Summary: Fuel industry. fuel and energy complex. Fuel industry

fuel russia geographic fishery

The concept and structure of the fuel industry

Fuel industry- a set of mining industries engaged in the extraction and processing various kinds fuel and energy raw materials.

The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil (oil production, oil refining), gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining, wood.

Fuel - a group of resources used mainly to obtain thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.

Fuel is classified:

1) By physical condition:

gaseous;

2) According to the method of obtaining:

Natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

Artificial, resulting from the processing of natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).

In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their structure in the regional context is characterized for the most part by a clear predominance of coal, but everywhere it plays a leading role as a condition for the development of the fuel base of industry. In Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance from this point of view.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position in the fuel industry, determined by a number of reasons.

First, oil and gas are raw materials, even a partial replacement of which with an alternative one will require a significant restructuring of the industrial production structure and significant capital investments.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed in huge scale and at current rates of consumption, oil has a sharp tendency to run out. The transition to the development of qualitatively worse natural characteristics oil and gas resources causes a rapid increase in the costs for these purposes.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their discovery, extraction, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in the further stages of production are transformed into thermal energy.

The widespread need for products of the fuel industry.

Fuel is transported only to the place of combustion, and does not materially participate in the weight composition of new products.

All types of fuel (with the exception of gas) have a huge mass and their transportation requires high costs.

Almost all types of fuel are used in all sectors of the national economy. The main consumer of all types of fuel and energy resources (except motor fuel) is industry. The industry consumes more than half of the total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the national economy, about three-quarters of boiler and furnace fuel, almost two-thirds of electricity and 80% of thermal energy produced centrally at thermal power plants and in large boiler houses.

Russia has huge fuel resources and fully provides itself with them. Reliance on our own fuel and energy resources is a serious advantage of our economy. Russia is considered a major exporter of fuel among the countries of the world. The fuel industry is of great regional importance; it creates the prerequisites for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including petrochemical, coal-chemical, and gas-industrial complexes.

Table 1 Production of primary energy resources by types of fuel in Russia (million tons of reference fuel)

The consumption of primary fuel and energy resources in Russia significantly exceeds that of other countries under consideration, which is quite obvious given the population and GDP produced. At the same time, Russia is noticeably ahead of its partners in the "quartet" and in terms of relative specific energy consumption, which is 4.29 toe. e. per person versus 2.45 - 2.88 toe e. per person in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine (2001). In Russia, this indicator is close to the average per capita energy consumption of industrial countries (OECD - 4.68 toe/person), which could be assessed positively if the energy intensity of GDP is not taken into account. Unfortunately, the energy intensity of Russian GDP, taking into account purchasing power parity, is exactly 2 times higher than that of OECD countries (0.44 and 0.22 toe/thousand dollars, respectively). If we compare GDP in prices and at the exchange rate of 1995, then, according to the IEA, the gap in the energy intensity of GDP increases sharply and exceeds 8 times (Russia - 1.65 toe/thousand dollars; OECD - 0.19 toe/thousand dollars). The comparison of the energy intensity of GDP shows both the potential for energy saving in Russia and the possibility of “strengthening” the ruble exchange rate.

The oil industry is a branch of the economy that is responsible for the extraction, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil and petroleum products.

The process of oil production includes geological exploration, drilling of oil wells, as well as their repair, purification of produced oil from water impurities and various chemicals.

One of the branches of the fuel industry is gas. The main functions of the gas industry are: exploration of gas fields, extraction of natural gas, gas supply and production of artificial gas using coal and shale. The main task of the gas industry is the transportation and accounting of gas.

Development of the fuel industry

(The first oil rigs)

The fuel industry was born in 1859. Then an oil well was accidentally drilled in Pennsylvania, after which the development of the entire region began.

In Russia, oil has been extracted since the 8th century, using the wells of the Apsheron Peninsula. Later, oil began to be produced on the Ukhta River, on the Cheleken Peninsula, in the Kuban. At first, oil was extracted using cylindrical buckets. In 1865, the United States began to use mechanical way oil production - with the help of deep pumping operation.

(Oil then, indeed, was in full swing)

In 1901, pre-revolutionary Russia ranked first in oil production. In 1913, oil was produced in large quantities in the Baku region, Grozny and Maikop. There were oil monopolies developing new oil deposits. However, this led to a rapid drop in reservoir pressure. Cooperation with foreign companies led the Russian oil industry into decline. Therefore, in 1918 V.I. Lenin signed decrees on the nationalization of the oil industry. From that moment, the process of restoring this link began. percussive drilling was replaced by rotational mining, the period of use began deep pumps and gas lift.

By 1929, the reconstruction was completed. Thanks to innovations, by 1940 Russia again reached the highest level in oil production.

Despite the fact that during the years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, many oil fields were disabled, pre-revolutionary Russia continued to extract natural resource in large enough quantities. The search for new deposits continued, which made it possible to ensure an increase in oil production in each five-year period - more than 100 million tons.

(Discovery of oil fields in Siberia 1953)

The discovery of deposits in Western Siberia in 1953 brought the USSR even more positive results. Both oil and gas were produced here. During this period, inclined drilling was massively used, which made it possible to extract a fossil in more short term.

