The nature around us contains many secrets and mysteries, and man has not yet managed to unravel them all.
Plants that attract us with their beautiful flowers or openwork foliage can sometimes bring not only harm, but also bring to death, if you do not know their properties. These can be poisonous forest and meadow plants, as well as garden ones. Even an apple, apricot or cherry can cause poisoning if you eat a lot of their seeds and kernels from the seeds. Green potatoes and rhubarb leaves also pose a threat to human health.
Almost any inhabitant of nature, be it a beautiful flower or an inconspicuous herb, is useful in one way or another. They contain biologically active substances. But at the same time, they can become dangerous if you use them at random, or make a mistake with the view while collecting medicinal herbs. At the same time, poisonous plant juices, dangerous to humans, do not in any way affect domestic or wild animals that serve as their usual food. But it also happens the other way around.
The influence of poisonous plants on human health is diverse. Some can cause minor harm in the form of mild dizziness, nausea and vomiting, while others can lead to paralysis and death.
Deadly poisonous plants for humans - names and photos
Aconite... Poisonous substances are found in the leaves and roots. May be fatal if swallowed.
Black henbane... All parts of the plant are poisonous and, when eaten, lead to a mental disorder, up to a person falling into a coma.
henbane black
Belladonna, or belladonna. All plants are poisonous. Misuse leads to respiratory paralysis and possibly death.
Belladonna
Black elderberry. The consequences of its use inside affect shortness of breath, tachycardia, up to coma.
Elderberry black
Hemlock. When poisoned with this plant, suffocation occurs, leading to respiratory arrest.
Hemlock
Veh, he's a cicuta, the most terrible plant in its effect. 50 grams of roots is enough to poison a sheep. Nervous system paralysis and death.
Crow's eye four-leafed... Amazes nervous system a person, causes a malfunction of the heart, which leads to death.
Datura ordinary. Not only to use inside, but even to smell this plant is impossible. Sharply affects the human psyche, leading to madness.
Hellebore... All parts of the plant are dangerous to human life. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs.
Hellebore
The following plant species are also considered poisonous, but not to the same extent as the first ones, and in most cases can be used as medicinal ones, of course, after consulting a doctor or a medical specialist.
List of moderately poisonous plants
Marsh Ledum (moderately poisonous).
Common hogweed (causes burns).
Basil simple (moderately poisonous).
Anemone, she is a liverwort (poisonous in high doses).
Oregano ordinary (possesses abortative properties).
Larkspur field, it is also a wild delphinium.
Marsh marigold.
European clefthoof (moderately poisonous, causes sneezing and vomiting).
European bathing suit.
Kupena medicinal (plant sap causes irritation skin and eyes, large doses induce vomiting).
May lily of the valley (poisonous bright red fruits that form after flowering and attract the attention of children).
Buttercup (the sap of the plant is dangerous, which irritates the eyes and skin, making it sensitive to sunlight).
Common soapwort (moderately poisonous when the recommended doses are exceeded).
Mytnik (external use only).
Noricum knotted (harmful when fresh, irritating to the skin).
Sow thistle (juice is poisonous, causing irritation of the mucous membranes and eyes).
Male fern, he is also wild rose (taken only under the supervision of a doctor).
Black nightshade and nightshade are bittersweet (more often animals and children are poisoned by the berries of these plants).
Common tansy (moderately poisonous, does harm with prolonged use).
Rattle.
Snowdrop.
Common bruise.
Nomad (moderately poisonous, causes poisoning with prolonged use).
Chastuha (the sap of the plant causes irritation to the skin and eyes).
The rank is meadow.
Forest purse (at high doses causes impairment of motor activity).
Elderberry is red.
Wolf's bast.
Common honeysuckle (fruits are poisonous, not to be confused with garden honeysuckle).
Viburnum ordinary (the bark of this shrub has an abortative effect, at high doses).
Buckthorn is brittle (not to be confused with buckthorn laxative, fresh bark of buckthorn is dangerous).
Juniper (berries are dangerous).
Bird cherry (flowers in large quantities are dangerous, emitting phytoncides of hydrocyanic acid, which leads to poisoning).
Purpose of work: learn to distinguish between the types of poisonous plants. Fill in tables 14 and 15.
Literature and visual aids
1. Plants of hayfields and pastures: a reference guide / ed. S.I. Dmitriev [and others]. - 2nd ed. revised and add. - M.: Kolos, 1982 .-- S. 206-215.
2. Herbarium.
Poisonous plants are called those, the consumption of which causes a health disorder, and in some cases the death of animals.
Most poisonous plants belong to the family of Euphorbia, Solanaceae, Buttercup, Cabbage, Liliaceae, Noricum, Celery, Horsetail, Clove, etc.
Virulence(toxicity) is explained by the content of special chemical compounds in them. The main ones are alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils, organic acids.
Alkaloids cause diseases of the central nervous system, digestive tract... They are contained in plants from the family of nightshade, wintering, lily, poppy (belladonna, dope, fighter, larkspur, hellebore, poppy, celandine).
Glucosides give plants a bitter taste, disrupt the work of the heart, respiratory and digestive tract in animals. They are contained in plants from the families of cabbage, norichnikov, buttercups (mustard, jaundice, avran, foxglove, buttercups, adonis).
