The presence of a well in a suburban area is often necessary condition to create comfort. Many people prefer to have an independent source even if there is a centralized water supply. The absence of such causes the need to extract water from the bowels. The level of modern technology has significantly expanded the possibilities of drilling. But a do-it-yourself water well remains a reality and in an inexpensive way providing it.
Providing water is a paramount task in the arrangement of any living quarters. To date, there are several ways to extract water:
- well;
- Abyssinian well:
- sand well;
- artesian well.
The arrangement of a well is a laborious process, therefore expensive.
Its disadvantage is also the fact that water is drawn from upper layers, which creates a high probability of contamination, both external and entering through the upper layers of the soil. The amount of water is limited, the average debit is 0.5 cubic meters per hour. The well requires constant cleaning and repair, all these processes are carried out manually.
The well is more modern, reliable, durable and affordable way getting water. You can drill a well for water at any land plot. Depending on the depth of the aquifers, the type of construction is selected: Abyssinian well, sand or artesian well. If the aquifer is located at a depth of up to 12 m, an Abyssinian well is drilled. If this indicator is 50 m, water can be extracted using a sand well. Artesian is necessary if the water is at a depth of up to 200 m.
The Abyssinian well has a small diameter; surface dirt and dust do not enter it. A cheap and reliable option with a moderate amount of water use. sand well has an average flow rate of 1.5 cubic meters per hour. This is a filter view, i.e. on water-bearing sand is placed from polymers or stainless metal. An artesian well is filterless, the water is supplied clean, without impurities. The flow rate is from 5 to 100 cubic meters per hour.
The scheme of the principle of operation of a well for water (sandy type) gives a visual representation of its internal structure.
The choice of the type of well is an extremely important and responsible process.
Useful advice! If there is no information about the depth of the water reservoir, it is not worth determining the type of well without preliminary exploration. This can lead to unplanned additional costs and unexpectedly low flow rates.
Basic ways drilling wells under water
Appointment of the caisson. Prices and characteristics of the most popular models.
Tools used indo-it-yourself water well drilling
When arranging a water well with your own hands, it is of great importance correct selection tools. It determines the speed and quality of work.
The drilling tool must be made of durable and wear-resistant material, preferably steel. You can buy it in the store, or you can make it yourself and be sure of its quality. The main tools used in self-drilling a well:
- a spoon. It consists of a steel hollow cylinder, in which a head with a thread for connection with rods is located in the upper part, and a cutting edge is located in the lower part. The case has a longitudinal slot with one edge bent inward, and the second one is sharpened and can work like a blade during rotation. A drill spoon can be crafted in a workshop where there is lathe and a forge. These devices have a diameter of 70.140 and 198 mm. This value of the spoon should be 10 mm higher than the diameter of the pipes lowered after drilling;
- chisel chisel. The wellbore is rounded by turning the bit 15 to 20 degrees after each impact. The tool is made by forging from a single piece of tough steel. The angle of its sharpening is 90 degrees. Chiseling chisels have a diameter of 74, 108, 147 mm. Small fixtures can be made in workshops that have at least a small forge, as well as lathes and planers;
- bailer. Its body consists of an iron or steel tube, to the top of which is attached a fork with a conical thread for hanging from a rope or attaching to working rods. In the lower part the pipe is equipped with a steel cutting shoe with a valve. The body of the bailer can be made of casing or gas pipe 1–2 m long;
- screw. It has flat spirals with rapid pitch. At the end of the tool there is a burner that destroys the rock, and flat spirals bring it to the surface. The efficiency of the auger can be increased if a small engine is used to rotate, for example, from a saw, motor plow, etc.;
- Cup. It is a regular pipe with pointed bottom ends. Working with it consists in lifting and dropping it from a height of 2-3 m to the face. Sharp ends cut the rock and tear it away from the face;
- barbell. It is applied to shock and rotational drilling. On it, a tool is lowered to the bottom, when it rotates, drilling is carried out, with its help, destroyed rock is extracted to the surface. The rods are subjected to compressive, tensile, bending and twisting loads. As this instrument you can use square or round steel bars, as well as water pipes with a reinforced wall.
Turnkey water well price
The cost of a turnkey water well, the price per meter of drilling is a complex value, which is influenced by a number of circumstances. First of all, it depends on the location of the object and the specifics of the area. Geological sections in the territory of one region are heterogeneous, the distribution of aquifers is different. As a result, drilling wells for water in each area costs differently. In addition, soil composition and landscape matter.