And by 1980, the USSR had become a major oil power. The use of new industrial methods of oil production begins, and automation of industry is being carried out.

The emergence of oil transport leads to the emergence of a network of main oil pipelines connecting oil refineries with each other.

In 1878, the first oil pipeline appeared at the Baku oil fields, and by 1917 the length of Soviet oil pipelines was more than 600 km.

(Oil rigs in Texas, USA, XX century)

In Europe, the oil industry began to develop rapidly in the 1950s. During this period, the richest oil countries were Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

The capitalist countries also had oil reserves, most of which were in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Mexico. The US, Venezuela, Libya, Iraq and Iran also had large oil reserves.

Branches of the fuel industry

The fuel industry consists of three main branches - oil, coal and gas.

coal industry

The coal industry is a fairly old and well-studied industry, especially for Russia. If until the 19th century people used firewood, then during the Russian Empire, coal mining began. It is used in transport, for heating living quarters. With the help of coal, electricity is produced, it is used in the iron and steel industry and the chemical industry.

If we compare coal and brown coal, then it should be noted that coal has a rather high calorific value and the quality is much better. That is why it is easy to transport it over long distances. Brown coal is used in mining areas.

Coal mining is carried out in two ways - open and closed. The latter method is effective when the coal deposit is deep underground. Then it is mined from the mines. The open way is career.

Oil industry

The oil industry is the base of the modern economy. The clearest example of the need for oil in modern world is gasoline. Without gasoline, there would be no cars, planes, sea and river vessels.

Oil is extracted from oil wells or mines. And the well fluid itself is also distributed according to the method of extraction into: fountain, gas lift and pump-compressor production.

Despite the fact that the gas industry is a fairly young industry, it is developing very rapidly. The first gas fields were discovered during the Great Patriotic War. Comparing gas and oil production, it is worth noting that gas production is much cheaper for the state. When it is burned, it produces less harmful substances than from burning oil or coal. Natural gas can be used as a chemical raw material, as well as for the production of mineral fertilizers.

Oil and gas industry in Russia

To date, Russia is not a leader in terms of oil reserves. The reason for this is both the political situation and the process of development of the oil industry in various states.

Today, the Russian Federation is also developing and expanding oil territories in many parts of the country. Zapadnaya Siberia remains the largest entity in the extraction of oil resources, there are about 300 oil and gas fields, the main of which are: Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye and Surgutskoye. In second place after the Siberian territories is the Volga-Ural basin. The oil here is not as clean as in Siberia - it contains about 3% sulfur, which is neutralized during the processing of raw materials. The main regions for oil production also include: Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Samara, Perm, Saratov and Volgograd regions. In addition to the main oil regions, the Far East can be distinguished, North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar region, on the territory of which a considerable amount of "black resource" is also extracted.

Today, there is a clear trend towards a decrease in exports and an increase in imports of oil products. 95% of all oil products are transported through oil pipelines, which are displayed on the map of the Russian oil industry and geographical atlases.

The Russian gas industry is one of the budget-forming branches of the state. It is responsible for the extraction, processing, storage and distribution of gas resources for their use. Most of Russia's energy consumption comes from the gas industry.

The gas industry is almost 3 times cheaper than the oil industry and 15 times cheaper than other industrial sectors associated with the extraction of hydrocarbons.

In the territory Russian state more than a third of the world's gas reserves are located and they are located in Western Siberia.

Fuel industry of the countries of the world

(US shale oil production)

The basis of the fuel industry is the extraction and processing of fuel - oil, gas and coal. Abroad, oil production is controlled by TNCs of the USA and countries Western Europe. And only in some countries oil production is fully controlled by the state. The opponents of the US TNC system are exporting countries. They created the OPEC system, which defends the interests of the state in favor of oil self-sufficiency and independence.

Second World War led to changes in the oil positions of the mill. If before it the leading role was occupied by the United States and Venezuela, then after that the USSR, the Middle and North East joined the battle for the oil championship.

(Oil production in Saudi Arabia)

The oil industry remains the leader in terms of global consumption today. But which country is currently the leader in oil production, it is impossible to say for sure. According to OPEC indicators in 2015, the top five were: Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, China and Iraq.

Natural gas production is growing every year. Today, gas sources are almost equal in quantity to oil fields. In 1990, the leader in the extraction of this resource was Eastern Europe and the USSR, later the countries of Western Europe and Asia began to produce gas. Today, Russia continues to lead the gas race and is the world's main gas exporter.

The coal industry is inherent in many countries of the world - 60. But only a few countries are the main coal miners - China, the USA, Russia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Coal exports are: USA, Australia and South Africa. And import - Japan and Western Europe.

Will Russia's fuel industry be competitive in the third millennium?

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is much more important in our country than in other countries, due to the peculiarities of Russia's geographical position, the severity of its climate, and the need to overcome vast distances.

The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex. It includes the extraction of fuel, its processing and transportation. The leading branches of the fuel industry are coal, gas and oil.

How is the role of individual fuels changing?

