E. Pugacheva

Peasant war led

Question #22

If at the beginning of the XVIII century. a significant popular uprising was the uprising led by Kondraty Bulavin (1707 - 1708), then the second half of the XVIII century. was marked by a powerful peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev.

In 1771, an uprising of citizens broke out in Moscow ("Plague riot"). A plague epidemic raged in Moscow. ^ The reason for the uprising was that the city authorities wanted to remove the icon of the Mother of God from the gates of Kitay-gorod, because. thousands of Muscovites kissed her. The uprising raged in Moscow for three days. It was suppressed by the Guards regiment sent by the Empress, headed by G. Orlov.

During the decade preceding the Peasant War, historians count more than 40 performances of serfs. In the 50-70s. 18th century the flight of the peasants reached a large scale. False decrees about the alleged imminent release of peasants from serfdom were spread. took place imposture(before the start of the Peasants' War there were six cases of the appearance of " Peter III"). In such an environment, the Peasant War broke out under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev.

driving forces: Movement started on Wednesday Cossacks. Particular scope for the uprising was given by participation in non-serf peasants, artisans, working people, ascribed peasants of the Urals, as well as Oashkirs, Maris, Tatars, Udmurts and other peoples of the Volga region. All of them were united by hatred of serfdom. /Demands of the rebels were set out in Pugachev's "manifestoes" and "decrees": liberation from serfdom, endowment of peasants with land and rights, destruction of villainous nobles^

First stage The Peasant War began with the capture by Pugachev's detachment of small towns on Yaik and siege of Orenburg- the largest fortress in the southeast of the country. The tsarist troops under the command of General Kara, sent to the rescue of Orenburg, were defeated. The Bashkirs, led by Salavat Yulaev, who marched with Kar, took the side of Pugachev. Near Orenburg, the headquarters of the rebels was formed - the Military Collegium. Companions of Pugachev spoke Salavat Yulaev, working people of the Ural factories Khlopusha and Ivan Beloborodoe, Cossack Ivan Chika-Zarubin and others. The rebels captured Kungur, Krasnoufimsk, Samara, laid siege to Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk. Frightened by the scale of the peasant movement, Ekaterina P put General A. Bibikov, the former head of the Legislative Commission, at the head of the government troops. In 1774, Pugachev was defeated at the Tatishcheva Fortress (near Orenburg).

Second stage of the war. After the defeat near the Tatishchev fortress, the second stage of the Peasants' War began. The rebels retreated to the Urals, where their army was replenished by ascribed peasants and factory miners. Pugachev moved from the Urals to Kazan and took it. However, soon the main forces of the tsarist troops under the command of the regiments approached the city.
nickname Michelson, and in the battle with them Pugachev was defeated. He moved to the right bank of the Volga.

Third stage of the war. The third and final stage of the war began. In the Volga region, the people met Pugachev as a liberator from serfdom. P. Panin was placed at the head of the government troops (instead of the deceased Bibikov). A. Suvorov was called from the theater of the Russian-Turkish war. Pugachev's detachment moved down the Volga, in order to subsequently break through to the Don, where he expected to receive the support of the Don Cossacks. During the movement to the south, the Pugachevites captured Alatyr, Saransk, Penza, Saratov. Pugachev's attempt to take Tsaritsyn. He suffered his last defeat at the Salnikov plant. With a small number of loyal people, he tried to hide behind the Volga. However, a group of wealthy Cossacks seized Pugachev and handed him over to the authorities. In a wooden cage, Pugachev was sent to Moscow. In 1775, Pugachev and his closest supporters were executed in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square. Rafts with hanged participants in the uprising were launched along the Volga and other rivers in order to intimidate the population and prevent new demonstrations.

Causes of defeat and consequences peasant war. Peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva ended in defeat, the reasons for which were: spontaneous nature; locality of movement; the heterogeneity of its social composition; bad weapons; naive monarchism; lack of a clear program and goal of the struggle. The Peasant War forced Catherine II to carry out a series of reforms to centralize and unify governments in the center and locally, to legislate the class rights of the population. The fear of the rebels was so great that Catherine ordered the Yaik River to be renamed the Urals, and the Yaik Cossacks - the Urals. The number of local officials more than doubled.

The peasant war of 1773-1775 began suddenly, and covered vast territories in a few weeks. In many respects, Pugachev's success at first is connected with the effect of surprise, as well as with a well-thought-out policy of imposture. Catherine II herself long time did not perceive the successes of Emelyan Pugachev as something serious, and began to worry only when Orenburg and Chelyabinsk were besieged. What successes and failures pursued Yemelyan Pugachev and his militias at the first stage of the Peasants' War?

Event date	Place of hostilities	The consequences of the operation
August-September 1773	The gathering of troops in the Yaitsky town and the issuance of the first decrees	The Cossacks in the Yaik town quickly went over to the side of Pugachev due to regular harassment by government troops and favorites of Catherine II. Thus, Pugacheva received a large army at his disposal.
	Capture of the Lower Lake and Loose fortresses	Both fortresses were captured almost without a fight, as the local Cossacks quickly went over to Pugachev's side. The impostor received several hundred more fighters into power.
	Assault and capture of the Tatishchevskaya fortress	It was here that Pugachev first encountered resistance. The thousandth army refused to surrender to Pugachev and began to fight, but in the end, the impostor managed to capture the fortress. All who did not agree to go under his command were brutally executed along with family members.
	Solemn Ascension to Seitov Sloboda	Local Cossacks received Pugachev with open arms, and here he received considerable reinforcements.
	Solemn ascension of Pugachev to the Sakmara town	Here Pugachev was also accepted as the resurrected legitimate ruler, and several thousand more soldiers passed under his banner.
	Capture without a fight Berdskaya Sloboda	In the Berdskaya Sloboda, thousands of local residents accepted Pugachev as a legitimate ruler, which helped him to strengthen his personal authority and be sure of an early victory against the existing monarchical power.

For the first two months, Pugachev was always lucky, and by the beginning of October he had a decent army. If we add to this the artillery equipment from the Tatishchevskaya fortress, one can imagine how powerful the army of the impostor was.

Siege of Orenburg and subsequent events of the Peasants' War

Despite the fact that the military power of the rebels grew stronger day by day, and Pugachev's authority among the people also increased, Orenburg was a very fortified city, where it was hardly possible to penetrate during the day of the siege. The siege of the city began on October 8 and lasted six months, tying down the main forces of the Pugachev army.

