Wooden peasant hives for many centuries was the prevailing housing of 90% of the population of Russia. It is easy to wear the construction, and no older than the middle of the XIX centuries reached us. But in its device they retained ancient construction traditions. They were usually erected from fine-layer pines, and in some areas of the rivers of the Men and Pechora from larch.

RUSSIAN HOLDER HIGH COUNTER WITH GALLERY. The soil was used to store the supplies. Izba is located in the Museum of Wooden Architecture of Vitoslavitsa under Novgorod.

The hut is combined under the overall roofing with economic buildings. The peasant dwelling consisted of a crate, huts, hay, a hazard, lining and chulana. The main residential premises - the hut with the Russian oven. Internal surgery: fixed wide shops, tightly attached to walls, shelves over them; adjacent to the furnace wooden elements; Outdoor dishware, cradle and other details of the home furnishings have the history of many centuries.

BAKE. Especially interesting in the interior of the Russian is a furnace device. It is combined with its wooden parts with an internal architecture of the hut in one integer, it embodies the idea of \u200b\u200ba homely hearth. That is why so much love is invested by folk masters in the architectural processing of the furnace and its wooden details.

Sometimes the furnace has a rough corner, separated by a wooden viper brightly painted partition, who was not up to the top. Often this partition turned into a two-way and painted built-in wardrobe. The painting was either a geometric character (the motif of the Sun), or portrayed flowers. In the painting prevailed green, white, red, pink, yellow, black colors.

Lawn. Fixed benches were usually suitable along the walls of the entire room. One side, they were tightly adjacent to the wall, and on the other hand were maintained or supports, chopped from a thick board, or carved and accurate legs-legs. Such legs were narrowed to the middle, which was decorated with a circular accurate apple.

If the stand was made flat, sawing out of the thick board, then its drawing retained the silhouette of the same accurate leg. To the edge of the shop was sewn with tested, decorated with some simple thread. The shop, decorated in this way, was called squeezed, and her legs were stamps. Sometimes the fittings arranged between the stuffers, turning the willed shops into peculiar lari for storing homemade things.

A portable bench with four legs or with the deaf boards replacing them on the sides, on which the seat was approved, called a bench. The backs could shut down from one edge of the bench on the opposite. Such benches with a cake were called the variable, and the back of the back. Threads mainly decorated the backs, which were made by the deaf or through-joiner-lattice, carved or turning work. The length of the bench is somewhat larger than the table. Benches in the horses are usually covered with a special cloth - a drill. There are benches with one sidewall - carved or painted board. The sidewall was a support for a pillow or used as a snap.

Chairs in the peasant dwelling spread later, in the XIX century. In the decision of the chair, the influence of the city was most noticeable. In folk art, a stable symmetrical shape of the chair with a square milking seat, a square through back and slightly curved legs, prevails. Sometimes the chair was decorated with a wooden fringe, sometimes a patterned back. Chairs were painted in two or three colors, for example in blue and raspberry. For chairs, some stiffness is characteristic of them in shape with a bench.

TABLE- Usually there was significant sizes per large family. The covers of the table is rectangular, made it from good boards without bitch and carefully treated to a special smoothness. The substole was solved in different ways: in the form of boarded sidewalls with a removal at the bottom of the connected pod; in the form of legs connected by two pies or circle; without the Tsargi or with the Cargy; with one or two drawers. Sometimes thread covered the edges of the dining board and the verge of massive legs ending in their lower part by carved intercepts.

In addition to the dining men kitchen tables For cooking - supplies that were placed near the oven. The supplies were higher than the dining tables so that they were convenient for them to work standing, and had the bottom shelves with closing doors and retractable boxes. Small tables were also common on which the casket was standing or lay a book, they had a more decorative solution.

Chests- Mandatory belonging of horses. They kept clothing, canvas and other home utensils.

Chests made large - up to 2 m and small 50-60 cm (laying). Sometimes the chests hurt from all sides by the animal skin with a short pile (elk, deer). Strengthen the chests metal detailswhich simultaneously served and decorations.

In metal stripes, they made a slit ornament, clearly speaking against the background of painted in bright color (green or red) chest. Cleaningly decorated the handles placed from the sides of the chest, larva castles and keys. Castles were made with a ringing, even a melody and a cunning way of closure and laundering. Threaded and painting the chests were decorated and inside, the most common topic was vegetable pattern. Especially richly and brightly painted wedding chests. The cedar wood chests were highly valued, whose specific smell scares mole.

Shelves. Widely applied in the hollow shelves, fixed to the wall tightly. The shelves, adjacent to the wall along the entire length, were called the hanging (from the word hanging), shelves, resting only by the ends, - the Voronets.

The shelves of the Voronets shared the room of the height of the independent parts. The shelves can also be attributed to both mounted flooring - the flaps that did over the entrance door; Between the stove and the wall. Over the shops were a slack shelf, which was slightly above the windows. Such shelves were supported by brackets of figure shape.

Sliding cabinets. Over time (XVIII-XIX centuries), cabinets of various sizes and species begin to appear in the peasant dwelling. Small lockers are diverse decoration (Thread, turning parts, profiles, painting). Patterns are geometric or floral character, more often a rone with flowers. Sometimes there are images of genre scenes. Often in the lockers used through threads, which was done to ventilate products.

The cabinets of the supply consisted of two parts: the bottom was supplied with shelves with closing doors or drawers (two-five) and had a folding board, which was used as a table lid. In the upper smaller part, shelves closed with deaf or glazed doors were located.

Bed.. For sleep used benches, benches, fairies with flat lid, built-in and mobile beds. The built-in bed was placed in the corner, tightly fastened to the walls on both sides and had one back. For infants, pendant cradles, spins or cradle, which were decorated with carvings, turning parts, painting, curly cuts in boards.

The leading color range was golden-ocher with the introduction of white and red colors. Golden-ocher tones are characteristic of the walls of the hut, wooden furniture, dishes, utensils. White were towels on icons, the red color was glittered in small spots in clothes, towels, in plants on the windows, in the pains of homemade utensils.

Modern version of the Russian house performed by the company "Russian House"

Russian hut: Where and how our ancestors, a device and decor, elements, videos, riddles and proverbs about the hodge and reasonable housekeeping were built.

"Oh, what choirs!" - So often we say now about the spacious new apartment or dacha. We speak without thinking about the meaning of this word. After all, choirs are a peasant antique housing consisting of several buildings. What were the choirs in the peasants in their Russian sings? How was the Russian traditional hut?

In this article:

- Where did they build before the hut?
- Attitude towards Russian iso in Russian folk culture,
- the device of the Russian hut
- decoration and decor of the Russian hut,
- Russian oven and red angle, male and female halves of the Russian house,
- elements of Russian huts and peasant yard (dictionary),
- Proverbs and sayings, signs about Russian hut.

Russian hut

As I come from the north and grew up on the White Sea, then I will show the article in the northern houses. And I chose the epigraph to my story about the Russian hill, I chose the words D. S. Likhacheva:

"Russian North! It is difficult for me to express my admiration for my admiration, my worship before this edge. When I drove for the first time for the first time, I drove on the Barents and the White Seas, on North Dvina, I visited Pomorov, in the peasant skews, listened to songs and fairy tales, looked at these unusually beautiful people, I was just and with dignity, I was completely stunned. It seemed to me that it was only possible to live truly: measured and easily, working and receiving so much satisfaction from this work ... In the Russian north, the amazing combination of the present and past, modernity and history, watercolor lyrical water, land, sky, terrible strength of the stone , storms, cold, snow and air "(D.S. Likhachev. Russian Culture. - M., 2000. - P. 409-410).

Where did the hut before?

The beloved place to build the village and the construction of Russians was the bank of the river or lake. The peasants were guided by both practicality - proximity to the river and boat as a means of movement, but also aesthetic causes. From the windows of the hut standing at a high location, opened beautiful view On the lake, forests, meadows, fields, as well as on their yard with barns, on the bath at the river itself.

The northern villages are visible from afar, they never were located in lowlands, always on the hills, in the forest, in the water on the high bank of the river, became the center of the beautiful picture of the unity of man and nature, fited organically into the surrounding landscape. At the highest place, the church and the bell tower in the center of the village were built.

The house was constructed thoroughly, "on the century", the place for it was chosen quite high, dry, protected from cold winds - on a high hill. The villages tried to locate where they were fertile land, rich meadows, forest, river or lake. The horses were put so that a good entrance and approach would be provided to them, and the windows were addressed "for the summer" - on the sunny side.

In the north of the house, they tried to have a hill on the south slope so that his top reliably closes the house from the brown cold northern winds. The south side will always warm well, and the house will be warm.

