Geographic location and The extreme northern point of Africa. What is tundra

(GP) - position geographical feature relative to the surface of the Earth, in relation to other geographical objects with which it interacts. The physical position is distinguished - the position in relation to the prime meridian, continents, oceans and. Economic and geographical - position in relation to the main regions and centers of the economy, world routes and - this is an assessment of the place of a country or region on, their position in relation to various states, military and economic unions, to various regional conflicts.

Geographical position of Russia

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world by area. Its area is 17.1 million km2. In terms of area, it is comparable to the whole mainland - (17.4 million km2). located in three hemispheres - northern, most in the eastern and only extreme eastern points in the western, northeast of the mainland. It is washed by the waters of three oceans: in the north -, in the east -. In the west and southwest it has access to the seas. The extreme northern point of the country is Cape Fligeli on about. Rudolf, on the mainland Cape Chelyuskin. South - Mount Bazardyuzyu (in Dagestan). The extreme western one is Cape Sandy Spit near the city, and the eastern one is in the western hemisphere on about. Ratmanov in the strait, mainland Cape Dezhnev.

The distance between the northern and southern points is more than 4 thousand km, and between the western and eastern points is about 10 thousand km. Thus, most of Russia is located in latitudes, although Northern part The country is located in the harsh Arctic, and a small section of the coast is in the subtropical latitudes. Geographical position our country causes considerable severity natural conditions: distributed over 64% of the country's territory.

The total length of the borders is almost 60 thousand km, of which 14.5 are land and 44.5 are sea. In the west, Russia borders on Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,. In the southwest - with; in the south - with and, and; in the east, maritime borders with and . In the north, the Russian sector stands out, the boundaries of which are drawn along the meridians of Ratmanov Island and the northern point of the border with Norway to the north pole.

After the collapse of the USSR, the geopolitical position of Russia changed significantly.

Along the entire perimeter of the land borders of Russia, sovereign states were formed from among the former union republics, and the borders with them in most cases are not properly equipped. The USSR existed in a bipolar world, in the face of confrontation between two economic and military blocs -

Peace. What territory does it occupy? What are the main features of the geopolitical and economic-geographical position of Russia?

Basic information about Russia

The modern state of Russia appeared on the world map only in 1991. Although the beginnings of its statehood arose much earlier - about eleven centuries ago.

Modern Russia is a republic of a federal type. It consists of 85 subjects, different in size and population. Russia is a multinational state in which representatives of more than two hundred ethnic groups live.

The country is the world's largest exporter of oil, gas, diamonds, platinum and titanium. It is also one of the world's leading producers of ammonia, mineral fertilizers and weapons. Russia is one of the world's leading space and nuclear powers.

Geographic location area, extreme points and population

The country covers a vast area of ​​17.1 million square meters. km (the first place in the world in terms of area). It stretches for ten thousand kilometers, from the shores of the Black and Baltic Seas in the west to the Bering Strait in the east. The length of the country from north to east is 4000 km.

The extreme points of the territory of Russia are as follows (all of them are displayed in red conventional icons on the map below):

• northern - Cape Fligely (within Franz Josef Land);
• southern - near Mount Kichensuv (in Dagestan);
• western - on the Baltic Spit (in the Kaliningrad region);
• the eastern one is Ratmanov Island (in the Bering Strait).

Russia directly borders 14 independent states, as well as two partially recognized countries (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). An interesting fact: about 75% of the country's territory is located in Asia, but almost 80% of Russians live in its European part. Total population of Russia: about 147 million people (as of January 1, 2017).

Physical and geographical position of Russia

The entire territory of Russia is located within the Northern and almost all (with the exception of a small part of the Chukotka autonomous region) - within the Eastern Hemisphere. The state is located in the northern and central part of Eurasia and occupies almost 30% of Asia.

From the north, the shores of Russia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in the east - by the Pacific. In the western part, it has access to the Black Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin. The country has the longest coastline among all countries in the world - over 37 thousand kilometers. These are the main features of the physical and geographical position of Russia.

The country has a colossal richness and diversity of natural resource potential. Its expanses contain the richest deposits of oil and gas, iron ores, titanium, tin, nickel, copper, uranium, gold and diamonds. Russia also has vast water and forest resources. In particular, about 45% of its area is covered with forest.