Over time, the importance of different fuels changes. Until the end of the XIX century. in Russia, the main fuel was firewood. Then coal came out on top. Finally, since the 1960s oil becomes the main fuel. The sharp decline in oil production in the 1990s. (almost doubled), while maintaining the volume of gas production, brought gas fuel to the first place (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24. Fuel and energy complex (FEC)

The extractive industry (including fuel extraction) has a property that is "unpleasant" for the economy: its enterprises (mines, cuts, wells for extracting coal, oil and gas) are extremely short-lived. Some time after commissioning, they have to be closed, since the stocks have already been exhausted. And in order to maintain production at the same level, it is necessary to constantly put new enterprises into operation, develop new territories, build roads, pipelines, and build new cities.

And if newly discovered deposits are located in regions with an unfavorable climate, special measures must be developed to attract the population there: pay higher wages, provide various benefits. All this significantly increases the cost of fuel production and makes it less competitive.

Rice. 23. Changing the structure of fuel consumption in Russia

How can one explain the fact that oil and gas now dominate in the structure of consumed fuel?

This is how the fuel industry of Russia developed, which occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fuel resources.

What is the importance of coal in the economy of the country?

The coal industry is an "old" industry, its heyday in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century, and in Russia - at the beginning of the 20th century. (see the second, that is, "coal-metallurgical", Kondratiev cycle (Fig. 3)).

Coal was the main fuel of the era of industrialization. The operation of power plants, metallurgical plants, and railways depended on it. Coal retains its great importance even today, although its share in the fuel and energy balance has decreased significantly.

Fuel and energy balance- the ratio of production and use (consumption) of all energy pitchforks.

Russia's coal reserves will last for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, unlike gas and oil, whose proven reserves will last for several decades.

Where are the main coal deposits located?

In the Russian Empire, industrial coal mining began at the end of the 19th century. in the Donetsk basin (Donbass), most of which is now located on the territory of Ukraine. Donbass has long been the largest coal mining region. In the 1930s began to develop the largest coal mining area in Asian Russia - Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). And during the Great Patriotic War, when the Donbass was captured by the Nazi troops, the Railway to Vorkuta and developed the Pechora coal basin. In the 1970s the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin began to be developed, where now open way produce the cheapest coal in Russia.

The coal industry is much more dispersed than the oil or gas industry (Figure 25). Coal plays a particularly important role in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East, where there is almost no gas or oil. Coal is the main fuel in the entire Far North of Russia, where it is mined, despite the high cost, in many small mines and cuts: this is more profitable than transporting oil products over long distances.

Rice. 25. Coal industry

What are the features of the location of the coal mining industry?
Why is the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin being developed in Siberia, and not the Tunguska one?

Coal deposits since the end of the 19th century. in all countries of the world became the basis for the formation of large industrial regions. The mined coal was used to generate electricity, electricity attracted other industries. The development of the chemical industry is connected with the processing of coal. If the coal was coking, metallurgy often arose. A similar industrial region was formed in our country in the Kuzbass.

Coking coal- hard coal, from which coke can be obtained by special processing, which is necessary for iron smelting.

Why did social problems worsen in the coal regions?

Like an old industry, the coal industry demands special attention. Currently, work is underway on the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of promising mines and the simultaneous closure of unprofitable mines. However, if the mine is closed, new jobs for miners must be created at the same time, and this requires large funds. Many coal towns and villages in Russia now have high level unemployment.

The prospects for the coal industry in Russia are associated primarily with the transition to open development in cuts (now still more than 1/3 of coal is mined underground, in mines). The cost of coal in cuts is much less than in mines, although open-pit mining causes more damage to nature.

What are the features of the location of the oil industry?

The oil industry is the backbone of the modern economy. Today, society is unthinkable without cars, and a car cannot move without gasoline. Without liquid fuel, planes will not take off, tractors, sea and river vessels, slippers and armored personnel carriers will not budge.

Rice. 26. Oil industry

Name and show on the map the largest oil fields.
What are the features of the location of enterprises of the oil producing and oil refining industries? Compare Figure 26 with the population density map. Draw your own conclusions.

But oil is also the most valuable raw material for the chemical industry, from which even some food products can be obtained.

The first oil region of the Russian Empire was Baku (now on the territory of Azerbaijan). At the beginning of the XX century. it produced more than 90% of Russian oil. Another old oil production area is Grozny.

Rice. 27. Extraction and transportation of oil. From a well to a gas station.

Since the 1950s the development of deposits in the Volga-Ural region begins, especially in Tataria and Bashkiria. Oil pipelines are being built from here to the east of the country, to the northwest and southwest, to Ukraine and Novorossiysk. In the Volga-Ural region, the most favorable conditions for oil production. It was a fully developed and populated area, close to the main consumers.

At the initial stage of the development of oil fields, as a rule, there is a lot, and under pressure it itself rises to the surface, that is, production is carried out in the cheapest "fountain" way. However, the longer production lasts, the more difficult it becomes: you have to use pumps, pump water into the reservoirs to create pressure, etc. Sooner or later, the cost of production increases so much that it becomes unprofitable. In addition, the development of each region begins with the largest deposits, and as they are depleted, they move to smaller ones.

When the Volga-Ural region entered the stage of declining production, our economy was lucky: giant deposits of Western Siberia were discovered. They began to develop in the 1960s. Western Siberia became the main oil base of the country. Working conditions here were much worse than in the Volga-Ural region. A continuous swamp, an abundance of blood-sucking insects (gnats) in summer, severe frosts in winter, lack of roads, remoteness from oil consumers - all this complicated the development of the area.

