Novosibirsk is the third in Russia
There are many settlements - cities, towns and villages in the Russian Trans-Urals, and the most Big city Is the capital of Siberia. Novosibirsk ranks third in Russia in terms of population after Moscow and St. Petersburg. As of 2009, 1.397 million people are registered in Novosibirsk. April 30, 1893 is considered to be the birthday of the city, but, despite its youth, it is impossible to talk about Novosibirsk without using the word "most". First, the city is located on the banks of the longest river in Russia - the Ob. The length of the Ob with its main tributary Irtysh is 5,410 km.
Secondly, the city has the largest opera and ballet theater in Russia in terms of occupied area, which is the hallmark of Novosibirsk. The theater building is an example of modernist architecture of the late 1920s. During the construction of the theater, many unique design solutions were used, for example, the structure of the dome of the theater. The dome was designed by B.F Mother and P.L. Pasternak, the diameter of the dome is 60 meters and the thickness is only 8 centimeters - this is the largest dome of this design in the world.
Theater, Trans-Siberian Railway
In May 1931, the foundation stone of the building was made. And already on August 1, 1941, the official opening of the theater was planned. But the war made its own adjustments, and the opening of the theater took place on May 12, 1945. During the war, evacuated exhibits from museums in Moscow and Leningrad were kept in the building of the future theater.
The beginning of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891) gave impetus to the development of the city's industry. Before the October Revolution of 1917, Novosibirsk (until 1925 - Novonikolaevsk) was the commercial and industrial center of Western Siberia. The leading industry in those years was the milling industry.
Plants of Novosibirsk
The largest plant "Trud", founded in 1904, produced spare parts for the mechanisms of mills, oil factories and agricultural machinery. Before the 1941-1945 war, many industrial enterprises were being built in Novosibirsk, among them a tin factory, Sibcombine, and a boring machine plant. In 1936, an aircraft manufacturing plant was opened, which in 1939 was named after Valery Pavlovich Chkalov.
The second powerful impetus to the development of industry was given by the Great Patriotic War... Many enterprises from Leningrad and other cities of the USSR were evacuated to the largest city in Siberia, due to this, the production of products for the front increased 8 times: only Yak fighters for the front were produced up to 33 aircraft per day.
Modern Novosibirsk
In modern Novosibirsk, there are 214 enterprises that produce 2/3 of the volume of all products of the Novosibirsk region. The leading industries of the city include mechanical engineering, metallurgy, energy, chemical, light and food industry... In 1985, the first metro stations were opened in Novosibirsk. This is the very first metro beyond the Urals with the world's longest covered metro bridge.
The city grew and developed rapidly, in just a few decades a small town with a population of 100 thousand people became a millionaire city. Only Chicago can boast of such growth rates. The center of the Russian Empire was located in Novosibirsk (Novonikolaevsk). In this place, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs' house, a chapel was built in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, designed by the famous architect A.D. Kryachkov.
The chapel is a symbol of Novosibirsk
The project of the chapel was made in the style of the Novgorod-Pskov architecture of the XII-XIV centuries. In 1933, by order of the City Council, "taking into account the wishes of the working masses and taking into account the improvement of the city", the chapel was destroyed. By the 100th anniversary of the city, in 1993 the Nikolskaya chapel was re-erected. The project of the new chapel was carried out by the architect P.A. Chernobrovtsev.
Novosibirsk also gained world fame thanks to its unique zoo, which occupies one of the leading places in the world for the preservation of rare animal species.
The largest city in Siberia continues to actively grow and develop. Much attention is paid not only to the construction of new modern buildings, but also to the preservation of the historical architectural heritage.
Andrey Koshelev, Samogo.Net
Siberia population
The population of Siberia is about 24 million people. The largest cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk 1 million 390 thousand, Omsk 1 million 131 thousand, Krasnoyarsk 936.4 thousand, Barnaul 597 thousand, Irkutsk 575.8 thousand, Novokuznetsk 562 thousand, Tyumen 538 thousand. Ethnically, the bulk of the population is Russians, but many other ethnic groups and nationalities live in this territory, such as the Buryats, Dolgans, Nenets, Komi, Khakasy, Chukchi, Evenki, Yakuts, etc.
The peoples of Siberia differed greatly in language, economic structure and social development.
Yukaghirs, Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Nivkhs, as well as Asian Eskimos were on the most early stage social organization... Their development proceeded in the direction of patriarchal-clan orders, and some features were already present (patriarchal family, slavery), however, elements of matriarchy were still preserved: there was no division into clans and clan exogamy.