Despite the fact that among the townspeople there were those who wanted to go over to the side of Pugachev, the local military commanders, and in particular, Major Naumov, managed to keep the people from the uprising.

Not wanting to stop for a long time at Orenburg, Pugachev, with a small army, captured several more fortresses along the Samara River. Among them were:

• Perevolotsk fortress
• Buzuluk fortress.
• Sorochinka and Totsk fortresses.

On November 7, an important battle took place near the small village of Yuzeeva, as a result of which Pugachev and his army were able to defeat the forces of the Empress under the command of V.A. Kara. Such impressive victories helped Pugachev earn even more authority and get new troops.

By the end of 1773, Pugachev captured several more important settlements and factories. Among the important fortresses captured by Pugachev was Samara. According to historians, at the end of the first year of the uprising, the army of the impostor ranged from 40 to 60 thousand people.

On January 25, another assault on Ufa was undertaken, and again unsuccessful. A detachment of the Pugachevites were driven out, and the army had to retreat. On the other front of the Peasants' War, active battles were fought for Chelyabinsk. Despite the fact that at the end of January Pugachev's forces were smaller than the capabilities of government troops, by mid-February, the city still managed to be taken.

The victories at Chelyabinsk were among the last before the protracted crisis of regular defeats. By the beginning of 1774, it was already much more difficult for Pugachev to fight, and the government troops had noticeably increased.

The role of the first stage of the Peasant War in history

The first year of the Peasants' War clearly shows what a confident leader of an uprising can do, armed with the legend he needs. Within a few months, the largest centers of Russia were captured, and the threat hung over such major cities like Orenburg and Ufa.

And if Catherine II at first perceived the Peasant War as something passing, then after the capture of Chelyabinsk, the ruler directed all her forces to fight Pugachev. Ahead of the army of the impostor was a series of sudden victories, deafening defeats and the decline of the uprising, which began so quickly, giving the Cossacks and serfs hope for a brighter future.

Second stage of the peasant war

First step

The course of the peasant war.

In the second half of the XVIII century. unrest among the peasantry intensified, which was evidence of the growth of a powerful popular movement in Russia. Impostors began to appear in different parts of the country, who declared themselves Emperor Peter III.

In 1773 in the Yaik Cossack army, another such impostor appeared, who in reality was the Don Cossack E.I. Pugachev. Pugachev's desire to create a Cossack kingdom quickly found a response among the Cossacks. During its greatest scope, the peasant war under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev covered a vast territory from the Caspian Sea to Nizhny Novgorod from south to north and from the Don to the Trans-Urals from west to east.

Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev began with the capture by his detachment of small towns on the river. Yaik and the siege of Orenburg, which at that time was the largest fortress in the south-east of Russia.

Bashkirs, Maris, Tatars, Udmurts and other peoples of the Volga region actively supported the rebellious peasants.

Troop E.I. Pugachev succeeded in further subordinating other cities to his influence - Krasnoufimsk, Samara, after which the rebels laid siege to Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk. The government of Catherine II sent large armed forces to pacify the uprising.

In 1774 they managed to break the detachments of E.I. Pugachev near the Tatishchev fortress in the Orenburg region, the siege of Orenburg and Ufa was also lifted. The main forces of E. Pugachev were practically destroyed. Thus ended the first phase of the war.

After the defeat, the rebels retreated to the Urals, where the army of E. Pugachev hoped to be replenished with new detachments of the discontented population. From the Urals, E. Pugachev sent his detachments to Kazan and took it in 1774. But soon the main forces of the tsarist troops came to the city, in a battle with which E. Pugachev was again defeated. This ended the second phase of the war.

In the third, last, stage of the war, Emelyan Pugachev marched with his army down the Volga in order to break through to the Don, where he intended to get the support of the Don Cossacks. In the course of his advance to the south, E. Pugachev captured Saransk, Penza, and Saratov. But the attempt to take Tsaritsyn failed. After the last defeat, he tried to return to Yaik, but was arrested by the Yaik Cossacks, and then extradited to the tsarist authorities.

In 1775 E.I. Pugachev and his associates were executed in Moscow.

Results and meaning:

1) the peasant uprising was, like all previous popular uprisings, spontaneous; the peasant war had a local character;

2) Pugachev's army was heterogeneous in social composition;

3) the peasant war forced Catherine II to carry out a series of reforms to improve the manageability of the country, the legislative consolidation of the class rights of the population.

Introduction

Background and causes of the uprising of 1773 - 1775

1 Background of the uprising

2 Causes of the peasant war

3 Personality E.I. Pugacheva

The course of the uprising, its main stages

1 Participants in the uprising

Stage 2 I: the beginning of the uprising

Stage 3 II: the peak of the uprising

Stage 4 III: suppression of the uprising

Reasons for the defeat of the uprising

The results of the peasant war of 1773 - 1775

Conclusion

Introduction

In the second half of the 18th century, Russia moved into the ranks of great powers. Major achievements in the economic, political and cultural development raised the prestige of the country.

The development of large-scale industry led to the inclusion in the class struggle of the so-called ascribed peasants and working people of manufactories. The spontaneous uprisings of the oppressed peoples of the outlying regions of Russia against feudal enslavement and tax burdens also reinforced the class struggle of the Russian peasants.

The class struggle in the period of late feudalism is characterized by the highest aggravation social conflicts, the transformation of popular movements against the exploiters into broad and formidable armed uprisings aimed at overthrowing the feudal-serf system. Four peasant wars and the further development of the mass peasant movement ultimately determined the fall of peasant law.

The purpose of the abstract: to analyze, on the basis of existing literature, the course of the peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva

The objectives of this abstract:

To identify the prerequisites and causes of the peasant war.

Describe the stages of hostilities in 1773 - 1775.

Explore the reasons for the defeat of the peasants.

Analyze the results of the peasant war.

Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev is the most relevant topic, which examines the true motives and aspirations of the peasant population, the reconstruction of a holistic class struggle against the oppressors, as well as a historical, comparative and sociological analysis of the content of documents of this time represent an urgent problem. historical science. They need further study, in terms of the political consequences that they caused.

The Pugachev uprising became the subject of attention of writers and poets, revolutionaries and educators. Artists and scientists who sometimes had not only direct, but nothing to do with history.