Rice. 28. Oil refinery

Currently about 2/3. Russian oil is produced in the Tyumen region (mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk and, to a lesser extent, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs). About 1/4 of oil is produced in the Volga-Ural region, mainly in Tataria, Bashkiria, Perm and Samara regions. All other regions account for only 7-8% of the total Russian production.

Oil development has recently begun in promising areas - on the shelves of the Barents and Okhotsk (near the northeastern coast of Sakhalin) seas. These areas are in even harsher conditions, and mining will cost even more. Therefore, the saving of oil and oil products becomes more and more significant: the use of cars with lower gasoline costs per 100 km of run, the reduction in the use of liquid fuel for heating, etc.

Oil processing into various types of fuel (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.) takes place at oil refineries (refineries), which also belong to the fuel industry. Refineries are located mainly in areas of consumption, since the transportation of oil is much more convenient (especially by the cheapest pipeline transport) than the transportation of various types of petroleum products. The income of the country depends on the capacity of the refinery, since it is less profitable to sell crude oil than the products of its processing.

Rice. 29. Gas station

Why has the gas industry become the most promising branch of the fuel industry?

The gas industry appeared in Russia after the Great Patriotic War. Gas fields were discovered in the Stavropol Territory, then in the Komi Republic (Ukhta region), near Orenburg and near Astrakhan.

Now the gas industry is the most stable branch of the fuel and energy complex. This is largely due to the fact that large deposits gas (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye) in the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region, which currently produces about 90% of all Russian gas, were put into operation quite recently, in the 1980s, and are just entering the stage of declining production.

Promising gas production areas are the Yamal Peninsula (from where the gas pipeline to Western Europe is being built), the shelf zones of the Barents and Okhotsk Seas. Just like oil, gas in Russia will in the future be produced in increasingly harsh areas and will be more expensive.

Rice. 30. Gas industry

Gas covers about half of the country's fuel needs. Currently, gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. Its use requires high costs only at the first stages, when it is necessary to lay gas pipelines to each city and village, and then distribution networks to each house and apartment. Heating majority major cities European Russia converted to natural gas to reduce air pollution. Unfortunately, there are practically no gas deposits east of the Yenisei, so in these areas the cities are heated with coal, which makes the air in them more polluted.

What is the role of oil and gas in foreign trade?

Since the 1970s (when world prices for oil and then for gas rose sharply) fuel exports play an increasingly important role in the Soviet, and then in Russian economy. In the USSR, imports were strictly controlled (domestic goods were protected from competition), and when in the 1990s. almost all restrictions on foreign trade were removed, Russia, as you already know, was flooded with imported goods, many of which could not compete with Russian manufacturers. But where did Russia get the currency to pay for imports? Of course, it was obtained primarily through the export of oil and gas. It is thanks to the export of fuel that our country is able to import food, consumer goods, and equipment. Moreover, these industries are the main payers of taxes to the state budget. This means that the payment of pensions, salaries to teachers and doctors, the upkeep of the army, and much more also depends on the work of oil and gas workers (and on oil and gas prices on world markets!).

Fuel export prospects are mainly related to Russian gas (since oil production is likely to decline). And the explored gas reserves in Russia are about 1/3 of the world's, and in the coming decades, its exports may increase.

conclusions

Summing up the characteristics of the fuel industry, it is important to pay attention to the main features of its development in Russia:

the presence of significant reserves of fuel resources at very high costs for their extraction;
concentration of reserves in the east of the country;
change in the role of certain types of fuel and areas of their production in the Russian economy;
special export importance of the gas and oil industries;
the need to address complex socio-economic and environmental issues associated with the fuel industry.

Questions and tasks

Rate geographical position individual coal basins in terms of fuel supply to other regions of the country and its possible sale abroad.
What problems do you think exist in our country in connection with the concentration of fuel resources in the east, and consumers in the west of Russia?
Why do some types of fuel eventually lose their leading positions to other types? For a more complete answer, use Figure 3 (Kondratieff cycles).
Compare, using the maps of the textbook, the geography of the three branches of the fuel industry: oil, gas, coal. Which of these industries is the most concentrated and which is the most dispersed? Select the types of economic regions with different combinations of fuel resources:
1. All three types are present:
2. one kind;
3. no one.

federal state autonomous

educational institution

higher professional education

"SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Institute of Business Process Management and Economics

Department of Economics and Management

ESSAY

Fuel industry of Russia and Krasnoyarsk Territory

Student of group UB11-01 Kireev M.

Student of group UB11-01 Ivkina V.

Teacher Likhacheva T.P.

Krasnoyarsk 2013

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3

1 Characteristics of the industry …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ....6

1.1 Russia..………………………………………………………………….6

2 Mechanical engineering in the fuel industry ……………………14

2.1 Russia ……………………………………………………...................................14

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...27

List of sources used …………………………………....28

Introduction.

Fuel industry - a complex of mining industries involved in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials: coal, oil, gas, oil shale, peat, uranium ores. The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil production, oil refining, gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining.

Fuel is a group of resources used mainly for the production of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.