Most of the peoples of Siberia were at various stages of the patriarchal-clan system.
These are the Evenks, Kuznetsk and Chulym Tatars, Kott, Kachin and other tribes of southern Siberia. Remnants of patriarchal-clan relations have been preserved among many tribes that have embarked on the path of class formation. These are the Yakuts, the ancestors of the Buryats, Daurs, Duchers, Khanty-Mansi tribes.
Only the Siberian Tatars, defeated by Ermak, had their own statehood.
Population of Eastern Siberia
The total urban population is 71.5%. The most urbanized are the Irkutsk region. and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The rural population predominates in autonomous regions: in the Buryat Ust-Orda district there is no urban population at all, in the Buryat Aginsky district it is only 32%, and in the Evenk district - 29%.
The current migration growth of the population of the VSER is negative (-2.5 pers.
per 1000 inhabitants), which leads to the depopulation of the region's population. Moreover, negative migration from the Taimyr and Evenki Autonomous Okrug is an order of magnitude higher than the average and creates the prospect of complete depopulation of these regions.
The population density in the region is extremely low, four times lower than the average for Russia.
In the Evenk region, it is three people per 100 km2 - a record low in the country. And only in the south - in the forest-steppe Khakassia, the population density is close to the national average.
The economically active population of Eastern Siberia was 50%, which is close to the national average.
The industry employed about 23% of the working population, in (in Russia, respectively, 22.4% and 13.3%). The overall unemployment rate is very high (in the Republics of Buryatia and Tyva, as well as in the Chita region.
The unemployment rate in the VSED is quite high, but its composition is high specific gravity hidden unemployment.
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia was formed as a result of centuries-old mixing of the indigenous Turkic-Mongolian and Russian Slavic population with the participation of small small peoples of Siberia, including those living in the taiga regions and in the Far North.
The peoples of the Turkic group live in the upper reaches of the Yenisei - Tuvans, Khakass.
In the mountains and steppes of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia, representatives of the Mongolian group live - the Buryats, in the taiga regions of the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the Evenks belonging to the Tungus-Manzhur language group. On the Taimyr Peninsula live the Nenets, Nganasans and t brisk-speaking Dolgans (akin to the Yakuts).
In the lower reaches of the Yenisei, there is a small people of the Keta, who have an isolated language that is not part of any of the groups. All these peoples, with the exception of the extremely small Kets and Nganasans, have their own national-territorial formations - republics or districts.
Most of the population of Eastern Siberia adheres to the Orthodox faith, with the exception of the Buryats and Tuvans, who are Buddhists (Lamaists). The small peoples of the North and the Evenks retain traditional pagan beliefs.
Population of the West Siberian region
The total urban population is 71%.
The most urbanized are the Kemerovo region, where the number of urban residents reaches 87%, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 91%.
At the same time, in the Altai Republic, 75% of the population are rural residents.
The area differs in population density. Very high population density in the Kemerovo region. - about 32 people / km2.
The minimum density in the polar Yamal-Nenets Okrug is 0.7 people / km2.
The economically active population of Western Siberia was 50%, which was slightly higher than the national average. Industry employed about 21% of the working population, and agriculture - about 13.2%.
The level of general unemployment in Western Siberia was below the national average only in the Tyumen region.
In other regions, it exceeded the national average. In terms of registered unemployment, all regions, except for the Novosibirsk region, were in the worst position relative to the national average (1.4%). Most of the registered unemployed are in the Tomsk region - 2.1% of the economically active population. In the oil Khanty-Mansiysk district, their number is 1.5 times higher than the average in Russia.
The ethnic composition of the population of Western Siberia is represented by Slavic (mainly Russians), Ugric and Samoyed (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets) and Turkic (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altai, Shors) peoples.
The Russian population is numerically predominant in all regions of the Western Economic Area. The Nenets, who are part of the Samoyedic language group of the Uralic family, live mainly in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and are its indigenous people. Khanty and Mansi, belonging to the Ugric group of the Ural family, live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Turkic peoples - Kazakhs and Tatars live in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and the Altai and Shors - in the mountainous regions of Altai and Gornaya Shoria in the Kemerovo region.
The Russian population of Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, believing Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, Altai and Shors are partly Orthodox, some adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.
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The indigenous population of Siberia. Population of Western and Eastern Siberia
Siberia occupies a vast geographic area of Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to the Russian Federation. Despite the huge area, settlements there are comparatively few in Siberia.
Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.
Description of Siberia
The entire territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. In rare cases, theologians also define the Southern region, which is the Altai highlands.