The historiography of the Pugachev uprising began to take shape back in the days when the glow of fires of burning noble estates swayed in the Volga region. Notes, additions and other materials that came out from the pen of contemporaries of the uprising, often participants in its suppression, being sometimes journalistic works, at one time, later became historical sources. They are of interest to us, since they testify to how the formidable peasant movement was assessed by representatives of various state class groups. One of the first works of this kind are "Day notes" of the Orenburg priest Ivan Osipov. Eyewitness accounts speak of political beliefs their author, about his attitude to the uprising.

Describing the class struggle of the peasantry in Russia, F. Engels wrote that the Peasant War in Russia in 1773-1775. - this is "the last great peasant uprising." He emphasized that the Russian people staged "endless scattered peasant uprisings", which he distinguished from the "great peasant uprising" led by Pugachev.

N.N. Firsov in his works emphasized that Pugachev's uprising, "deeply suffered," was aimed at achieving, first of all, "liberties" and establishing a "common peasant kingdom." He paints the uprising itself in gloomy colors, emphasizing the cruelty and "vices of the rabble hordes of the impostor."

Noble and bourgeois historians such as N. Dubrovin and D. Anuchin, P. Struve and S. Bulgakov characterized the peasant uprising as a senseless and merciless rebellion that swept through the Volga region and the Urals, claimed many lives, destroyed the material values ​​of the peasants.

Naturally, the Pugachev uprising attracted the attention of prominent Russian writers. A.S. wrote about him. Pushkin in The Captain's Daughter, M.Yu. Lermontov in "Vadim", T.G. Shevchenko in "Moskaleva Krinitsa" and in the story "Twins", the writer - democrat D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak, who created his vivid work “Ohonin’s Eyebrows”, truthfully and vividly depicts the Pugachev uprising in the Urals.

Historiography of the Peasants' War of 1773-1775. over time, it takes on a new character. It is not limited to the historical works proper, the works of professional historians, but covers the works of representatives of advanced, progressive social and political thought, journalism, fiction, art, theater, music, cinema, because in the work of the masters of pen and brush, stage and screen, the interest of the broad masses in the Pugachev uprising is reflected, which is very important.

1. Background and causes of the uprising of 1773 - 1775

1 Background of the uprising

The peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev (or simply Pugachevism) in the east captured the West Siberian regions, in the north it reached Perm, in the west - to Tambov and in the south - to the Lower Volga. In total, the Pugachev region covered an area of ​​​​more than 600 thousand square kilometers, shaking "the state from Siberia to Moscow and from the Kuban to the Murom forests" (A.S. Pushkin). His reason was the miraculous announcement of the escaped "Tsar Peter Fedorovich." At its core, Pugachevism had a complex of reasons that were different for each of the groups of participants, but with a one-time addition, they led to actually the most grandiose civil war in the history of Russia up to the war of the Reds and Whites.

The main driving force behind the uprising was the Yaik Cossacks. Throughout the 18th century, they lost privileges and liberties one after another, but the memory still remained of the times of complete independence from Moscow and Cossack democracy. No less tension was present among the native peoples of the Urals and the Volga region (Bashkirs, Tatars, Mordovians, Udmurts, Kalmyks and Kazakhs). The situation in the rapidly growing factories of the Urals was also explosive. The situation in the rapidly growing factories of the Urals was also explosive. Starting with Peter, the government solved the problem work force in metallurgy, mainly by assigning state peasants to state-owned and private mining plants, allowing new breeders to buy serf villages and granting an unofficial right to keep fugitive serfs, since the Berg Collegium, which was in charge of the plants, tried not to notice violations of the decree on capture and the expulsion of all fugitives. At the same time, it was very convenient to take advantage of the lawlessness and hopeless situation of the fugitives, and if someone began to express dissatisfaction with their position, they were immediately handed over to the authorities for punishment. Former peasants resisted forced labor in factories.

Peasants assigned to state and private factories dreamed of returning to their usual village labor, while the situation of peasants in serf estates was little better. The economic situation in the country, which was almost constantly waging one war after another, was difficult, in addition, the gallant age required the nobles to follow the latest fashions and trends. Therefore, the landowners increase the area of ​​crops, corvee increases. The peasants themselves become a marketable commodity, they are mortgaged, exchanged, they simply lose by entire villages. On top of this, the Decree of Catherine II of August 22, 1767 on the prohibition of peasants to complain about the landowners followed. In conditions of complete impunity and personal dependence, the slavish position of the peasants is aggravated by the whims, whims, or real crimes happening on the estates, and most of them were left without investigation and consequences.

In this situation, the most fantastic rumors about imminent liberty or about the transfer of all peasants to the treasury easily found their way, about the ready decree of the tsar, who was killed by his wife and boyars for this, that the tsar was not killed, but he hides until better times - all of them fell on the fertile ground of general human dissatisfaction with their present position. There was simply no legal opportunity to defend their interests with all groups of future participants in the performance.

2 Causes of the peasant war

The dissatisfaction of the people main reason uprisings. And every part social group, who participated in the peasant war, had her reasons for discontent.

The peasants were outraged by their disenfranchised position. They could be sold, played at cards, given away without their consent to work at a factory, etc. The situation was aggravated by the fact that in 1767 Catherine II issued a decree forbidding peasants to complain to the court or the empress about the landlords.

The annexed nationalities (Chuvash, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Tatars, Kalmyks, Kazakhs) were dissatisfied with the oppression of their faith, the seizure of their lands and the construction of military installations on their territories.

The Cossacks did not like that their freedom was being infringed upon. Their rights were increasingly limited: for example, they could no longer choose and remove the chieftain as before. Now the Military Collegium did it for them. The state also established a monopoly on salt, which undermined the economy of the Cossacks. The fact is that the Cossacks mainly lived by selling fish and caviar, and salt played an important role in increasing their shelf life. The Cossacks were not allowed to extract salt themselves, the Cossacks were also not happy with this. Finally, the Cossack army abandoned the pursuit of the Kalmyks, which was ordered to them by the top. The government sent a detachment to pacify the Cossacks. The Cossacks responded to this only with a new uprising, which was brutally suppressed. People were horrified by the punishments of the main instigators and were tense.

The reasons for the uprising can also include all kinds of rumors that circulated among the people. It was rumored that Emperor Peter III survived, that it was planned to soon release the serfs and grant them lands. These words, unconfirmed by anything, kept the peasants in tension, which was ready to turn into an uprising.