- development area;
- the methodology used;
- fare;
- depth of occurrence of aquifers;
- installation of equipment;
- direct work on drilling and buildup of a well for water;
- type of well, features of its technical arrangement.
First, a qualified study of the soil is carried out, as a result of which the technology and equipment are selected. Since all water well drilling work is carried out by one company, you can save effort and time by getting water in the shortest possible time.
Water supply of a private house from a well: layout of the main elements
The device of a well for water in a private house and the connection of a water supply system to it will not cause difficulties if you correctly draw up a diagram and purchase high-quality equipment. The water supply scheme of a private house from a well contains 3 main components:
- source (well);
- pumping station;
- pipeline.
These main components are equipped with additional:
- caisson for a well;
- automation;
- cleaning filters;
- water heater.
To connect the water supply to the house, it is necessary to lay pipes. If you do not plan to arrange insulation in the form of a cement tunnel (which is troublesome and time consuming), you need to dig a trench that will lower them below the freezing point. Another insulation option can be fiberglass foil materials.
The raw materials for pipes are different: there are several types of metal and an even greater variety of non-metal, polymer products.
Useful advice! When replacing or laying water pipes, remember that contact with water and the formation of condensate will necessarily lead to corrosion on the metal products. Plastic pipes are not subject to corrosion.
Well pumps: main characteristics
When arranging pumping station one of the main mechanisms is the pump. The choice of this device is extremely important.
According to the method of operation, pumps are divided into 2 types:
- superficial;
- submersible (deep).
Surface pumps pump water from wells, the depth of which does not exceed 8 m. They are installed on the surface, the installation method is quite simple.
For greater depths, submersible pumps should be selected. They are of several types:
- centrifugal. They work due to the centrifugal force that the paddle wheel blades create when the shaft rotates;
- screw (or screw). The pumping of liquid occurs due to its movement along the axis of the screw in the chamber formed by the helical grooves and the surface of the housing;
- vortex. The basis of the design is a wheel with blades placed in a housing and attached to the shaft. Driven by centrifugal-vortex force;
- vibrating. They work due to vibrations of the membrane, from which a pressure difference arises, and the liquid is pumped into the water supply system.
The main parameters that should be considered when choosing a pump for a well:
- performance;
- power;
- depth, flow rate and diameter of the well;
- price.
The price of submersible pumps for a water well is much higher than surface pumps. This is due to their greater power, performance, design and installation features. Among submersibles, the most productive and expensive are centrifugal pumps, among which screw types are popular. They have high specifications, good performance and reasonable price.
If necessary, dispense a small amount of water for a short time it is better to give preference to a vortex pump. A vibration device is more often used with a target orientation - to shake the well. Prolonged exposure to vibration can damage parts of the downhole structure closest to the pump.
Useful advice! When deriving well parameters, some indicators are relative values. Therefore, when buying a pump, you should choose suitable model with performance margin.
You can buy a hand pump for water from a well. It requires physical effort, but it is much more reliable, much cheaper, easier to repair and more durable in operation. Hand pumps are of several types:
- winged. Principle of operation: under the influence of a manual lever, the wing rotates, which drives the suction element;
- piston. Pressure builds up at the outlet;
- rod. They operate on the same principle as pistons. The piston is significantly elongated, reminiscent of a rod, hence the name;
- membrane. The basis of functioning is the reciprocating movement of the membrane.
When choosing a hand pump for water from a well, it is necessary first of all to take into account the depth of the water reservoir. The deepest of hand pumps is piston (up to 30 m), membrane is effective up to 8–10 m. All types of hand pumps can fully replace the surface pump.
Fundamentals of proper well operation
The cost of repairing a well for water is always high, since this process is complex and labor-intensive. It is not always possible to do this on your own. In order for the well to supply water for a long time and fully, it is necessary to follow the following rules when starting it:
- It is necessary to turn on the pump for the first time smoothly. It is necessary to turn the valve on the head, starting from the minimum value of the water withdrawal, and bring it to the optimum value.
- The duration of the first water intake should be at least two hours.
- During operation, it is necessary to avoid excessively short-term switching on of the pumping station.
- Systematic and significant water withdrawal in the first months of operation will ensure a constant flow of water and the full functioning of the well.
Useful advice! At the beginning of the use of water from a well, it is mandatory to take a sample for chemical analysis composition. This will make sure that useful properties water used as drinking water, and will also make it possible to properly operate the water supply system as a whole.
Do-it-yourself water well: possible problems and ways to solve them
Even when paying the required cost of a turnkey water well, when the work was done by professionals, it is not always possible to avoid troubles during use. The most common problems during well operation:
- siltation:
- contaminated water;
- weak flow.