Essential oils affect the central nervous system, heart and digestive tract, are contained in plants from the families of Asteraceae, heather, celery (tansy, Tauric wormwood, wild rosemary, elecampane, milestones, etc.).
Organic acids contains: oxalic acid in milkweed, ferns, sorrel, lichens, lactones - in buttercups, ricin - in castor bean seeds and robin - in false acacia.
By the effect on the body of animals poisonous plants divided into 7 groups (Table 13).
Table 13
Characteristics of poisonous plants
|
A group of plants by their impact on organism of animals |
Poisonous beginning |
Plant species |
|
1. Exciting c.ns. |
Goscyamine, Scopolamine, Cicutoxin, Goscyamine |
Black henbane, milestone poisonous, dope |
|
2. Exciting c.ns. and damaging the heart, kidneys |
Proteanemonin, thujone, dolphinin, calcatripin |
Marigold, buttercups, tansy, larkspur |
|
3. Oppression, paralysis of c.ns., damage to the digestive tract |
Coniine, conhydrin, gitagin, equisitin, protoveratrin, protovarathridine |
Spotted hemlock, sowing cockle, cereal starwort, field horsetail, marsh marsh, hellebore, bitterness, pickulnik |
|
4. Damage to the respiratory and digestive tract |
Mustard oil, sinirin |
Field mustard, streaky walker, short-fruited watercress |
|
5. Damage to the gastrointestinal tract |
Euphorbon, saponin |
Euphorbia, soapwort |
|
6. Heart failure |
Evonimine, adonidine, adonin |
Euonymus, adonis, motley elk |
|
7. Liver damage |
Alkaloids |
Meadow, forest and common groundwort |
Table 14
Poisonous plants
|
Plant species |
Family |
Longevity |
Group by action |
In which phases, which parts of the plant and at which use are toxic |
For which animals is toxic |
growth |
|
1. Black henbane | ||||||
|
2. Hemlock spotted | ||||||
|
3. Milestone poisonous | ||||||
|
4. Vyazel motley | ||||||
|
5 Gorchak, bitter cornflower | ||||||
|
6. Walker streaked | ||||||
|
7. Datura | ||||||
|
8. Larkspur | ||||||
|
9. Zherukha short-fruited | ||||||
|
10. Celebrity starfish | ||||||
|
End of Table 14 |
||||||
|
11. Marsh marigold | ||||||
|
12. Doll sowing | ||||||
|
13. Buttercup acrid, creeping, poisonous | ||||||
|
14. Euphorbia vine, swamp, Gerard | ||||||
|
common | ||||||
|
16. Pickup | ||||||
|
swampy | ||||||
|
18. Chemeritsa | ||||||
Harmful plants are called that cause mechanical damage to animals or spoil livestock products - meat, milk, wool.
Table 15
Brief characteristics of harmful plants
|
Species name |
Family |
What is the harmfulness |
Place of growth |
|
1. Wormwood common | |||
|
2. Wild garlic and onions | |||
|
3. Sorrel equine and sour | |||
|
4. Velcro blackberry | |||
|
5. Cocklebur ordinary | |||
|
7 trailer | |||
|
8. Lucerne Crimean burr | |||
|
9. Bonfire roofing, bristle gray and green | |||
|
10. Feather grass hairy | |||
|
11. Yarutka bedbug garbage | |||
|
field, common |
Poisonous plants
Poisonous
they call plants containing such substances that, getting into the body of a person or animals, cause poisoning, and in especially severe cases, death. Poisonous plants make up about two percent of the total known species. In theory, you can poison any of them. Still, unpalatable, bitter, or foul-smelling plants are less likely to be confused with edible plants. But there are many plants that look and even taste like food. Especially attractive bright fruits... A lot of poisonous plants grow in the Chita region. Remember some of them.
Bittersweet nightshade
... This climbing shrub up to 3 m long is familiar to many. It grows everywhere near water bodies, shrubs, often on old garbage heaps. A typical member of the nightshade family, bittersweet has simple, whole leaves, decorative purple flowers, collected in a paniculate inflorescence. Since the end of summer, the entire subshrub has been attracting to itself with bright red berries. But, like most members of the family, the berries contain the poisonous substance solanine. Therefore, eating them leads to severe, although not fatal poisoning.
Milestone poisonous
an inhabitant of stagnant bodies of water, wet meadows from the umbrella family. 
Powerful stems with large pinnately dissected leaves of the milestone are visible from a distance. Small white flowers are collected in a complex umbrella inflorescence. By the end of summer, the umbrellas form seeds very similar to dill. It should be noted that all umbellates are very similar to each other and very difficult to differ. But the poisonous milestone has a very clear identification mark - a special structure of the rhizome: it has hollow internodes with transverse partitions.
Poisonous milestone is one of the most poisonous plants. Poisoning with it occurs most often in the spring, when the rhizome and young greens are especially attractive. They smell like parsley and taste sweet. After the parts of the plant enter the body, death from suffocation occurs very soon. It is dangerous even to get the juice of a milestone on damaged skin. Remember that the poison of a milestone retains its properties for a very long time, so even dried plants are deadly poisonous.