It is worth highlighting other important features of the physical and geographical position of Russia. Thus, most of the country is located north of 60 degrees north latitude, in the permafrost zone. Millions of people are forced to live in these difficult natural and climatic conditions. All this, of course, left its mark on the life, culture and traditions of the Russian people.

Russia is in the area of ​​so-called risky farming. This means that successful development Agriculture most of it is difficult or impossible. So, if in the northern regions of the country there is not enough heat, then in the southern, on the contrary, there is a shortage of moisture. These features of Russia's geographical position have a noticeable effect on the agro-industrial sector of its economy, which is in dire need of state subsidies.

Components and levels of the economic and geographical position of the country

Under or region is understood the totality of connections and relations of individual enterprises, settlements and regions with objects that are located outside the country and have a strong influence on it.

Scientists distinguish the following components of the EGP:

• transport;
• industrial;
• agrogeographic;
• demographic;
• recreational;
• market (position relative to sales markets).

The assessment of the EGP of a country or region is carried out at three different levels: at the micro, meso and macro levels. Next, we will evaluate the macro position of Russia in relation to the surrounding world as a whole.

Features, changes in the economic and geographical position of Russia

The size of the territory is the most important feature and benefit of the economic and geographical position of the Russian Federation, which is associated with many prospects. It allows the country to ensure a competent division of labor, rationally allocate its production forces, etc. Russia borders on fourteen countries of Eurasia, among which are the powerful raw material bases of China, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Numerous transport corridors ensure close cooperation with the states of Western and Central Europe.

Here, perhaps, are the main features of the geographical position of Russia of an economic nature. How has it changed in recent decades? And has it changed?

After the collapse of the USSR, the country deteriorated markedly. First of all, transport. After all, Russia's access to the strategically important water areas of the Black and Baltic Seas was significantly limited in the early 1990s, and the country itself moved several hundred kilometers away from the highly developed states of Europe. In addition, Russia has lost many of its traditional markets.

Geopolitical position of Russia

Geopolitical position is the country's place on the world political arena, its relationship with other states. In general, Russia has ample opportunities for economic, political, military, scientific and cultural cooperation with many countries of Eurasia and the planet.

However, these relations do not develop with all states. the best way. Yes, in last years Russia's relations with a number of NATO countries - the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, which were once close allies, have significantly deteriorated Soviet Union. This fact, by the way, is called the largest geopolitical defeat of the Russian Federation in the new century.

Russia's relations with a number of post-Soviet states remain complex and rather tense: Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the countries of the Baltic region. The geopolitical position of the country changed significantly in 2014 with the annexation of the Crimean peninsula (in particular, in the Black Sea region).

Changes in Russia's Geopolitical Position in the 20th Century

If we consider the twentieth century, the most tangible reshuffle of forces in the European and world political arena occurred in 1991. The collapse of the powerful state of the USSR led to a number of fundamental changes in the geopolitical position of Russia:

• along the perimeter of Russia, more than a dozen young and independent states emerged, with which it was necessary to establish a new type of relationship;
• the Soviet military presence was finally eliminated in a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe;
• Russia received a rather problematic and vulnerable enclave - the Kaliningrad region;
• The NATO military bloc gradually approached directly to the borders of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, fairly strong and mutually beneficial ties between Russia and Germany, China, Japan, and India have been established over the past decades.

As a conclusion: Russia in the modern world

Russia occupies a vast territory, possessing colossal human and natural resource potential. To date, this largest state planets and an important player on the global stage. It is possible to single out the most important features of the geographical position of Russia, here they are:

1. The vastness of the occupied space and the huge length of the borders.
2. An amazing variety of natural conditions and resources.
3. Mosaic (uneven) settlement and economic development territory.
4. Wide opportunities for trade, military and political cooperation with various neighboring countries, including the leading economies of the modern world.
5. Impermanence and instability geopolitical position countries over the past decades.

Features of the geographical position of Russia are extremely advantageous. But it is important to learn how to use these benefits (natural, economic, strategic and geopolitical) correctly and rationally, directing them to increase the power of the country and the well-being of its citizens.

capital Russian Federation is Moscow - one of the largest metropolitan areas of the modern world. It is home to over 12 million people. Where is Moscow located? In what part of the country is it located? What is the geographical position of Moscow and the Moscow region?