If the well is not used systematically, but only in summer period silting is almost inevitable. There is no need to flush the structure in such a situation, but intensive pumping is needed.
Polluted water can become due to the ingress of soil, intermediate water. The most common cause is depressurization of casing pipes. Repair is needed, it can be significant if the casing needs to be replaced, and not just patching of individual sections.
Useful advice! When purchasing materials for arranging casing pipes for a water well, the price of which is related to the budget, you should not choose: the efficiency of the most expensive pumping station can be reduced to zero precisely because of depressurization problems. Plastic rings are reliable and convenient when mounting the casing.
Weak flow may cause the filter to become clogged. The elimination of this problem will be cleaning or replacing the filter as a whole.
To figure out how to make a water well with your own hands, or order it on a turnkey basis, accepting the conditions and cost of a water well already in the finished version - everyone decides for himself. The price cannot be a priority, just like the manufacturer of the equipment. The main thing is that the output should be the quality and quantity of water that is necessary for daily consumption and life support.
On the garden plot or in a private house it is impossible to do without water. It is possible to carry out a central water supply if you live in a city, but then when watering the garden, the harvest will be very expensive, as the water fee rises every year. If a person lives in a village or we are talking about a summer cottage, then any water supply seems pipe dream. There is only one way out - to break through your well for water supply.
Currently, many have appreciated the benefits of having a water well for personal use. Dozens of companies are ready to provide paid services in order to provide water supply with the help of modern technology. However, this pleasure is not available to everyone. Therefore, having adopted improvised means, people are trying to break through the well with their own hands.
First you need to determine the location for the future well. The aquifer is usually located at a depth of about 10-20 meters. If there is a river or lake nearby, then the layer ground water will be close to the surface. To determine the place where it is most profitable to drill a well, a map of the location of groundwater, which is available in each executive committee, will help. locality. The types of soil characteristic of this area are also indicated here.
Do-it-yourself well for irrigation
If water is needed only for irrigation, such a well can be made by yourself using a simple drill, provided that the first layer of groundwater lies close (no more than 3 m) from the surface. The length of the drill should be increased using pipes not large diameter, or bars of reinforcement. When passing through denser layers of soil, additional weights can be hung on the drill handles to reduce the burden on a person. It should be borne in mind that such water is not suitable for drinking, because natural purification does not occur at such a depth.
With the help of an ax welded to a metal rod, it is necessary to chop off the roots of trees that come across in the path of the drill.
At a depth of about two meters, wet sand will begin to come across. It is necessary to remove the drill with stuck soil approximately every 10-15 cm, otherwise the device may break under the weight of the earth.
When sand of a bluish-gray color appears, it means aquifer very near. When water appears, the use of a drill loses its meaning, since the liquid soil does not rest on the blades. You need to put in a tubing. The well is ready for irrigation. To raise the water, you can use a hand column or an electric pump.
Well for the extraction of drinking water using a pump
If groundwater deposits are at a depth of about 10 meters, there is another effective and simple method drill a well.
First you need to dig a hole about 1.5 meters deep to remove loose and loose upper layer soil, about square meter. Cover the hole with boards for the convenience of further work.
On one side, cut the steel pipe with teeth according to the principle of a hacksaw, straightening the teeth in different sides. On the other hand, make a thread for connecting to other pipe sections using a coupling. Using a clamp, attach handles to the pipe so that you can hold it in a vertical position, at a height that will be convenient for the person who will hold it. On the remaining pipes, make a thread on both sides. The length should be about 3 meters.
Prepare a 200-liter or more barrel of water, a water pump of the "Kid" type, a hose of such length that it is possible to lower it from the barrel into the middle of the pipe almost to the ground.
The diameter of the pipe must be at least 120 mm, in the future it will be used as a casing.
It is inconvenient to do such work alone, so it is better to find an assistant.
Turning the pipe slightly from one side to the other, deepen it as far as possible. Then turn on the pump. Water under pressure will erode the soil at the base of the pipe, and under its own weight and thanks to the efforts of the person who rotates it back and forth, it will sink deeper and deeper.
To fill the barrel, you can use the water that will pour out of the pipe, after filtering it through a sieve, or prepare another one. By connecting pipes in series, you can quickly get to the aquifer. Having removed the already unnecessary boards, the hole must be dug up, strengthening the pipe in the middle. Attach a lid on top so that debris does not get into the well. Pump water with deep pump or pumping station.