Raven eye
... Such a peculiar name was given to a very memorable plant of the lily family. Even if you have never seen a raven eye before, the first time you meet him, you will immediately understand that we are talking about this particular species.
A perennial plant with a high stem, on the top of which four wide leaves are located one next to the other, and between them is a nondescript greenish flower, which then turns into a bluish-black berry that resembles a raven's eye.
Many legends are associated with this plant. According to one of them, for many years an old wizard lived in the hollow of a mighty tree with his faithful friend, a black raven, who knew how to predict the future. When the old man died, the raven long time he flew over the forest, mourning the wizard, and where the bird's tears fell, every spring a flower with a black berry grew.
Berries raven eye so poisonous that their use for medical purposes is prohibited. Fortunately, the plant does not form large thickets, so the victims do not have time to eat a lot of berries, and the poisoning basically ends in recovery.
Red-fruited raven
... Under the canopy of shady forests, another of 
poisonous plants of the buttercup family. The red-fruited raven without fruit is practically invisible against the background of other vegetation. Nondescript stems of this plant, up to 50 cm high, bear brown scales at the base, and its leaves can easily be mistaken for the leaves of edible umbrella plants. The flowers are small, white, inconspicuous, at the end of the stem are collected in a small raceme. In August - September, bright red fruits ripen on the plant, and then the raven is visible from afar.
The plant is so poisonous that even when touched, bubbles appear on the skin. But especially dangerous is the ingress of Voronets juice on the mucous membrane of the eyes and mouth.
Larkspur
... In July, among the steppe, which is often already burnt out from the hot sun, bright blue flowers of amazing shape stand out well. Even the ancient Greeks noticed some similarity of a flower bud with a dolphin, so the second name of this genus is probably more familiar to you - delphinium.
Larkspur - low perennial families of buttercups with an erect stem, delicate, strongly dissected leaves and beautiful flowers. Interestingly, the flower consists of 5 large sepals, one of which bears a spur. And the petals here are transformed into nectaries, painted black and their nectar-bearing part is hidden in the spur of the calyx.
The whole plant is poisonous, especially the flowers.
Fluffy ash
... It can be said about this plant that beauty is deceiving, and even very dangerous. Large plants with carved leaves... And if the ash tree also blooms, the eye from it 
just don't tear it off. See for yourself. Large flowers of a very pleasant color, and even collected in an intricate inflorescence. And what a scent! On the stamens, the bush ash has special purple glands that secrete an essential oil with a subtle lemon scent. On a hot day essential oil so much stands out that from a distance it seems that the whole plant is shrouded in a wavering haze. You just want to come closer, touch the flower, or even pick it, but wait. Carefully! This plant is ready to defend itself. Its essential oils not only smell very good, but within a few minutes they can cause severe burns to the hands, not to mention the thin skin of the face. And if they also cause you an allergy, they can kill you. Therefore, it is also better to enjoy the scent from a safe distance. The ash tree does not bloom for long. In place of the flowers, funny shaggy fruits appear, somewhat reminiscent of teddy bears. Caution, and here you are in danger. The whole plant is poisonous, without exception. And now you know that not only to vomit, but also to come close to it is unsafe. The fluffy ash is a rare plant, it is included in the "Red Book of the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug".
DID YOU KNOW?
Poison milestone poisonous acts within 5-10 minutes after entering the body. The entire plant of the red-fruited Voronets has a specific unpleasant odor.
IT IS INTERESTING!
According to legend, the poisonous milestone was poisoned with juice ancient greek philosopher Socrates.
Larkspur contains in its composition substances similar to curare poison, which since ancient times the Indians have lubricated arrowheads before hunting.
Harmful plants
Harmful plants are plants that do not contain toxic substances and are even considered nutritious, but eating them can harm the health of animals, lead to damage to livestock products (meat, wool, milk), and sometimes even to the death of livestock.
Plants such as cotton grass, bristly thistle, gray bristles cause severe digestive upset in animals, in some cases there may even be deaths as a result of the formation of spherical lumps of hairs in the stomach, which impede the passage of food.
Feather grass hairy (tyrsa), wild wheat, Velcro trailer, when eaten, cause mechanical damage to the surface of the stomach and intestines, causing inflammation. Especially great harm Sheep are inflicted with feather grass and some of its other species, the sharp kernels of which get into the wool of the sheep, penetrate deep into the muscle tissue, causing purulent inflammation, sometimes leading to death. Plants that spoil wool include: small alfalfa (Crimean agrimony), hedgehog velcro, pinworm lying, bodyag, roofing rump, garden burr, three-part series.
Rape, mustard, yarutka, smelly resin, wormwood, wild onions and cabbage, avran officinalis, wild garlic, tansy, bugs, wild radish when eaten by cows give milk bad smell spoil its taste.
When eating certain plant species, lactating cows may change the color of their milk. For example, when cows eat anemone, onion, madder dye, milkweed, bedstraw, milk becomes pink or reddish. When cows eat bullock, common or field, swamp or forest forget-me-not, marsh horsetail, marsh milk turns blue or blue color... Some plants, for example, spring camelina, piculniks, garbage can give the meat an unpleasant smell.