Moscow is the capital of Russia

According to historians, Moscow first became the capital of the Russian state in 1340. Today, 12.4 million people live in this city. According to this indicator, Moscow is among the top ten cities in the world in terms of population. Here is the largest library in Europe and one of the most visited attractions - the Moscow Kremlin.

People have long chosen these places for their lives. This is evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Later, the convenient geographical position of Moscow attracted merchants and artisans to the city. The latter were mainly engaged in dressing leather, making products from wood and iron.

Trying to explain the origin of the toponym "Moscow", the researchers split into two camps. The first associate it with Old Slavonic, from which this word can be translated as "dampness". The second insist that the roots of this toponym are Finnish. In this case, the modern name "Moscow" can be composed of two Finnish words: "mosk" (bear) and "va" (water).

Where is Moscow located? Let's pay more attention to the geography of the capital city.

The geographical position of the city

Moscow - an important financial, scientific and Russian. The city was founded in the middle of the XII century and today is the most populated in Europe. What is the geographical position of Moscow? And how did it affect the history of the development of the city?

Moscow is located in the very plain, between the Volga and Oka rivers. The city itself stands on the Moscow River, which gave it its name. quite heterogeneous: low hills alternate here with low depressions. The average height of the urban area is 144 meters.

The total length of Moscow from north to south is 51.7 km, and from west to east - 29.7 km. In the extreme southwest, the urban area extends to the borders of the Kaluga region.

More precisely, the location of Moscow on the map of Russia is shown below.

Geographic coordinates and area of ​​the capital

A description of the geographical position of Moscow will be incomplete without indicating its coordinates. So, the city is located in the North and East. Its exact coordinates are: 55 ° 45 "north latitude, 37 ° 36" east. By the way, such well-known cities as Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Kazan are located at the same latitude. The minimum distance from Moscow to the state border of Russia is 390 km.

And here are the distances from Moscow to some other European capitals and major Russian cities:

• Minsk - 675 km;
• Kyiv - 750 km;
• Riga - 850 km;
• Berlin - 1620 km;
• Rome - 2380 km;
• London - 2520 km;
• Yekaterinburg - 1420 km;
• Rostov-on-Don - 960 km;
• Khabarovsk - 6150 km;
• St. Petersburg - 640 km.

Moscow is a very dynamic city. Therefore, its boundaries are constantly changing in the direction of expansion. Today, the capital occupies an area of ​​2561 sq. km. This is roughly comparable to the area of ​​Luxembourg.

Moscow is an important transport hub

The extremely convenient geographical position of Moscow contributed to the gradual transformation of the city into the most important transport hub. Back in 1155, Andrei Bogolyubsky walked through these places, carrying miraculous icon Mother of God to Vladimir. Today, important transport corridors radiate out of Moscow in different directions.

The internal transport system of the city is also quite developed. In total, Moscow has five airports and nine railway stations. All districts of the capital are densely permeated with a network of bus, trolleybus and tram routes. The Moscow metro is considered one of the largest in the world. The total length of its lines (there are 12 in total) is 278 kilometers. By the way, according to one of the hypotheses, there is also a secret metro line in the capital, connecting the Kremlin with military bunkers for shelter.

Common features of Moscow nature

The capital of Russia is located at the junction of three orographic structures. This is the Smolensk-Moscow Upland in the west, in the east and the Moskvoretsko-Okskaya Plain in the south. It is this fact that explains the heterogeneity of its relief. Some are densely indented with steep ravines and gullies, while others, on the contrary, are flat and swampy lowlands.

The city is located in the temperate continental climate zone with average temperatures in January -10 degrees, July - +18 degrees. Quantity precipitation in Moscow, as a rule, does not exceed 600-650 mm per year.

Dozens of rivers, streams and small streams carry their waters within the city. The largest of them are Khodynka, Yauza and Neglinnaya. True, today most of the Moscow rivers are "hidden" in underground collectors.

There is no need to talk about any solid soil cover in such a large metropolis as Moscow. Soddy-podzolic soils are most common in areas of the city free from residential or industrial development.

From almost all sides, Moscow is surrounded by forests - pine, oak, spruce and linden. In the city itself, many parks, squares and green areas have been created. The largest natural park within the capital is Elk Island.