If we consider the location of the hut on the plot, then it was tried to arrange closer to the northern part of it. The house covered the garden part of the site from the wind.

In terms of orientation of the Russian hut in the Sun (North, South, West, East) Also there was a special structure of the village. It was very important that the windows of the residential part of the house were located on the sun. For better illumination of houses in the ranks, they were put in a checkerboard relative to each other. All houses on the streets of the village "watched" in one direction - in the sun, on the river. From the window it was possible to see sunrises and sunsets, movement of ships on the river.

Prosperous place for building horses It was considered the place for which to rest cattle. After all, cows were considered by our ancestors as fertile life, because the cow was often a family feed.

They tried not to build houses on the swamps or next to them, these places were considered "chilly", and the crop on them often suffered from frosts. But the river or the lake next to the house is always good.

Choosing a place to build a house, men wondered - used experiment. Women never participated in it. Brahi sheep wool. It was placed in a clay pot. And left for the night at the place of the future at home. The result was considered positive if the wool will answer the morning. So the house will be rich.

There were other divisions - experiments. For example, in the evening left the chalk at the place of the future at home. If the chalk attracted the ants, it was considered good sign. If the ants do not live on this earth, then better home Not to put here. The result was checked in the morning the next day.

Hug house started in early spring (Great post) or in other months of the year in the new moon. If the tree cut down on a decreasing moon, it will quickly rot, so there was such a ban. There were more stringent prescriptions by day. The forest began to harvest from Winter Nikola, from December 19. Better time For the workpiece of wood, December is January, according to the first frosts, when an extra moisture comes out of the trunk. Dry trees or trees with growths, trees, who fell to the north, did not cut the dry trees or trees. These beliefs were treated precisely to trees, other materials were not seen such norms.

They did not build houses on the site of houses burned with zipper. It was believed that Linaire Ilya - the Prophet amazes unclean power. They also did not build at home where there was a sauna earlier, where someone was covered with an ax or a knife, where human bones were found, where there used to be a bath or earlier the road was held, where there was some misfortune, for example, flood.

Attitude towards Russian hut in folk culture

The house in Russia had a lot of titles: hut, Hut, Terem, Huples, choirs, Khorichnie and Temple. Yes, do not be surprised to -Hram! The choirs (Izba) were equated to the temple, because the temple is also a house, the house of God! And in the hut was always holy, red angle.

The peasants belonged to the house as a living being. Even the names of the parts of the house are similar to the name of the parts of the body of a person and his world! This feature is the Russian house - "Human", that is anthropomorphic names of parts of horses:

• Chela hings- This is her face. Broma could be called the frontal hut and the outer hole in the furnace.
• Schelch- from the word "man", that is, the decoration on the chel is
• Platbands - From the word "face", "on the face" of horses.
• Wanted- From the word "eyes", window. Thus called and part of the female headdress was also called the window decoration.
• Forehead- So called the frontal board. There were also "lobovins" in the design of the house.
• Fifth, Stop - So called part of the doors.

There were in the device of huts and yard and zoomorphic names: "Bulls", "Chicken", "Konk", "Zhuravel" - Well.

Word "Izba" Comes from the Vine Slavonic "Istiba". "Istbie, Istopkoy" was called heated residential log house (and "crate" is a unheated log house of a residential building).

House and hollow were for people living models of the world. The house was the innermost place in which people expressed ideas about themselves, about the world, built their own world and their lives according to the laws of harmony. The house is part of life and the way to combine and form your life. The house is a sacral space, the image of the kind and homeland, the model of the world and life of a person, the connection of a person with the world of nature and with God. The house is a space that a person builds with his own hands, and which with him from the first to the last days of his life on earth. The construction of the house is the repetition by the man of the Creator's case, because the human dwelling, according to the ideas of the people, is the small world created by the rules of the big world.

According to the appearance of the Russian house, it was possible to determine social status, religion, the nationality of its owners. In one village there were no two absolutely identical homes, because each hut carried individuality in himself and reflected inner world kind, living in it.

For a child, the house is the first model of the external large world, he "feeds" and "grows" the child, the child "absorbs" from the house of the laws of life in a large adult world. If the child has grown in a bright cozy good house, in the house in which the order reigns is so the child will continue to build his life. If the chaos house is chaos and in the soul, and in a person's life. Since childhood, the child mastered the system of ideas about his home - radiated and its structure - Matitsa, red angle, female and male parts of the house.

The house is traditionally used in Russian as Synonym for the "Motherland". If a person has no feeling at home - then there is no feeling of the homeland! Attachment to the house, care for him was considered virtue. House and Russian gettingborn, the embodiment of the native, safe space. The word "house" was used and in the sense of "family" - and they said "on the hill four houses" - this meant that four families. In the Russian hollow under the same roof, the overall farming lived several generations of the kind - grandfathers, fathers, sons, grandchildren.

The internal space of the Russian hut has long been associated in popular culture as a space of a woman - she followed him, put on her order and comfort. But the external space is the courtyard and further - it was the space of a man. My husband's grandfather still recalls such a division of duties that was taken into the family of our great-grandfathers: a woman wore water from a well for home for cooking. And the man also wore water from the well, but for cows or horses. Shame was considered if the woman began to perform male duties or vice versa. Since they lived in large families - there were no problems. If someone from women could not wear water now - then this work was performed by another family woman.

The house also strictly observed men's and female half, but there will be a conversation further.

In the Russian north, residential premises and economic were combined under the same roof, So that you can run the economy without leaving the house. So the vital sequal of northerners living in harsh cold natural conditions was manifested.

The house was understood in folk culture as a center of the main life values. - Happiness, wealth, prosperity, faith. One of the functions of the hut and the house was a protective function. The carved wooden sun under the roof is the wish of happiness and well-being to the owners of the house. Image of roses (which are not growing in the north) - the wish of a happy life. Lions and lionesses in the painting - pagan charms, scare away by their terrible kind of evil.

Proverbs about Izbu

On the roof - a heavy hat from a tree - the sign of the sun. The house has necessarily a homemade man. Interestingly, S. Yesenin wrote about the skate: "The horse both in the Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Russian mythology has aspiration sign. But only one Russian man guessed him to put him onto the roof, likening his hut under him - the chariot "(Nekrasov M, and. The folk art of Russia. - M., 1983)

The house was built very proportionally and harmoniously. In its design - the law of the golden section, the law of natural harmony in proportions. Built without measuring tools and complex calculations - on the little, as the soul suggested.

In Russian hollow, a family of 10 or even 15-20 people sometimes lived. It was preparing food and spruce, slept, the fabrics, were rushed, the utensils were repaired, they were engaged in all their homework.

Myth and truth about Russian hut. There is an opinion that in the Russian skeins was dirty, there was an antisanitary, illness, poverty and darkness. I also thought so before, so we were taught at school. But it does not fit the truth completely! I asked my grandmother shortly before her care to the world was different when she was already over 90 years old (she rose near Nyandomy and Kargopol in the Russian north in the Arkhangelsk region), as they lived in their village in her childhood - did soap and removed the house in the year and lived in the dark and in the mud?

She was very surprised and told that always in the house was not just clean, but very light and cozy, beautiful. Her mother (my great-grandmother) embroidered and knit beautiful seats to the beds of adults and kids. Each bed and lulee were decorated with her podzors. And each bed has its own pattern! Imagine what kind of work it is! And what beauty in the frame of each bed! Her dad (my great-grandfather) cut out beautiful ornaments on all home utensils and furniture. She recalled how she was a child under his grandmother's supervision with her sisters and brothers (my great-grandfathers). They not only played, but also helped adults. It happened, in the evening, her grandmother will say to children in the evening: "Soon the mother and father will come from the field, you need to take it in the house." And ah - yes! Children take brooms, rags, suggest the full order so that neither the sorts in the corner there are nor dust, and all things in their places were. To the coming of mother and father, the house was always clean. Children understood that adults came from work, tired and they need to help. She also remembered her mother always bleached the stove so that the oven was beautiful and in the house was cozy. Even on the day of birth, her mother (my great-grandmother) blew the stove, and then went to give birth to the bath. Grandma remembered, as she, being an older daughter, helped her.

There was no such that it was clean outside, and inside - dirty. Climbed very carefully and outside, and inside. My grandmother told me that "What is outside is what you want people" (outward is the appearance of clothes, houses, cabinet, etc. - what do they look for guests and what we want to present to people Clothes, outdoor view of the house, etc.). But "what inside is what you really are" (inside is an embroidery is an embroidery or any other work, the wear of clothes that should be clean and without holes or stains, interior Cabinets and other invisible to other people, but visible to us the moments of our life). Very instructive. I always remember her words.