Also speaking about the reasons for the Pugachev uprising, one cannot but say about the leader himself. After all, in those days there were many impostors, and only he was able to gather thousands of people around him. All this thanks to his mind and personality.

1.3 Personality of E.I. Pugacheva

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742-1775) was a native of the simple Don Cossacks of the village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don. As a young man, he helped his father to cultivate arable land. Then, as part of the Cossack detachment, he participated in the Seven Years' War with Prussia, and later in Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774, where he gained rich combat experience. He was especially good at artillery. In the army, he was beaten with a whip for offense, promoted to the rank of cornet for bravery. Ill, asked to resign. Not having received it, he fled and began to wander.

Having escaped from the army, Pugachev experienced many vicissitudes of fate, he was repeatedly arrested, he fled and went into hiding. Sometimes with the help of guards - "knew the word." According to him, "I walked the whole earth with my feet." He pretended to be either a merchant or an Old Believer suffering for the faith. Pugachev decided to impersonate the miraculously saved Emperor Peter III. He said: "I could not endure the oppression of the people, in all of Russia the poor mob suffers great insults and ruin." In Belarus, among the schismatics, he hears news about "Peter III" (one of the impostors who appeared then), about the uprising on Yaik. Soldier Logachev, who saw Peter III, told Pugachev that they were similar. So the finest hour of Pugachev came.

Bold, intelligent and possessing considerable adventurous inclinations, Pugachev decided to impersonate the "miraculously saved" Emperor Peter III.

2. The course of the uprising, its main stages

1 Participants in the uprising

The movement under the leadership of Pugachev began among the Cossacks. Particular scope was given to the uprising by the participation in it of serfs, artisans, working people and ascribed peasants of the Urals, as well as Bashkirs, Mari, Tatars, Udmurts and other peoples of the Volga region. Like his predecessors, B.I. Pugachev was distinguished by religious tolerance. Under his banner, Orthodox, and Old Believers, and Muslims, and pagans fought together. They were united by hatred of serfdom.

"Amazing samples of folk eloquence" called A.S. Pushkin several manifestos and decrees of E.I. Pugachev, giving an idea of ​​the main slogans of the rebels. In form, these documents differed from the "charming letters" of I.I. Bolotnikova and S.T. Razin. Under the conditions of the existing administrative and bureaucratic apparatus of power, the leader of the rebels used the forms of state acts characteristic of the new stage in the development of the country - manifestos and decrees.

Historians called one of the most striking manifestos of E.I. Pugachev. "All who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of the landowners" he favored "liberty and freedom", lands, hayfields, fishing and salt lakes "without purchase and without dues." The manifesto freed the population of the country "from taxes and burdens" "inflicted from the villains of the nobles and city bribe-takers."

Stage 2: the beginning of the uprising. (September 1773 - early April 1774)

The events of 1772-1773 paved the way for the organization of the insurgent core around E. Pugachev-Peter III. On July 2, 1773, a cruel sentence was executed on the leaders of the January uprising of 1772 in the Yaitsky town. 16 people were punished with a whip and, after cutting out their nostrils and burning out hard labor marks, they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Nerchinsk factories. 38 people were punished with a whip and exiled to Siberia for settlement. A number of Cossacks were sent to the soldiers. Moreover, a large amount of money was collected from the participants in the uprising to compensate for the ruined property of Ataman Tambovtsev, General Traubenberg and others. The verdict caused a new outburst of indignation among the ordinary Cossacks.

Meanwhile, rumors about the appearance of Emperor Peter III on Yaik and his intention to stand for the ordinary Cossacks quickly spread in the farms and penetrated into the Yaitsky town. In August and the first half of September 1773, the first detachment of Yaik Cossacks gathered around Pugachev. On September 17, the first manifesto of Pugachev - Emperor Peter III - was solemnly announced to the Yaik Cossacks, granting them with the Yaik River "from the peaks to the mouth, and land, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and gunpowder, and grain provisions." Having deployed banners prepared in advance, a detachment of rebels, numbering about 200 people armed with rifles, spears, and bows, marched towards the Yaitsky town.

The main driving force of the uprising was the Russian peasantry in alliance with the oppressed peoples of Bashkiria and the Volga region. The downtrodden, ignorant, completely illiterate peasantry, without the leadership of the working class, which had just begun to take shape, could not create its own organization, could not work out its own program. The demands of the rebels were the accession of a "good king" and the receipt of "eternal will." In the eyes of the rebels, such a king was the “peasant tsar”, “father tsar”, “emperor Pyotr Fedorovich”, the former Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev.

Manifesto E.I. Pugachev to the Yaik army about granting him a river, land, cash salary and grain provisions, 1773, September 17

“The autocratic emperor, our great sovereign Pyotr Fedarovich of All Russia: and so on, and so on, and so on.

In my personal decree, the Yaik army is depicted: As you, my friends, served the former kings to the drop of your blood, uncles and your fathers, so you serve for your fatherland to me, the great sovereign Emperor Peter Fedaravich. When you stand up for your fatherland, and your Cossack glory will not expire from now to forever and with your children. Wake me, great sovereigns, complained: Cossacks and Kalmyks and Tatars. And which I, Sovereign Imperial Majesty Pyotr Fe (do) Ravich, were wine, and I, Sovereign Pyotr Fedorovich, forgive and favor you in all wines: from the top to the mouth, and earth, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and pores, and grain rulers.

I, great sovereign emperor, favor you Pyotr Fedaravich.

Here it is naive monarchism, where the desire to believe in a miracle is stronger than reason. Where strengthened faith in the saved king makes people wholeheartedly come to someone who can give them what they want.

Thus, on September 18, 1773, the first rebel detachment, consisting mainly of Yaitsky Cossacks and organized on the steppe farms near the Yaitsky town (now Uralsk), led by E. Pugachev, approached the Yaitsky town. There were about 200 people in the detachment. An attempt to take over the town ended in failure. In it stood a large detachment of regular troops with artillery. A second attack by the rebels on September 19 was repulsed by cannons. The rebel detachment, which replenished its ranks with Cossacks who had gone over to the side of the rebels, moved up the river. Yaik and on September 20, 1773 stopped near the Iletsk Cossack town (now the village of Ilek).

Even on the way from under the Yaitsky town to the Iletsk town, according to the old Cossack custom, a general circle was convened to select the ataman and the captains.