Disease of animals with phagopyrism (inflammation of the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays sunlight) were observed after they ate green buckwheat, millet, cow parsnip, common cocklebur, white quinoa, shirina.
However, harmful plants can also be beneficial.
Consider a number of so-called harmful plants that are the green pharmacy of the livestock breeder.
The tripartite succession (bident) blooms from June to late autumn. Medicinal raw materials - leaves and young tops at the beginning of flowering. The grass contains traces of essential oil, mucus, tannins with a high content of polyphenols (4.5%), alkaloids, bitterness, carotene, flavonoids, pigments, ascorbic acid, mineral salts. A decoction or tea from the plant is used to improve appetite, digestion, cough, liver disease. Inside, the herb infusion is used as a diuretic, diaphoretic in a dose of 8-10 g, for large animals externally - to cleanse wounds from pus and accelerate healing.
Black mustard in seeds contains 20-30% fatty oil, sinigrin glycoside and myosin enzyme. Mustard seed powder in small doses enhances the secretion of gastric juice. Doses inside: horses - 20-50 g, cattle - 50-100, small ruminants - 5-10, pigs - 2-5 g. For external use, prepare a dough, for which mustard powder is kneaded in water heated strictly to 45-50 ° C. The dough is applied in a thin layer on thick fabric, quickly applied to a previously clipped area of the body and strengthened with a bandage. External use of mustard is prescribed for bronchitis and pneumonia, it increases breathing, increases blood pressure and improves heart function.
Bitter wormwood is a bitter-spicy gastric remedy that stimulates the appetite. Doses of wormwood grass: horses - 10-20 g, cattle - 20-50, pigs - 2-5, chickens - 0.2-0.5 g. In addition, Fresh Juice wormwood is a disinfectant, wound healing and hemostatic agent. It is also known that many wild animals, eating wormwood, self-cure from helminths; sheep on pasture with the presence of wormwood are less infested with infestation. It should be remembered that long-term use of wormwood can cause poisoning, and in cows, milk will acquire a bitter taste.
Common tansy (wild mountain ash). For medicinal purposes is collected top part plants during flowering. Tansy herb is poisonous to insects and worms. Flowers are used as a folk anthelmintic agent, as well as dust against flies and other insects indoors. Tansy gives a good effect when various diseases cardiovascular system, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, jaundice, anemia, externally - for the treatment of purulent wounds. Prepare infusions of 20 g of flowers per 1 liter of boiling water. Calves are drunk 50 ml 3 times a day 30 minutes before feeding.
Field horsetail contains up to 25% silicic acid, tannins, malic and oxalic acids, alkaloids - nicotine and saponin, vitamin C. It accelerates urination, promotes the excretion of heavy metal lead from the body. In addition, it has hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and disinfectant properties. Administered orally for edema and stagnation of various origins in the form of infusions and decoctions (1:10). Approximately the following doses are recommended: horses and cattle - 15-30 g, small ruminants - 5-10 g. Horsetail is contraindicated for inflammation of the kidneys.
On hayfields and pastures, as well as in field crops, on border lines, ditches, roadside and rural areas, forest edges, along with valuable forage plants, plants often grow that harm animals, birds, bees and their products. The fight against poisonous and harmful plants should be systematic in order to improve the general culture of agriculture, meadow growing and fodder production. It is carried out mainly in three ways: preventive, agrotechnical and chemical.
Preventive control measures provide for the systematic mowing of weedy, harmful and poisonous plants before their seeding on the boundaries of fields, hay and pasture areas, in ravines, on roadside strips, wastelands, roadsides and ditch edges, near settlements and other lands not used for agricultural use. Measures to prevent contamination of unwanted vegetation should be carried out continuously, especially after the first and second grazing cycles on pastures.
They provide for thorough cleaning of grass seeds sown on pa field lands, improved hayfields and pastures, as well as used as sowing and overseeding in sod with radical and superficial improvement of natural forage lands.
It is necessary to prevent clogging of hay and pasture areas when using organic fertilizers... For this, humus should be introduced, to a greater extent no longer containing viable seeds and viable rhizomes of meadow weeds, harmful and poisonous plants.
It is necessary to thoroughly purify waste and irrigation water from the seeds of poisonous, harmful and weed plants when irrigating hayfields and pastures.
In order to prevent the dispersal of unwanted vegetation, it is necessary to correctly compose the grass mixtures during tinning, apply the optimal load of livestock, introduce a stingray pasture in the system of pasture rotation, do not graze livestock on very wet soil, fight against earthmoving, erosion, etc.
It is prohibited to use straw, hay and green fodder containing fruits and seeds of poisonous and harmful plants for bedding and for feeding livestock to farm animals, as well as the sale and export from farms and procurement centers of grass seeds mixed with seeds of poisonous and harmful plants.
Activities related to the prevention of poisoning should be given Special attention during mass movements of animals (with distant pasture breeding). Preliminary acquaintance with the grass stand of the haul track plays an important preventive role. The driving of cattle through places with unfamiliar grass stand in the presence of poisonous vegetation in it was the cause of a number of severe poisonings. Underfeeding of animals during ferries increases the danger of poisoning.
The choice of the timing of summer and winter cattle transfers is also a significant factor in the prevention of animal poisoning. When deciding on the timing of the drive, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of both poisonous plants and the main vegetation, among which they are present.