Economic and geographical position of Moscow and its assessment

The city's EGP is extremely profitable. First of all, with transport point vision. Important road and rail routes connect Moscow not only with major Russian cities, but also with other countries of the near abroad. In addition, powerful fuel and metallurgical bases of the state are located relatively close to the city.

The second advantageous factor of the Moscow EGP is the capital status of the city. It was he who determined the placement of key organs in it. state power, foreign embassies, important universities and financial institutions.

On the whole, Moscow's advantageous central geographic position has been the main factor in its development for several centuries. economic development. Today, four free economic zones have been created and are functioning within the capital and its immediate environs.

Geographical position of the Moscow region

Speaking figuratively, the capital is, as it were, enclosed in the gentle embrace of the Moscow Region or the Moscow Region, as they like to call this region unofficially. It is the 55th subject of the Russian Federation in terms of area.

The Moscow region is located within the East European Plain and directly borders on the Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Tula and Ryazan regions. The relief of the region is predominantly flat. Only in the west is the area slightly hilly.

The region is not rich in mineral resources. Within its limits there are insignificant deposits of phosphorites, sandstone, limestone, brown coal and peat. The Moscow region is located in the temperate continental climate zone with humid summers and fairly snowy winters. The region has a developed hydrological network. The largest rivers of the Moscow region are Moscow, Oka, Klyazma, Sturgeon.

An interesting fact: the region is almost equally remote from the nearest seas (Black, Baltic, White and Azov). Important transport routes connecting Russia with the countries of Eastern Europe pass through its territory.

The modern Moscow region is an important industrial region. In terms of total industrial production, it ranks ninth in Russia.

Conclusion

So, what are the features of the geographical position of Moscow? As a result, we list the most significant of them:

• Moscow is located in the European part of the country, on the 55th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth;
• the capital of Russia is located in the heart of the East European Plain, in the temperate continental climate zone;
• Moscow is closer to many European capitals than to some big cities Russia;
• the city is located at the crossroads of important transport routes that have long connected Europe with Russia and Asia;
• all the benefits of Moscow's geographical position are only enhanced by its capital status.

LLC Training Center

"PROFESSIONAL"

Abstract by discipline:

"Economic and social geography foreign countries. Methods of teaching the course in secondary school "

On this topic:

"Types of geographic location"

Executor:

Sartakova Nadezhda Vladimirovna

Moscow 2016

Introduction

1. Physical - geographical location

   Economic - geographical location

   Ecological - geographical location

   Mathematics - geographic location

   Military - geographical position

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Geographical positionis a characteristicgeographical feature and is a description of itpositions on the earth's surface And in relation to other geographic featureswith which he interacts in one way or another. Any geographic feature has its geographic location. That is, the geographical location can be described for a country, region, natural complex, mainland, park, etc.

Every country has borders with other countries. Quantity neighboring countries, the length of the borders with them, the type of border (land, sea, river) are an important component of the description of the geographical position of the country. In addition, not only directly bordering neighboring countries are considered, but also countries located through one or more states. Therefore, neighbors of the 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order are distinguished.

For example, Russia directly borders on 16 states. The longest border we have with Kazakhstan. Next come China, Mongolia, Ukraine, Finland, Belarus and others. With Japan and the United States, Russia has only maritime borders.

The more neighbors a country has, the better it is for its development, since this allows for the establishment of various socio-economic ties.

Geographic location may change over time. The assessment of geographic location is considered by scientists as an assessment of the most important factor in the development of the economy of the region, and sometimes it is also considered as an independent resource. K.P. Kosmachev considered it possible to consider geographic location as one of the types of resources and even spoke about the reserves of geographic location resources: “Their reserves, with other equal conditions are inversely proportional to the economic remoteness of the developed territory in relation to the developed one and are directly proportional to the size of the economic potential of the latter.

Geographic location is a rather capacious characteristic. Therefore, there are differenttypes of geographical location . In each form, emphasis is given to a specific feature. .

Target: Disassemble and describe the types of geographical location.

Physical and geographical position.

Physical locationdescribes the position of the country in relation to natural objects(continents, oceans, mountains, etc.). So, for example, Russia is located on the territory of Eurasia, has access to the oceans. This is a characteristic of the location of the object in question in a number of natural objects, for example, in relation to continents and oceans, to landforms, to islands and peninsulas, to rivers and lakes, etc.