Andrey Ovchinnikov, a Yaitsky Cossack, was elected an ataman, Dmitry Lysov, also a Yaitsky Cossack, was elected a colonel, and a Yesaul and cornets were also elected. The first text of the oath was immediately drawn up, and all the Cossacks and elected chiefs swore allegiance to "the most illustrious, most powerful, great sovereign, Emperor Peter Fedorovich, to serve and obey in everything, not sparing his life to the last drop of blood." The rebel detachment already numbered several hundred people and had three guns taken from outposts.

The joining of the Iletsk Cossacks to the uprising or their negative attitude towards it was of great importance for successful start uprisings. Therefore, the rebels acted very carefully. Pugachev sends Andrei Ovchinnikov to the town, accompanied by a small number of Cossacks with two decrees of the same content: one of them he had to transfer to the ataman of the town, Lazar Portnov, the other to the Cossacks. Lazar Portnov was supposed to announce the decree to the Cossack circle; if he does not do this, then the Cossacks had to read it themselves.

The decree, written on behalf of Emperor Peter III, said: “And whatever you wish, you will not be denied all benefits and salaries; and your glory will not expire until forever; and both you and your descendants are the first to learn under me, the great sovereign. And salaries, provisions, gunpowder and lead will always be enough from me.”

But before the rebel detachment approached the Iletsk town, Portnov, having received a message from the commandant of the Yaitsk town, Colonel Simonov, about the beginning of the uprising, gathered the Cossack circle and read out Simonov's order to take precautionary measures. By his order, the bridge connecting the Iletsk town with the right bank, along which the insurgent detachment was moving, was dismantled.

At the same time, rumors about the appearance of Emperor Peter III and the freedoms granted to him reached the Cossacks of the town. The Cossacks were indecisive. Andrey Ovchinnikov put an end to their hesitation. The Cossacks decided with honor to meet the rebel detachment and their leader E. Pugachev - Tsar Peter III and join the uprising.

September, a dismantled bridge was repaired and a detachment of rebels solemnly entered the town, met bell ringing and bread and salt. All Iletsk Cossacks swore allegiance to Pugachev, they formed a special regiment. The Iletsk Cossack, later one of the main traitors, Ivan Tvorogov, was appointed colonel of the Iletsk army. E. Pugachev appointed a competent Iletsk Cossack Maxim Gorshkov as a secretary. All suitable artillery of the town was put in order and became part of the rebel artillery. Pugachev appointed the Yaik Cossack Fyodor Chumakov as head of artillery.

Two days later, the rebels, leaving the town of Iletsk, crossed to the right bank of the Urals and moved up the Yaik in the direction of Orenburg, the military and administrative center of the vast Orenburg province, which included within its borders a vast territory from the Caspian Sea in the south to the borders of the modern Yekaterinburg and Molotov regions - in the north. The goal of the rebels was the capture of Orenburg.

The capture of Orenburg was of great importance for the further course of the uprising: firstly, it was possible to take weapons and various military equipment from the warehouses of the fortress, and secondly, the capture of the capital of the province would raise the authority of the rebels among the population. That is why they tried so persistently and stubbornly to seize Orenburg.

Around noon on October 5, 1773, the main forces of the rebel army appeared in sight of Orenburg and began to go around the city from the northeast side, going to Forstadt. The alarm went off in the city. The siege of Orenburg began, which lasted for half a year - until March 23, 1774. The garrison of the fortress during their sorties could not defeat the peasant troops. The assaults of the rebels were repelled by the artillery of the city, but in open battle success always remained on the side of the peasant army.

Upon learning of the approach of Golitsyn's corps, Pugachev moved away from Orenburg to meet the advancing troops.

The government understood the danger of the Pugachev uprising. November 28 was convened state council, commander of the troops to combat Pugachev was appointed, instead of Kara, general-in-chief Bibikov, equipped with extensive powers.

Strong military units were thrown into the Orenburg Territory: the corps of Major General Golitsyn, the detachment of General Mansurov, the detachment of General Larionov and the Siberian detachment of General Dekalong.

Until that time, the government tried to hide from the people the events near Orenburg and in Bashkiria. Only on December 23, 1773, the manifesto about Pugachev was published. The news of the peasant uprising spread throughout Russia.

December 1773, after the stubborn resistance of the detachment of Ataman Ilya Arapov, Samara was occupied. Arapov retreated to the Buzuluk fortress.

On February 1774, a large detachment of General Mansurov captured the Buzuluk fortress.

In February, a detachment of Prince Golitsyn moved from Buguruslan to the Samara line to connect with Major General Mansurov.

March Golitsyn's advance detachment entered the village of Pronkino and camped for the night. Warned by the peasants, Pugachev with chieftains Rechkin and Arapov at night, during a strong storm and snowstorm, made a forced march and attacked the detachment. The rebels broke into the village, seized the guns, but then were forced to retreat. Golitsyn, having withstood the attack of Pugachev. Under pressure from government troops, peasant detachments retreated up Samara, taking with them the population and supplies.

The decisive battle between the government troops and the peasant army took place on March 22, 1774 near the Tatishchev fortress. Pugachev concentrated here the main forces of the peasant army, about 9,000 people. The battle lasted over 6 hours. The peasant troops held out with such stamina that Prince Golitsyn wrote in his report to A. Bibikov:

“The matter was so important that I did not expect such impudence and orders in such unenlightened people in the military trade as these defeated rebels are.”

The peasant army lost about 2500 people killed (in one fortress 1315 people were found dead) and about 3300 people captured. Prominent commanders of the peasant army Ilya Arapov, soldier Zhilkin, Cossack Rechkin and others died near Tatishcheva. All the artillery of the rebels and the convoy fell into the hands of the enemy. This was the first major defeat of the rebels.

The defeat of the rebels near the Tatishchev fortress opened the way for government troops to Orenburg. On March 23, Pugachev, with a detachment of two thousand men, headed across the steppe to the Perevolotsk fortress in order to break through the Samara line to the Yaitsky town. Having stumbled upon a strong detachment of government troops, he was forced to turn back.

March, the peasant army near Ufa was defeated. Its head, Chika-Zarubin, fled to Tabynsk, but was treacherously captured and extradited.

Pugachev, pursued by the tsarist troops, with the remnants of his detachments hastily retreated to Berda, and from there to Seitova Sloboda and the Sakmarsky town. Here, on April 1, 1774, in a fierce battle, the rebels were again defeated. The leader of the uprising E. Pugachev left with a small detachment through Tashla to Bashkiria.

