All-Russian Princely Congress. The significance of the congress of princes in Lyubech (1097)

History knows many examples of how good and reasonable solutions, capable of directing the development of the state along a path favorable to it, remain only empty declarations, due to their malicious non-fulfillment. One such episode of past centuries is the Lyubech Congress of Princes, held in 1097.

The fatal mistake of the wise prince

Feeling the approach of death in 1054, the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise made a decision that had long been cherished by him - to divide the territory of the huge state under his control into several principalities, putting his children at the head of each of them.

Despite all his previous merits that gave him the right to be called Wise, this decision of his cannot be called far-sighted, since it was it that marked the beginning of the feudal fragmentation of Rus' and many subsequent troubles.

To eliminate possible discontent among the heirs, Yaroslav, guided by the age principle, gave Kyiv into the possession of his eldest son Izyaslav, and the other five, in descending order of age, other lands - from Chernigov, received by Svyatoslav, to Vladimir-Volynsk, which became Igor’s patrimony. In general, I wanted to do what was best for the elderly prince, but it turned out...

The beginning of princely feuds

Immediately after his death, discord began between the heirs, which turned into open hostility, often leading to bloodshed. Didn't stay away from her simple people, who bore the main burdens of the princely civil strife. It was their lot that suffered the most suffering and grief. The disastrous situation was aggravated by the constant raids of the Polovtsians, who took advantage of the weakening of the state and did not encounter organized resistance from the appanage princes.

In the current situation it was necessary to take Urgent measures, for discussion of which Vladimir Monomakh, who appeared during the life of Yaroslav the Wise, right hand, invited the brothers to get together and resolve all issues peacefully. The place of the general meeting, which went down in history as the Lyubech Congress of Princes, was chosen to be the city of the same name located on the banks of the Dnieper, near which was the family estate of Vladimir Monomakh.

An attempt to resolve disagreements

To participate in the decision critical issues At that time, in addition to the sons of Yaroslav the Wise and his other relatives, all the most noble princes also gathered in Lyubech. Thus, the Lyubech Congress (1097) became a forum in which the entire political elite of the late 11th century took part.

After lengthy discussions, disputes, oaths and mutual reproaches, a number of decisions were developed that did credit to the meeting participants for their sober approach to the problems discussed. A record of them was preserved in the famous “Tale of Bygone Years” - a chronicle compiled at the beginning of the 12th century by the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra Nestor.

Congress resolutions

The Kiev chronicler, in particular, reports that the Lyubech Congress outlined the boundaries of the possession of each of the Rurikovichs and obliged them to strictly comply with the decision made, without laying claim to other people's possessions. In case of attempts on anyone’s part to encroach on the land property of a neighbor, the culprit will be considered a criminal, and his actions must be suppressed by the forces of the united militia of other princes.

In the event of further raids by nomads, the Lyubech Congress charged each of the assembled Rurikovichs with the responsibility of participating in their joint reflection. This point was especially important, since at that time the vicious practice had been established not only of evading assistance to a neighbor under attack, but also of using the Polovtsians in internecine struggles to weaken possible competitors.

The significance of the Lyubech Congress also lies in the fact that one of the points of its decisions was to legalize hereditary ownership of land passing from father to son. Such a decision, according to its authors, was supposed to put an end to territorial disputes and the struggle for power. Even though this did not happen in full, it became one of the most important legislative acts of the Middle Ages, since large feudal landownership subsequently took shape on its basis.

Distribution of land holdings

In general, the division of the disputed lands at that time came down to the fact that the Mother of Russian cities was Kyiv, and in addition to it, Pinsk and Turov went to the eldest of the princes, Svyatopolk. He was also given the title of Grand Duke. The initiator of the congress, Vladimir Monomakh, received the Pereyaslavl principality, and with it the Suzdal-Rostov land, Beloozero and Smolensk.

Two Svyatoslavovichs - David and Oleg - took possession of Tmutarakan, Ryazan, Murom and Chernigov, and Prince David Igorevich - Lutsk and Vladimir-Volynsky. The youngest of all - Vasilko Rostislavovich - became the master of Cherven, Terebovl and Przemyshl.