Fuel is classified:

By physical condition:

gaseous;

How to receive:

natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

artificial, resulting from the processing of natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).

The coal industry is one of the most important branches of the national economy. The importance of coal in the fuel balance of the country is great. Coals can be used to produce combustible gases, etc. A large number of special grades of coal are used to produce coke, which is necessary for the metallurgical industry.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position, determined by a number of reasons.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale, and at current rates of consumption, oil has a sharp tendency to deplete. The transition to the development of oil and gas resources that are qualitatively worse in terms of natural characteristics causes a rapid increase in the costs for these purposes.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their discovery, extraction, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in the further stages of production are transformed into thermal energy.

The widespread need for products of the fuel industry.

Fuel is transported only to the place of combustion, and does not materially participate in the weight composition of new products.

All types of fuel (with the exception of gas) have a huge mass and their transportation requires high costs.

Industry characteristics

1.1 Russia

1.1.1 Oil industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the oil industry.

The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil.

According to the degree of exploration, the deposits are divided into four groups:

A) Detailed explored deposits.

C) previously explored deposits.

C1) Poorly explored deposits.

C2) The boundaries of the deposits are not defined.

Figure 1. Oil production in the Russian Federation

There are three large oil bases on the territory of the Russian Federation: West Siberian, Volga-Ural and Timano-Pechersk.

Oil is not used in original form, so refineries are its main consumer. They are located in all regions of the country, because. it is more profitable to transport crude oil than the products of its processing, which are necessary in all sectors of the national economy. In the past, it was transported from the places of extraction to the places of consumption by rail in tanks. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines and their share in transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage facilities. The speed of oil movement is 10-12 km/h. Standard diameter - 12 thousand mm. Productivity per year - 90 million tons of oil. In terms of efficiency, only maritime transportation by tankers can compete with oil pipelines. In addition, they are less dangerous in terms of fire and dramatically reduce losses during transportation (delivery).

The cost of building a main oil pipeline usually pays off in 2-3 years.

1.1.2 Gas industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the gas industry.

The role of certain types of fuel in the Russian economy has changed. At the beginning of the century, firewood was of great importance. Then they gradually began to be replaced by coal (by the 1950s, the coal industry provided more than half of all fuel). And then oil and gas began to rise.

Natural gas production is highly concentrated and focused on areas with the largest and most profitable deposits.

Figure 2. Natural gas production in Russia

Only five deposits - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye and Orenburgskoye - contain 1/2 of all industrial reserves of Russia. The reserves of the Medvezhye are estimated at 1.5 trillion m 3 , and those of the Urengoy - at 5 trillion m 3 .

The next feature is the dynamic location of natural gas production sites, which is explained by the rapid expansion of the distribution boundaries of the identified resources, as well as the relative ease and cheapness of their involvement in development. In a short time, the main centers for the extraction of natural gas moved from the Volga region to Ukraine, the North Caucasus. Further territorial shifts were caused by the development of deposits in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Urals and the North.

1.1.3 Processing of gas and gas condensate.

Unlike oil, natural gas does not require much pre-treatment to be used, but it must be shipped immediately to the consumer. Gas is the main type of fuel where there are no other energy resources.

Several gas processing regions have been formed - Orenburg, Astrakhan, Sosnogorsk (Komi Republic) and West Siberian. They differ in the range and quantity of products produced, which is primarily due to the volume of explored reserves of the nearest deposits and the chemical composition of the gas produced here.

1.1.4 Coal industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the coal industry.

The coal industry is in first place in terms of volume of fuel production in physical terms, significantly surpassing all other branches of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal resources are differentiated according to various criteria, among which, first of all, it is necessary to single out the depth of occurrence, the degree of metamorphism and the nature of the geographical distribution.

Figure 3. Coal production in the Russian Federation (million tons).

It is very significant that 54% of the reserves are located at a depth of up to 300 m, 34% - at a depth of 300 - 600 m. and 12% - at a depth of 600 - 1800 m. Almost ½ of the reserves of black and 2/3 of brown coal are located in the zone of depths up to 300 m. in different regions, reserves are distributed far from equally among depth zones. The coals of the Urals lie closest to the surface (about 9/10 of the reserves are in the zone up to 600 m). The deepest occurrence of coal is typical for the European part of Russia.

Of the total geological reserves of coal in the country, more than 9/10 are in the eastern regions, including approximately 60% in Siberia and 30% in Far East. In general, the identified coal resources are more scattered throughout the country than oil and natural gas. At the same time, the bulk is concentrated in several major basins. For example, the Tunguska, Lena, Kansk-Achinsk and Kuznetsk basins have more common geological reserves of coal.

1.1.5 Fuel industry enterprises

The fuel industry is one of the most profitable activities in the Russian Federation. This implies the presence of a large number of large companies and corporations. As of 2012, the 10 largest enterprises in the Russian Federation in terms of capitalization include 7 companies involved in the oil and gas industry (Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKoil, TNK-BP, NovaTEK, Surgutneftegaz) , Gazprom Neft). And in 2007, among the 400 largest enterprises of the Russian Federation, companies in the oil and gas and coal industries in terms of sales occupied 34.1% (31 enterprises). In general, the official register of entities engaged in oil production has 187 positions.