Grandma remembered that the beggars and dirty huts were only in those who did not work. They were considered as if weakly, a little sick, they were sorry for people sick with soul. Who worked - even if he had 10 children - lived in bright clean beautiful outbreaks. Decorated your house with love. Led a big farm and never complained about life. There was always order in the house and in the yard.

The device of the Russian is

The Russian House (Izba) like the Universe shared for three worlds, three tiers: Nizhny - this is a basement, underground; Middle - these are residential premises; Upper under the sky - the attic, roof.

Izba as a design He was a log house from the logs that bind to the crowns. In the Russian north, it was customary to build houses without nails, very durable at home. The minimum number of nails was used only to attach the decor - the breeding, towels, platbands. Built houses "How measure and beauty will say."

Roof– top part Hisp - gives protection from the outside world and is the boundary of the inside of the house with space. No wonder the roof was so beautifully decorated in the houses! And in the ornament on the roof, the symbols of the sun were often depicted - solar symbols. We know such expressions: "Schirling", "live under one roof." There were customs - if a person was sick and could not leave this world for a long time, then that his soul was easier to move into the world of others, they took off the lid on the roof. Interestingly, the roof was considered a female element of the house - the hut itself and everything in the hollow should be "covered" - and the roof, both vendors, and dishes, and barrels.

Top of the house (People, Towel) Decorated with solar, that is, solar signs. In some cases, the towel depicted the full sun, and on the panels - only half of solar signs. Thus, the sun was shown at the most important points of its path across the sky - at sunrise, in Zenith and at the occasion. In folklore there is even an expression "three-flowered sun", reminiscent of these three key points.

Attic It was located under the roof and it was stored on it that did not need at the moment, remote from the house.

The hut was a two-storey, the living rooms were located on the "second floor", as it was warmer. And on the "first floor", that is, in the lower tier, was sweet.He prevented residential premises from the cold. The soil was used to store products and shared on 2 parts: basement and underground.

Floor Double to preserve heat: downstairs "black floor", and on top on it - "white floor". They laid the floorboards from the edges to the center of the hut in the direction from the facade to the exit. This was a value in some rituals. So, if they came to the house and sat on the shop along the floor, this meant that it came to match. Never slept and did not put the bed along the floor, since along the floorings put a deceased man "On the way to the doors". That is why they did not sleep heads to the exit. Always slept on the head in a red angle, to the front wall, on which icons were located.

Important in the device of the Russian hut was diagonal "Red Angle - Furnace".The red corner always pointed to noon, on the light, on God's side (red face). He was always associated with Veroko (Sunrise) and South. And the oven pointed at sunset, on darkness. And associated with the West or North. Always prayed on the image in the red corner, i.e. To the east, where the altar is located in the temples.

a doorand entrance to the house, exit to the outside world - one of the most important elements at home. She meets everyone in the house. In antiquity there were many believes and different protective rituals associated with the door and the threshold of the house. Probably no wonder, and now many are brought to the door of the horseshoe for happiness. And even earlier, the braid was put on the threshold ( garden tools). This reflected the ideas of people about the horse as an animal associated with the Sun. As well as metal created by man with the help of fire and being a material to protect life.

Only the closed door retains life inside the house: "Do not believe everyone, lock the door tighter." That is why people stayed in front of the threshold of the house, especially at the entrance to a strange house, this stop was often accompanied by a brief prayer.

At the wedding in some localities, a young wife, entering the house of her husband, should not have touched the threshold. That is why it was often made on their hands. And in other localities, the sign was exactly the opposite. The bride, entering the house of the groom after the wedding, be sure to be delayed on the threshold. It was a sign of that. That she is now her in the way of her husband.

The doorway threshold is the border of "their" and "alien" space. In the people's ideas, it was a border, and therefore unsafe place: "Through the threshold does not greet," "is not served through the threshold." Through the threshold is impossible and take gifts. Guests are found behind the threshold outside, then admit ahead through the threshold.

In height, the door was lower than human growth. I had to tilt at the entrance and head, and take off the cap. But at the same time the doorway was wide enough.

Window- Another entrance to the house. The window - the word is very older, the chronicles are first mentioned in 11th and is found in all Slavic peoples. In popular beliefs, it was forbidden to spit through the window, throw out the garbage, to pour out something out of the house, as under it "stands an angel of the Lord." "To serve the window (thorough) - to give God." The windows were considered the eyes of the house. A man looks through the window in the sun, and the sun looks at him through the window (eyes of the hut). Therefore, the signs of the Sun often cut on the platbands. In the riddles of the Russian people, it is said like this: "A red girl in the window looks" (the sun). The windows in the house traditionally in Russian culture always tried to orient "for the summer" - that is, east and south. The biggest windows of the houses always looked outside and on the river, they were called "red" or "kosy".

The windows in the Russian gab could be three types:

A) The wolf window is the most ancient view of the windows. Its height did not exceed the height of the horizontally laid log. But in the width it was one and a half times more than height. This window from the inside was closed with a valve, "dragging" on special grooves. Therefore, the window was called "Volokovoy". Through the wolf window, only dim light penetrated. Such windows more often met on economic buildings. Through the wolf window from the huts were output ("outdated") smoke from the stove. Through them also ventilated the towers, Chulans, Take and Chleva.

B) Wild window - consists of a deck made up of four firmly interconnected BRUSEV.

C) The roaming window is the opening in the wall, fortified by two side bars. These windows are also called "red" regardless of their location. Initially, the central windows in the Russian hill were made.

It was through the window that it was necessary to transfer the baby if the children born in the family were dying. It was believed that so you can save the child and provide him long life. In the Russian north, there was such a belief that the man's soul leaves the house through the window. That is why the window was put on the window with water so that the soul, who left the person could be washed and fly away. Also, after the commemoration, the towel was postponed to the window, so that the soul was climbed into the house, and then descended back. Sitting by the window, waited to lead. The window at the window in the red corner is the place of honor, for the most honored guests, including the matchmaker.

The windows were highlighted high, and therefore the view from the window did not stumbled into neighboring buildings, and the view from the window was beautiful.

When construction, there was free space (sedimentary grooves) between the windows bar and the log wall of the house. He was covered with a blackboard, which we all are well known and called concubine ("On the face of the house" \u003d platband). The platbands were decorated with an ornament to protect the house: circles as symbols of the sun, birds, horses, lions, fish, caressing (animal, considered a cumulator - believed that if you depict a predator, it would not harm the pet), floral ornament, juniper, rowan .

Outside the window was closed by shutters. Sometimes in the north, so that it is convenient to close the windows, galleries were built along the main facade (they looked like balconies). There is a master of the gallery and closes the shutters on the windows overnight.

Four sides of hut Add to four sides of the world. Appearance Hisp addressed to the outside world, and the inner decoration to the family, to the family, to the person.

The porch of the Russian isob It was more often open and spacious. Here were those family events that the whole village streets could see: they were accompanied by soldiers, met the woven, met newlyweds. They communicated on the porch, exchanged news, rested, talked about things. Therefore, the porch occupied the prominent place, it was high and rose to the pillars or fires up.

The porch is the "business card of the house and its owners", reflecting their hospitality, prosperity and glad. The house was considered non-residential if his porch was destroyed. Decorated the porch carefully and beautifully, the ornament was used the same as on the elements of the house. It could be a geometric or vegetable ornament.

What do you think from what word the word "porch" was formed? From the word "pitch", "Roof". After all, the porch necessarily was with a roof that protects against snow and rain.
Often there were two porches in the Russian hut Two inputs. The first entrance is the main, shops were arranged for conversation and rest. And the second entrance is "dirty", he served for household needs.

Bakelocated near the entrance and occupied about a quarter of the spacing of the hut. The furnace is one of the sacred centers of the house. "The oven in the house is the same that the altar in the church: there is bread in it." "Oven our mother's mother", "House without a furnace is a non-residential house." The oven had a feminine start and was in the female half of the house. It is in the furnace, a raw, unfounded turns into boiled, "his", mastered. The furnace is located in the corner opposite from the red corner. On it slept, it was used not only in cooking, but also in healing, in folk medicine, in her small children, soapy in winter, children and old men were buried on it. In the furnaces necessarily kept the damper closed if someone went out of the house (to return and the road was happy), during a thunderstorm (because the oven is one entrance to the house, the connection at home with the outside world).

Matitsa - Bar, walking across the Russian hut, on which the ceiling is held. This is the boundary of the front and rear of the house. The guest coming into the house, without the permission of the owners could not go further by Matitsa. Sitting under Matitsa meant to match the bride. To succeed everything, it was necessary to hold out for Matitsa before leaving the house.