The Lyubech Congress ended, as is customary in Rus', with the general kissing of the cross, which was supposed to testify to the readiness of each of those present to sacredly observe decisions made. However, as subsequent events showed, this readiness did not last long, and the vows were forgotten.

The sad result of perjury

The decisions of the Lyubech Congress of Princes contributed to the cessation of civil strife only on the left bank of the Dnieper, but could not prevent the war that soon began over the southwestern territories, some of which went to Vasilko Rostislavovich. David Igorevich, who was present at the congress and kissed the cross with everyone else, turned out to be an insidious aggressor. He not only encroached on other people's possessions, but also, having captured them, blinded their rightful owner, Prince Vasilko.

A bad example, as we know, is contagious, and after a short time the Great Prince of Kiev Svyatopolk stained himself with perjury, attacking Volyn and Przemysl. Soon after this, the entire south-west of Rus' began to burn.

Thus, the decisions taken by the Lyubech Congress in 1097 were for the most part not respected, and the Russian land was again stained with the blood of internecine wars. Without becoming a single monolithic state, it continued to be subject to raids by nomads, and after a century and a half it found itself under the yoke of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

The world is large to satisfy human needs, but too small to satisfy human greed.
Mahatma Gandhi

Rus', torn apart by internecine wars and endless brutal raids by the Polovtsians, needed a truce, at least within the country, in order to get rid of all the contradictions between the princes. It was for this purpose that it was convened Congress of Princes in Lyubech, on the banks of the Dnieper River, in 1907. 6 princes took part in it.

Lyubechsky Congress of Princes - goal

The ideological inspirer of this congress was Vladimir Monomakh. He gave a speech to his brothers, calling on them to forget their enmity, reconcile and together rid Rus' of their common enemy - the Polovtsians. The Lyubech Congress of Princes was successful and they managed to agree on the most important thing: everyone should rule only in their own lands. The spheres of influence were determined, who would govern which cities. An example was set for everyone by Vladimir Monomakh himself, who voluntarily gave the city of Chernigov to Oleg Svyatoslavich, a city that he himself ruled, but which in ancient times belonged to Oleg’s parents. The rest was decided as follows:

The congress of princes in Lyubech transferred Kyiv to Svyatopolk, and with it the title of the Grand Duke.
Vladimir Monomakh became the ruler of Smolensk. Beloozersk, Pereyaslyavl and Suzdal-Rostov lands.
Oleg and Davit Svyatoslavich general decision received Chernigov, Murom, Razan and Tmutarakan as their inheritance.
David Igorevich secured his right to rule Vladimir-Volynsky.
Vasilko Rostislavich received Terebovl, Przemysl, and also Cherven to rule.

Thus, the main task of the congress of Russian princes in Lyubech was to resolve the issue of spheres of influence in Kievan Rus. This hot topic, which gave rise to many wars. As a result, all participants in the congress recognized the rights of others to the cities, which were assigned to them as a result of an oral agreement. The congress ended with the kissing of the cross and the oath of all participants to eternal peace and friendship.

Congress of Princes in Lyubech - results

The results that the congress achieved should become the basis, a solid foundation, for the construction of a new, powerful state. And this could have been achieved if not for the treachery of David Igorevich, the ruler of the city of Vladimir-Volynsky. He secretly informed Svyatopolk that Monomakh and Vasilko Rostislavich were planning to seize the Kiev throne and had secretly conspired behind the backs of others. Svyatopolk believed and invited Vasilko to Kyiv. Vasilko went to Kyiv. Entering Kyiv, he was informed about David’s treachery, but Vasilko did not believe it, saying: “ We kissed the cross, Svyatopolk could not suspect me of betrayal". "In Kyiv, Vasilko was met by David, who put him in prison by force, and his servants gouged out Vasilko's eyes. Thus began a new internecine war in Rus'. And the loving congress of princes from a good undertaking turned into murder.