This is not the only way to make a well with your own hands, but it is quite simple and does not require expensive equipment or complex types work - welding, cutting, sharpening and so on.
Well punching by shock-rope method
This method of extracting water is the most common. A drilling rig is constructed from logs of medium thickness, the top of which should be located directly above the future neck of the well.
A hole is dug 1.5 x 1.5 meters in size with a depth of about 2 meters. It is advisable to sheathe the walls with boards so that the earth does not crumble.
The casing pipe must be steel without side seams, with a wall thickness of at least 5 mm. In its lower part, a cone with a diameter of 4-5 cm larger than the diameter of the pipe is welded around the circumference.
In the upper part, a thread is rolled on the pipe so that it can later be connected to other pieces of pipes by means of a coupling.
The pipe is installed vertically with a plumb line into the pit, it is not fixed tightly, but so that it does not sway. A bailer is lowered into it, tied with a strong hemp rope with a thickness of at least 20 mm or a steel cable with a diameter of at least 10 mm, and the actual punching of the well begins.
Raising the bailer to a height of up to one meter, lower it down into free fall. The soil, stuffed into the middle, must be shaken out periodically, lifting the device up with a winch.
The greater the weight of the bailer, the faster you can get to the aquifer. It usually weighs around 50 kg. Its length should be no more than 2 meters.
It is necessary to fill the bailer with soil by about 2/3 of the length, since if the load is excessive, the contents can clog the pipe space and this will make further drilling of the well difficult.
If hard rock is encountered along the way, it must be broken by replacing the bailer with a chisel.
When water appears, the use of the bailer will be impractical, it is necessary to pump it to a clean state using a deep pump. Then a filter must be inserted into the casing pipe so that sand does not get into the well.
In this way, you can punch a well up to 40 meters deep. Such water, having undergone natural purification, is soft and tasty. It is suitable for any application - for cooking, drinking or household needs.
For normal life support in the house or in the country should be constantly running water. Most often, the sources are a well or a well. Preferably a well. Firstly, because, as a rule, rather deep-lying aquifers with more clean water. Second, they last longer. Thirdly, their debit (replenishment rate) is much higher. It is also important that it is possible to drill water wells with your own hands. There are several technologies, you just have to choose.
Water near the house is always good
Methods for self-drilling water wells
Water wells are drilled or clogged - different technologies involve different ways. Do-it-yourself drilling of wells for water is not possible by all methods, but some can really be used.
Auger drilling
With this technology, a well is made using a special drill - auger. This is a steel pipe, with blades welded in a spiral. When rotating, the projectile plunges into the ground. After it goes to its entire depth, it is taken out, the soil remaining on the blades is poured out. The auger is lowered into the well again, having grown the pipe from above, excavation continues. So, over and over again, taking out the projectile and shaking off the soil, they drill a well. Pipes at the ends can be threaded or connected with studs.
The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for all types of soils. Normally soft or medium hard rocks are drilled. If there is a rocky or rocky layer, the work will be inefficient - the auger is powerless here. Blockages will be observed in loose soils, which is also problematic.
Quite powerful installations work according to this technology, but there are even hand-held auger drills. They work very hard, but possible. There is a simple device that makes auger drilling of water wells with your own hands easier - this is a tripod with a collar and a block fixed at the top. With the help of a cable, a winch and a block, it is easier to get a drilling tool, and this must be done often.
Motorized drilling rigs are more convenient, and not necessarily purchased ones. There is interesting homemade. In any case, this is a frame with a movably fixed motor that drives the drill. An example of such a setup is in the next video. The auger drill is not used for water wells, but the essence of the installation itself and the principle of operation do not change from this.
At small sizes auger and rods, which increase the length (up to 1.5 m), this method of drilling water wells can also be used inside the house, cottage, bath. The main thing is that the soils are suitable.
Hydrodrilling (using a pump or a pump)
As the name implies, this method uses water to drill wells. When used independently, most often water is pumped into the pipe. It exits through special holes at the bottom of the drill, flows by gravity through the gap between the outer wall of the pipe and the walls of the well.
In addition to a drill and threaded pipes, this method also requires a pump. Before starting work, two pits are dug near the future well. In the first, the main amount of soil settles, in the second, water enters, devoid of most of the impurities. Little water is needed for the process - it constantly circulates. From the first pit, sediments are periodically removed, usually with a shovel. If necessary, if the water has become too dirty, it can be replaced. It is pumped out using the same pump, only it is not fed into the well, but is drained somewhere to the site. Bay a new batch of water can continue drilling.