In the battle near the Sakmarsky town, prominent leaders of the uprising were captured: Ivan Pochitalin, Andrey Vitoshnov, Maxim Gorshkov, Timofey Podurov, M. Shigaev and others.

April, government troops entered the Yaitsky Cossack town. A detachment of Yaik and Iletsk Cossacks in the amount of 300 people under the command of atamans Ovchinnikov and Perfiliev broke through the Samara line and went to Bashkiria to join Pugachev.

The attempt of the Orenburg and Stavropol Kalmyks to break into Bashkiria ended less happily - only an insignificant part of them could go there. The rest went to the Zasamara steppes. On May 23, they were defeated by government troops. The Kalmyk leader Derbetov died of his wounds.

The events of the beginning of April 1774 basically ended the Orenburg period of the peasant war under the leadership of E. Pugachev.

Stage 3 II: the peak of the uprising (April - mid-July 1774)

At the 2nd stage, the main events unfolded on the territory of Bashkiria. Kaskyn Samarov, Kutlugildy Abdrakhmanov, Selyausin Kinzin and others acted in the south. Karanay Muratov fought against the punitive detachments in the area of ​​the Sterlitamak pier.

With the approach of Pugachev's main troops, the struggle on the Osinskaya and Kazanskaya roads intensified. Through the Pokrovsky, Avzyan-Petrovsky, Beloretsky factories and the Magnetic Fortress, Pugachev went to the Bashkir Trans-Urals ..

On May 1774, the Pugachevites occupied the Trinity Fortress, and on May 21, the Dekalong detachment, hurrying to catch up with Pugachev, approached it. Pugachev had an army of more than 11,000 people, but it was not trained, poorly armed, and therefore was defeated in the battle near the Trinity Fortress. Pugachev retreated towards Chelyabinsk. Here, at the fortress of Varlamova, he was met by a detachment of Colonel Michelson and suffered a new defeat. From here, Pugachev's troops retreated to Ural mountains.

In May 1774, the commander of the regiment of "working people" of the Ural factories, Afanasy Khlopusha, was executed in Orenburg. According to a contemporary, “they cut off his head, and immediately, close to the scaffold, they stuck his head on the spire on the gallows, in the middle, which was removed this year in May and in the last days.”

After several battles with government troops, he turned to the north of Bashkiria and on June 21 took Osa.

Having replenished the army, Pugachev moved to Kazan and attacked it on July 11. The city was taken, with the exception of the Kremlin. During the storming of Kazan by the peasant troops, the guard officer of the Buguruslan rebel ataman Gavrila Davydov, who was brought there after his capture, was stabbed to death in prison by a guard officer. But on July 12, troops under the command of Colonel Mikhelson approached Kazan. In a battle that lasted more than two days, Pugachev was again defeated and lost about 7,000 people.

Having been defeated in bloody battles with the punitive corps of I.I. Michelson near Kazan, the rebels crossed the Volga on July 16-17.

Although Pugachev's army was beaten, the uprising was not suppressed. When Pugachev, after the defeat in Kazan, crossed to the right bank of the Volga and sent out his manifestos to the peasants, urging them to fight against the nobles and officials, granting them freedom, the peasants began to revolt without waiting for his arrival. This gave him momentum. The army grew and grew.

Manifesto E.I. Pugachev to the landlord peasants about granting them freedom, lands and exemption from the poll tax, 1774, July 31

By the grace of God, we, Peter the Third, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia: and so on, and so on, and so on.

Dressed in national news.

By this personal decree, with our royal and fatherly mercy, we grant everyone who was previously in the peasantry and under the citizenship of the landowners to be loyal slaves to our own crown, and we reward with an ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, waves and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruit sets , per capita and other monetary taxes, possession of lands, forests, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without abrok, and we release all the nobles and bribe-takers-judges who were previously charged from villains and bribe-takers-judges by the peasant and all the people of imposed taxes and burdens. And we wish you the salvation of souls and peace in the light of life, for which we have tasted and suffered from the prescribed villainous nobles wandering and considerable disaster. And as now our name is flourishing in Russia by the power of the Almighty right hand, for this we command by this our nominal decree: who were previously nobles in their estates (ies) and vodchinas, these opponents of our power and rebellions of the empire and despoilers of peasants to catch, execute and hang and act in the same way, as they, not having Christianity in themselves, repaired with you, the peasants. After the extermination of which opponents and villainous nobles, everyone can feel the silence and a calm life, which will continue for a century.

The arrival of Pugachev was awaited by the workers and peasants of Central Russia, but he did not go to Moscow, but headed south, along the right bank of the Volga. This procession was victorious, Pugachev moved almost unopposed and occupied settlements, cities one by one. Everywhere he was met with bread and salt, with banners and icons.

This stage is characterized by the massive annexation of the Bashkirs, who now made up the majority in the Pugachev army and the working people of the mining factories of the Urals, which had a negative role due to the weakening of the organizing role of the main insurgent headquarters and the increase in government punitive forces in the Urals, under the pressure of which Pugachev begins to suffer tangible setbacks. . This forced him to move first to Kazan, and then cross the Volga. Thus ends the second stage of the peasant war.

2.4 Stage III: suppression of the uprising (July 1774-1775)

The th stage is characterized by the transfer of the center of movement to the Middle and Southern Volga regions. Salavat Yulaev remained in Bashkiria, who led the insurrectionary movement on the Siberian road, Karanai Muratov, Kaskin Samarov, Selyausin Kinzin - on Nogai. They held a significant contingent of government troops. The military command and local authorities viewed Bashkiria as a place where Pugachev could return for support.

In August, the Pugachev detachments approached Penza and took it almost without resistance. On August 4, Petrovka was taken, followed by Saratov in the coming days. Entering the city, Pugachev everywhere released prisoners from prison, opened bread and salt shops and distributed goods to the people.

August Dubovka was taken, and on August 21, the Pugachevites approached Tsaritsyn and stormed. Tsaritsyn was the first city after Orenburg that Pugachev could not take. Having learned that Michelson's detachment was approaching Tsaritsyn, he lifted the siege of the city, and went south, thinking of making his way to the Don and raising its entire population to rebellion.