The Second Congress - the end of civil strife

Seeing the need to stop David Igorevich in order to stop the internecine war in Rus', Vladimir Monomakh decided to convene a new congress of princes. It was attended by Monomakh himself, Svyatopolk, Oleg and David Svyatoslavich, as well as David Igorevich himself. This congress took place on June 30, 1110 near Kyiv. Monomakh, after consulting with other participants, announced that they were asking for David Igorevich and did not want to take revenge on him. They assured him that he could live peacefully on Russian land. As a sign of his friendship, Svyatopolk gave David Igorevich the cities of Chertorizhsk and Dubna. Vladimir Monomakh, Oleg Svyatoslavi and David Svyatoslavich provided 200 hryvnia of gold each. This ended the internecine war.

PRINCE CONGRESSES, a term adopted in scientific literature to designate periodic princely meetings-councils (snems, diets) - one of the key political institutions in the Old Russian state, Russian lands and principalities in the 11th - early 15th centuries. The main functions of princely congresses: organization of power within the Rurik family (choice Prince of Kyiv, division and establishment of the order of inheritance of possessions; reconciliation of individual princes, resolution of conflicts between princely clans and coalitions), as well as carrying out foreign policy actions, settling foreign policy issues, in particular, with the Polovtsian khans (in the nomadic world there was a typologically identical institution of periodic meetings of khans and noyons), with Polish, Czech and Hungarian rulers .

Princely congresses were councils of the ruling Rurik dynasty (or its individual “houses”), each representative of which had a potential right to power and the opportunity to appeal to the “princely right” common to all brethren. In the 11th - 1st third of the 13th century, they were carried out according to a stable procedure and in compliance with established rituals. The princes met in a place pre-agreed or determined by the situation itself, then they began “standing on horseback” opposite each other, negotiations through ambassadors; in case of a favorable outcome, the meeting itself began. Sometimes a special sign was given for this - “bilinch” (from Turkic - sign, omen). Princes often met outside the city walls (in tents), in small towns and villages, less often - in the capitals of the principalities (Kyiv, Chernigov, Vladimir, Rostov). Places for princely congresses were chosen with a special meaning; for example, the Chernigov Olgovichi in the 12th century repeatedly gathered in the village of Olzhichi (possibly their ancestral domain). The formula of the chronicle “to sit with your brothers on a single carpet” (as Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh proposed to Prince David Igorevich at the Vitichevsky Congress of 1100), apparently, was not only a metaphorical designation of the collective council, but also reflected the real “marching” atmosphere of the congress. The princes delivered their speeches in accordance with negotiation etiquette, which included the use of stable rhetorical and legal formulas. Until the mid-13th century, interprince diplomacy was predominantly oral in nature, then written documents that recorded agreements began to be used more often. Upon reaching a consensus, each prince kissed the cross, which sealed the agreement: the princes presented crosses to the oathbreakers or the persons representing them in case of violation of the oath. Princely congresses were often accompanied or ended with a feast and mutual gifts.

In historiography, different views were expressed on the issue of the role of persons of non-princely dignity who were present at princely congresses. B. D. Grekov and his followers believed that not only the Rurik princes, but also other representatives of the feudal elite, primarily boyars and bishops, spoke on equal terms at the princely congresses. Other researchers (in particular, Ya. N. Shchapov) came to the conclusion that most congresses of the 11th-12th centuries were attended by princes and sometimes their representatives (ambassadors, advisers), but not clergy. Boyars and warriors most often acted at negotiations as advisers, ambassadors or bodyguards of the prince; at the same time, they probably had the right of an “advisory vote.” The situation changed fundamentally in the 2nd half of the 13th - early 15th centuries, when princely congresses were finally transformed into councils of the feudal nobility.