The annual production of primary energy resources in Russia is more than 12% of the total world production. Today, the fuel and energy complex (FEC) is one of the most important, stable and dynamically developing industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It accounts for about a quarter of the gross domestic product, a third of industrial production, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings of the country.

Thanks to high oil prices on the world market, production growth has exceeded the forecast laid down in the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020. Thus, with average prices for Russian oil on the world market in the range of 95-100 dollars per barrel, oil production in Russia can reach 550-590 million tons per year by 2020, and primarily due to putting into development new deposits.

1.2.1 Oil

The Krasnoyarsk Territory in terms of initial predicted resources of oil, natural gas and condensates is in second place in the country after the Tyumen Region. Initial geological (forecast) resources in the region amount to 55.8 billion tons of conventional hydrocarbons (CHC), and the established oil resources are 8.3 billion tons, free gas - 23.6 trillion m 3, gas dissolved in oil - 637.7 billion m 3 and condensate - 1.6 billion tons. The gases of the central regions contain helium (according to estimates, 33.4 billion m 3).

The volume of oil production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the first quarter of 2013 increased by 24.2 percent compared to the same period last year.

In January-March 2012, 4.29 million tons of fuel was extracted from the subsoil in the region. Thus, we can say that over 5.2 million tons of oil were produced in the region in the first quarter.

As for natural and associated gas, its production in January-March 2013 amounted to 870.5 million cubic meters - an increase of 18.5 percent.

In 2012, the Krasnoyarsk Territory provided about 3% of Russian oil production - 135 million barrels or about 18 million tons of oil. Almost all oil - 99% - was produced at the Vankor field, which has been operating since August 2009. Also, 470 million cubic meters of gas were produced at Vankor.

From January to November 2010, 1901 million cubic meters of natural and associated gas were produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which amounted to 128% compared to the corresponding period last year.

All produced gas is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is not exported outside of it. In addition, in 2009, 1825.5 million cubic meters of natural combustible gas from the Tyumen region were imported into the territory of the region.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-September 2010, large and medium-sized organizations used 1.6 billion rubles of investments in fixed capital to develop the type of economic activity "Production of natural gas", which is 4.9% more compared to the same period in 2009.

As of the end of 2009, 20.8% of the housing stock in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was equipped with gas. In urban areas, 15.2% of the total area of residential premises is equipped with gas, in rural areas - 38.7%. In January-September 2010, 12.5 thousand tons of liquefied gas were supplied to the population. The actual level of payment by the population for gas supply services in January-September 2010 amounted to 96.5% of the amount of accrued payments.

Over the past six years (November 2010 to December 2004) tariffs for household gas supply have increased 3 times. At the end of 2004, the average gas tariff for the population was 46.75 rubles per person per month, liquefied gas in cylinders of 50 liters - 187 rubles. At the end of 2009, the fee per person for liquefied gas amounted to 99.30 rubles, and a fifty-liter bottle of liquefied gas - 456.12 rubles. In 2010, gas supply tariffs increased by 32.3% in February, including monthly gas fees per person increased by 38.3% and amounted to 136.80 rubles. A fifty-liter bottle of liquefied gas - 574.56 rubles.

1.2.3 Coal

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, gigantic coal reserves are concentrated. The Kansk-Achinsk basin (with reserves of 640 billion tons) is the largest in the region and one of the most promising not only in Russia but also in the world. Coal in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mined mainly by open pit mining.

Coal deposits in the Yenisei (now Krasnoyarsk) Territory were known as early as the first half of the 18th century, but their practical development began only a few centuries later. The "flammable stone" from the Kansk-Achinsk basin was first used for industrial purposes in 1905. In 1939-1954, after the discovery of thick seams in the area of Borodino, Nazarovo, Aban, Itat, Partizansky, the basin turned into a large base of the country's coal industry . After the discovery of the Berezovsky field with industrial reserves of more than 5.9 billion tons, the region became one of the main suppliers of fuel for the developing heavy industry and energy. The Borodinsky and Berezovsky sections were the largest in the USSR.

There are two large companies on the coal mining market in the region, Krasnoyarskkraiugol and SUEK. The first one includes the Pereyaslovskiy mine with the highest labor productivity among the entire coal industry - 684 tons per month per employee. SUEK is developing the Kansk-Achinsk basin.

Subsoil users of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-June 2012, in comparison with the first half of last year, increased coal production by 6% - up to 20.3 million tons of coal.

The extraction of brown coal (lignite) for six months amounted to 20 million tons, which is 5.7% more than in the same period last year. Coal production increased by 28.1% - up to 292 thousand tons.

Last year, subsoil users of the region produced 40.194 million tons of coal, in 2010 - 40.71 million tons of coal.

According to the forecast of socio-economic development of the region for 2012-2014, it is planned to increase coal production in the region due to the phased commissioning of new coal-fired power plants - the Zheleznogorsk CHPP and the power unit of the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3. In addition, by 2014 it is planned to complete the construction of the third power unit of Berezovskaya GRES with a capacity of 800 MW, which will further increase the annual volume of coal production at OAO Razrez Berezovsky - 1.

Thus, in 2012 it is planned to increase coal production by subsoil users of the region by 1.1%, in 2013 - by 6.9%, in 2014 - 11.5%.