Accordingly, the physical and geographical position is determined geographic coordinates(latitude, longitude), absolute height in relation to sea level, proximity (or remoteness) to the sea, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc., position in the composition (location) of natural (climatic, soil-vegetative, zoogeographic) zones .

From the point of view of economic geography, the physical and geographical position of the area (as well as its individual constituent elements) must be considered as a condition (prerequisite) for the possible implementation of any type of economic activity, i.e., as a prerequisite for the placement of productive forces.

Any of the elements of the physical and geographical position (position in relation to the initial meridian, equator, sea, height above sea level, position in the composition of climatic, soil-vegetative and other zones, etc.) remains almost forever unchanged, and therefore their role in a possible change in the physical and geographical position of any area is absolutely passive .

Economic and geographical position

The economic and geographical position describes economic ties with other countries, assesses their level and development prospects. It also determines the position of the object among various anthropogenic objects that perform certain economic functions. For example, industrial and agricultural enterprises, mining sites and industrial areas, as well as in relation to economic groupings of countries (OPEC, ASEAN, NAFTA).

The economic and geographical position of any locality is purely individual (unique). This is not only the place that each territorial entity occupies (the location of the country, region, locality, enterprises, etc.), but also the spatial location of the locality (country, region, settlement or some other economic object) in relation to other localities (countries, regions, settlements, mineral deposits, etc.). ), with which a given area or object is connected either as a source of supply (raw materials, fuel, energy, etc.), replenishment of labor, or as sales areas, etc. It is by the principle of spatial proximity (remoteness) that they distinguish the so-called "neighborhood position" or the immediate environment of any object, central position, micro (small), meso (medium), macro (large) position.

Distance (space) is covered by means of transport and affects the distribution of productive forces through a certain level of transport costs. Therefore, an assessment of the economic and geographical position of any locality, as one of critical factors the location of the productive forces (favorable, unfavorable, advantageous, disadvantageous, convenient, inconvenient, etc.) should also be carried out from the point of view of possible savings in transport costs.

The economic-geographical position is also a socio-historical and economic concept, since the content and nature of manifestation (convenient or not, etc.) completely depends on the conditions of social and economic development of a particular territory.

All elements of the economic-geographical position (the position in relation to the routes of communication, places of sale, sources of supply, etc.) are among those that change significantly in time (as well as in space), since they depend on the mode of production, the level development and nature of the economy, science, technology, technology of different places, and therefore affect the economic and geographical position of these places.

The most rapidly changing factor in the economic and geographical position is the transport and geographical position, which describes the features of transport links with other countries, as well as within the country. It evaluates the provision of an object with transport and communication capabilities of economic relations (automobile and railways, sea and river routes, air routes, oil and gas pipelines, fiber-optic communication lines and power lines, airports, sea and river ports, etc.).

Features of the position of economic and geographical objects are determined

the nature of the territorial coverage (they distinguish macro-location, meso-location and micro-location). Measured by topological and functional

mi indicators, accessibility. It is determined by the proximity or distance from the most important neighboring transport hubs and highways.

The transport and geographical position of seaports, for example, is advantageous,

if they are located near the largest centers of consumption and production of goods entering or departing from the port. Main types

transport and geographical position: central, peripheral,

internal, main, transit, profitable and unprofitable, rear (away from transport routes), dead-end, coastal (seaside), foothill.

How the improvement of technology (means of communication) affects the economic and geographical position of the area, can be especially clearly seen in the example of Australia, which until the 70s. 19th century in economic and geographical terms was one of the most isolated countries in the world. The emergence of new, high-speed, technically advanced, special vehicles (refrigerator ships, refrigerator ships for transporting perishable agricultural products, tankers for transporting oil and natural gas in liquefied form, ore carriers and other special vessels for the transport of dry cargo - wheat, coal, etc.) affected the transport and geographical (respectively, economic and geographical) position of this country in such a way that it actually brought closer (in terms of speed and cost of transporting goods ) it to the centers of world trade and the most important routes of communication, made it impossible for real consumption of the products of its industry and agriculture in almost any country and region of the world. Currently, Australia is one of the largest producers and exporters of a wide variety of agricultural products (butter, cheese, condensed milk, beef, lamb, sheep's wool, grain, cotton, cane sugar, etc.), products of the mining industry (iron and manganese ore, tin, copper, lead-zinc concentrates, coal, oil, etc.). Obviously, the change in the economic and geographical position of Australia, its role in the international division of labor was due to the progress of technology (transport), the general high level economy of this country.