The first princely congress reliably recorded in the sources took place in 1026 in Gorodets (most likely in the city of Gorodets-Ostersky, now Oster), where the Kiev prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise and the Chernigov prince Mstislav Vladimirovich made peace. At this meeting, the results of the long-term war for the power of the sons of the Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich were summed up, and the agreements reached became a precedent for the peaceful settlement of inter-princely relations (references to peace terms were used in political negotiations Russian princes even in 1195). At the congress in Vyshgorod (1072), according to the assumption of a number of researchers, the compilation and editing of the Russian Truth was carried out. At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century, princely congresses began to be held more often, which was associated both with the solution of key issues political life The Old Russian state, and with the intensified Polovtsian danger. A special place was occupied by the Lyubechsky congress of 1097, after which the Vitichevsky congress (10.8.1100), the congress on the Zolotcha River (1101), the Dolob congresses (1103 and 1111) took place; the congress on the Zhelyan River dates back to the same period, a record of which is included in the complex graffiti of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

At the Vitichevsky congress of 1100, assembled to resolve the conflict around the Terebovl and Vladimir-Volyn principalities that arose after the Lyubech congress, the Kiev prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, the Pereyaslavl prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, the Chernigov prince David Svyatoslavich and the Novgorod-Seversky prince Oleg Svyatoslav HIV made peace among themselves. On August 30, Prince David Igorevich, the initiator of the attack on the Terebovl prince Vasilko Rostislavich in 1097, came to the meeting. However, the negotiations reached a dead end, after which all the princes demonstratively moved away from David Igorevich, standing separately “on horseback” with their squads. The princes, discussing his fate together, did not allow him to come to them, did not contact him personally anymore, and informed him of the decision of the congress through their associates. David Igorevich became a “renouncer,” that is, an outcast prince, and lost the right to speak at the congress. At the same congress, Vasilko Rostislavich was deprived of Terebovlya and had to remain in the care of his brother - Volodar Rostislavich - or the Kyiv prince (the Rostislavich brothers did not obey this decision and defended their possessions). The decisions of the Congress of 1100 confirmed the political and legal norm of princely law, according to which the “husband” is responsible for the crime with his “head”, and the prince - with the volost. At the Dolob Congress of 1103, Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and their advisors-combatants decided to organize a campaign against the Polovtsians in the spring, when the nomads were weakened after wintering. Other Russian princes also joined the campaign. At the Dolob Congress of 1111, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh again insisted on an extracurricular (in the spring, at the height of the sowing) campaign against the Polovtsians, which again ended in the defeat of the nomads. At the Dolob congresses, a new military doctrine of the Russian princes was developed, which involved the abandonment of defensive tactics and the organization of long-distance campaigns to destroy the Polovtsian nomads.

In the 12th - 1st third of the 13th century, the tradition of holding princely congresses was preserved. Large-scale congresses of senior princes were also held (1115, 1135, 1145, 1150, 1154, 1155, 1159, 1170, 1195, 1203, 1223), and meetings of representatives of individual princes, princely clans and coalitions (1142, 1147, 1158, , 1194 , 1206, 1207, 1216/17).

In addition to the princely congresses themselves, the Russian princes regularly held congresses together with the Polovtsian khans (every spring and when the Kyiv prince changed). For the first time in the Tale of Bygone Years, such a congress is mentioned in 1054/55, when peace was concluded by the Pereyaslavl prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich and the Polovtsian Khan Bolush.

After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, princely congresses were held in North-Eastern Rus' until the beginning of the 15th century. In historiography they have not been sufficiently studied; they are missing full list, reconstruction of the procedure was not carried out. They were attended as full participants not only by the Rurik princes, but also by representatives of the boyars, church hierarchs, Tatar ambassadors(they often controlled the organization and progress of princely congresses on behalf of the khans of the Golden Horde) and others. A. N. Nasonov noted the typological similarity of the princely congresses of this time and the Mongol kurultai. Representative princely congresses were held in 1296 in Vladimir, in 1300/01 in Dmitrov, in 1340 in Moscow; in November 1374 in Pereyaslavl, in March 1375 (they developed the general position of the Russian princes in relation to Mamai). One of the last princely congresses recorded in the chronicles was the congress on November 1, 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.

The institution of princely congresses, along with similar Polish institutions, became the prototype of the aristocratic diets in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The tradition of jointly resolving the most important domestic and foreign policy issues was embodied in the activities of advisory bodies - the Boyar Duma, and later - Zemsky Sobors and etc.