In farms that use grazing animals, as a measure for the prevention of plant poisoning, it is of great importance to survey and take inventory of natural and sown grass stands before pasturing animals on them; correct organization grazing in places with the presence of poisonous plants; control over the behavior of grazing animals, especially those for which the local grass stand is unfamiliar, as well as young animals released for grazing for the first time; careful pasture of animals after winter keeping or after long-term transportation; change in the use of pastures by different types of livestock; elimination of long-term grazing on the same pastures containing poisonous plants in the herbage.
Preventive measures provide for the elimination of individual private veterinary conditions under which poisoning with one or another poisonous plant may occur. These include the admission of animals to plantations with medicinal plants, parks, gardens with decorative poisonous plants; feeding animals bouquets, wreaths, decorative ornaments made from poisonous plants; careless scattering of poisonous plants or parts thereof, weeded out or left over after pruning bushes and trees; uncontrolled disposal of the contents of the scars of cattle that have died as a result of poisoning by poisonous plants; using poisonous plants as bedding; the device of temporary partitions from twigs and branches of poisonous plants or shrubs. All this should be the subject of constant concern for livestock workers.
Particular attention should be paid to popularizing information about harmful and poisonous plants and the danger they can pose. Literacy in the field of plant toxicology of all livestock workers can become a real force contributing to the elimination of one of the causes of disease and death of farm animals.
Agrotechnical control measures with poisonous, harmful and weed plants on hayfields, pastures and other lands provide for the following.
1. Application of hay and pasture rotations. On pastures, low-value plants resistant to grazing often grow, including harmful and poisonous ones. The transformation of such pastures into hayfields for several years, where possible, is good welcome control of pasture weeds. Hay and pasture rotation play an important role for conservation in grasslands valuable species cereals and legumes.
Mowing grasses for several years in a row in the same phase (usually early) of development leads to a weakening of the growth and development of the root system, a decrease in the rate of accumulation of reserve nutrients and, ultimately, to the loss of valuable species of cereals and legumes... Their place is immediately occupied by low-edible grains and even poisonous, harmful and weeds.
With the introduction of hay rotations, valuable species of grasses are restored, their yield and quality of feed increase due to a decrease in the content of poisonous, harmful and slightly edible plants in the herbage. On pasture areas, it is important to introduce pasture rotation, a prerequisite which is a herding cattle. Certain species of animals, when grazing, provide various influences on pasture plants. As a result, some types of grasses can successfully withstand grazing of one type of livestock, such as cattle, but react negatively to grazing of another type of livestock, such as horses. Therefore, changing species or grazing mixed herds is often good weed control.
Preservation of valuable species of cereals and legumes in the herbage largely depends on the number of livestock per hectare of pasture during the grazing period. The high load of livestock per 1 hectare of pasture leads to over-picking, trampling of valuable types of grasses, which leads to a decrease in its productivity and the appearance in the herbage of poisonous, harmful and low-value forage species of grasses. In the same time insufficient load livestock in the pasture can lead to the appearance of undesirable plant species in the grass stand. It is believed that in the forest zone, with an average productivity of pastures (150-200 c / ha without irrigation and 300-350 c / ha of green mass of grasses with irrigation), the load per hectare should be 2.2-2.5 and 3.1, respectively. -3.5 dairy cows and 14.5-15 and 21-23 sheep.
In the forest zone, under a high load on the pasture, valuable grasses and legumes are gradually replaced by sod pike and sedges, then buttercups (acrid, burning, creeping), horsetails (field, marsh), tansy and other poisonous and harmful plant species. On cultivated pastures, wild species of grasses are often found, both eaten (dandelion, plantain, chicory, bird mountaineer, etc.) and not eaten (marsh marigold, marsh horsetail, etc.) by animals.
3. Mowing grasses in paddocks before seeding poisonous and harmful plants, as well as digging out the rhizomes of these plants. Some grasses, for example, euphorbia and tansy, grow successfully only with late mowing, their number sharply decreases even with a single normal mowing, and even more so with early mowing, especially if the first mowing is confined to the phases of stemming or budding. After each grazing, uneaten plants (often poisonous and harmful) and herbs with poor forage qualities remain. To prevent such grasses from sowing, they are cut down immediately after the end of the grazing of the corral by hay mowers at a height of 5-7 cm. During the season, the remnants of grasses are usually cut down two or three times. So, with a large amount of rape, they cut down the grass stand in the spring immediately after the first grazing. In the presence of such late-flowering grasses as yarrow, thistles, etc., mowing is carried out after the third and even fourth grazing - in the middle or in the second half of summer.
Many umbrella plants (poisonous vex, spotted hemlock, etc.) are removed from the hay-pasture lands along with the roots, then they are destroyed or buried. When weeds are spreading in groups, selective mowing can be applied. With an even distribution of weeds, the entire grass stand must be mowed. In this case, especially if mowing is carried out at the time when the grass has grown, it is used for green feeding or for silage, if there is no danger of animal poisoning.