Changes in the economic and geographical position may be due to other reasons. For example, weakening the role or loss economic importance of one or another placement factor (raw materials, fuel, energy, work force, consumer, including transport) and, accordingly, their automatic withdrawal from the composition of the determining links of a given area with other areas (as with sources of raw materials, fuel, energy, labor, or as with areas for the sale of products) or, conversely, the strengthening of the role of some either of the factors and, accordingly, the strengthening of its influence on this process.

For example, the economic and geographical position of the Urals as a condition possible development here, ferrous metallurgy has repeatedly changed and at different periods of time it could be assessed as very convenient at that stage of development, when local charcoal could be used as fuel, and its own iron and manganese ore as raw materials; as convenient, when forced, were to use imported fuel (coke of the Kuznetsk basin of Russia, Donetsk Ukraine or Karaganda Kazakhstan), since there is no own coking coal in the Urals; finally, not very convenient, when they worked out iron and manganese ores at most of their deposits and were forced to import not only coking coal, but also iron and manganese ores from other places (the Central Black Earth region of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.). The matter was further aggravated by the fact that this had to be done mainly with the help of rail transportation, since there was no opportunity for the delivery of raw materials and fuel by cheap sea route (as in Baltimore, Philadelphia or Toronto) in the Urals.

Thus, in the course of historical development, the economic and geographical position of any area of ​​the country or region, settlement, economic object can change radically. The reason for this is progress in the development of science, technology, technology, economics, organization of production, both within the given area and in its environment, that is, within the territory of other places associated with it.

Ecological and geographical positioncountries determines the environmental hazard and its level from neighboring countries. So, for example, harmful emissions from industries in some countries can enter the territory of other countries. Ecological-geographic characterizes the background of the environmental safety of the location of the object to places that have environmental problems(for example, to points of release of pollutants, to areas of radioactive contamination (Chernobyl), as well as to potentially dangerous objects that create an environmental threat).

Features of nature, population and economy of certain territories of Russia.

The great length of Russia from west to east and from north to south, the relief features predetermine the diversity of natural landscapes (arctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest steppes and steppes, semi-deserts and deserts).

Tundra. Severe, cold climatic conditions (low average annual air temperatures), long winter - snow cover lasts 7-9 months, short summer period(2 months) and a correspondingly short growing season. The presence of permafrost, excessive moisture - high waterlogging of the territory, infertile tundra-gley soils. Large open spaces with strong winds. The existing natural and climatic conditions are unfavorable for humans. As a result, the districts are characterized by a low population density and a relative predominance of the urban population. A special type of economy has developed, the main specialization of which is the exploitation of the natural resources of the Far North (extraction of gas, copper, nickel, etc.) and reindeer breeding.

The steppe is the main agricultural region of Russia due to favorable natural and climatic conditions for agriculture ( fertile soil- chernozems, long growing season). This is the zone of the most developed animal husbandry (large cattle, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming). Developed food industry. The rural population predominates. Significantly high population density.

4. Mathematical and geographical position allows you to evaluate the position of the object in the system of coordinates and reference points of the planet, i.e. in relation to the elements graticule(to the equator and the Greenwich meridian), to the poles of the Earth, to the extreme geographical points.

5. The military geographical position establishes the degree of relation to objects of military strategic importance (military bases, groupings of troops, nuclear facilities, ballistic missile silos, enterprises producing nuclear weapons), to military-industrial complex enterprises, as well as in relation to military-political groupings of countries (NATO).

Conclusion

The geographical position can be considered as the main resource of the region, which has a great influence on the formation of the economy, both in time and in space. An assessment of the geographical location is important for the correct determination of both the possible potential and the increasingly difficult conditions for the formation of the region's economy.

When describing a certain kind geographical location can be partially described by the other, as they can influence each other. For example, the physical-geographical position directly influences the economic-geographical one. Therefore, when describing the economic-geographical position, the physical-geographical one is also partially described.