All space of the huts shared on the female and male. Men worked and rested, took guests on weekdays in the male part of the Russian huts - in the front red corner, aside from him to the threshold and sometimes under the remedies. The workplace of the man with the repair was near the door. Women and children worked and rested, walked in the female half of the hollows - near the oven. If women took guests, then guests sat at the stove threshold. Only the female territory of the guests can only go on the invitation of the hostess. Never of representatives of the male half without much extremely needed did not enter the female half, and women are on men. It could be perceived as an insult.

Lawn served not only the seat for seating, but also a place to sleep. Under the head with a dream on the shop led the head restraint.

The shop's shop was called "Konik", she could be a workplace of the host of the house, as well as anyone who went into the house, beggar could be spent on it.

Shelves were made over the shops above the windows above the windows. They put caps, threads, yarn, straws, knives, spice and other household items.

Adult couples in marriage slept in the journals, on the cauldron, in some of their own cells - in their places. Old men slept on the stove or in the stove, kids - on the furnace.

All the utensils and furniture in the Russian northern hollow are located along the walls, and the center remains free.

Svetlitsy It was called the room - the lightweight, the rore on the second floor of the house, clean, well-groomed, for needlework and net lessons. There were a wardrobe, bed, sofa, table. But as well as in the hut, all items were separated along the walls. In the journal there were chests, in which gathered dowry for daughters. How many daughters on the issuance are so many chests. Here girls lived - the bride to issue.

Dimensions of Russian isubi

In antiquity, Russian hut did not have inland partitions and was in the form square or rectangle. The average sizes of the hut were from 4 x 4 meters to 5, 5 x 6, 5 meters. The middle peasants and wealthy peasants were hindered by 8 x 9 meters, 9 x 10 meters.

The decoration of the Russian isob

Four angle differed in Russian hives: Chimney, Babi Kut, red angle, rear corner (at the entrance under the reservation). Each corner had its own traditional destination. And the whole hollow in accordance with the angles was divided into the female and male half.

Women's half is It goes from the mouth of the furnace (Outside of the furnace) to the front wall of the house.

One of the corners of the female half of the house is Babi Kut. It is also called "bakes". This place is near the oven, the female territory. Here they prepared food, pies, stored utensils, millstone. Sometimes the "female territory" house was separated by a partition or shirma. At the female half of the hollows, there were cabinets for kitchen utensils and edible supplies, shelves for dining rooms, buckets, cast iron, bags, furnaces (bread shovel, kocherga, grasp). "Long shop", which went on the female half of the hollow along the side wall of the house, was also feminine. Here women hung, the fabrics, sewed, embroidered, hung a baby cradle here.

Never a man on the "female territory" did not enter and did not touch the utensil, which is considered female. And someone else's person and guest can even look in Babi Kut could not, it was offensive.

On the other side of the furnace was male space, "Male kingdom of the house." There was a threshold men's shop, where men were engaged in their homework and rested after a working day. Under it, it was often a cabinet with tools for male work. Weekly sit on the threshold shop was considered indecent. On the side shop in the back of the huts they rested during the day.

Russian oven.

Approximately the fourth, and sometimes the Russian oven occupied the third part of the hut. She was a symbol of a homely hearth. It was not only prepared for food, but also prepared the food cattle, baked cakes and bread, washed, heated the room, they slept and dried clothes, shoes or products, dried mushrooms and berries in it. And in the sun, even in winter could contain chickens. Although the furnace and very large, it does not "eaten", but, on the contrary, expands the life space of the hut, turning it multidimensional, bottling.

No wonder there is a saying "to dance from the stove", because everything in Russian beast begins with the oven. Remember the epics about Ilya Muromets? We have said to us that Ilya Muromets "lay on the furnace 30 years and 3 years," that is, could not walk. Not on the reagents and not on the shops, but on the furnace!

"The furnace to us as a mother is native," people said before. Many folk medical practices were associated with the stove. And signs. For example, it is impossible to spit into the oven. And it was impossible to swear when the fire was burning in the furnace.

A new furnace began to warm up gradually and evenly. The first day began with four lungs, and gradually they added one day every day to rolling the entire oven and so that it was without cracks.

First, in Russian houses there were global furnaces that were treated in black. That is, the oven then did not have an exhaust pipe for the exit of smoke. Smoke was released through the door or through a special hole in the wall. Sometimes they think that black huts were only in beggars, but it is not. Such furnaces were in rich sorry. The black oven gave more heat and kept her longer than white. Purchased walls were not afraid of damp or rot.

Later, the ovens began to build white - that is, they began to make a pipe through which smoke went out.

The furnace was always in one of the corners of the house, which was called a chimney, door, small angle. A red, holy, front, large corner of the Russian house was always diagonally from the furnace.

Red angle in russian

Red angle - central main place in the hut, in the Russian house. It is also called the "saint", "God", "front", "senior", "big". It is lit by the sun better than all other corners in the house, everything in the house is oriented towards him.

The Borean in the Red Corner as an altar of the Orthodox Temple and comprehended as the presence of God in the house. The table in the red corner is the church throne. Here, in the red corner prayed to the image. Here all the meals and main events in the life of the family were held at the table: Birth, Wedding, Funeral, Wires in the Army.

There were not only images, but also the Bible, prayer books, candles, they brought the sprigs of consecrated willow in Palm Sunday or birch twigs in the Trinity.

The red corner was especially worshiped. Here, during the commemoration, an excess device was put on a different soul.

It was in the red corner that chopped birds of happiness, traditional for the Russian north suspended.

Places at the table in the red corner were tightly fixed by tradition And not only during the holidays, but also during ordinary meals. Trapez united the family and family.

• Place in the red corner, in the center of the table, under the icons, It was the most honorable. The owner was sitting here, the most respected guests, the priest. If the guest without an invitation of the owner passed and sat down in a red angle - it was considered a gross violation of etiquette.
• Next side of the side of the table - right from the owner and the nearest places to him on the right and left. This is a "male shop." Here they were sitting on the seniority of the family of the family along the right wall of the house to his exit. The older the man, the closer he sits to the owner of the house.
• A. "The lower" end of the table on the "Women's Lavea", Women and children walking along the front of the house.
• Mistress at home It was placed opposite her husband from the furnace on the donkey bench. It was more convenient to serve food and arrange lunch.
• During the wedding newlyweds Also sat under images in the red corner.
• For guests It was its guest shop. It is located at the window. Until now, there is such a custom in some areas to seen guests by the window.

Such a location of family members at the table shows a model of social relations within the Russian family.

Table - He was attached great importance in the red corner of the house and in general in the hut. The table in the hut was standing on permanent place. If the house was sold, it was sold to him together with the table!

Very important: the table is the ladies of God. "The table is the same as the throne altar, and therefore sit at the table and behave like in the church" (Olonetskaya province). It was not allowed at the dinner table to have foreign objects, because it is the place of God himself. It was impossible to knock on the table: "Do not beat the table, the table is God's palm!" Always on the table should have been bread - a symbol of wealth and well-being in the house. Same as: "Bread on the table - and the table of the throne!". Bread - symbol of wealth, abundance, material well-being. Therefore, he always had to be on the table - God's Palm.

Small lyrical retreat from the author. Dear readers of this article! Probably, do you think all this is outdated? Well, what have the bread on the table? And you bake homeless bread houses with your own hands - it's easy enough! And then you will understand that this is completely different bread! Unlike bread from the store. Yes, and loaf in form - a circle, a symbol of movement, growth, development. When I didn't bake the pies, not cupcakes for the first time, but the bread, and the smell of bread, the whole house, I realized what a real house was a house where it smells .. bread! Where want to go back. You do not have time? I thought so too. So far, one of the moms, with the children of which I do and whom she has ten !!!, did not teach me the bake of bread. And then I thought: "If a mother of ten children finds the time of the oven your family bread, then I have a right time!" So I understand why the bread is everything head! It is necessary to feel it with your own hands and your soul! And then a loaf on your desk will become a symbol of your home and bring you a lot of joy!

The table was installed necessarily along the Half, i.e. The narrow side of the table was directed towards the western wall of the hut. This is very important, because The direction "Longitudinal - transverse" in Russian culture was attached to a special meaning. The longitudinal had a "positive" charge, and the transverse one is "negative." Therefore, all objects in the house tried to put in the longitudinal direction. Also, therefore, it was along the floorings sitting at rites (walling, as an example) - so that everything successfully passed.

Table tablecloth In Russian tradition, there was also a very deep meaning and constitutes a single integer with the table. The expression "table and tablecloth" symbolized hospitality, hospitality. Sometimes the tablecloth was called the "boss" or "self-bare". Wedding tablecloths kept as a special relic. The table was not always covered with a tablecloth, but in special cases. But in Karelia, for example, the tablecloth should always be on the table. On the wedding feast, the tablecloth took a special and champed it with an inlet up (from damage). The tablecloth could spread on Earth during the commemoration, because the tablecloth is "road", the relationship between the world of the space and the world of man, no wonder the expression "tablecloth - the road" came to us.