Siberia's area is about 12.6 million square meters. km. This is approximately 73.5% of the total territory of the Russian Federation. Interestingly, Siberia is larger in area than Canada itself.
Of the main natural zones, in addition to the Eastern and Western regions, the Baikal region and the Altai mountains are distinguished.
The largest rivers are the Yenisei, Irtysh, Angara, Ob, Amur and Lena. The most significant lake areas are Taimyr, Baikal and Ubsu-Nur.
From an economic point of view, the centers of the region can be called such cities as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc. 
The most high point Mount Belukha is considered Siberia - over 4.5 thousand meters.
Population history
Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region.
This people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate, reindeer herding was the only occupation. They ate mainly fish from the adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Hunting was their favorite business. The Mansi traded in furs, which were highly prized by Western merchants.
Turks are another significant population of Siberia.
Lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many tribes of the Turks were nomadic. Buryats lived a little to the west of the Ob mouth. They became famous for the extraction and processing of iron.
The most numerous ancient population of Siberia was represented by the Tungus tribes. They settled on the territory from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They earned their living by reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing.
The more prosperous were engaged in handicrafts. 
There were thousands of Eskimos on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. These tribes for a long time was the slowest cultural and social development... Their only tools are a stone ax and a spear. They were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering.
In the 17th century, there was a sharp leap in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.
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Native people
The population of Siberia today is made up of dozens of peoples.
Each of them, according to the Russian Constitution, has its own right to national identification.
Many nations Northern region even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the ensuing branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the lightning-fast development of the region's culture and economy, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.
The indigenous population of Siberia is mostly Yakuts. Their number varies within 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk, the capital of Yakutia.
The next most populous people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude. Lake Baikal is considered the main asset of the republic. It is interesting that this particular region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers of Russia.
Tuvans are the population of Siberia, which according to the latest census numbers about 264 thousand people.
Shamans are still revered in the Republic of Tuva.
The population of such peoples as the Altai and the Khakass is almost equally divided: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous people of the districts are adherents of Buddhism. 
The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live on the Kola Peninsula. Throughout their history, the Nenets were famous nomads.
Today their priority income is reindeer husbandry.
Also on the territory of Siberia there are such peoples as the Evenks, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.
Population
The dynamics of the demographic component of the region fluctuates significantly every few years.
This is due to the massive migration of young people to the southern cities of Russia and sharp surges in the birth and death rates. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and the specific conditions for life in the villages.
According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of the total number of people living in Russia.
The population is distributed evenly across the regions. In the northern part of Siberia, large settlements are absent due to bad conditions for life. On average, one person here accounts for 0.5 square meters. km of land.
The most densely populated cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk - 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants, respectively. Further on this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.
Peoples of Western Siberia
Cities account for about 71% of the total population of the region.
Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. Nevertheless, the Altai Republic is considered the agricultural center of the Western Region.
It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in terms of population density - 32 people / sq. km. 
The population of Western Siberia is 50% able-bodied residents. Most of the employment is in industry and agriculture.
The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk.
Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, and Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox Christians, Muslims and Buddhists.
Population of Eastern Siberia
The share of urban residents varies within 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.
From point of view Agriculture the most important point in the region is the Buryat Okrug. 
Every year the population of Eastern Siberia is getting smaller. V Lately there is a sharp negative dynamics of migration and fertility.
Also here is the most low density population in the country. In some areas, it is 33 square meters. km per person. The unemployment rate is high.
V ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population is Orthodox and Buddhists.
Between the Ural Mountains in the west and the channel of the Yenisei in the east, there is a vast territory called Western Siberia... We will consider the list of cities in this region below. The area occupied by the region is 15% of the entire territory of Russia. The population is 14.6 million people, as of 2010, which is 10% of the total population in the Russian Federation. It has a continental climate with harsh winters and warm summers. On the territory of Western Siberia there are tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones.
Novosibirsk
This city was founded in 1893. It is considered the largest city in Western Siberia and ranks third in number in Russia. It is often called the Siberian capital. The population of Novosibirsk is 1.6 million people (as of 2017). The city is located on both banks of the Ob River.
Novosibirsk is also a major transport hub in Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway... There are many scientific buildings, libraries, universities and research institutes in the city. This suggests that it is one of the cultural and scientific centers of the country.
Omsk
This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1716. From 1918 to 1920, the city was the capital of White Russia, a state under Kolchak that did not last long. It is located on the left bank of the Om River, at its confluence with the Irtysh River. Omsk is considered a major transport hub, as well as a scientific and cultural center of Western Siberia. There are many cultural attractions that make the city interesting for tourists.
