How the surname inclines to s. Declension of female surnames

SURNAME ON A CONSONANT

Declension of foreign and Slavic surnames ending in a consonant sound (in writing they end with a consonant letter, soft sign or th), depends on the gender of the named person. If the surname refers to a man, then it is declined as nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender. Women's surnames of this type are not inclined.

For example:

Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Romana Zyuzya	Ivan Gaidai
Anne Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Romana Zyuzya	Ivan Gaidai
Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
(about) Anna Schmidt	(about) Peter Schmidt	(about) Roman Zyuz	(about) Ivan Gaidai

Note.

1. The application of the rule requires knowledge of the gender of the named person. The text or title page of the publication does not always allow a native speaker to convey such information, therefore, on a letter and in oral speech Difficulties may arise when applying surnames to a consonant. For example, on title page the author A. Shtol is indicated, and the annotation does not contain information about the full name. The reader, not owning reliable data, will not be able to correctly formulate his speech: "I read the novels of A. Shtol (female surname) or A. Shtol (male surname)."

2. "Outlandish" surnames like Crest and Astrakhan, homonymous with common nouns, geographical names, names of animals and insects, often cause difficulties in declension. Surnames of this type can be divided into two groups:

a) homonymous noun m.r. 2 fold. ( Bug, Goose, Belt etc.) often in such cases they keep the surname in the initial form: Ivan Zhuk, reference given Dmitry Goose; if a fluent vowel occurs in the surname, then it can be recommended to save it in order to avoid curious combinations, for example: citizen Belt certificate issued to a citizen Remenu(compare: I don’t have a belt), Ivan came Hare, letter to Ivan Hare(compare: approach a hare ) ;

b) homonymous with a noun f.r. 3 fold. ( Sadness, Love, Astrakhan, Corn, Junk, Bliss, Pain etc.) can be recommended not to decline for males.

3. Surnames with a fluent vowel type little boys,Kobets. There is no single answer in the scientific and reference literature. There are two options:

	option I	option II
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	(about) Ivan Kobts	(about) Ivan Kobets

It should also be noted that in oblique cases homonymy of forms of surnames such as Kravets and Kravts, Zikranets and Zikranz. In this case, for the former, it is better to use the declension option II.

4. It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous Russian (as well as Russified) surnames and borrowed -ov and -in. For example: Peter Chaplin / Vera Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin / Helen Chaplin, Ivan Flotov / Marina Flotova and Hans Flotov / Helga Flotov. Such surnames differ in the ending of the instrumental case. Russian surnames (as well as Russified) in the instrumental masculine case have the ending th: Peter Chaplin. A "non-Russian" surname in the instrumental case of the masculine gender has the ending -ohm: Charlie Chaplin. Women's similar surnames do not bow at all: approach Helen Chaplin, meet Helga Fleets. Compare: approach Vera Chaplin, meet Marina Flotov.

Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the requirement of the head not to incline declined surnames. What surnames do not actually decline, we will tell in the article.

From the article you will learn:

What are the misconceptions about the declension of surnames

Most native speakers of the Russian language are absolutely unaware of the laws of declension of names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are a large number of reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames remains complex and ambiguous.

In many respects, the solution of this issue is hindered by misconceptions about the rules for declension of surnames, which are widespread among native speakers of the Russian language. Let's consider some of them.

There is a widespread misconception that the declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. From this, the wrong conclusion is made that, for example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames do not decline.

Another misconception is that the declension of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.

If the surname coincides with a common noun (Will, Freedom, Beetle), then it does not decline.

However, perhaps the most common misconception is that there are so many declension rules that it simply does not make sense to memorize them.

In order to refute these misconceptions, consider the basic rules for changing surnames by cases. We have formulated them in the form step by step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes in cases or not.

How to determine if a surname is inclined: step by step instructions

A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but it is foreign (For example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change in cases like a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.

C. Female surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Smorodina or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version matches the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Currant, then the female surname will decline as a common noun - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina.

Step #2

Non-standard surname

The main rule to follow is that the type of declension is primarily affected by what sound - a vowel or a consonant - the surname ends with. We note again that neither the gender of the carrier nor the origin affects the inclination or inclination of the surname.

Step #3

Groups of indeclinable surnames

All Russian surnames ending in -s, -ih (Sukhikh, Belykh), as well as surnames that end in vowels e, and, o, u, s, e, u, are not subject to change in cases.

For example, the performance of Loya, Gramigny, Ceausescu, Lykhna, Maigret and Liu.

Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, which depicts Speaking, sometimes you can find the declension of male surnames on -s or -ih. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declension of Ukrainian surnames on - to - Chernenka or Shevchenko. The last variant of surname changes was common in the 19th century, but at present both the first variant and the second are undesirable.

Step #4

In the event that the surname has an ending in a consonant sound (except for -ih and -ih), then it will be inclined or not, depending on the gender of its owner.

Male surnames will decline to a consonant sound, but female ones will not. It is important to note that the linguistic origin of the surname is not decisive in this case.

If the surname ends in a consonant (except for surnames in -s, -ih, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Inclined, including male surnames, coinciding with common nouns.

For example, the reports of Krug, Shock, Semenyuk, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and the reports of Krug, Shock, Semenyuk and Martirosyan (for female surnames).

Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin, which can be inclined in two ways. We are talking about surnames that, when changing, have a fluent vowel - Zhuravl - Zhuravel or Zhuravl. Most reference books recommend keeping a fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname can insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.

Note 2. The surnames beginning with th (Shakhrai) deserve special mention. Here we also encounter the possibility of a double change of surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchy, then it changes as Topchy, Topchy, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, then it changes as Topchia, Topchia. Such difficult cases apply only to those surnames in which the consonant "y" is preceded by the vowels "o" or "i". In all other cases, the surname changes according to general rules(Shakhrai, Shakhrai, etc.)

Step #5

If the surname ends in a vowel -я, which is preceded by another vowel (for example: Shengelaya, Lomaya, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she declines.

Examples: notebook by Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolay Lomaya, meeting with Anna Rhea; crimes of Lavrenty Beria, meeting with George Danelia.

Step #6

If the surname ends in a vowel -a preceded by another vowel (eg: Galois, Morois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), it is not declined.

Examples: Nikolai Galua's notebook, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

A. French surnames with an accent on the last syllable are not inclined: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavald, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.

B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are not inflected: meeting with Mauno Pekkala (although in a number of sources it is recommended to incline them too).

All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -a, -ya) are inclined. Contrary to a common misconception, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.

Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, Nikolai Mukha's diploma, Elena Kara-Murza's lecture, Bulat Okudzhava's songs, Igor Kvasha's roles, Akira Kurosawa's films.

Note. There used to be fluctuations in the declension of Japanese surnames, but reference books note that in recent times such surnames are consistently declined.

Why is it important to follow the rules of declension of surnames

The need to follow the rules for declension of surnames is due not only to decency, but to the fact that non-compliance with these rules can lead to all sorts of misunderstandings.

For example, consider this situation. You have received a letter signed as follows: "Vasily Groz's letter." Following the laws of Russian grammar, you most likely assume that the male surname, which in genitive case has an ending -a, in the nominative case it will have a zero ending and you will conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - "Vasily Groza's letter."

Another example. You have passed the article A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man Anatoly Pogrebnyak, then this can lead to a misunderstanding.

Results

The declension of any surname is determined by the rules of the modern Russian language.
The declension of a surname depends on what sound - a vowel or a consonant - it ends with.
The rule "male surnames change by case, but female surnames do not" applies only to surnames ending in a consonant sound.
If the surname coincides with a common noun (Nora, Bear or Hare), then this is not an obstacle to its declension.

1. Names (Slavic) on -about such as Levko, Marco, Pavlo, Petro are inclined according to the pattern of declension of masculine neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levko, at Mark; in M. Gorky, the name Danko is not inclined (“... she told about the burning heart of Danko”).

Names that have parallel forms on -about – -a(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhail - Mikhaila), usually inclined according to the type of feminine nouns: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another original form of Gavril.

2. foreign names consonants are inclined regardless of whether they are used alone or together with a surname, for example: novels by Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre-Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Blok (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).

3. When declensing Slavic names and surnames, Russian declension forms are used (in particular, fluent vowels are preserved in indirect forms), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edek, Vladek (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karel Capek, (not "Chapka"); Vaclav Havel - Vaclav Havel (not "Havl").

4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George W. Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (the inflexibility of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “At Mr. Goose”, "Citizen Belt". Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, keep the surname in its initial form (cf .: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to given type declensions, for example, preserve a fluent vowel sound in oblique cases (cf.: highly appreciate the courage of Konstantin Kobets).

5. Surnames are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -them, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Red, Long, Durnovo. Only in vernacular are there forms like “at Ivan Sedykh”.