The dining table was going to families, baptized before meat and read prayer. Fir chinno, it was impossible to get up during the meal. The head of the family - a man - began to the meal. He cut the food into pieces, cut bread. A woman served everyone at the table, served food. The meal was long, leisurely, long.

On holidays, the red angle was decorated with woven and embroidered towels, flowers, trees branches. Embroidered and wovel towels with patterns hung on the divinence. IN palm Sunday The red corner was decorated with Willow sprigs, in the Trinity -Besov branches, Version (Juniper) - to the Great Thursday.

It is interesting to think about our modern homes:

Question 1. The division into the "male" and "female" territory in the house is not by chance. And we have in modern apartments There is a "female secret corner" - a personal space as a "female kingdom", do men interfere in it? Do we need us? How and where can I create it?

Question 2.. And what is in the red corner of the apartment or giving - what is the main spiritual center of the house? Let's look at your home. And if you need to fix something, we will do it and create a red corner in your house, create it really unifying the family. Sometimes there are advice on the Internet to put in a red angle as in the "Energy Center of the Apartment" computer, organize your workplace in it. I am always surprised at such recommendations. Here, in the Red - the main corner - to be what is important in life, which unites the family, which carries true spiritual values, which is the meaning and idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of the family and the kind, but not a TV or office center! Let's think together that it can be.

Types of Russians

Now many families are interested in Russian history and traditions and build at home as our ancestors did. Sometimes it is believed that there should be only one type of house at the location of its elements, and only this type of house "Right" and "historical". In fact, the location of the main elements of the hut (red angle, furnace) depends on the region.

At the location of the furnace and the Red Angle, 4 types of Russian hut difflice. Each type is characteristic of some terrain and climatic conditions. That is, it is impossible to tell: always the furnace was strictly here, and the red angle is strictly here. Let's consider it more in drawings.

The first type is the north-russian hut. The furnace is located next to the entrance to the right or left from it in one of the rear corners of the hut. The furnace is turned to the front wall of the hut (the mouth is the outlet of the Russian oven). Diagonally from the furnace - a red angle.

The second type is the Western Russian hut. The furnace was also located next to the entrance to the right or left of it. But she was turned to the mouth to a long side wall. That is, the mouth of the furnace was near the entrance door to the house. The red angle was also diagonally from the furnace, but the food was prepared in another place of horses - closer to the door (see drawing). The side of the furnace did the flooring for sleep.

Third type - Eastern South Russian hut. The fourth type is Western South Russian Holes. In the south, the house was put on the street not a facade, but a side long side. Therefore, the location of the furnace was completely different. The furnace was placed in the corner far from entering. Diagonally from the furnace (between the door and the front long wall Hazards) was a red angle. In the eastern South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the entrance door. In Western South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the long wall of the house, which went out.

Despite the different types of His, they are respected general principle The buildings of Russian dwellings. Therefore, even being far from the house, the traveler could always navigate in the hut.

Elements of Russian huts and peasant estates: dictionary

In the peasant manor The farm was large - in each estate there were from 1 to 3 barns for storing grain and valuable things. And there was a bath - the most distant from the residential building building. Each thing is their place. This principle from the proverb was always observed and everywhere. Everything in the house was thought out and arranged reasonably not to spend extra forces and time on unnecessary actions or movement. All at hand, everything is convenient. Modern ergonomics of dwellings come from our history.

The entrance to the Russian estate was from the street through strong doors. Above the gate was the roof. And at the gate on the side of the street under the roof. Not only villagers could sit on the bench, but also any passerby. It was at the gate that it was customary to meet and accompany guests. And under the roof of the gate, it was welcome to meet them or talk to goodbye.

Barn- Separately standing small structure for storing grain, flour, supplies.

Banya - Separately worth the building (the furthest from the residential building building) for washing.

Crown- logs of one horizontal row in the Siruba of the Russian Hisp.

Windman- Carved sun, attached instead of towels on the front of the hut. The wish of a rich harvest, happiness, well-being family living in the house.

GUMNO- Playground for grinding compressed bread.

Cool - The design in wooden construction is formed by the crowns from the logs laid on each other. Choir consist of several centes combined by transitions and genes.

Chicken - elements of the roof of the Russian house built without nails. They spoke so "chicken and horse on the roof - in the hives will be quieter." In view of the elements of the roof - lump and chicken. The chicken was stacked by a watery - wrapped in the form of a chute log for removal of water from the roof. The image is the "chicken" not by chance. Chicken and rooster binds to the folk consciousness with the Sun, as this bird notifies the sunrise. A crock of a rooster, according to popular beliefs, distilled unclean power.

Glacier- Pradedunka Contemporary Refrigerator - Looking with Ice For Product Storage

Matitsa- Massive wooden beamon which the ceiling is chained.

Concubine - window decoration (window opening)

Barn -Pruck for drying sheaves before grinding. Sheaves laid out on the flooring and dried.

Хлупен- Horse - connects two wings of the house, two roof slides together. Horse symbolizes the sun moving across the sky. it mandatory element The design of the roof, built without nails and charm at home. The chick is also called "shell" from the word "helmet", which is associated with the protection of the house and means the helmet of an ancient warrior. Perhaps this detail of the hut was called "Gulup", because when laying in place, he publishes the sound "clap". Ohlupni used to do without nails during construction.

Warm -thus called the most beautifully decorated part of the Russian female headlife on the forehead ("The chewise was also called a part of the window decoration - the upper part of the" Decoration of the forehead, chela "at home. Warehouse - the top of the platband on the window.

Take - Senov, here it was possible to enter right on the cart or on the sleigh. This room is located right above the cattle courtyard. Here they also stored boats, fishing gear, hunting equipment, shoes, clothes. Here dried and repaired networks, malli flax and did other works.

Sink- Lower room under residential premises. The soil was used for storing products and household needs.

Polyati.– wood flooring under the ceiling of the Russian hut. They were arranged between the wall and the Russian oven. On the climbing it was possible to sleep, as the oven kept the heat for a long time. If the oven for heating was not treated, then vegetables were stored on this time.

Politsa- Figure shelves for utensils over shops in the hut.

Towel - Short vertical board at the junction of two apartments, decorated with the Sun symbol. Usually the towel repeated the pattern of the breeding.

Schelins - Boards on a wooden roof of the house, navalized to the ends above the fronton (Holiday of Holidays), preventing them from Harrowing. The breeds were decorated with carvings. The pattern consists of a geometric ornament. But the ornament with grape berries is the symbol of life and the continuation of the kind.

Svetlitsa - One of the premises in the choir (see "choirs") on the female half, in the upper part of the structure, intended for needlework and other domestic training.

Seni.- The inlet cold room in the hut, usually can not be heated. As well as an entrance room between individuals in the sorry. It is always a shop for storage. The home apparers were kept here, there was a bench with vendines and subsidences, work wear, rocker, sickles, braids, rake. In the Seine did a dirty homework. In the Songy there were doors of all rooms. Seni - Cold Protection. Opened entrance door, Cold was letteled in Song, but remained in them, not reaching residential premises.

Apron- Sometimes at homes from the main facade, "Aprons", decorated with fine threads. This is a boardwalk, protecting the house from precipitation.

Hlev - Placement for livestock.

Choirs- A large residential wooden house, which consists of separate buildings, combined with genes and transitions. Gallery. All parts of the choir were different in height - a very beautiful multi-tiered structure was obtained.

The utensils of Russian isob

Dishes For the preparation of food was kept in the stove and in the stove. These are boilers, cast-iron for porridge, soups, clay marks for baking fish, cast-iron pans. Beautiful porcelain dishes were kept so that it was visible to everyone. She was a symbol of wealth in the family. The festive dishes were kept in the hubby, in the closet - a post was put up. Casual dishes were kept in mounted cabinets. Dining tableware consisted of a big bowl of clay or wood, wooden spoons, bark or copper solon, cups with kvass.

For storage of bread in russian extended painted boxbrightly painted, sunny, joyful. The painting of the box highlighted it among other things as a thing is significant, important.

Tea drank out samovar.

Sieve The flour and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was used, and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was likened to be a heavenly column (the mystery "Sito Vito, heets is covered", the deposit is the sky and the earth).

Salt - This is not only the food, but also a charm. Therefore, it was served to guests with salt as a greeting, a symbol of hospitality.

The most common was clay dishes pot.In the pots prepared porridge and soup. The soup in the pot was well respected and became much tastier and the boost. Yes, and now, if we are comparable to taste soup and porridge from a Russian oven and from the slab - then you will immediately feel the difference in taste! From the stove - tastier!