A detachment of Colonel Michelson operated near Ufa. He defeated Chika's detachment and headed for the factories. Pugachev occupied the Magnitnaya fortress and moved to Kizilskaya. But, having learned about the approach of the Siberian detachment under the command of Dekalong, Pugachev went into the mountains along the Verkhne-Uiskaya line, burning all the fortresses on his way.

On the night of August 24-25, near Cherny Yar, the rebels were overtaken by Michelson's detachment. There was a big final battle. In this battle, Pugachev's army was finally defeated, losing more than 10,000 people killed and taken prisoner. Pugachev himself and several of his entourage managed to make their way to the left bank of the Volga. They intended to raise against the government the peoples who roamed the Caspian steppes, and arrived in a village located near the Bolshie Uzen river. I. Chika-Zarubin and I. Gubanov were executed in Ufa. 8 associates of Pugachev were exiled to life hard labor in the Rogervik fortress, 10 - to a settlement in the Kola jail. The capture of Kanzafar Usaev, the concentration of government troops in Bashkiria and the transfer of many foremen to punitive detachments forced the rebels to abandon the campaign against Ufa. After the capture of the Bashkir leaders of the Nogai road at the end of September and Salavat Yulaev on November 25, the uprising in Bashkiria began to wane. But individual rebel detachments continued to resist until the summer of 1775.

The government sent manifestos everywhere, in which they promised 10,000 rewards and forgiveness to those who extradite Pugachev. The Cossacks from the kulak elite, seeing that the uprising had turned into a campaign of the poor against the exploiters and oppressors, became more and more disillusioned with it. Close associates of Pugachev - Chumakov, Curds, Fedulov, Burnov, Zheleznov attacked Pugachev en masse like cowardly dogs, tied him up and handed him over to the authorities. Pugachev was delivered to the commandant of the Yaitsky town Simonov, and from there to Simbirsk.

November 1774 in an iron cage, like a wild beast, Pugachev, accompanied by his wife Sophia and son Trofim, was taken to Moscow, where the investigation began. The Commission of Inquiry tried to present the case in such a way that the uprising was prepared on the initiative of hostile states, but the course of the case inexorably showed that it was caused by unbearable oppression and exploitation to which the peoples of the region were subjected.

The empress appointed M.N. as the chairman of the commission of inquiry that interrogated Pugachev. Volkonsky, Moscow Governor-General, its members - P.S. Potemkina, S.I. Sheshkovsky, Chief Secretary of the Secret Expedition of the Senate. At the direction of Catherine II, the investigators again and again found out the roots of the "rebellion", "villainous intention" of Pugachev, who took on the name of Peter III. It still seemed to her that the essence of the matter lay in the imposture of Pugachev, who seduced the common people with "unrealizable and dreamy benefits." Again, they were looking for those who pushed him to an uprising - agents of foreign states, oppositionists from the highest representatives of the nobility or schismatics ...

December, two weeks later, Catherine II, who closely followed the progress of the investigation, directed it, determined by decree the composition of the court - 14 senators, 11 "persons" of the first three classes, 4 members of the Synod, 6 presidents of the collegiums. Vyazemsky headed the court. In it, contrary to the judicial practice included two main members of the commission of inquiry - Volkonsky and Potemkin.

According to the verdict of the Senate, approved by Catherine II, Pugachev and four of his comrades were executed on January 10, 1775, in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square.

Pugachev peasant uprising

3. Reasons for the defeat of the uprising

The peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev ended in the defeat of the rebels. It suffered from all the weaknesses inherent in peasant uprisings: vagueness of goals, spontaneity, fragmentation of the movement, the absence of a truly organized, disciplined and trained military force.

The spontaneity manifested itself primarily in the absence of a well-thought-out program. Not to mention the rank and file of the rebels, even the leaders, not excluding Pugachev himself, did not clearly and definitely imagine the order that would be established if they won.

But, despite the naive monarchism of the peasants, the anti-serfdom orientation of the Peasant War is clear. The slogans of the rebels are much clearer than in previous peasant wars and uprisings.

The leaders of the uprising did not have a unified plan of action, which was clearly reflected during the second offensive of government troops in January-March 1774. The rebel detachments were scattered over a vast territory and often acted completely independently, isolated from each other. Therefore, despite the heroism shown, they were individually defeated by government troops.

However, this does not diminish the great progressive value uprisings. The Peasant War of 1773-1775 dealt a serious blow to the feudal serf system, it undermined its foundations, shook the centuries-old foundations and contributed to the development of progressive ideas among the Russian intelligentsia. Which subsequently led to the liberation of the peasants in 1861.

4. The results of the peasant war of 1773-1775.

After carrying out executions and punishments of the main participants in the uprising, Catherine II, in order to eradicate any mention of events related to the Pugachev movement and putting her reign out of best light in Europe, first issued decrees to rename all places associated with these events. So, the village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don, where Pugachev was born, was renamed Potemkinskaya, and the house where Pugachev was born was ordered to be burned. The Yaik River was renamed the Ural, the Yaitsky army - the Ural Cossack army, the Yaitsky town - Uralsk, the Verkhne-Yaik pier - Verkhneuralsk. The name of Pugachev was anathematized in churches along with Stenka Razin, to describe the events it is possible to use only words like “well-known popular confusion”, etc.

In 1775 followed provincial reform, according to which the provinces were disaggregated, and there were 50 instead of 20.

The policy towards the Cossack troops has been adjusted, the process of their transformation into army units is accelerating. Cossack officers are more actively transferred to the nobility with the right to own their own serfs, thereby establishing the military foreman as a stronghold of the government. At the same time, economic concessions are being made in relation to the Ural army.

Approximately the same policy is carried out in relation to the peoples of the uprising region. By decree of February 22, 1784, the nobility of the local nobility was fixed. Tatar and Bashkir princes and murzas are equated in rights and liberties with the Russian nobility, including the right to own serfs, however, only of the Muslim faith. But at the same time, an attempt to enslave the non-Russian population of the region was abandoned, the Bashkirs, Kalmyks and Mishars were left in the position of the military service population. In 1798, canton administration was introduced in Bashkiria; in the newly formed 24 canton regions, administration was carried out on a military basis. Kalmyks are also transferred to the rights of the Cossack estate.

In 1775, the Kazakhs were allowed to roam within the traditional pastures that fell outside the border lines along the Urals and the Irtysh. But this indulgence came into conflict with the interests of the expanding border Cossack troops, part of these lands had already been formalized as estates of the new Cossack nobility or farms of ordinary Cossacks. Friction led to the fact that the unrest that had calmed down in the Kazakh steppes unfolded with renewed vigor. The leader of the uprising, which eventually lasted more than 20 years, was Srym Datov, a member of the Pugachev movement.