After the well has reached the required depth, a casing pipe with a filter at the end is inserted into it. IN Lately the most commonly used pipe is HDPE or PVC. It is easier to work with HDPE - it bends well. The filter is holes drilled at the end of the casing. The length of such a filter is about a meter. Then you can wind a stainless steel wire on top, and a fine mesh of the same stainless steel on top.
Shock rope method
One of the easiest to implement ways to make a well on your own is shock-rope. But it is also the slowest, in the absence of mechanization, it requires significant physical effort. On the other hand, it can be considered as a simulator. Moreover, it is very effective - almost all the muscles of the body work.
Do-it-yourself shock-rope drilling of water wells is a universal method that can be used on any type of soil. Only the projectile changes, but the technology and installation remains the same:
The wireline drilling rig can be implemented in different ways. The most common type is a tripod, in the center of which a block is fixed. But the block can also be attached to an L-shaped structure; an electric motor with a gearbox can also be used to facilitate labor.
Tripod - the most common type of installation
The technology of shock-rope drilling itself is very simple: the projectile is lifted, released into free fall. This is repeated many times. With each blow, the well becomes a little deeper. When a section of 50 cm has been passed, the projectile is removed, freed from the ground. And everything repeats again.
To drill faster, you need a heavy projectile. If the pipe walls are thick, the mass can be significant anyway. If necessary, you can make it heavier - fill it with lead upper part pipes. Also, to speed up the passage, the lower edge can be sharpened, but this must be done so that the bevel is directed inward. One more thing: pay attention to the slots in the drilling shells. They make it easier to remove the rock. This is especially important when passing dense, viscous clay layers.
A cable for a percussion-rope drilling rig is needed with a diameter of 10-12 mm. If you work by hand, gloves are required. When passing through the upper layers it is easier to use hand drill, and for easier passage of the upper layers in dry time, you can pour water into the drilled well.
Casing pipe and filter
All the above-described technologies for self-drilling water wells have common features. After the well has reached the aquifer (water will appear in the rock in large quantities), continue to drill for some time, going deep into the water carrier by 1-2 meters. Then the entire drill string is dismantled, and a casing pipe is installed inside the well.
The piping needs to be dealt with. Select the diameter depending on the size of the well you drilled and the type of pump you plan to use. We must carefully consider the choice of material. Some time for casing used asbestos pipes. But they are very harmful - the strongest carcinogen. Do not use galvanized pipes either - zinc is not excreted from the body, it accumulates. And poisoning them has very bad consequences.
Remains not the same big choice- pipes made of steel and stainless steel, as well as plastic - HDPE and PVC. stainless steel - practically perfect option, except for the price and complexity of welding. In order for the seam not to rust, welding in an argon environment is necessary, and this is not easy. Although, to some extent, special stainless steels can help.
IN last years plastic pipes are becoming more and more popular. PVC and HDPE are cheap and cheerful, but for their installation, the well must be perfectly level. Another point - plastic does not tolerate loads very well. Therefore, they can be used at a shallow depth - up to 15 meters. In any case, set for a well sewer pipes it’s not worth it, it’s better to still find plumbing, although they are more expensive: the walls in them are of different thicknesses, so the investment will be justified.
Steel pipes will definitely not collapse and stand for a long time, but they also have a significant drawback: they rust. Nevertheless, of the options described above, it is the metal that is optimal if there are no funds for stainless steel.
In order for water to enter the casing pipe, a filter is made in its lower part, which is immersed in the aquifer. Holes are made in the pipe. There are two options. The first - with a large diameter drill, in four rows in a checkerboard pattern. The second - longitudinal slots are cut with a grinder (size 1.5-2.5 mm).
A wire (3-4 mm in diameter) is wound on top of the pipe, and a mesh with a very small cell is attached on top of it. It is best to use stainless steel. In this case, it will be possible to wash the sediment filter with washing solutions, and the wire and mesh can be welded to the pipe.
If you use any other metal, after a while the filter will fail. Ferrous metal rusts, the rest are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion.
Abyssinian well or well-needle
This is a type of manual drilling of wells for water and cannot be called drilling - a special rod with a cast cone-shaped tip is driven into the ground, increasing as needed with pipes-rods (one 1-2 meters long), which are connected by thread. This type of wells is called differently, driven, Abyssinian, needle. All this about one method.