For the economic needs of the house used barrels, hubs, luxury. Fat food in frying pan, as well as now. We knew the dough in wooden troughs and chains. Water was carried in buckets, jugs.

At the good owners immediately after meals, all the dishes were withered, wiped out and put on the shelves tilted.

Domostroy said this: "So that everything was always clean and ready for the table or in the supply."

To put the dishes in the oven and get from the furnace were needed mixt. If you have the opportunity to try to put a full pot in the oven filled with food or get it out of the furnace - you will understand how physically hard work is and how strong there were women even without fitness items :). For them, each movement was charging and physical education. It's seriously 🙂 - I tried and appreciated how difficult it is to get a big boiler with food for a big family with the help of grasp!

For increment coal used poker.

In the 19th century, metal came to replace the clay pots. They're called cartoon (from the word "cast iron").

For frying and baking, clay and metal Frying pans, marks, roasters, plates.

Furniturein our understanding of this word in the Russian hollow there was almost no. The furniture appeared much later, not so long ago. No wardrobes or dresser. Clothes and shoes and other things were not stored in the hut.

The most valuable in the peasant house - the main utensils, festive clothes, dowy of daughters, money was kept in chests. Chests were always with locks. The design of the chest could tell about the prosperity of his owner.

Decor of the Russian isob

To paint the house (they used to say "blooming") a master of painting. Descended on bright background. Warrant patterns. These are the symbols of the sun - circles and half-facing, and crosses, and amazing plants and animals. Also, the hut was decorated with wood carvings. Women fabrics and embroidered, knitted and decorated their house with their needlework.

Guess what tool made a carving in Russian hut? Ax! And the painting of houses did "Malyary" - the artists called this. They painted the facades of houses - Frontton, platbands, porch, whims. When white ovens appeared, they began to paint in the outbreak and partitions, lockers.

The decor of the front of the roof of the northern Russian house is actually an image of the space. Sun signs on the panels and on the towel - the image of the sun path - sunrise, the sun in the zenith, sunset.

Very interesting the ornament decorating the breeds. Below the solar sign on the panels, you can see several trapezoid protrusions - the paws of waterfowl. For the northerners, the sun rose from the water, and he also sat down into the water, because there were many lakes and rivers around there, therefore, waterfowl was depicted - the underwater world. The ornament on the panels personified the seven-layer sky (remember the ancient expression - "be on the seventh heaven from happiness"?).

In the first row of the ornament, the seaches - mugs, sometimes connected to the trapezes. These are the symbols of heavenly water - rain and snow. Another series of images from triangles is a layer of land with seeds that will wake up and give a crop. It turns out that the sun rises and moves along the seven-layer sky, one of the layers of which contains moisture reserves, and the other - plant seeds. The sun first shines not in full force, then it is in the zenith and rolls down at the next morning to start his way across the sky. One row of the ornament does not repeat another.

The same symbolism ornament can be found on the tricks of the Russian home and on the decoration of the windows of the middle strip of Russia. But in the decoration of the windows there are its own features. On the bottom of the platband - uneven relief of the hut (plowed field). At the lower ends of the side boards of the platband - the heart-shaped images with a hole in the middle - a symbol of seed immersed in the ground. That is, we see the world's projection in the ornament with the most important attributes for the farmers - the seeds of the land and the sun.

Proverbs and sayings about Russian horses and management

• Houses and walls help.
• Every house owner holds. The house is painted by the owner.
• What is at home - such and yourself.
• Nazhi Cherlehu, and there and cattle!
• Not at home Mr., and the house by Mr.
• Not a house owner colites, and the owner is a house.
• Houses - not visiting: Sideways, you will not leave.
• A kind wife's house will save, and thin-sleeve ceases.
• The hostess in the house is that pancakes in honey.
• Mount to someone who lives in the house.
• Kolya Kriva - the mistress is bad.
• What a builder is also the abode.
• Our hostess is all in the work - and the dogs wash the dishes.
• The house is not to weave.
• In the house owner more than a bishine
• Anchirts of the house to start - not the ruin of the mouth walk.
• The house is small, but you do not lie.
• What is born in the field, everything in the house will come in handy.
• Not the owner who does not know his farm.
• It is not a place for wealth, but the owner.
• The house did not utter - and the city does not help.
• The village is rich and the city is rich.
• Good head a hundred hands feeds.

Dear friends! I wanted to show in this hill it is not just a story of the Russian home, but also learn from our ancestors with you to keep a household - a reasonable and beautiful, pleasing soul and eyes, to extend in harmony and with nature, and with your conscience. In addition, very many moments in relation to the house as home focus Our ancestors are very important and relevant and now for us living in the 21st century.

Materials to this article were collected and studied by me for a very long time, checked in ethnographic sources. And I used the stories of my grandmother's stories, which shared memories of the early years of your life with me in the northern village. And only now, during the holidays and my life - to be in the village in nature, I finally completed this article. And I understood why I could not write it for so long: in the bustling of the capital in the usual panel house in the center of Moscow under the roar of cars I was too difficult for me to write about the harmonious world of the Russian home. But here - in nature - I am very quickly and easily, from the heart completed this article.

If you want to learn more about the Russian house in more detail, then below you will find a bibliography on this topic for adults and for children.

I hope that this article will help you to be interested in telling about the Russian house during summer travels to the village and in the museums of Russian life, and will also tell me how to consider with children with children to Russian fairy tales.

Literature on Russian

For adults

1. Bayburin AK Residence in rites and ideas of the Eastern Slavs. - L.: Science, 1983 (Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklukho - Maclay)
2. Buzin V.S. Ethnography of Russians. - SPb.: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2007
3. Permlovskaya AB Peasant house in the culture of the Russian North. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
4. Russian. Series "Peoples and Culture". - M.: Science, 2005. (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho - Maclay RAS)
5. Sobolev A.A. Wisdom ancestors. Russian yard, house, garden. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
6. Sukhanova M. A. House as a model of the world // Human House. Materials of the Interuniversity Conference - SPB., 1998.

For kids

1. Alexandrova L. Wooden architecture of Russia. - M.: White City, 2004.
2. Zarchevskaya E. B. About the peasant choirs. Book for children. - M., 2014.

Russian hut: video

Video 1. Children's informative voice video: Children's Museum of Rustic Life

Video 2. A film about the Northern Russian isa (Museum of Kirov)

Video 3. How to build Russian huts: a documentary for adults

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"Development of speech from 0 to 7 years: what is important to know and what to do. Cheat Sheet for parents"

One of the symbols of Russia, which is enthusiastic, without exaggeration, the whole world is a wooden hut. Indeed, some of them are amazed with their incredible beauty and uniqueness. About the most unusual wooden houses - in the review "My Planet".

Where:Sverdlovsk region, D. Kunar

In a small village of Kunar, located 20 km from Nevyansk, there is a fairy tale terme, recognized in 1999 at the competition of homemade wooden architecture as the best in our country. The building resembling a large gingerbread house from a fairy tale was created by hand by one-sole man - Kuznets Sergey Kirillov. He created this beauty for 13 years - from 1954 to 1967. All decorations on the facade of the gingerbread house are made of wood and metal. And children holding posters with inscriptions: "Let there always be the sun ...", "fly, pigeons, fly ...", "Let there be a mother ...", and rockets, ready to fade up, and riders for horses, and sun, Both warriors and the symbols of the USSR ... and many more different curls and unusual colors. Go to the courtyard and admire the man-made miracle can anyone who wants: the widow of Cyril's gate does not lock.

Where:Smolensk region, Plenovo, historical and architectural complex "Teremok"

This historical and architectural complex includes four buildings, which previously belonged to the famous patronage of Mary Tenisheva. Special attention The main estate deserves, created in 1902 on the project of Sergey Malyutina. This carved fabulous terechemok is a real masterpiece of Russian small architecture. On the main facade of the house there is an incredible beauty window. In the center, over carved frames, sat down to relax the firebird with a flirty cocktail, on both sides, elegant skates get up onto it. Wonderful animals warms with its rays a carved sun, and suitable fabulous patterns of flowers, waves and other curls are amazed with their fantastic air. Log cabin The termes support green scaly snakes-Gorynychi, and two months are located under the roof arch. On the window on the other hand, the princess-swan, "floating" on wooden waves under a carved sky with the moon, month and stars. This style was decorated in one time all in Flenovo. It is a pity that this beauty has been preserved only in photos.

Where: Irkutsk, ul. Friedrich Engels, 21

Today's Europa House is the former manor of the merchants of Shastin. This house is one of the business cards of Irkutsk. It was built in the middle of the XIX century, but only in 1907 he was decorated with carvings and nicknamed lace. Openwork wooden decorations, elegant patterns of the facade and windows, amazing beauty of the turrets, complex outlines of the roof, curly wooden columns, relief thread Standard and platbands make this mansion completely unique. All elements of the decor were frozen by hand, without globe and templates.