4. Timely scattering of animal excrement in pasture areas (corrals). Many of the weeds thrive in places that have been fertilized with manure and slurry. In addition, next year in these areas, if excrement is not scattered, coarse-stemmed herbs appear, among which there may be poisonous and harmful plants. As a rule, livestock does not eat the plants growing around the feces, as a result of which the use of grass in the pasture is reduced by 15-18%.
To prevent this, they usually resort to leveling animal excrement. This operation is carried out once or twice during the pasture season with pasture harrows or inverted tooth harrows after the second or third grazing and in the fall after the end of grazing. If there are few undiluted residues on the pasture, and there are no poisonous and harmful plants among the forbs, then scattering animal feces can be carried out simultaneously with feeding the grass. There is no need to spread excrement on irrigated pastures, since they are easily washed away by irrigation water.
5. Driving and driven-portion grazing of animals. It is known that in the case of unsystematic grazing, farm animals feed simultaneously throughout the entire pasture area, which leads to the weakening of valuable species of legumes and cereal grasses, which are then displaced by plants that are less valuable in terms of fodder, as well as poisonous and harmful ones. For this reason, more progressive grazing systems are used - driven and driven-portioned. In the latter case, the pastures are divided into corrals, and the corrals are divided into portions, which are grazed by the animals one by one, as the grasses grow.
With this procedure for the use of pastures, a smaller area is required for the same herd, perennial species of valuable cereals and legumes give high yields of fodder for 4-5 years or more. In addition, there is little harmful in the herbage and practically no poisonous herbs appear.
6. Periodic use of paddocks for grazing and haymaking. As practice shows, it is better to use pastures for grazing animals and for haymaking, which allows preserving more valuable types of grasses in the herbage and increasing their productivity. The principle of hay-pasture use of forage lands is especially good in areas of sufficient moisture.
7. Re-cultivation of degenerated herbage and areas of hayfields and pastures with a large number of poisonous and harmful plants. In those areas where there are few valuable forage plants in the composition of herbage, as well as where a significant part of the grasses are poisonous, harmful and slightly edible plants, re-planting is carried out, i.e. radical improvement of natural forage lands, which allows to dramatically increase their productivity and get rid of poisonous and harmful plants.
8. Drainage of wetlands. As a rule, the largest number of poisonous plants (poisonous milestones, buttercups, etc.) grows in swamps and waterlogged meadows. In early spring, these plants have bright green leaves and succulent shoots that stand out sharply against the pace of last year's grass, and thus attract large cattle and sheep. As a result, animal poisoning often occurs on these lands. They fight poisonous plants in waterlogged areas primarily by drainage, due to which legumes, grasses and eaten forbs appear more valuable in terms of fodder.
9. Fertilizer application. By contributing to the creation of closed grass stands, they are an important measure against the introduction of weeds. Correct application of fertilizers and lime (on acidic soils) allows you to purposefully change the botanical composition of the grass stand in hayfields and pastures. It is known, for example, that nitrogen, nitrogen-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus and complete fertilizers increase the amount of cereals in the herbage, and phosphorus and phosphorus-potassium-legumes. Such changes in the herbage occur mainly due to the reduction of poisonous (buttercups, horsetails, many cabbage, etc.) and harmful (Velcro, cocklebur, yarrow, etc.) plants.
To combat some of the most common poisonous and harmful plants, special measures are taken. Moreover, the effectiveness of agrotechnical measures, as a rule, increases sharply if they are combined with chemical ones. However, they are associated with high labor costs and are not used in many farms.
In the fight against bleached black, they use thorough cleaning of seeds of perennial grasses, mowing, weeding until flowering (especially in places where cattle are driven).
Measures to combat the field thistle consist in double mowing with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers: the first is carried out in the phase of the root rosette - the beginning of steming, the second and third - when the plants grow up to a height of 30-40 cm. Summer mowing is also effective, followed by treatment with group 2 herbicides, 4-D. It is advisable to transfer pastures, littered with a thistle, for two or three years for hay-making use, and, conversely, hayfields - for pasture use.
Against marsh marigold, it is recommended to pull out with roots in early spring or mowing twice. The torn plants are dried and burned. You can bury the dug plants in the ground (in a pre-prepared and fenced hole). For the destruction of spotted hemlock, the same measures as with marsh marigold (destruction of plants along with roots).
It is advisable in the fight against poisonous weeds from the cabbage family (cruciferous) - fawn mustard, field jelly, etc. to use thorough cleaning of seeds of perennial grasses, mowing at least two or three times per season and the use of a herbicide of the 2M-4X group.
Against the poisonous milestone, its effective removal in early spring together with rhizomes. The vex is buried deep in the ground or dried and burned (like hemlock and marigold). A good effect is given by mowing and the use of a herbicide of the 2M-4X group.
Measures to combat dope ordinary consist in the destruction by frequent mowing or pulling and removal of plants from pastures, drying and burning them. It is important to fight against it in places where livestock are driven to pasture. The common cocklebur is destroyed in the same way. In order to prevent pigs from being poisoned by the seeds of these plants, all feed grains are cleaned using appropriate grain cleaning machines.
In the fight against common cockle, littering the seeds of grain crops and grain waste, use a 20-hour soaking in water, in which the cockle loses its toxic properties. In addition, the grain from the seeds of the cockle is well cleaned by machines (triers) available on the farms. Weeding and the use of herbicides are necessary on the fields of crops infested with cockle.