The assessment of a number of types of geographical position of countries is not constant. Countries change and develop. Consequently, their geographical position is changing.

LITERATURE

Geography, grade 9. Features of the geographical position of Russia

Geographic Encyclopedia

The Russian Federation is the largest country in terms of area the globe. The territory of Russia covers an area of ​​about 17.1 million square kilometers. Russia is located on the Eurasian continent. It occupies both the eastern and western parts of the continent. Mostly the territory of our country is located in the northern and northeastern regions of the mainland. About 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in Europe, and about 70% - in Asia. In the north, the extreme continental point of the country is Cape Chelyuskin, located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The extreme point of the island is Cape Fligely, located on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago. The southern border of the mainland is a point located on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge(41°12` north latitude) This section is the border between Dagestan and Azerbaijan. The geographical position of Russia, the size of the territory, state borders. Features of the geographical position of Russia Physical and geographical position of Russia Economic and geographical position of Russia Dimensions of the territory of Russia Transport and geographical position of Russia in the world In the west, the boundary point is the extremity on the Sand Spit, located in the waters of the Baltic Sea, not far from Kaliningrad. In the east, the extreme point related to the mainland is Cape Dezhnev. This cape is located in Chukotka. The most extreme point, relating to the islands, is located on Rotmanov Island. This island is located in the Bering Sea, not far from the border with America. The territory of Russia has a large extent from west to east. As a result, it is observed a big difference in time. There are 10 time zones in Russia. The division into time zones occurs in different ways depending on the population of the settlement. The boundaries of the time zones of the seas and areas with low population density are determined by the meridians. In areas with a high population density, these boundaries are determined by the administrative subjects of the federation.

The borders of the Russian Federation stretch for 60,000 km, of which 40,000 belong to maritime borders. The water border is located at a distance of 22.7 km from the land. In sea waters stretching for 370 km from the coast, there is a maritime economic zone of Russia. The presence of courts of all states is allowed here, but only our country has the right to extract various natural resources. The Russian Federation belongs to a number of world maritime powers. The maritime borders of our country pass through the water basins of three oceans. In the north, the maritime borders of the Russian Federation are located along the seas belonging to the Northern Arctic Ocean. In total, there are five seas in the north: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. The movement of ships across the expanses of these seas is difficult due to the drifting ice that is present in Arctic seas whole year. The territory from the northern coast of our country to the North Pole is our sector of the Arctic. Within this space, all islands (with the exception of a few islands of the Svalbard archipelago) belong to the Russian Federation. In the eastern part of Russia, the borders are located along the waters Pacific Ocean and seas of the Pacific Ocean. Japan and the US are two states located very close to Russia's Far Eastern maritime border. The La Perouse Strait separates Russia from the territories of Japan. It is located in the Sea of ​​Japan between Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido Island. In the west, the maritime border is located in the waters of the Baltic Sea. Through these expanses of water, Russia is connected with a number of European countries: Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic states. Helps establish strong economic relations the fact that maritime transport is well developed in the Baltic Sea. The southwestern sea border of Russia is located in the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. These water boundaries separate Russia from Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Romania. Thanks to the Black Sea, Russia has access to the Mediterranean Sea. Along with long maritime borders, Russia has a fairly large land border. The land border separates Russia from 14 countries and stretches for 1605 km. 990 km of the border falls on the Baltic countries, and 615 km - on Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia has land borders with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Outposts and customs are located along the border line. After the collapse of the USSR, the length of the border with Poland decreased. Currently, only the Kaliningrad region is connected with this Western European country. There have been changes in the border with China, it has halved. The borders with Norway and Finland are stipulated in an international agreement. Special customs make sure that these borders are not violated. Crossing the border here is carried out upon presentation of special documents. The borders with the countries of the CIS (Union of Independent States) are more or less conditional. Currently, there are no special treaties where these boundaries would be clearly stipulated. Russian border troops monitor the security of the borders of many countries former USSR. At present, a number of countries are expressing various claims regarding the change of Russian borders. Japan, Estonia, Latvia and Finland claim the lands of our country. Japan wants to annex several Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Shikotan, Khaboshan, and Iturup) to the territory of its country. Estonia lays claim to the Pechory region, Latvia - to the Pytalovsky region. Finland is interested in the lands of Karelia. The above countries express their claims both at the official and unofficial levels.