Tyumen
This oldest city in Western Siberia. Tyumen was founded in 1586 and is located 2000 kilometers from Moscow. It is the regional center of two districts: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets and together with them constitutes the largest region in the Russian Federation. Tyumen is the energy center of Russia. The population of the city is 744 thousand people, as of 2017.
Large production facilities for the extraction of oil products are concentrated in the Tyumen Region, therefore it can rightfully be called the oil and gas capital of Russia. Companies such as Lukoil, Gazprom, TNK and Schlumberger are based here. Oil and gas production in Tyumen accounts for 2/3 of all oil and gas production in the Russian Federation. Mechanical engineering is also developed here. A large number of factories are concentrated in the central part of the city.
The city has a lot of parks and squares, greenery and trees, many beautiful squares with fountains. Tyumen is famous for its magnificent embankment on the Tura River; it is the only four-level embankment in Russia. There is also the largest drama theater, an international airport and a major railway junction.
Barnaul
This city in Western Siberia is the administrative center of the Altai Territory. Located 3400 kilometers from Moscow, in the place where the Barnaulka River flows into the Ob. It is a large industrial and transport center. The population in 2017 was 633 thousand people.
Many unique sights can be seen in Barnaul. This city has a lot of greenery, parks and, in general, it is very clean. Altai nature is especially pleasant for tourists, mountain landscapes, forests and a large number of rivers.
The city has many theaters, libraries and museums, making it the educational and cultural center of Siberia.
Novokuznetsk
Another city in Western Siberia, belonging to the Kemerovo region. It was founded in 1618 and was originally a fortress, at that time it was called Kuznetsk. The modern city appeared in 1931, at that moment the construction of a metallurgical plant began, and a small settlement was given the status of a city and a new name. Novokuznetsk is located on the banks of the Tom River. The population in 2017 was 550 thousand people.
This city is considered an industrial center; on its territory there are many metallurgical and coal mining plants and enterprises.
Novokuznetsk has many cultural attractions that can interest tourists.
Tomsk
The city was founded in 1604 in the eastern part of Siberia, on the coast of the Tom River. In 2017, the population was 573 thousand people. It is considered the scientific and educational center of the Siberian region. Machine building and metalworking are well developed in Tomsk.
For tourists and historians, the city is interesting for monuments of wooden and stone architecture of the 18th-20th centuries.
Kemerovo
This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1918 on the site of two villages. Until 1932 it was called Scheglovsk. The population of Kemerovo in 2017 was 256 thousand people. The city is located on the banks of the Tom and Iskitimka rivers. It is the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.
Coal mining enterprises operate on the territory of Kemerovo. The chemical, food and light industries are also developed here. The city is of great economic, cultural, transport and industrial importance in Siberia.
Mound
This city was founded in 1679. The population in 2017 was 322 thousand people. People call Kurgan "Siberian gates". It is located on the left side of the Tobol River.
Kurgan is an important economic, cultural and scientific center... There are many factories and enterprises on its territory.
The city is famous for the production of its buses, BMP-3 and Kurganets-25 infantry fighting vehicles, as well as for its medical achievements.
For tourists, Kurgan is interesting for its cultural sights and monuments.
Surgut
This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1594 and is considered one of the first Siberian cities. In 2017, the population was 350 thousand people. It is a large river port in the Siberian region. Surgut is considered to be an economic and transport center with a well-developed energy and oil industry. The city is home to two of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world.
Since Surgut is an industrial city, there are not many attractions here. One of them is the Yugorsky Bridge - the longest in Siberia, it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
Now you know which cities in Western Siberia are considered the largest. Each of them is unique, beautiful and interesting in its own way. Most of them were formed thanks to the development of the coal, oil and gas industries.
Siberia is one of the most mysterious and harsh regions of the Russian Federation. Here is the famous Lake Baikal, the total area of which is equal to the area of the Netherlands. On its territory is the Vasyugan swamp - the largest in the world. Siberia's area is about 9.8 million sq. km, which is more than half of the entire territory of Russia. Located in the northeastern part of Eurasia. What regions is its vast territory divided into?
Regions of Siberia: list
Siberia includes the following territories. First, these are the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia. Secondly, Zabaikalsky, Kamchatsky, Krasnoyarsky, Primorsky, Khabarovsky. And also the official division of Siberia includes the regions: Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen.