2 Mechanical engineering in the fuel industry

The existing fleet of drilling equipment is characterized by extremely a high degree wear, moral and physical obsolescence of most of the operated equipment and cannot perform this task.

Table 1. Structure of demand for oil and gas equipment, $ billion

Table 2. Structure of production of oil and gas equipment, $ billion

In Soviet times, providing the oil and gas complex with the necessary equipment was one of the priority tasks of the country's mechanical engineering. Soviet Union almost completely provided itself with the main types of oil and gas equipment, the quality of equipment generally corresponded to the level of developed countries (although by the end of the 1980s there was some backlog). By the mid 1980s. in Russia, 550-570 sets of drilling rigs were produced annually for production and deep exploration drilling. The leader in terms of production of drilling rigs was Uralmashzavod, which accounted for about 65-70% of the total production volume. This plant was a monopoly in the production of rigs for drilling wells with a depth of over 2500 meters.

In the 1990s demand for drilling equipment collapsed, production volumes of drilling rigs dropped to 12 sets by 1997 (a reduction of more than 45 times against Soviet maximums!). Starting from 1998-1999, the production of drilling rigs began to gradually increase, which was associated with an improvement in the situation in the oil and gas complex, an increase in production drilling (for other types of oil and gas equipment, the situation was even more difficult - for example, the production of turbodrills by 2002 decreased by more than than 200 times the Soviet highs). As a result, according to the results of 2002, 98 drilling rigs have already been produced. However, already in 2003, another decline in production volumes was recorded - the abolition in 2002 of deductions for the reproduction of the mineral resource base led to a significant decrease in the volume of geological exploration and, as a result, a drop in demand for drilling equipment. In the next three years, the production of drilling rigs fluctuated in the range of 45-70 sets per year. The decrease in output volumes was associated both with some deterioration in the market situation and with changes in the industry itself - the situation around OJSC Uralmashzavod (withdrawal of the drilling division from one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment). By 2007-2008 Against the backdrop of growing drilling volumes and increased purchases of drilling equipment by oil and oilfield service companies, the output of drilling equipment has grown significantly. In 2008, the maximum production volume over the past 16 years (since 1992) was reached - 103 sets. The economic crisis led to a significant reduction in the volume of purchases of new equipment, as a result, according to preliminary estimates, the production of drilling rigs in 2009 amounted to 35 units.

Table 3. Production of oilfield and drilling exploration equipment, billion rubles

Per last years the structure of the industry has undergone significant changes, and unlike many other industries (where the tendency to consolidate assets and create large industrial groups prevailed), in the production of drilling equipment there was no clear trend towards industry consolidation. So, in 2004-2005. the drilling division was withdrawn from the structure of one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment OJSC Uralmashzavod, control over which in 2005 was received by the Integra group. In 2007, the Kungur group was created, uniting the Kungur and Ishimbay machine-building plants and a number of other enterprises.

By the end of 2009, more than 70% of total production of drilling rigs was concentrated at the enterprises of three companies - the Integra group (UrBO), the Volgograd plant of drilling equipment and the Kungur group. The main production volume of the Kungur Group in the segment of drilling equipment falls on mobile drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 100-250 tons, as well as self-propelled drilling rigs for drilling exploration wells for oil and gas. The Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant manufactures stationary drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 100-320 tons and mobile drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 125-200 tons. In 2006-2008 the company has produced about 40 sets of drilling rigs, is actively working on the development and implementation of new technologies, expanding the product line. The production of heavy drilling rigs was led by UrBO (Integra group). According to the company, over the past 4 years (2006-2009) more than 40 installations have been produced. At the same time, Uralmash remained the main supplier of components for UrBO until the end of 2007, drilling rigs continued to be produced under the Uralmash brand. The main developments used by UrBO were also made within the framework of a single Uralmash. De facto, UrBO became the center of profit in this production chain, so the break in production relations with Uralmash led to a significant decrease in the efficiency of UrBO (increased transportation costs, difficulties with quality control due to an increase in the number of suppliers, etc. ).

In fact, the experience of dividing Uralmash has shown the inefficiency of this model - to ensure efficient, competitive production, the most acceptable model is the one that developed in the Soviet era - the concentration of the design bureau, production of components and final assembly within one company. In the context of rapidly growing imports, such consolidation is a necessary condition for maintaining the production of drilling equipment in the country as such. At the moment, in the segment of production of heavy drilling rigs, only Uralmash has such opportunities (combining all links of the production chain within one company). Not only the fate of the enterprise (the ability to significantly increase sales volumes), but also the fate of the entire industry now depends on the successful return of the plant to the market of drilling rigs. Now is the time to engage in the development of the industry in order to ensure its future for decades to come.

In the Soviet years, against the backdrop of a fairly rapid development of the oil and gas complex in the 1960s-1980s, there was a constant increase in purchases of oil and gas equipment, so the average age of machines operated in production was significantly lower than the standard service life (at the level of 10-12 years), which created a certain margin of safety . In the 1990s the continued use of existing equipment has made it possible to almost completely stop the purchase of new equipment. A multiple decline in purchases led to an increase in the wear and tear of the existing oil and gas fleet, in particular drilling equipment, by the mid-2000s. reached 70-80%. Average age the fleet of drilling rigs has grown to 15-16 years.