For destruction toadflax apply frequent mowing of plants with further drying (in places inaccessible to animals) and burning. Na small areas pastures carry out weeding of common toadflax.
Easy to remove from pastures buttercups (burning, creeping and poisonous) with roots that are shallow. Then the plants are dried in places inaccessible to livestock and burned. Contaminated areas of pastures are mowed down or allotted for two or three years for hayfields; poisonous and harmful plants are destroyed by two or three mowing. A high effect in the fight against buttercups is given by their early mowing and the introduction of herbicides of groups 2, -1-D, 2M-4X.
For destruction nightshade black they practice weeding, two or three mowing of grass in places where animals are driven to pastures. Mowed and pulled out of the soil, nightshade plants are dried and burned.
By frequent mowing (at least three times per season), remove spurge spicy, destroy it both in places where animals are driven to pasture and on dry lands. Pastures heavily infested with milkweed are re-planted.
By removing plants with roots, they destroy common tansy. They use mowing of roadsides in places where animals are driven to pastures, followed by frequent mowing. Mowing with the simultaneous use of herbicides of the 2,4-D group and fertilizers gives a high effect in the fight against these plants.
On hayfields and rangelands clover dodder, alfalfa and others are destroyed by mowing the affected areas. Then it is mowed down again with the use of herbicides. The importance in the fight against dodder, it has cleaning the seeds of perennial grasses with bringing them to sowing conditions.
Well destroyed by mowing at the beginning of the leaf unfolding phase hellebore Lobel. The best effect is obtained if two mows are carried out in the first year. Chemeritsa is most strongly weakened by mowing of its shoots when they reach a height of 25-30 cm at the beginning of the deployment of leaf plates. If mowed for two to three years, Lobel's hellebore almost completely disappears. A good effect in the fight against this poisonous plant is given, in addition to mowing, the use of herbicides of groups 2,4-D and 2M-4X, as well as pruning the upper part of the rhizome, which leads to the death of hellebore.
Low mowing in the leafy stem phase depletes individuals feather grass, and it falls out of the grass stand.
Thus, for the destruction of poisonous and harmful plants in hayfields and pastures, it is necessary to apply all agrotechnical control measures known and available to practice.
Chemical control measures with poisonous and harmful plants are widely used in hayfields and pastures. Chemical weeding gives the greatest affect on natural and sown forage lands, if it is carried out in combination with other agrotechnical methods: fertilization, mowing, over-sowing of grasses, removal of shrubs, bumps, etc. The need to use herbicides is determined by the strong weediness of grass stands with poisonous, harmful, non-food and low-value plants that appear with improper care and use of forage lands.
The domestic chemical industry supplies agriculture a wide range of different herbicides, the use of which in a relatively short term is able to improve the species composition, increase the yield of herbage and the quality of forage obtained from these lands.
The effectiveness of the use of herbicides largely depends on the level of work on identifying and predicting the spread of weeds, including harmful and poisonous plants and measures to combat them, identifying their foci, species composition and number to establish the thresholds of harmfulness for each object. The use of any of the chemical plant protection products can be justified only when a harmful object develops above the harmfulness threshold.
As practice shows, herbicides reduce the weediness of grass stands by 2-3 times. To increase the effectiveness of herbicides, it is advisable to combine their use with mowing of weeds. Mowed weeds, especially if they were mowed during the period of the greatest depletion of reserve substances, weaken and quickly die during subsequent treatment with herbicides. Poisonous and harmful plants can be almost completely eliminated. The effectiveness of the action of herbicides increases if they are reapplied in the current, and even better - in the next year.
However, it should be remembered that most herbicides have a high effect only on grass-forbs and forbs-grass stands. If there are a lot of legumes in the grass stand (more than 25-30%), then herbicides can have a negative effect on their growth and development. Vegetatively propagating herbs are the most resistant to herbicides: vetch (peas), creeping clover and rank.
The harmful effects of herbicides on legumes can in many cases be minimized by using continuous chemical weeding. For this, it is recommended to take into account the patterns of changes in the abundance of legumes over the years. With a small amount of them in the herbage, the moderate use of preparations of the 2,4-D and 2M-4X groups does not significantly affect the subsequent development of legumes and often contributes to their increase. Moreover, underdeveloped legumes, as a rule, are under the canopy of more developed plants of the herb-cereal botanical group, therefore, they are practically not directly exposed to herbicides. The treatment of herbicides with herbicides in years with a large number of leguminous plants has a negative effect on them and leads to severe thinning.
For weed control, butyl and other esters, amine and sodium salts are now widely used. These compounds are conveniently used as aqueous solutions (salts) or emulsions (esters). They do not damage cereals (except for seedlings and young plants). However, they have a negative effect on a number of legumes. Spraying with solutions or emulsions of these herbicides leads to disruption of the normal vital activity of plants sensitive to them, to a delay in their growth, cessation of seed formation, and death.
When used on hayfields and pastures, derivatives of aryloxyacetic acids kill such poisonous and harmful plants as aconites, anemone, poisonous milestones, wildflowers, buttercups, wormwood, and rape.