The difference from all other methods is that these pipes remain in the ground, it is through them that water will flow. That is, this is a well without casing. It is pierced with the help of these pipes, and then they are used. Therefore, as the rods with which the needle is built up, water pipes with a thick wall are used. Diameter from 25 -32 mm. Since the pipes are clogged forever, their connection must be airtight. Traditionally, to increase reliability, a winding (usually linen) is used, it can be coated with a sealant.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is called the needle. But the tip-peak is far from the only difference between this piece and others. Holes are drilled in almost the entire length of the pipe. This is a water filter. Water will flow through them. So that they are not clogged with rock, a wire is wound in a spiral over the pipe, and a fine mesh is attached to it. In order for the well to serve for a long time, not to clog, it was possible to flush, the wire and mesh must be made of stainless steel. Only in this embodiment, the filter will serve for a long time and without problems. The use of other metals, albeit stainless ones, greatly reduces the life of the well - metals are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion. Because brass, copper or any other wire or mesh on steel pipe unsuitable.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is a needle with a spike tip and a filter
One more moment. So that when clogging the mesh and winding is not torn off, they are welded to the pipe. The next point: the diameter of the wide part of the cone should be wider than the diameter of the pipe. When clogging, the cone leaves a hole of a greater width than the winding pipe following them, therefore it will not be torn off.
The technical process of driving a well-needle is extremely simple: they hit the pipe, driving it into the ground. But if you knock something heavy on the top of the pipe, it will deform. Therefore, they make a special device - a headstock and a cone that is screwed onto the top of the pipe. Inside the headstock, the impact surface also has the shape of a cone. The existing cavities inside are filled with lead - to increase the weight. The more the projectile weighs, the faster the pipe will clog, but keep in mind that you need to lift it with your hands and a lot of times.
The woman herself is much larger in diameter than the pipe that will be hammered. So that during its movement there is no play at the bottom, a washer of a suitable diameter is installed (slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe). As a result, the headstock moves freely up / down, but without any backlash. The height of the projectile is determined by its size - it is necessary that it does not fly off the clogged pipe. Appearance headstock for driving the Abyssinian well and its drawing are located below.
This is not the only device with which wells are clogged. They make a powerful clamp on the pipe, which is fixed according to the clamp principle. Instead of a headstock, a heavy metal ring with two handles is used. How to work with them - see the video.
As you can see, it is possible to break a well for water inside the house or even at the bottom of an old well. Not much space is needed.
How to equip a punched well
Punching/drilling a well is not enough. We still need to raise the water, and this is a completely different story. If you want to make the water supply constant, with normal pressure, so that you can connect household appliances, you will need .
For seasonal water supply in the country, you can get by with a more modest set:
- vibration pump;
- check valve, which is installed in front of the pump;
- water container;
- watering hose;
- taps, etc.
Please note that the check valve is installed in front of the pump, and not at the end of the hose submerged into the well. Just like that, this very hose will not break during frosts. Another plus of such a device is that it is easier to dismantle for the winter.
Another tip: the well must be closed with something. In houses permanent residence make a caisson - a concrete or plastic bunker that is below the freezing depth. It contains all the equipment. When using water only periodically, the caisson is too expensive pleasure. But something needs to close the well. Firstly, some kind of living creature may fall into it, which will not please you in any way. Secondly, "good" neighbors can drop something. A more budgetary way out is to build. Even more cheap option- dig a pit, beat it with a board, make a wooden cover. Key moment: all this must be locked.
To ensure a full autonomous water supply country house or cottages on the site are drilling a well, involving specialized companies in the performance of work. Depending on the features geological structure soil is selected drilling technology. The use of powerful equipment allows you to punch a well anywhere, while the depth of the structure can reach up to 150 meters. With a close occurrence of the aquifer, an Abyssinian well is drilled for water with their own hands. Its depth usually does not exceed 10 meters. Before starting work, you need to evaluate your strengths and capabilities, since drilling a well even to a shallow depth on your own is labor intensive. Therefore, it is better to entrust the installation of a water well to professional drillers who will complete everything in a short time and hand over the operating well to the customer on a turnkey basis.
What are the types of water wells?
Abyssinian (tubular) well constructed with a depth of 8 to 12 meters. It differs from a conventional well in that drinking water top water does not get in, as well as dust, dirt and various foreign elements.
Before drilling an aquifer, water must be found. five better ways search studied in this material:
Well on the sand is deepened by 15-30 meters by auger. At the same time, the design of the water well looks like a pipe, at the end of which there is a perforated section wrapped with a stainless steel metal mesh. The perforated section of the pipe (filter) is installed in coarse sands, in which there is an admixture of pebbles. The flow rate of the well for sand allows you to cover the need for water in a country house or a small country house with two water intake points. Such structures serve no more than 5 years with periodic operation and up to 15 years with constant operation. After the well is silted up, it is flushed or a new wellbore is drilled nearby.