Figure 4. Structure of the drilling rig fleet, % of the total

To estimate the current drilling equipment fleet, the IEF estimated the apparent sales of drilling rigs to consumers (as the sum of domestic production and net imports) in recent years and, using standard assumptions about equipment disposal rates, came to an estimate of the existing drilling rig fleet at the level of 1.7- 2.0 thousand installations. These estimates are in line with those of a number of industry experts. It should be noted that the fleet of existing equipment differs significantly from the actually operated fleet: the number of operating drilling rigs in the country is 700-800 units, taking into account the units under repair, the effective (operating) fleet of drilling rigs can be estimated at only 850-1000 units. More than 90% of the available equipment is made up of Russian-made units, although in recent years Chinese and (to a lesser extent) Western manufacturers have been expanding into the Russian market. However, despite the growth in purchases of drilling rigs in 2006-2008, only 30% of the entire existing fleet of drilling rigs has a service life of less than 10 years, a significant part of the drilling rigs was produced back in the Soviet years or in the early 1990s. and is now obsolete.

One of the main features of the Russian oil and gas equipment market over the past 10-15 years has been the dominance of the costs of maintaining current operation over the expansion of production. In the late 1990s drilling equipment accounted for less than 4% of all expenditures on oil and gas equipment. In recent years, the cost of drilling equipment has increased to 15-20% of all costs for oil and gas equipment, but the situation is still fundamentally different from the situation in countries that pursue an active policy of expanding the reproduction of the mineral resource base and increasing production volumes. Thus, in the United States, the cost of drilling equipment, even in the late 1990s. did not fall below 25% of the total cost of oil and gas equipment, and in recent years they have risen to 40-45%. The industry is developing similarly in Asia and Latin America. The exception is the countries of Western Europe, where in recent years the cost of drilling equipment does not exceed 5% of all equipment costs, which is associated with a high level of knowledge of the existing oil and gas provinces (primarily North Sea), an extremely low probability of discovering new significant fields, the entry of most large oil and gas fields into the stage of declining production and, as a result, a reduction in production drilling. Another example of fairly low costs for drilling equipment are the countries of the Middle East and Africa, where the operation of high-rate wells in unique fields allows, with fairly small drilling volumes and relatively low costs for oil and gas equipment (including drilling), to ensure not only maintenance, but also increasing oil production.

Fuel industry is engaged extraction of various types of fuel, the most important of which is oil(30 % incoming part of the world fuel and energy balance), coal(near 25 % ) and natural gas(near 20 % ).

Oil mined around the world 3 billion tons per year. The main oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia(near 450 million tons per year), USA(near 400 million tons per year), Russia(near 300 million tons per year), Iran, Mexico, China, Norway, Venezuela, UAE, Nigeria, UK, Canada, Iraq, Indonesia, Kuwait. enters world trade 2/5 produced oil. Main exporters– OPEC countries, Russia, Mexico, Canada, Norway,importers– USA, Japan, Western European countries(except Norway and the UK). They transport oil mainly sea transport.

natural gas around the world is mined 2 billion m 3 per year. The main gas producing countries are Russia, USA, Canada, Netherlands, Great Britain, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Norway. Main exporters- the same countries, except for the USA and Great Britain, importers–Japan, USA, Western European countries(except the Netherlands, Norway and the UK). The gas is transported gas pipelines(including undersea intercontinental) and sea transport(in liquefied form).

coal around the world is mined 4 billion tons per year. Leading the way here USA, China, Russia, Germany, India, Australia, South Africa, Poland. Approximately 1/10 mined coal. Main exporters are Australia, USA, South Africa, Poland, importers–Japan, Western European countries. Coal is transported sea transport.

In total, the world annually produces about 12.5 trillion kWhelectricity. Are in the lead here USA, Russia, Japan, China, Germany, Canada, France, UK, India, Brazil. An important indicator is electricity generation per capita. According to this indicator, ahead is Norway and then go Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, Iceland.

The leading place in the global electric power industry belongs to thermal power plants that produce 63 % energy. In second place are hydroelectric power plants(20 % ), they give more 50 % electricity in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Brazil, Canada and some other countries. On the third place - Atom stations (17 % ), they dominate France, Lithuania, Belgium, Korea.

Fuel and energy industry despite her importance in a person's life, inflicts damage to the environment.

So, in mining often the soil cover is disturbed, natural landscapes are destroyed, which makes it impossible for the full existence of flora and fauna in this area.

At improper transportation of oil and gas going on ocean pollution leading to the death of marine plants and animals. Now a set of measures is being developed to prevent the ingress of harmful substances into the water, for example, laying different routes, creating containers with a double bottom, etc. But, despite this, due to human negligence, the environment continues to be polluted.

Processed products thermal energy enter the atmosphere by changing its composition. This issue is particularly relevant because it is one of the global problems : harmful emissions destroy ozone layer planets.

During construction hydroelectric power station going on change in the microclimate of the territory, its hydrological regime.

Nuclear power created a problem disposal of radioactive waste, and improper operation or repair nuclear power plants can lead to dire consequences.

The solution to many problems can be development and implementation treatment facilities, low-waste and waste-free technologies and etc.

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