Territory of Western Siberia
Regions of Western Siberia also occupy a vast territory. The list will include the following territories: Altai Territory, Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, part of Khakassia, as well as the Kurgan region. Altai is one of the most ancient territories inhabited by people about 1.5 million years ago. Its length from west to east is about 600 km. The largest rivers flow here not only in Russia, but throughout the world. These are Ob, Biya, Katun, Charysh. For example, the area of the Ob basin is about 70% of the entire Altai Territory.
Regions of Siberia: eastern part
The territory of Eastern Siberia includes the lands of Buryatia, Zabaikalsky, Irkutsk Oblast, as well as Tyva, Khakassia, Yakutia. The development of this area dates back to the 18th century. Then, by order of Emperor Peter I, a prison was built on the territory of modern Khakassia. This time, namely 1707, is considered the date of the annexation of the Republic of Khakassia to the territory of Russia. The locals the Russians found in Siberia were shamans. They believed that the Universe was inhabited by special spirits - masters.
The Republic of Buryatia with its capital in the city of Ulan-Ude is considered one of the most picturesque regions of Siberia. Huge mountain ranges are located here - mountains occupy an area four times the flat area. A significant part of the Buryat border runs along the water area of Lake Baikal.
The Republic of Sakha is ahead of all regions of Siberia and the Far East in size. Moreover, Yakutia is the largest region in Russia. More than 40 percent of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Taiga occupies about 80% of the territory of Yakutia.
Omsk and Tomsk regions
The main city of the Omsk region is Omsk. Geographically, this area is a flat territory with a continental climate. There are taiga forests, forest-steppe and steppe. The forest occupies about 24% of the entire territory of the region. The territory with the center in the city of Tomsk is one of the most inaccessible. After all, most of it is represented by taiga forests. There is a large number of deposits of valuable natural resources: oil, gas, metals and peat.
Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions
The Tyumen region is located on a flat territory. In terms of its area among the administrative subjects of Russia, it is located in third place, in the Arctic, tundra and forest-tundra regions. The main oil and gas reserves of Russia lie here. The Novosibirsk region is famous for its rivers. On its territory there are about 350 rivers, and the main water artery, the Ob, also flows. There are also more than 3 thousand lakes here. areas - continental. It was first inhabited by representatives of the Mongoloid tribes in the 7-6 centuries. BC e.
Transbaikalia
The regions of Siberia are striking in their beauty and therefore are always attractive to tourists. One of these territories is the Trans-Baikal Territory. It is located in the eastern and southeastern territory of Lake Baikal. Its center is the city of Chita. There are very long and harsh winters here, and the warm season, on the contrary, is fleeting.
Far East and Western Siberia
On the Far East most of the Russian rivers are located, the mouths of which flow into the Pacific Ocean. Only about 5% of the Russian population lives here. Sometimes the Transbaikalia region is also referred to this territory. Since the regions of Siberia are known for their vastness, disputes often arise over the division of its lands.
Western Siberia is located on a vast West Siberian Plain... Its area is about 2.6 million square meters. km. Its territory also contains a large number of natural resources- mineral. There are about 2 thousand river arteries here.
“Siberia ... Distant and at the same time close. If you get by train - it's far, on foot - and even further. Closer - by plane. And it’s very close - with the soul ”, - wrote the Russian publicist Yegor Isaev. With Mazda6 we were lucky to look into the very heart of Siberia, its former capital - the glorious city of Tobolsk.
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Total route length
- Moscow city
- Tobolsk
Not of this world
Still, it was no coincidence that the ancestors believed that the lot of Russia was "not of this world." Whatever one may say, our primary task was not to arrange our life the way our neighbors in the West did, because Holy Russia hoped for only one thing - a return to the Kingdom of Heaven. All old Russian culture- this is the path to Heaven. The great-grandfathers knew: a man will not build on the earth of paradise, even if you crack. Here are our cities, our cities - solid metaphysics. Perhaps, perhaps the most "non-worldly" of all Russian cities - Tobolsk. Nowhere were legends and prophecies embodied in reality as it happened in the history of the Tobolsk land. No other provincial city has tied so many fates of glorious and famous personalities, as connected by the old capital of Siberia - the city of Tobolsk. Under what circumstances! But more on that later.
Winter Tobolsk greeted us harshly: with a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with an angry face. And he did not flirt at all with the cheerful Siberian sun.
Winter Tobolsk greeted us harshly: with a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with a gray, angry face. And contrary to expectations, he did not flirt at all with the cheerful Siberian sun. Looking like a gray-haired grumpy old man, from whom he smells of stove and makhorka, Tobolsk seemed to scowl at us, checking for lice: what are you, whose will you be, what have you come with? Then the "old man" will turn red and blur into a good-natured smile, then the sun will come out, and the sedate views of the Irtysh will open, and wide tables will appear, abundantly laid according to the Siberian law. In the meantime, our Mazda6 quietly crept along the snow-covered streets of the ancient city, and we carefully looked at the local decoration, breathing in the amazing history of these places with all our hearts.