Artesian well it is drilled to a great depth, reaching, depending on the occurrence of limestone, up to 15-200 meters. Allows you to provide any volume of water in one or more country houses. Serves up to 50 years.
The depth of the well for water depends on the location of the desired aquifer
Drilling a well with a small drilling rig
At the moment, it is possible to drill a water well on a private household plot using auger drilling, rotary drilling or percussion drilling.
A detailed overview of hydrodrilling technology is presented in the following material:
The difference between the listed drilling technologies from each other lies in the methods of rock destruction inside the well and the options for extracting soil from the wellbore. It is clear that in each option different equipment is used, which affects the quality of the well and the final cost of its creation.
Option #1 - auger drilling
It should be noted right away that the construction of a well under water by auger drilling is considered the simplest and cheapest option. Most of the small-sized ones in use are built on this method. The essence of the technology is to excavate the soil using the classic Archimedean screw, called an auger. The process can be compared to the drilling of ice fishing holes by ice fishing enthusiasts. Wells are drilled in the melon method, the depth of which does not reach 10 meters. It does not use water or drilling fluid to flush the structure.
There are such special, easily transportable installations for auger drilling. They are usually used by specialized companies.
Auger drilling is not applicable in all types of soil. The method works without problems in dry and relatively soft soils. It is not possible to drill quicksand and hard (rocky) rocks that can be encountered in the drilling process with an auger.
When choosing performers, you should pay attention to their experience and qualifications.
Performers must be able not only to punch holes in the soil of the required length, reaching the desired aquifer, but also to protect the water carrier from getting perched and Wastewater seeping from the surface.
Option #2 - rotary drilling method
When drilling deep wells in a rotary way, a special drill pipe is used, in the cavity of which a rotating shaft is immersed into the well, equipped with a tip - a chisel. The weight on the bit is created by the action of the hydraulic installation. This is the most common drilling method, with the help of which any depth of a water well is reached. To wash out the rock (soil) from the well, a drilling fluid is used, which is fed into the pipe in two ways:
- using a pump, it is pumped into the drill pipe, after which the solution with the rock flows out by gravity through the annulus (direct flushing);
- gravity flows into the annulus, and then the solution with the rock is pumped out of the drill pipe using a pump (backwash).
Backwashing allows you to get a greater flow rate of the well, as it is possible to better open the desired aquifer. However, this technology requires the involvement of sophisticated equipment, which affects the increase in the cost of work. Drilling based on direct flushing is cheaper, so most often the owners of private houses order this option well construction for water intake.
You are unlikely to make an artesian well yourself, such drilling is carried out using drilling machines by specialized companies
Option #3 - percussion drilling
This method is the oldest, laborious and very slow, but with all this it is possible to obtain a high-quality well that can last up to half a century. The essence of the technology is as follows: the rock (soil) is crushed by the impact of a heavy projectile rising to a height and falling down with force. The destroyed rock is removed from the wellbore with the help of a bailer.
It is possible to make a bailer yourself after reading the following article:
Percussion drilling - enough effective method, but not so often used due to the high labor costs
The advantage of this drilling method is that no water or drilling fluid has to be used. Thanks to this, it is possible to open the aquifer more accurately, ensuring the maximum possible well flow rate and the duration of its service life.
The high cost of drilling with this method is a disadvantage that the average consumer has to reckon with. The technology surpasses the rotary method in terms of labor intensity. In addition, percussion-rope drilling of a well with access to the second and subsequent aquifers requires isolation of higher-lying water carriers using additional casing strings. Therefore, it is necessary to spend money on the purchase of pipes of a larger diameter. The volume of work performed by specialists is also increasing, which affects the budget of the structure.
Option #4 - manual drilling (video)
Having become acquainted with the main types of wells and methods for their construction, you can choose the most suitable option for the water supply of your country house. Now, you know exactly how to make a well for water in such a way as to ensure the need for water in the right volumes. Usually, a do-it-yourself well is built under water on the first aquifer, which lies at a shallow depth. Artesian wells are drilled with special drilling machines, for which it is necessary to provide access to the site.
This type of water supply, which is typical for big city, quite problematic in terms of arrangement on summer cottages and in the countryside. Sites are often remote from each other, and making a single plumbing is troublesome and expensive. It is best to have your own well. This is your own source of water that will not let you down, and there will be enough water for all household needs. Of course, drilling a well can be entrusted to professionals in this field, however, wanting to save money, many people think about how to make a well with their own hands.