Perennial dicotyledonous weeds are moderately resistant to these herbicides: field thistle, dandelion; resistant - bedstraws, hellebore and some others.
The best time to apply herbicides is during the period of active growth in spring (basal leaf phases, stalking). Nice results obtained by summer spraying during regrowth after mowing or grazing in warm, calm and dry weather. As practice shows, spring spraying usually characterized by greater efficiency compared to summer. The effectiveness of herbicides increases with the addition of wetting agents OP-7 and others, as well as mineral oils. Replacement of water with diesel fuel is very effective when using ethers.
Often, after the treatment of herbicides with herbicides in the year of their application and the next year, the productivity of hayfields and pastures decreases markedly. Instead of forbs, cereals usually grow, but they are not able to quickly take the places that are freed up after the withering away of the forbs. Therefore, the decrease in yield can be 15-20%. In subsequent years, when correct use fertilizers, many valuable types of grasses appear, the productivity of herbage increases. As a rule, the costs of chemical weeding of cultivated hayfields and pastures are recouped in the second or third year.
To reduce the cost of chemical weeding, herbicides should not be used over the entire area of hayfields and pastures if poisonous and harmful plants are common outbreaks. In this case, the treatment with herbicides is carried out selectively. With this method of treatment, the likelihood of damage to legumes and some other feed valuable plant species is reduced.
Herbicides should be primarily applied on pastures contaminated with poisonous and harmful plants, as well as low-value or non-food plants. It is advisable to use them on highly productive hayfields littered with horse sorrel, buttercups, etc.
In the fight against large weeds, instead of spraying, you can apply a concentrated solution of 2,4-D under the root. Reception is laborious, it is more effective than spraying. However, this technique is associated with spending more herbicide.
Herbicides used on forage lands differ in type and application rates depending on the type of forage area and zone. In the floodplain meadows of the forest zone, 2,4-D amine salt, 40% c. R. (2.5-5 kg / ha); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (1.2-2.1 kg / ha); 2M-4X, 80% p. p. (1.9-3.1 kg / ha); raglon, 20% in. R. (10-15 kg / ha); Banvel - D, 48% Es. R. (1.6-2kg / ha). Against hellebore Lobel, marsh marigold, milestone, poisonous, horsetails, caustic buttercup, tansy, under the same conditions, the use of 2,4-D amine salt, 40% c. R. (5-7.5 kg / ha); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (K-14 kg / ha); 2M-4X, 80% p. p. (2-2.5 kg / ha); raglon, 20% c. R. (15 kg / ha); bashzela-D, 48% c. p. (2.6-3.1 kg / ha).
On sown meadows of drained lands, against white mari, field mustard, wild radish, field birch, field thistle, odorless chamomile, common groundwort, the use of 2,4-D amine salt, 40% c. Is effective. p. (1.5-2.1 kg / ha); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (0.4-0.7 kg / ha); 2M-4X, 80% p. and. (0.9-1.5 kg / ha); Banvela - D, 48% c. R. (1-1.5 kg / ha).
Pa floodplain meadows forest steppe zone in the fight against high wormwood, sorrel, yarrow, tansy, creeping buttercup, the use of 2,4-D amine salt, 40% r. (7.5-8.8 kg Yes); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (4.6-5.8 kg / ha): raglon, 20% c. R. (15 kg / ha); bashzela-D, 48% c. p. (2.6-3.1 kg / ha). Under the same conditions, the use of 2,4-D amine salt, 40% ez, is effective against medicinal dandelion, bristly thistle. R. (2.5-5 kg / ha); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (1.2-2.1 kg / ha); raglon, 20% c. R. (10-15 kg / ha); Banvela - D, 48% c. R. (1.6-2 kg / ta).
On dry meadows of the forest zone, in the fight against caustic buttercup, sorrel, common colza, the use of 2,4-D amine salt, 40% c. Is effective. p. (7.5-8.8 kg / ha); 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% eq. (2.3-4.6 kg / ha): raglana, 20% c. R. (15 kg / ha); Banvela-D, 48% c. R. (2-3.1 kg / ha).
In the conditions of the steppe zone on pastures, in the fight against the spread of cocklebur, acicular, small alfalfa, and little tea, it is effective to use 2,4-D amine salt, 40% c. R. (3.8-5 kg / ha): 2,4-D butyl ether, 40% EC. (2.3-2.8 kg / ha); raglon, 20% c. R. (10 kg / ha); Banvela-D, 48% c. R. (2-3.1 kg / ha).
V recent times other herbicides are also used on hayfields and pastures - bazagran, dalapon, simazin, tordon 22K and their mixtures.
At chemical fight with weeds, one should remember about the toxicity of the action of herbicides on animals if they accumulate in the body in large quantities. Grazing animals on pasture areas is allowed no earlier than 40-50 days after the application of herbicides of groups 2,4-D and 2M-4X. Cattle grazing after treatment with water emulsion is possible after 45 days, oil solution - after 60 days. Grazing earlier can lead to animal poisoning.
Biological control measures not yet sufficiently developed. All attempts to use living organisms as allies in weed control are reduced exclusively to the use of local phytophages against local weeds. So, on the dodder, the local species of Alternaria fungus was used, against the bitterness - a nematode. According to scientists, further research is needed in this direction.