Lit.: Lyubavsky M.K. Lithuanian-Russian Seim. M., 1900; Telberg G. G. A few remarks about inter-princely ceremonies in ancient Rus' // Journal of the Ministry public education. 1905. No. 6; Sreznevsky I.I. Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language based on written monuments. St. Petersburg, 1912. T. 3; Novitsky V. Taking the Russian Land from the X-XIII centuries. // Practices for learning the history of Western Russian and Ukrainian law. Kiev, 1927. Issue. 3; Nasonov A. N. Mongols and Rus'. M.; L., 1940; Grekov B. D. Kievan Rus// Grekov B. D. Selected works. M., 1959. T. 2; The Old Russian state and its international significance. M., 1965; Russocki S. Zjazdy ksizeçе // Slownik starozytnoäci slowianskich. Warsz., 1982. T. 7. Gz. 1; Kizilov Yu. A. Princely congresses of North-Eastern Rus' XIV-XV centuries. and their place in the process of centralization (traditions and reality) // Society, state, law of Russia and other countries. Norm and reality. Early and developed feudalism. M., 1983; Pashuto V. T. Experience of periodization of the history of Russian diplomacy (early and developed feudalism) // The most ancient states on the territory of the USSR. Materials and research. 1981. M., 1983; Likhachev D.S. Russian ambassadorial custom of the 11th-13th centuries. // Likhachev D. S. Research on ancient Russian literature. L., 1986; Shchapov Ya. N. State and Church of the Ancient Rus' X-XIII centuries M., 1989; Zimin A. A. Russian Truth. M., 1999; Vodatyrev S. The Sovereign and his counselors: ritualised consultations in Muscovite political culture, 1350s - 1570s. Hels., 2000; Shchavelev A. S. Congresses of Russian princes with nomads as a mechanism for political resolution of conflicts XI - beginning of the 13th V. // Slavs and their neighbors: Historical roots of ethno-confessional conflicts in the countries of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The Middle Ages - the beginning of the New Age. M., 2003; aka. Congresses of princes as a political institution Ancient Rus'// The most ancient states of Eastern Europe. 2004 M., 2006; aka. Procedure for the Congress of Princes // Eastern Europe in antiquity and the Middle Ages. Political institutions and supreme power. M., 2007; aka. On the issue of the first congress of the Rurik princes // Yaroslav the Wise and his era. M., 2008.

a congress of Russian princes, held in the city of Lyubech (on the Dnieper) with the goal of agreeing to end inter-princely feuds over inheritances and rallying against the Polovtsians who were ravaging Rus'. On L. s. (according to the Tale of Bygone Years) there were 6 princes present. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, as the eldest, was left Kyiv with Turov and Pinsk and the title of Grand Duke; Vladimir Monomakh - Pereyaslavl Principality, Suzdal-Rostov land, Smolensk and Beloozero; Oleg and David Svyatoslavich - Chernigov and Severskaya land, Ryazan, Murom and Tmutarakan; David Igorevich - Vladimir-Volynsky with Lutsk; Vasilko Rostislavich (with his brother) - Terebovl, Cherven, Przemysl. L.S. proclaimed the principle of princes inheriting the lands of their fathers. This decision stated the presence of a new political system in Rus', the basis of which was the established large feudal landownership. However, L. s. could not give real guarantees of the implementation of its decisions. Immediately after L. s. David Igorevich, with the consent of Svyatopolk, blinded Vasilko Rostislavich, which led to new wars between the princes.

Lit.: Grekov B.D., Kievan Rus, M., 1953; Rybakov B. A., The first centuries of Russian history, M., 1964.

G. S. Gorshkov.

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Constant infighting between the princes led to the economic and military weakening of Russian cities. The Polovtsians took advantage of this circumstance, organizing regular raids on Russian lands. They besieged the city of Torchesk. The city withstood the siege for more than 3 months as long as there was water and food. But when it was all over, the townspeople decided to surrender. The infidels, in retaliation for resistance, took people captive and burned the city.

