in the district.
Historical approach
The historical approach reveals the patterns of development of various territorial objects, processes and phenomena, the peculiarities of their emergence and functioning at different time stages, makes it possible to trace the tendencies of their development.
Typological approach
The typological approach is used in territorial studies of various objects when comparing classifications (groupings) and typologies. This approach is associated with the development of such typologies that notice quantitative differences spatial objects, and the search for characteristic features and fundamental criteria for these typologies.
New approaches
Systems approach
The systematic approach involves considering each object (phenomenon, process, complex) as complex education consisting of various elements (structural parts) interacting with each other. The application of this approach is most expedient when studying objects with various internal and external relations(territorial-production complexes, transport system).
Ecological approach
The ecological approach involves the identification and study of the links that exist between the studied object and its environment. According to Academician I.P. Gerasimov, it should include monitoring environmental changes, predicting the consequences of the impact of economic activities on the environment, optimizing the environment in the created natural and technical systems.
Constructive approach
The constructive approach is associated with a change in spatial objects, phenomena and processes from the point of view of the possibility and feasibility of their use in human life and economic activity. This approach is a kind of tool for building the optimal territorial organization of society and the basis for the development of applied regional research (regional planning, long-term forecast of socio-economic development, etc.).
Behavioral approach
The behavioral approach is used to study the behavior of people in space, which is determined by the characteristics of the perception of the environment by various social, professional, gender and age, ethnic and other groups of people and manifests itself in population migrations, the planning structure of settlements, the territorial organization of places of employment, etc.
Problem approach
The problematic approach focuses research on the analysis and solution of any problem - a subjective category (as it is formulated by people) and acting as a barrier to achieving the set goal. The goal of the development of a society is a social benchmark (result) that must be achieved and in accordance with which the society organizes its resources. Accordingly, a problem is understood as a concentrated expression of the contradictions of spatio-temporal development, which is important for the distribution of productive forces.
Nature management is the activity of human society aimed at satisfying its needs through the use of natural resources.
Rational and irrational use of natural resources is distinguished.
Irrational use of natural resources is a system of nature management, in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and not fully, which leads to a rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is generated and the environment is highly polluted.
Irrational use of natural resources is characteristic of an economy that develops through new construction, development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. Such an economy initially yields good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.
Rational use of natural resources- this is a system of environmental management, in which the extracted natural resources are sufficiently fully used, renewable natural resources are restored, production wastes are fully and repeatedly used (i.e., waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.
Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of an intensive economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational use of natural resources can be waste-free production, in which waste is fully used, as a result of which the consumption of raw materials is reduced and environmental pollution is minimized.
One of the types of waste-free production is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. The used water is purified and re-involved in the production process.
Nature management- the relationship between society and the geographic environment, formed as a result of human economic activity in specific historical conditions.
Ideally, the coexistence of man and the natural environment should be harmonious, and nature management should be exclusive.
Rational use of natural resources is when it ensures the preservation and growth natural resources, a certain balance between economic development society and the sustainability of the natural environment, preserving the health of the population. Rational use of natural resources can be only if it is based on knowledge and accounting natural features territory and the stability of its nature to human impact. Rational use of natural resources encompasses several interrelated areas: the protection of non-renewable natural resources, the protection of wildlife, and the protection of the environment.
The protection of non-renewable natural resources presupposes the full and comprehensive use of secondary resources, a resource-saving policy, the disposal of inevitable waste, and the widespread use of new materials and types of fuel. The effective protection of non-renewable natural resources is closely related to the technology of low-waste production. The first stage in the development of such a technology should be its low resource intensity. The second stage of development is the creation of closed-cycle production facilities. It lies in the fact that the waste of some industries can be a raw material for others. The third stage in the development of low-waste production technology is waste disposal, organization of disposal and neutralization of non-removable waste.
Wildlife protection involves the development of a system of specially protected areas, artificial breeding of rare species of animals and plants, and other environmental protection measures of a legal, economic, educational nature.
The third direction of rational nature management provides for the preservation and creation of favorable natural conditions for the life and health of people. This nature conservation activity implements the idea of humanization of nature management, that is, the preservation of the natural environment in such a state that it satisfies various human needs.
leads to a decrease in quality, depletion of natural resources and restorative forces of nature, deterioration, primarily pollution of the environment, to the emergence.
At the center of environmental problems is the compliance of the natural environment with the conditions of human life. The severity of environmental problems is determined by three groups of indicators:
The main types of environmental problems:
- air pollution;
- depletion and pollution of land and sea waters;
- deforestation, degradation of forests and forage lands;
- depletion of biological resources;
- water and wind erosion, secondary soil salinization;
- violation of the permafrost regime of soil;
- complex disturbance of lands during the development of mineral raw materials, loss of productive lands;
- decrease and loss of the recreational qualities of natural complexes, violation of the regime of specially protected areas;
- radiation damage to the territory.
Different territories differ in the set of environmental problems inherent in them and in their severity.
Irrational use of natural resources is also the cause of environmental disasters.
The ecological crisis is characterized not so much by an increase in human impact on nature as by a sharp increase in the influence of nature changed by people on social development.
V geographical science the term "nature management" is understood as the totality of human activities aimed at satisfying their needs through the use of environmental resources. The use of natural resources is of two types: rational and irrational use of natural resources.
Irrational use of natural resources
Irrational use of natural resources is the use by man of the most accessible natural resources. The result of systematic irrational use of natural resources is the rapid and irreversible depletion of natural resources.
Often, unsustainable use of natural resources is characteristic of an extensive economy, the main feature of which is the development of new lands and construction. At first, an extensive economy bears tangible results, but after a certain period natural resources are cut off, which leads to significant losses not only of the environment, but also of society.
Today, irrational use of natural resources is typical for residents South-East Asia and Africa. A striking example of unsustainable environmental management in these regions is the burning of forests to expand the agricultural area.
Moreover, in Asian countries there are often production bases of the world's largest corporations, which not only use local resources, but also pollute the atmosphere.
Rational use of natural resources
Rational use of natural resources is a moderate use of natural resources by society, which tend to recover over time. Also, the rational use of natural resources can be attributed to the process of using non-renewable natural resources with a tendency to reduce the amount used.
Rational nature management is an integral part of intensive farming. In the process of vision of intensive farming, waste-free production is widely used due to the application of new scientific developments. Rational nature management is typical for states with a sufficiently developed economic system.
Predatory nature management
To our great regret, today one more form of nature management can be distinguished - the predatory form, which is an extreme degree of irrational nature management. A striking example of a predatory form of nature use is whaling.
The first massive whale harvest began in 1868. Over a hundred years, more than 2 million whales have been destroyed. Some species have disappeared from the planet irrevocably. In pursuit of commercial interests, many people cause irreparable harm to the environment.
Thanks to the policy of many world organizations and communities for the protection of nature, poaching, as a radical form of irrational use of natural resources, is prosecuted by law.