"Famous by birth unknown in soul"
The very fact of the emergence of this city and its prehistory give rise to a lot of mysteries that begin the personality of the one who is considered to be the "conqueror of Siberia" - Ermak Timofeevich Alenin. Scientists have not yet come to a unanimous opinion about this character in Russian history, who only had seven names. Few people know that Ermak was also called Ermolai, Herman, Ermil, Vasily, Timofey and Eremey. Who is this husband by origin, different chronicles broadcast in different ways. “Unknown by birth, famous at heart,” says one of them. For the majority, he came from the estates of the industrialists Stroganovs on the Chusovaya River, who then left to "field" on the Volga and Don and became the Cossack chieftain. According to another version, he is a thoroughbred Don Cossack from the Kachalinskaya stanitsa, according to the third, he comes from the Pomors of the Boretskaya volost, according to the fourth, a representative of a noble Turkic family.
In one of the chronicles
the description of the appearance of Ermak Timofeevich is given: "the Velmi is courageous, and human, and transparent, and is pleased with all wisdom, flat-faced, black with brad, middle age (that is, height), and flat, and broad shouldered."
August 15, 1787
the great Russian composer Alexander Alexandrovich Alyabyev was born in a family of nobles in Tobolsk in the family of the vice-governor Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev.
Another question: why did he go to Siberia? For modern historians, three different versions have a right to life, each of which at the same time has its own weaknesses. Whether Ivan the Terrible blessed the Cossacks on the campaign to annex new lands to their possessions, whether the industrialists Stroganovs equipped Ermak to protect their towns from the raids of the Siberian Tatars, whether the ataman voluntarily went on a raid "for zipuns", that is, for the purpose of personal gain - historians argue still. Anyway, according to archival documents The ambassadorial order Khan Kuchum, the master of the Siberian Khanate, had an army of about ten thousand. How Ermak, with a detachment numbering, according to various sources, from 540 to 1636 people, could conquer Siberia remains a mystery. Although the Remezov Chronicle mentions the figure "5000", but here we are talking about the size of the reserves taken by the squad ("for the opening of 5000 people") and only indicates that these reserves were very large.
Angel palm
Let's return to the city from which Russian Siberia began. Its future capital emerged in 1587, in a picturesque place on the banks of the Irtysh, seventeen kilometers from the former capital of the khanate, where the significant battle of Ermak took place on the Chuvash Cape. According to legend, Tobolsk is blessed with the Holy Trinity, therefore it was founded on this holiday. The first city building was the Trinity Church, and the cape was named Trinity. Subsequently, this part of the city, located on the mountain, began to be called the Upper Posad, and the one below - the Lower. The lower town has remained practically unchanged since pre-revolutionary times. The only touch is that the domes of churches and bell towers have thinned out, and the buildings have not changed much. To be convinced of this, it is enough to look at the old photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky.
Although, by default, Tobolsk was considered the capital of Siberia already with late XVI century, this title was officially confirmed by the Peter's reform of 1708, when Tobolsk became the administrative center of the largest Siberian province in Russia, which included the territory from Vyatka to Russian America. Until the 18th century in geographical maps Tobolsk is sometimes referred to as "the city of Siberia".
“The Siberian city of Tobolesk is like an angel! His right hand is a ward discharge. On the hand is the possessor of the lower posad, the left hand is the cathedral church and the wall of the stone pillar, the right side is the yar to the Irtysh, the left is the ridge and the Kurdyumka river, the right wing is the Tobol to the steppe, the left is the Irtysh. This angel is the bearer of all Siberia and a hefty decoration, and peace and silence with foreigners. " These words belong to the boyar son, a native of Tobolsk, writer, historian, architect, builder, cartographer, icon painter Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov. It was he who designed and built the first stone Kremlin on Siberian soil. According to one of the versions, when he was dying, Remezov bequeathed to crush his bones into powder, which was to be used as a building material for the restoration of the Tobolsk Kremlin. Such is the "love for the native ashes."