Where:Karelia, Medvezhiegorsky district, oh. Kizhi, Museum-Reserve Wooden architecture "Kizhi"

This two-storey house, similar to the richly decorated terme, was built in the village of Oszhevnevo in the second half of the XIX century. Later he was transported to about. Kizhi with a large Climatsky Island. Under one big wooden, accommodated and residential, and shopping premises are located: this type of construction has developed in the north in the old days due to the harsh winters and the peculiarities of the life of local peasants.
The interiors of the house were recreated in the middle of the XX century. They are a traditional decoration of the housing of the wealthy peasant of the North of the late XIX century. Along the walls of huts stretched massive wooden shopsThe races of the functions are located above them, in the corner - a large bed. And of course, the mandatory furnace. Genuine things of that time are stored here: clay and wooden dishes, bark and copper things, children's toys (horse, sled, weaving machine). In the hubby you can see the sofa, buffet, chairs and table of work of local craftsmen, bed, mirror: ordinary items everyday life.
Outside the house looks very elegant: from three sides it is looking for galleries, on the windows carved plants... The design of the three balconies is completely different: the exact balance serves as a fence of the Western and southern balconies, and the northern rolling openwork is made of flat tesns. The decor of the facades is characterized by a combination of propyl and volumetric thread. And the combination of oval protrusions and rectangular teeth is characteristic of the areas of the seizure of the seizures of the patterns.

Where: Moscow, Pogodinskaya st., 12a

Old wooden houses It remains very little in Moscow. But in Khamovniki among stone buildings there is a historic building, built in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture in 1856. Pogodinskaya Izba - wooden log The famous Russian historian Mikhail Petrovich Pogodina.

This high log house, composed of good logs, was built by architect N.V. Nikitin and donated by the entrepreneur V.A. Kokorev. The gable roof of the old house is decorated with a wooden carved pattern - propyl carvings. Wooden lace removed and windows shutters, "towels", "subzor" and other elevations of horses. And the bright blue color of the building together with snow-white decorations make it look like a house from some old Russian fairy tale. Only now the present in the Pogodinsky hut is not at all fabulous - now the offices are posted in the house.

Where: Irkutsk, ul. December events, 112

City Manor V.P Sukacheva was created in 1882. Surprisingly, over the past years, the historical integrity of this structure, its amazing beauty and even most of the adjacent park zone remained almost unchanged. Log House S. four-sheet roof Decorated with a propyl carvings: Dragon figures, fantastic stylized images of colors, complex weave fences on the porch, whores, believes of eaves - everything speaks about the rich fantasy of Siberian masters and something likes eastern ornaments. Actually, the eastern motives in the design of the estate are quite explained: at that time, cultural and economic ties with China and Mongolia developed, which influenced the artistic taste of Siberian craftsmen.
Nowadays, the manor not only retained his magnificent appearance and an amazing atmosphere, but also lives quite rich life. There are often concerts, musical and literary evenings, balls are arranged, master classes for small guests on the modeling, drawing, making patchwork.

Russian hut is a wooden house partially outgoing in the ground. Despite the fact that the hood of the whole thing consisted of one room, it was conditionally divided into several zones. There was a furnace corner, which was considered a dirty place and separated from the rest of the scene of the curtain, was also a female corner - to the right of the entrance, and the male - at the hearth.

The red angle was the most important and honorary place in the house. In Russia, the hut has always been built in a certain way, taking into account the side of the horizon, the red corner was located on the east side, in the most distant and well-lit place. It was a home iconostasis. It was considered important that at the entrance to the hut, the man first of all should pay attention to the icon.

The icons were installed on a special shelf and had to be standing in a certain order. The most important icons that were to be in every home were considered the icons of the Virgin and the Savior. The red angle was always kept clean, and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.

By tradition, on the wedding day, the bride was taken to the wedding from the red corner. There were also daily prayers.

The huts in which the stove was treated in black were called smoke (without pipe).

At first, the hives of the peasant had only one room. Later began to build so-called five-rank, in which the total area was divided breeding wall into two parts.

The windows were first closed with mica or bovine bubbles. Stew in Novgorod and Moscow appeared in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and put them only in rich houses. Both mica and bubbles, and even a glass of that time only missed the light, and what happened on the street, it was not visible through them.

In the evenings, when it was dark, Russian huts lit by mud. The beam of Lucin was inserted into special forged siets, which could be fixed anywhere. Sometimes oil lamps were used - small plates with bent up the edges. Only rather secured people could afford to use candles for this purpose.

The inner decoration of the traditional Russian hut was not highlighted by special luxury. Each thing was needed in the farm, and the inner area of \u200b\u200bthe hut was strictly divided into zones. For example, the right corner from the stove was called Babi Kut or Head. The hostess commanded here, everything was adapted for cooking, there was a strawberry. Usually, this place was fenced, hence the word of the yarn, that is, a separate place. Men were not included here.

Good owners in the hut all glittered cleanliness. On the walls - embroidered white towels; The floor table, benches are scrambled; On the beds lace ruffles - subzora; The salaries of the icons are cleared to the brilliance. The floor in the exhaust was made from broad one-piece plates - briced, broken in half, with a carefully selected one flat side. Putting fees from the door to the opposite wall. So halves were better lying, and the room seemed more. The floor was put on three or four crowns above the Earth, and the subfields were formed. It stored products, different pickles. And the elevation of the floor almost a meter from the ground made the hut lapel.

Almost everything in the hut was done with their own hands. Long winter evenings cut bowls and spoons, loored buckets, fabrics, embroidered, Napty and Tues, baskets. Although it was not distinguished by the decoration of the huts with a variety of furniture: the table, shops, benches (shops) of the solar (stools), chests, - everything was done carefully, with love and it was not only useful, but also a beautiful, pleasing eye. This is the desire for the beautiful, the skill was transmitted from generation to generation.

Folk craftsmen appeared, the crafts were born. Any useful thing, whether it is a children's cradle or a bucket, a pylon or a towel, - everything was decorated with a thread, embroidery, painting or lace, and everything took a certain, traditional image, associated with the surrounding nature.

The most significant buildings in Russia were erected from centuries-old trunks (three centuries or more) long to 18 meters and a diameter of more than half a meter. And there were many such trees in Russia, especially in the European North, who was called the "Northern Territory". Yes, and forests here, where Ishoni lived "Piggy nations", were thick. By the way, the word "Poganny" is not in abuse. Just in Latin Paganus - idolatry. And it means, "frowning peoples" called pagans. Here, on the shores of the Northern Dvina, Pechoras, Ogera, has long been hidden disagreeable with the opinion of the authorities - first by Prince, then the tsarist. It was tightly kept here, ancient, unofficial. Therefore, there are still unique samples of art ancient Russian architects.

All houses in Russia traditionally built from wood. Later, already in the XVI-XVII centuries, the stone began to use.
Tree as the main building material was used from ancient times. It is in a wooden architecture that the Russian architects have developed a reasonable combination of beauty and use, which then passed into the structures of stone, and the shape and design of stone houses were the same as wooden buildings.

The properties of the tree, as a building material, largely led to a special form of wooden structures.
Skin and larch came to the walls and larch, they organized a roof from light spruce. And only where these breeds were rare, used for walls a strong heavy oak or birch.

Yes, and the tree struggle not all, with the analysis, with preparation. The ahead of the way was visited by a suitable pine and made an ax of the trees (las) - removed the bark on the trunk with narrow stripes from top to bottom, leaving the strip of the untouched cortex for the coil. Then, another five years left to stand pine. For this time, it distinguishes the resin densely, he impresses her trunk. And so on the fall of autumn, while the day has not yet begun to lengthen, and the earth and trees are still sleeping, chopped this cleaved pine. It is impossible to chop later - to rot. Osin, and in general, the deciduous forest, on the contrary, was prepared in the spring, during the coilment. Then the bark easily comes off the logs and it dried in the sun becomes strong as a bone.

The main thing, and often the only gun of the ancient Russian architect was an ax. The ax, the hummier fiber, as if seal the ends of the logs. No wonder, still say: "Cut off the hut." And, well, we are now familiar, they tried nails not to use. After all, around the nail tree is rotting faster. As a last resort, wooden crutches were used.

The basis of the wooden building in Russia was the "log house". These are bonded ("related") among themselves in the log cabin. Each row of logs were respectfully called the "crown". First, nizhny Crown Often put on a stone base - "rod", which was made from powerful boulders. So warmer, and rotes less.