The Pugachev uprising caused great damage to the metallurgy of the Urals. 64 of the 129 factories that existed in the Urals fully joined the uprising, the number of peasants assigned to them was 40 thousand people. The total amount of losses from the destruction and downtime of plants is estimated at 5,536,193 rubles. And although the factories were quickly restored, the uprising forced them to make concessions in relation to the factory workers. The chief investigator in the Urals, Captain S.I. Mavrin, reported that the ascribed peasants, whom he considered the leading force of the uprising, supplied the impostor with weapons and joined his detachments, because the breeders oppressed their ascribed, forcing the peasants to travel long distances to the factories, did not allow them engage in arable farming and sell them products at inflated prices. Mavrin believed that decisive measures must be taken to prevent such unrest in the future. Catherine wrote to G.A. Potemkin that Mavrin "what he says about the factory peasants, everything is very thorough, and I think that there is nothing else to do with them, how to buy factories and, when there are state-owned ones, then make the peasants lean." On May 19, 1779, a manifesto was issued on general rules the use of peasants assigned to state-owned and particular enterprises, which somewhat limited the breeders in the use of peasants assigned to factories, limited the working day and increased wages.

There were no significant changes in the position of the peasantry.

Conclusion

characteristics of the uprising. All peasant wars are inherent common features and at the same time each of them had its own characteristics. Peasant War 1773-1775 was the most powerful.

She was more a high degree organization of the rebels. They copied some organs government controlled Russia. Under the emperor, there was a headquarters, a military board with an office. The main army was divided into regiments, communication was maintained, including by sending written orders, reports and other documents.

The peasant war of 1773-1775, despite its unprecedented scope, was a chain of independent (local) uprisings limited to a certain area. Peasants rarely left the boundaries of their village, county. The peasant detachments, and indeed the main army of Pugachev, were much inferior to the government army in terms of armament, training, and discipline.

List of used literature

1. Muratov Kh.I. Peasant War 1773-1775 in Russia. M., Military Publishing, 1954

2. Limonov Yu.A. Emelyan Pugachev and his associates. M.1977

Orlov A.S. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day. Textbook. - M.: PBOYuL, 2001.

Pushkin A.S. History of Pugachev. M.1950

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The great questions of the time are not decided by speeches and resolutions of the majority, but by iron and blood!

Otto von Bismarck

By the middle of the 18th century, a catastrophic situation had developed in Russia for the serfs. They had virtually no rights. The landlords killed the serfs, beat them to death, tortured them, sold them, gave them away, lost them at cards, and exchanged them for dogs. This arbitrariness and the complete impunity of the landowners led to the rise of the peasant war.

Causes of the war

Emelyan Pugachev was born on the Don. He served in the Russian army and even fought in the Seven Years' War. However, in 1771 the future head of the rebellious peasants fled the army and went into hiding. In 1773, Pugachev went to Yaik, where he declared himself the miraculously saved Emperor Peter 3. A war began, which can be divided into three main stages.

The first stage of the peasant war

The peasant war led by Pugachev began on September 17, 1773. On this day, Pugachev spoke to the Cossacks and declared himself Emperor Peter 3, who miraculously managed to escape. The Cossacks eagerly supported the new "emperor" and within the first month about 160 people joined Pugachev. The war has begun. Pugachev's joys rampaged in the southern lands, capturing cities. Most of the cities did not resist the rebels, since revolutionary sentiments were very strong in the south of Russia. Pugachev entered the cities without a fight, where the inhabitants replenished his ranks. October 5, 1773 Pugachev approached Orenburg and laid siege to the city. Empress Catherine 2 sent a detachment, numbering one and a half thousand people, to suppress the rebellion. General Kara led the army. The general battle did not happen, the government troops were defeated by Pugachev's ally, Ovchinnikov A. Panic seized the besieged Orenburg. The siege of the city had already lasted six months. The Empress again sent an army against Pugachev, led by General Bibikov. On March 22, 1774, a battle took place near the Tatishcheva fortress, in which Bibikov won. This ended the first stage of the war. Its result: the defeat of Pugachev from the tsarist army and the failure at the siege of Orenburg.

The second stage of the war led by Emelyan Pugachev

The peasant war led by Pugachev continued with the second stage, which lasted from April to July 1774. At this time, Pugachev, who was forced to lift the siege of Orenburg, withdrew to Bashkiria. Here his army was replenished by the workers of the Ural factories. IN a short time the number of Pugachev's army exceeded 10 thousand people, and after moving deep into Bashkiria, 20 thousand. In July 1774, Pugachev's army approached Kazan. The rebels managed to capture the outskirts of the city, but the Kremlin, in which the royal garrison took refuge, was impregnable. Michelson with a large army went to help the besieged city. Pugachev deliberately spread false rumors about the fall of Kazan and the destruction of Michelson's army. The Empress was horrified by this news and was preparing to leave Russia at any moment.

The third, final, stage of the war

The peasant war led by Pugachev at its final stage acquired a real mass character. This was facilitated by the Decree of July 31, 1774, which was issued by Pugachev. He, as "Emperor Peter 3," announced the complete liberation of the peasants from dependence and exemption from all taxes. As a result, all southern lands were taken over by the rebels. Pugachev, having captured a number of cities on the Volga, went to Tsaritsyn, but failed to capture this city. As a result, he was betrayed by his own Cossacks, who, wanting to soften their own, seized Pugachev on September 12, 1774 and handed him over to the tsarist army. has been completed. Separate uprisings in the south of the country continued, but within a year they were finally crushed.

On January 10, 1775, Pugachev and all his inner circle were executed on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. Many of those who supported the "emperor" were killed.

The results and significance of the uprising

Map of the peasant war

Main dates

Chronology of the events of the peasant war Emelyan Pugachev:

• September 17, 1773 - the beginning of the peasant war.
• October 5, 1773 - Pugchev's troops began the siege of Orenburg.
• March 22, 1774 - battle near the Tatishchevskaya fortress.
• July 1774 - battles for Kazan.
• July 31, 1774 - Pugachev declares himself Peter 3.
• September 12, 1774 - Yemelyan Pugachev was captured.
• January 10, 1775 - after much torture, Pugachev was executed.