6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except for unstressed -and I, with a preceding consonant) are not declined, for example: Zola's novels, Hugo's poems, Bizet's operas, Punchini's music, Shaw's plays, Salman Rushdie's poems.

Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also brought under this rule. -ski and -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American public and political figure), Pokorny's Dictionary (Czech linguist). However, it should be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of the Polish surnames Gliński, Leszczynska - with the letter b before ck) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in writing and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by the singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by the pianist Czerny-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danetska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to arrange them according to the pattern of the declension of Russian male and female surnames in -sky, -sky, -th, -th. Polish combinations are inclined similarly, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.

From surnames to stressed -a only Slavic ones incline: The writer Mayboroda, the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.

Non-Russian surnames on unstressed -oh, -i(mostly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Campanella's utopianism, Torquemada's cruelty, a film starring Giulietta Mazina; but movies with Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: a meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: Heredia's sonnets, Gulia's stories; in -iya - they are inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.

Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; compare: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilava, Okudzhava's songs, Ardzinba's government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, policy of General Tanaka, works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa. AT last years there is a clear trend towards declension of such surnames.

7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) in fiction usually inclined, although different type declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: an order to the head of Yevtukh Makogonenok; a poem dedicated to Rodzyanka M.V. In the modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their variability is appropriate for introducing clarity into the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - a letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed also in Chekhov: “Toward evening, Belikov ... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames do not bow to -ko percussion: the Franko Theater, Lyashko's stories.

8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is inclined (if it ends in a consonant sound), for example: Choi Hen's speech, Pham Van Dong's statement, conversation with U Ku Ling.

9. In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used as a surname in itself, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skaly. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.

10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakhi;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (compare the resistance of surnames to a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating a different gender, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations of husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) at the word of the spouse, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sister: sisters Koch;
- 7) with the word family, the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: the Oppenheim family, the Hoffman-steel family.

11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovsky. This rule also includes combinations of numerals with foreign surnames: both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna.

12. Female patronymics are inclined according to the type of declension of nouns, not adjectives, for example: Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna.

Most Russian surnames are declined according to the rules of the Russian language. However, there are many surnames of foreign origin, the endings of which differ from the typical endings of Russian surnames. Two questions arise: to incline them or not, how to incline? Consider different cases surname declensions:

1. Surnames ending in -ov / ev, -in / yn, -skiy / skoy, -tskiy / tskoy, make up the bulk of Russian surnames. Their declension usually does not raise questions and occurs with the addition of endings according to the following rules:

Table 1. Surnames beginning with -ov/-ova

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Ivanov	Ivanova	Ivanovs
R.p.	whom?	Ivanov a	Ivanov oh	Ivanov s
D.p.	to whom?	Ivanov at	Ivanov oh	Ivanov th
V.p.	whom?	Ivanov a	Ivanov at	Ivanov s
etc.	by whom?	Ivanov th	Ivanov oh	Ivanov s
P.p.	about whom?	about Ivanov e	about Ivanov oh	about Ivanov s

Table 2. Surnames in -sky/-sky

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
R.p.	whom?	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
D.p.	to whom?	Akhtyrsk omu	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
V.p.	whom?	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk wow	Akhtyrsk them
etc.	by whom?	Akhtyrsk them	Akhtyrsk oh	Akhtyrsk them
P.p.	about whom?	about Akhtyrsk ohm	about Akhtyrsk oh	about Akhtyrsk them

2. Surnames consonant with adjectives are declined in accordance with the declension of adjectives in the masculine and feminine and in plural: Dashing, Thick, White, Great.

Table 3. Surnames consonant with adjectives

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who? what / what?	Dashing	Dashing	Dashing
R.p.	whom? what / what?	Lich wow	Lich oh	Lich them
D.p.	to whom? to what/what?	Lich omu	Lich oh	Lich them
V.p.	whom? what/which one?	Lich wow	Lich wow	Lich them
etc.	by whom? what / what?	Lich them	Lich oh	Lich them
P.p.	about whom? about what/about what?	o Lich ohm	o Lich oh	o Lich them

3. Surnames consonant with a noun are declined according to gender, grammatical gender does not affect declension. Including foreign-language ones without stress on the last syllable. Examples of surnames: Melnik, Guitar, Bull, Crow, Chernous, Shcherba, Kafka. Masculine surnames (Melnik, Coward) are declined in men according to the rule of declension of masculine nouns, in women and in the plural they are not declined. Feminine surnames (Guitar, Friday) for men and women are declined according to the rules of declension of feminine nouns, in the plural the surname has the form of the nominative case for men and does not decline by cases.