The "Silver Age" of Tobolsk began in the first half of the 17th century - in 1621 the city became the center of the newly formed Siberian Diocese. The construction of a vast bishop's courtyard and a wooden St. Sophia Cathedral began. With the growing importance of Tobolsk as the most important administrative, spiritual and cultural center of Siberia, the role of the Tobolsk Kremlin grew as a symbol of the greatness of the Russian state, which covered all new lands. Maybe I experienced the notorious tourist complex, but, it should be noted, being on the Troitsky Cape in the historical part of the Upper City, looking at the endless Siberian landscapes, you experience an unforgettable experience: the memory of the former heyday of this city and legendary ancestors, the whole history of the fatherland, and time itself seemed to be frozen in these harsh places.
One of the legends speaks of the special grace given to the city by God. In the fall of 1620, on the way to Tobolsk - the first diocese in Siberia - an angel of God appeared in a dream to the newly appointed Archbishop of Tobolsk, Reverend Cyprian. He covered the lower city with his luminous palm and ordered to build churches in the Lower Posad so that they would repeat it. The angel promised that in this case the grace of God will descend on the city and special people will be born here - “Kissed by God”. And so it happened. One after another, they were built in Tobolsk according to the footprint of the palm of the church angel: “And they flashed like the sparks of God on the tips of the fingers of the sacred palm.
Russian exile began from Tobolsk. The first Tobolsk exiled is the Uglich bell.
We did not manage to build a church only on the symbolic fifth finger. But the higher will turned out to be stronger, and another branch of Christianity finished and fulfilled the prophetic dream of Cyprian. Only according to the Highest Conduct, a Catholic church was built on the fifth finger, which completed the drawing of "Angel's Palms" in Nizhny Tobolsk. "
Indeed, Tobolsk gave the world a large number of famous people for such a comparatively small town... Here are just a few of them: artist Vasily Perov, composer Alexander Alyabyev, philosopher Gabriel Batenkov, scientist Dmitry Mendeleev, Elder Grigory Rasputin, founder of the Geneva School of Linguistics, linguist Sergei Kartsevsky, inventor of television, scientist Boris Grabovsky, chief architect of the Ostankino tower and the Luzhniki stadium Nikolai Nikitin, actress Lydia Smirnova, actor Alexander Abdulov.
The birthplace of Alexander Abdulov is Tobolsk, not Fergana, as many publications about the life of the actor say. Alexander's father, Gabriel Danilovich, served as director and chief director at the Tobolsk Drama Theater.
The wooden house where the Abdulov family lived is still preserved in the submontane part of the city. Gavriil Abdulov worked in Tobolsk from 1952 to 1956. And here in 1955 he was awarded the honorary title "Honored Artist of the RSFSR".
A native of Tobolsk
the great scientist-encyclopedist Dmitry Mendeleev is known as a chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, aeronaut, instrument-maker.
During his exile
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky met in Tobolsk with the wives of the Decembrists, one of whom presented the writer with the old Gospel, which he kept all his life. In the final scene of "Crime and Punishment" (a conversation between the exiled Raskolnikov and Marmeladova), the outskirts of Tobolsk are recognized.
was born in the village of Pokrovskoe, Tobolsk district, in the family of a coachman Yefim Vilkin and Anna Parshukova. In the 1900s, among certain circles of St. Petersburg society he had a reputation as an "elder", a seer and a healer.
Historically, it was Tobolsk that became the first “exiled” city in the Russian Empire. And the first to get into exile was ... the Uglich bell, which sounded the alarm during the city uprising after the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible and the only legitimate heir of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Following the bell, the Archpriest Avvakum, and the Decembrists (together with their wives), and Dostoevsky, and Korolenko, and the last Emperor Nicholas II, and tens of thousands of other exiles and convicts of the Russian Empire visited here.
Tobolsk suffered the fate of many Siberian pioneer cities. The gradual decline of the city is mainly associated with the transfer of the Siberian tract, when the nature of the development of Siberia changed and there was a shift in population and economic life to the south, to the forest-steppe. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through neighboring Tyumen, and from the second half of the XIX century Tobolsk began to lose its former influence ...
Nowadays a little more than one hundred thousand inhabitants live in Tobolsk. The city comes to life and even promises to grow again. In addition to the fact that the city-forming petrochemical plant "Tobolsk-Neftekhim" operates here, not far from the city large enterprise for the production of polypropylene "Tobolsk-Polymer". The old capital of Siberia risks becoming not only a tourist Mecca, but also a large industrial center. The history of Siberia continues, miracles are yet to come ...
Lanterns in Tobolsk are a separate topic. Walking along the streets of the city, it sometimes seems that there are as many of them here as there are stars in the sky. The thing is that in the city there is an enterprise for the production of lamps "Ugor", known far beyond the borders of Tobolsk and the Tyumen region. Ugra light is familiar to many cities of Russia. Siberian lanterns illuminate not only Tobolsk, but also the Moscow Kremlin and Sochi beaches ...