Then the Polovtsians burned the city of Yuryev, and the townspeople who ran out went to Kyiv. Svyatopolk ordered the construction of a city in the Vitichevsky tract on a hill, which he called Svyatopolchesk. The new city was populated by Yuryevites who fled from the Polovtsian atrocities.

The atrocities mentioned are only a small part of the atrocities committed by the Polovtsians on Russian soil.

The princes realized that this could not continue for long. If they don't find it common language With each other, the Polovtsians will destroy everything that was created, collected and built. Men will be enslaved or tortured, women will be made their concubines.

Priests and boyars also expressed dissatisfaction with the princely infighting. They demanded to unite to fight the external enemy.

In 1097, Svyatopolk, Vladimir, David Igorevich, Vasilko Rostislavovich, David Svyatoslavovich and his brother Oleg gathered in the city of Lyubech () for advice. According to Karamzin, the inspirer of this Lyubecht congress was the prince.

True, Oleg came to the congress more under duress than of his own free will.

When he was first called to a council in Kyiv, he promised to come with his brother, who reigned in Smolensk. And he himself, having recruited soldiers in Smolensk, headed to Murom, where Izyaslav Vladimirovich reigned. Prince Izyaslav died in the battle with Oleg. The townspeople accepted Oleg, who had ruled in Murom before. Inspired by the victory, Oleg headed to Suzdal. The people of Suzdal also surrendered to him. Then Oleg subjugated Rostov the Great.

Oleg conquered cities, enlisting the military support of the Polovtsians. Satisfied with his victories, he turned a blind eye to the atrocities committed by the wicked. This circumstance aroused hatred towards him, both from the people and from the princes. Oleg guessed about this and became cautious and distrustful.

Oleg had in his hands the son of the Polovsk prince Itlar. Svyatopolk and Vladimir demanded that Oleg kill the young man. But he considered this unnecessary bloodshed and refused.

In 1096, Svyatopolk and Vladimir again tried to summon Oleg to Kyiv. “Come to Kyiv, let’s put things in order about the Russian land before the bishops, abbots, the men of our fathers and the people of the city, so that later we can jointly defend the Russian land from the filthy.” Oleg ordered to answer: “I will not go to trial before bishops, abbots and smerds.”

Then Svyatopolk and Vladimir announced to Oleg: “You are not with us against the filthy,” they ordered him to tell him, “if you are not coming to us for advice, it means that you are thinking unkindly about us, and you want to help the filthy; let God judge us!”

The brothers decided to go to war against Oleg. In the end, driven into a corner, Prince Oleg was forced to meet with his cousins and nephews.

And the princes said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, arranging strife among ourselves? And the Polovtsians are carrying our land differently and are glad that there are wars between us. Let us unite with one heart from now on and let us guard the Russian land, and let everyone own his homeland.” By mutual agreement Lyubech Congress Russian princes 1097 decided:

Svyatopolk will own Kyiv, the Izyaslav fatherland,
Vladimir Vsevolodovich, nicknamed Monomakh, inherited the estates of his father: Beloozero, Suzdal, Rostov, Smolensk, Pereslavl,
David Igorevich received Vladimir Volynsky,
Brothers Oleg, David and Yaroslav Svyatoslavovich got Chernigov, Murom,
Volodar remains to rule in Przemysl,
Vasilko Rostislavovich - in Terebovlya.

They sealed their decision by kissing the holy cross. At the same time, it was said: “If from now on anyone goes against anyone, we will all be against him and the cross will be honest.” They all said: “Let the honorable cross and the whole Russian land be against him.” Having thus decided among themselves, the princes went home.

But it’s one thing to decide, and another to execute. As follows from The Tale of Bygone Years, “the devil was upset by their love. And Satan entered the hearts of some men.” The strife did not stop. The congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097, unfortunately, could not stop them. Slanders, disagreements, and envy pitted Russian rulers against one another for a long time, forcing them to take up arms against each other. The common people suffered from the enmity between the princes.