Table 4. Surnames consonant with masculine nouns

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Miller	Miller	Miller
R.p.	whom?	Miller a
D.p.	to whom?	Miller at
V.p.	whom?	Miller a
etc.	by whom?	Miller ohm
P.p.	about whom?	about Melnik e

Table 5. Surnames consonant with feminine nouns

case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
I.p.	who?	Guitar	Guitar	Guitar
R.p.	whom?	Guitar s	Guitar s
D.p.	to whom?	Guitar e	Guitar e
V.p.	whom?	Guitar at	Guitar at
etc.	by whom?	Guitar oh	Guitar oh
P.p.	about whom?	about Guitar e	Guitar e

Note 1. It is worth clarifying the stress in surnames ending in -a, since the ending of the instrumental case depends on this. Compare: Lefty - Lefty, Lefty - Lefty.
Note 2. French surnames with accent ending -a, -i, do not bow: Emile Zola, Pierre Broca, about Alexandre Dumas.

Historians every year expand the list of nominal nicknames of Slavic origin. Many would be interested to know their origin. But sometimes it is impossible to determine this by the sound itself, since various suffixes, prefixes and prefixes have been added to the derivative word for years, distorting its original meaning.

Russian names and surnames

To determine the origin of a person's genus, his passport data is used. Key Points the root of the word acts, which forms Russian names and surnames. They differ in prevalence. By sound, you can determine the eminence of the family or the belonging of ancestors to different social groups and castes of society: peasants, boyars, clergy. The etymology of some includes archaisms and strange foundations; you can use the reference book to determine these yourself.

Origin

Derivatives and roots can originate from nicknames of ancestors, funny nicknames, names, activities. The origin of Russian surnames, in most cases, is unraveled in its etymology. You should be interested in this clue, because through it you can find out about an outstanding ancestor or eminent family. For those who want to determine the origins of their family nickname, there are alphabetical collections that are replenished and updated annually; on their pages, almost everyone can find out the history of their name.

The most popular derivatives:

On behalf of the ancestor (whose? whose will you be?) - Ivanov, Sidorov, Kuzmin, Petrov.
From geographical names - Vyazemsky, Stroganov, Smolensky.
From the nicknames of the representatives of the clergy - Rozhdestvensky, Preobrazhensky, Assumption.
From the names of plants and animals - Sokolova, Orlova, Hare, Lebedev, Golubev.
From count and boyar titles - Minin, Tikhomirov, Tikhonravov, Godunov.

Meaning

Etymology and the formation of a proper genus name are of interest to everyone large quantity of people. The meaning of Russian surnames is found out when determining the root part of the word, it indicates the meaning. The meaning of family names like Bondarev, Kovalev, Shevtsov - indicate the craft that someone from the family was engaged in. Muzzle, Stoyan, Brave - on external or internal characteristics individual person. All members of the family were called by the nickname of the head of the family, and this was passed down from generation to generation.

When did surnames appear in Russia

The assignment of a generic nickname to identify each genus began to take shape from the 15th century. When surnames appeared in Russia, they initially referred to representatives of the upper strata of society: boyars and aristocrats, later, in the 18th century, to church servants. Until the 19th century, peasants and artisans received their nicknames. Their genus names were derived from the nicknames of one of the members of the family or occupation. Listings were found in historical scrolls and records explaining this phenomenon: “Vasily, the son of Kuznetsov ... Ivan, the son of Khlebnikov”

How many surnames in Russia

The study of these data is still in question. An absolutely correct numerical value has not been deduced that could answer exactly the question of how many surnames exist in Russia today. For such difficult task researchers were taken only a few times, about 250 thousand meanings were officially included in the collection, and these lists are constantly updated with new forms of nicknames once given.

Declension of surnames in Russian

Rules Russian language strictly determine the spelling and pronunciation of passport data. The declension of surnames in Russian occurs according to the following basic rules: standard ones are declined as adjectives, and those of foreign origin are declined as nouns. Do not bend over zero ending, or ending in a consonant (Bondar, Nitsevich, Ponomar), ending in -o (Petrenko, Shevchenko, Kovalenko), foreign ones in -a, -ya (Varnava, Okidzhava, Zola).

The most common surname in Russia

Boris Ubenhaun was the first to start compiling a directory that lists the names of Russia. There are collected various variations conditioned by the process of transformation of folk nicknames. Each position has an explanation (highlighted parts of word formation that explain the essence of a particular word). There are positions that can be found more often, there are those that are very rare. The data were taken on the basis of the census of the population of the city of St. Petersburg.