In the type of fastening logs, the types of log cabins differ among themselves. For household buildings, a log house "in dir" (rarely laid) was used. The logs here were not tight, but on the pairs of each other, and often did not bond at all.

When bonding logs "in the paw" ends of them, whimsally out and really resembling paws, did not go beyond the walls outside. The crowns were already tightly fit here, but in the corners could still be poisoned in winter.

The most reliable, warm, was considered a bond of logs "in the Obloman", in which the ends of the logs went beyond the walls. Such a strange name is the name of

he goes from the word "Obolon" ("Relax"), meaning the outer layers of the tree (cf. "Enraged, envelop, shell"). Even at the beginning of the XX century. They said: "Kick the hub in Obolon", if you wanted to emphasize that inside the huts of the logs are not shy. However, more often outside the logs remained round, while inside the huts, they were suited to the plane - "scored in Las" (Las called a smooth lane). Now the term "Obla" refers more to the protruding from the wall to the ends of the logs, which remain round, with a bummer.

The rows of logs (crowns) communicated with each other with the help of internal spikes - brazen or wrenches.

There was moss between the crowns in Srub and after the final assembly of the chip caught the linen packs of the gap. The same moss was often laid in the attic to preserve heat in winter.

In terms of log houses, they did in the form of a quadrilateral ("Chetverik"), or in the form of an octagon ("octagon"). Of several people standing, the fourthics were compiled, mainly huts, and octrices were used for building a chorus. Often, putting fourthics and octashes on top of each other, folded the ancient Russian architect the rich choirs.

A simple indoor rectangular wooden slam without any attacks was called a "curtain". "Crate to the crate, to repeal," said in ancient, seeking to emphasize the reliability of the cut in comparison with the open canopy. Usually, the log house was put on the "connecting" - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used for storage of stocks and economic inventory. And the upper crowns of the cut were expanded up, forming a cornice - "Foving".

it interesting wordoriginating from the verb "falling" was often used in Russia. So, for example, "Povchalsh" called the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or sorry, where the whole family went to sleep in the summer (falling out) from the holled hut.

The doors in the cage were made as low as possible, and the windows had higher. So heat was less left of the hut.

The roof over the logberia was arranged in antiquity of the Gullless - "Self-". To this end, the completion of the two-end walls were made from decreasing logs of logs, which were called "males". There were long longitudinal stiffs on them - "Dolniki", "End" (Wed "" Slow, lie "). Sometimes, however, the males were called the ends of the slightened into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof received its name from them.

Diagram of the device of the roof: 1 - chute; 2 - ovehapen; 3 - stanik; 4 - End; 5 - fire; 6 - the princess stop ("Knes"); 7 - Pedal Snow; 8 - male; 9 - sow; 10 - breeding; 11 - chicken; 12 - skip; 13 - bull; 14 - Gnet.

From top to bottom, the thin trunks of the tree were embedded down in the blind way, conceded with one of the branches of the root. Such trunks with roots were called "hen" (apparently for the similarity of the left root of the chicken paw). These rapids of the roots, directed up, supported the extended log - "stream". It was going to flowing from the roof, water. And on top of the chicken and luggage, wide roof boards resting on the lower edges in the exhausted groove of the flow. Especially carefully overlapped from the rain the upper bog of the boards - "Konk" ("Prince"). Under it was stacked by a thick "skate), and on top of the joint of the boards, as if cap, covered with a loose-in-one with a log -" shell "or" skull ". However, it was more often called "Хлупемной" - what covers.

Than not wing roof wooden In Rus! Then the straw was linked to shens (beams) and put the roof along the roof slide, pressing the jergows; They chose aspen lamps on the plank (duranka) and they, as if scales, shelled the hut in several layers. And in the deep antiquity, even a turden wings, turning it up with roots up and underlying beert.

The most expensive coating was considered "TES" (boards). The word "tes" itself reflects the process of its manufacture. Smooth, without bitch, the log in several places was supervised along, and wedges were clogged in the gap. The split thus broke along a few times along. The irregularities of the received wide boards were fluent in a special ax with a very wide blade.

The roof was covered usually in two layers - "subtest" and "red tes". The bottom layer of Tesa on the roof was also called the command, as it was often covered for the tightness of the "rock" (Best, which was chipped from birch). Sometimes arranged a roof with a break. Then the lower, more common part was called "a police" (from the old word "gender" - half).

All the frontoth of the hut was important called "man" and abundantly decorated with magic facing threads.

The outer ends of the undercase slightly closed from the rain with long boards - "whites". And the upper joint of the breeding was covered with a patterned hanging board - "Towel".

The roof is the most important part of the wooden building. "There would be a roof above the head," they say so far. Therefore, it became with the time the symbol of any home and even the economic structure of his "top".

"Riding" in antiquity called any completion. These tops, depending on the richness of the construction, could be the most diverse. The most simple was the "tartal" top - simple gable roof on the crate. The intricate was "Cousing Top", resembling a massive four-piano bulb. Such a ride decorated with termes. A rather difficult in the work was "barrel" - a double coating with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp comb. But they also did the "chricchaty barrel" - two intersecting simple barrels.

The ceiling was not always suitable. With the furnace of the furnaces "in black" it is not needed - smoke will only accumulate under it. Therefore, in the residential premises it was done only when the «in white" shade (through the pipe in the furnace). At the same time, the ceiling boards laid on thick beams - "Matitsa".

RUSSIAN IBA was either a "quadper" (simple crate), or a "five-line" (cage, bombarded inside with a wall - "Oversea"). During the construction of hips to the main volume of the cage, the utility premises ("Porch", "Seni", "Dvor", "Bridge" between Iply and the yard, etc.) were attached. In Russian lands, not spoiled by heat, the whole complex of buildings tried to collect together, press each other.

There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. A single large two-storey house into several related families under one roof was called "Wallet". If the shopping premises were attached to the side and the whole house acquired the appearance of the letter "g", then he was called "verb". If the economic extensions were adjusted from the end of the main log cabin and the whole complex was pulled out in the line, they said that it was a "timber".

The house was led by the "porch", which was often suitable for "lists" ("issues") - the ends of the long logs released from the wall. Such a porch was called "hanging."

Behind the porch usually followed the "Songs" (Sen - Shadow, Shaded Place). They were satisfied for the door to open right outside, and the heat in winter did not come out of the hut. The front of the building together with the porch and hay was called in antiquity "shoot".

If the hut was a two-storey, then the second floor was called "vicious" in the economic buildings and the "hill" in the residential premises.
On the second floor, especially in economic buildings, the "import" was often led - inclined log darling. It could climb a horse with a cart, loaded with hay. If the porch led to the second floor immediately, the playground itself is the porch (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor) was called "Runduk".

Consists and Carpenters in Russia have always been a lot, and for them did not make a lot of work to cut the most complicated floral ornament or reproduce the scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cocks, skates.

TEREM.

(from the Greek. Shelter, dwelling) Upper residential tier of ancient Russian chorus or chambers, built over the hill, or separately worth the high residential building on a block. The epithet "high" has always been applied to the Terem.
Russian Terem is a special, unique phenomenon of centuries-old folk culture.

In folklore and literature, the word Terem often indicated a rich house. In the eponym and fairy tales, Russian beauties lived in high tales.

In the terme, the Svetlitsa light room with several windows, where women were engaged in needlework.

In Starin, Terem, towering over the house, was accepted richly decorating. The roof is sometimes covered with real gilding. Hence the name of the Zlatomerkhiy Terem.

Around the termes were satisfied with gulbii - parapets and balconies, fenced with railings or lattices.

Palace Term Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomensky.

The original wooden palace, was built in 1667-1672 and hit his magnificence. Unfortunately, 100 years after the start of its construction, due to the wind, the palace was disassembled, and only thanks to the command of Empress Catherine II before his disassembly, all measurements, sketches were preliminarily made, and a wooden mock of terme was made, on which it became possible to restore it in our days. .

In the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the palace was not only a place of recreation, but also the main suburban residence of the Russian sovereign. Meetings of the Boyarskaya Duma were held, tips with the heads of orders (protrases of ministries), diplomatic techniques and military vessels. The forest for the construction of a new terme was brought from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, then processed by masters under Vladimir, and then he was already delivered to Moscow.

Izmailovsky Tsarsky Terem.
Implemented in a classic high-Russian style and imagined architectural solutions and all the most beautiful of that era. Now is a beautiful historical symbol of architecture.

Izmailovsky Kremlin appeared quite recently (construction was completed in 2007), but immediately became a prominent attraction of the capital.

The Architectural Ensemble of the Izmailovsky Kremlin was created according to the drawings and engravings of the royal residence of the XVI - XVII centuries, which was in Izmailovo.