Peculiarities
The selection of the type of well depends on the depth of the water-containing formation - 3-12 m - Abyssinian well, up to 50 m - sandy and up to 200 m - artesian well.
The first two options can be done independently, but the last one can be done only with the help of a drilling rig.
- Abyssinian well - you need to choose a place remote from septic tanks and garbage, since the well is shallow, and harmful substances may fall into the water. If there are no hard rocks in the ground, then you can drill a well near the house or in the basement of the building itself.
- Sand well - designed for deeper pumping of water from a sandy water-containing layer at a depth of up to 50 m. But the water must be checked for organic and chemical compounds. To receive you need to clean water, a filter is placed at a depth that needs to be cleaned from time to time.
- An artesian well is water from a lime layer. With such a well, there will be enough water for several sites. You can save money and get your own water.
Before making a well, it is necessary to take into account the future volume of water consumption and the type of terrain.
Note! An artesian well is installed at a flow rate of more than 10 cubic meters, otherwise you can get by with a sandy or Abyssinian well.
Device
Drilling a well requires equipment. Shovels and pickaxes won't be enough. You will need specialized equipment for deep drilling of the soil.
In order to drill an artesian well, a special drilling rig is needed, and for smaller ones, a winch with a tripod is used. With the help of a winch, the drilling tool, which is a core barrel, a drill rod, a column for drilling and a drill, will be raised and lowered.
Drilling work
First of all, a hole is dug (a pit, the size of which is 150x150 cm). In order for the walls not to crumble, they are lined with boards or other improvised materials. Or, using a conventional drill, a trunk is made, the depth of which is 1 m, and the diameter is 15-20 cm. This is necessary for the stable position of the pipe.
Put a tripod over the recess. It can be made of wood or metal, but must be durable.
The winch is attached to the place where the logs are connected. The drill column is a rod 1.5; 3 or 4 m, which are threaded into one pipe and fixed with clamps. In order to determine the diameter of the well and core barrel, it is necessary to select a pump. It must be of such a size that it can freely enter the pipe, so its diameter must be 5 mm smaller than the internal diameter of the pipe.
For drilling a well, the method of lowering and raising drilling equipment is used. When turning the rod, they hit it with a chisel. It is convenient to do this work together - one turns the gas wrench, the other hits the bar, and the rock breaks through.
The winch will simplify this process - lowering and raising the equipment is easy. Marks must be made on the rod when drilling in order to clean the drill after 50-60 cm. To facilitate drilling, water is sometimes poured.
If moisture has appeared in the rock, then the aquifer has already been reached, but the aquifer still needs to be drilled.
Note! When the desired seam is reached, drilling will become easy, but you need to continue working until the drill hits hard rock again.
Arrangement
After drilling is completed, the filter column is lowered into the well, which includes a sump, pipes and filters. You can use a sand filter for a submersible pump.
The space left behind the pipes is covered with rubble or sand. The level must be above the filter. At the same time, water is pumped into the pipe, in which the upper end is sealed, with a conventional pump. So the annulus and the filter are washed, then the well is gelled. With the help of a bailer (nozzle), water is pumped out. This is done before receiving clear water without solid particles and sand, screw pump is better.
Then the pump is lowered into the well on a safety cable. Connected to the pump water pipe or hose.
The pump power is affected by the following parameters:
- well depth and debit;
- its distance from home;
- casing diameter.
With a well depth of more than 9 meters, submersible pumps are used. After the pump is immersed in the wellhead, a pipe is removed, it is welded to the head of the caisson, which is located there. A valve is installed on the pipe, and when it is opened, water is supplied upward. The same valve regulates the water supply. If the water supply rate is high, and the debit, on the contrary, then the water will quickly leave, the pump will run idle and deteriorate. In the caisson, pipes must be connected that serve to supply water to the room. Pipes are laid in trenches, they are insulated and waterproofed, the sides of the caisson are covered with soil and a blind area is made.
Operation and care
The well requires constant maintenance and cleaning.
Note! If the pressure of the water began to fall, the water began to come out with air or impurities, then you need to clean it. If this is not done, then the well will silt up and a new one will have to be made.
The well is purged with a water or air compressor. This will save you from sand and silt. If such methods do not help, then more effective ones can be used - a short circuit or acid. But this is associated with a risk to human health and life. Without experience, you can simply destroy the well. To avoid trouble, it is better to use the services of specialists.
Video
If you are interested in how to equip a well, watch the following video:
Before starting work, we advise you to contact the company for drilling of an engineering-geological well.