Our shooter has ripened everywhere
In 1582 Yermak won the main battle on the Chuvash cape on the Irtysh, defeated Kuchum and occupied the capital of the khanate - the city of Siber. Hence the familiar name of our great expanses between the Urals and By the Pacific Ocean... True, after two years of ownership, the Cossacks again ceded their conquests back to Kuchum, but a year later they returned forever. And fifty years after the death of Yermak, the centurion Peter Beketov, on the banks of the Lena, was founded the Yakutsk prison - the future city of Yakutsk. Four years later, another ataman, Ivan Moskvitin, was the first of the Europeans to reach the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov laid a winter hut here, which later grew into the first Russian port - the city of Okhotsk. Through severe frosts, thousands of kilometers of impassable taiga and swamps - in just half a century. Colonization North America Europeans went on for four hundred years - from the 16th to the 19th century. And even in this the Russians helped them. Alaska, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Islands were explored and mapped in the middle of the 18th century thanks to the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov. Know ours!
Last link
On August 6, 1917, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, Tobolsk met bell ringing the steamer on which the last arrived in exile Russian emperor Nicholas II and his family. The exiled royal persons were settled in the governor's house, located near the pier. The family occupied the second floor of the building, with a dining room and rooms for servants on the first floor. In April 1918, by order of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Romanovs were transported to Yekaterinburg, and Tobolsk went down in history as "the city that did not kill the tsar." At present, the city administration is located in this house, which promises to soon release the historical monument to organize a museum of the royal family here.
Siberian "Mazdovod"
Mazda6 has become the main guide to the Siberian land, to which I would like to put a separate bow to the ground in gratitude for the impeccable work in the harsh Siberian winter. In addition, the "six" periodically hypnotized the local residents, deservedly captivating the enthusiastic glances of the local "Mazdovodov", of which there were quite a few in the Siberian expanses. One Tobolsk youth on the previous Mazda model could not bear it and, having caught up with us at the traffic light, literally showered us with persistent questions about the new car. Eyes burned, curiosity ate up, and the conversation dragged on, I had to turn on the emergency gang. Of course, we could not yield the coveted steering wheel to him, therefore it was not easy to part with him ...
Siberia. It is a historical and geographical area within the Asian part of Russia, which was inhabited in the Stone Age. In natural terms, Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia... Vostochnaya occupies the territory from the Yenisei to the ridges of the Pacific watershed. The climate is mostly severe, sharply continental.
Regions of Siberia
Siberian customs
The customs and traditions of the local population are rooted in cultural heritage ancient peoples inhabiting the territory of the modern Baikal region in the past. Some of the customs are echoes of ancient shamanic and Buddhist rites. Among them is the developed cult of obo, the cult of the mountains, the worship of the Eternal Blue Sky (Huhe Munhe tengri). It is imperative to stop near both and respectfully present gifts to the spirits. If you don’t stop at the oo and don’t make the sacrifice, there will be no luck. According to the Buryat belief, each mountain and valley has its own spirit.
The Buryats have a custom of “splashing” the spirits of the area. As a rule, before drinking alcohol, a little bit is dripped onto the table from a glass or with one finger, usually the ring finger, lightly touches the alcohol and sprinkles to the side upwards. Accept the fact that in the most unexpected places during the trip you will have to stop and "splash" alcohol.
There are certain rules when visiting Buryat yurts. When entering a Buryat yurt, one must not step on the threshold of the yurt, this is considered impolite. Weapons and luggage, as a sign of their good intentions, must be left outside. You cannot enter the yurt with any load. The northern half of the yurt is considered more honorable; guests are welcome here. You can’t sit down arbitrarily without an invitation on the northern honorable side. The eastern half of the yurt (as a rule, to the right of the door, the entrance of the yurt always faces south) is considered female, the left half is male. This division continues to this day.
The custom of hospitality. Bringing tea to the guest, the hostess hands the bowl with both hands as a sign of respect. The guest should also accept it with both hands - this shows respect for the house.
At thailagans or shamanic rituals, one should not strive to touch shamanic clothes, a tambourine, and even more so to put on something from shamanic attributes on oneself in order to be photographed. It is believed that some items, especially those related to magic, carry a certain amount of power. It is strictly prohibited common man for the sake of entertainment, say aloud shamanic prayers (durdalga).
Siberian cuisine. A special local highlight is the lightly salted Baikal omul, Siberian dumplings and Siberian meat are also widely known.