Common surnames in Russia:

Vladimirov;
Sergeev;
Petrov;
Ivanov.

Beautiful Russian surnames

There are people whose generic nicknames enchant with their sound. These include those derived from place names or long nicknames given to church officials. Such an etymology is rare, it sounds aristocratically melodious. Many people change the generic data in the passport in order to get a beautiful and eye-catching name. Lucky among the people are those to whom it was inherited.

The most beautiful surnames in Russia:

Preobrazhensky;
Caesar;
Christmas;
Vyazemsky;
Uspensky.

Slavic

There are genus names that originated from the ancient Slavs. These nicknames are very rare and therefore valuable to historians. Their small number is due to the fact that derivatives originate from the names pagan gods or old Slavic names. With the advent of Christianity, such nicknames were categorically banned, people were massively baptized and renamed, because those who still have them to this day are a godsend, a vivid example of pagan culture.

Old Slavic surnames, examples:

Yarilo;
Dovbush;
Putyata;
Lada;
Saint;
Dobrynin;
Peaceful.

According to a census conducted in the 1980s, former USSR, about 50% of the rural and 35% of the urban population have generic nicknames formed on the basis of patronymics with the addition of suffixes. This study is recognized as the highest quality and most detailed up to our times. Popular Russian surnames: Sidorov, Smirnov, Kuzmin, Vasiliev. The second place in frequency is occupied by nicknames that indicate the type of activity: Kuznetsov, Bondarev, Reznikov, Khlebnikov, etc.

Rare Russian surnames

It is difficult to compile a reliable list that includes all positions. But the main ones have been selected. It is not often possible to meet people who have a family nickname that coincides completely with a geographical name or is formed from a combination of two words. There are few of those who were lucky enough to become the namesake of famous historical figures and heroes of literary novels.

Rare surnames in Russia:

Astrakhan;
Kamchatka;
Eibogin;
Krutiperets;
Crusoe;
Karenin.

funny

Sometimes among acquaintances there are family nicknames that involuntarily cause a smile with their comicality. They surprise fellow citizens, and especially foreigners, with their pronunciation, they consist of adding the foundations of any nouns or verbs, they can denote a funny or strange action, name objects whose name sounds strange in human name. A person who has to wear them can hardly be called lucky.

Funny Russian surnames:

Kostogryzov;
Mozgoedov;
Popkin;
Rzhach;
Login;
Khachapuri;
Govnodedov;
Snot.

Russian noble families

Their owners can be sure of the high title of someone of their kind, they were assigned exclusively to nobles, boyars, high-ranking officials. People close to high positions and ruling power. They can also be merchants. The presence of such titular nicknames among the peasantry, a worker from the common population or artisans is excluded, their mere presence spoke of the high social status of their owner.

Russian noble families:

Stroganov;
Godunov;
Tikhomirov;
Minin;
Novgorodtsev;
Tikhonravov;
Crowned.

Old Russian

This term denotes not only Old Slavonic nicknames from the times of paganism, but also those that, by their etymology, denote obsolete concepts and words of ancient use, eradicated from the current speech. Interesting to consider are generic nicknames that call old monetary units, household items, crafts that are not found in modern world. All these signs indicate the prescription of the genus and the roots that go far.

Old Russian surnames:

Kunin;
Altynov;
Kalita;
Zlatnikov;
Pryalkin;
Kozhemyak;
Bandurov.

Rating of surnames in Russia

The top 100 items have been compiled, which can often be found in the passports of fellow citizens. All of them were selected based on the directory and ordered during the census during the year. This information will be especially interesting for girls, because everyone wants to meet her man and get married. Statistics show that 89% of women switch to a male generic nickname when they get married. Such a top will clearly show the most likely options that everyone can face. The section includes 10 first positions.

Ivanov;
Smirnov;
Kuznetsov;
Popov;
Sokolov;
Vasiliev;
Fedorov;
Novikov;
Egorov;
Kozlov.

Famous Russian surnames

Their list is based on the frequency of use among the population. The most common surname in Russia is Ivanov. Even foreigners know about it, associating with it all the names of Russian compatriots. She went down in history and became a classic. For example in German such a nickname was - Muller, in America and Britain - Smith, Poland - Novak or Kovalsky, Georgia - Mammadov.

Famous Russian surnames:

Sidorov;
Ivanov;
Petrov;
Kozlov;
Smirnov;
Popov;
Sokolov.