Build a Dutch oven. We put the Dutch oven: a short instruction and a useful video

The Dutch oven is without a doubt one of the most, if not the most honored of. She regularly warms many people to this day. Of the mass of its advantages (which will be listed below), perhaps the most important is that a Dutch woman can be folded with her own hands by a person who has the initial skills of a bricklayer, or even a green beginner. Only attentive and tidy.

A bit of history

The Dutch oven was formed as a structure during the time of Columbus, in the 15th century. Since the 16th century, after the Netherlands gained independence, it began its march around the world. In the XVIII century. became common; by the XIX century. - dominant. It remains such in its class to this day, especially since it fits perfectly into both simple and the richest interior, see fig.

In encyclopedias

The encyclopedias define the Dutch stove as a RECTANGULAR heating stove, hearth, slow-burning duct multi-turn, with vertical smoke circuits and a side outlet to the chimney, ORIGINALLY LATERED WITH TILES. This should be borne in mind when reading the following.

About tiles

The Dutch woman has another merit for humanity - she brought tiles and tiles to the world. More will be said about the tiles as such, but for now you need to know: aesthetically, the Dutch woman is inseparable from tiles. A naked brick Dutch woman will warm the dacha well or handle cooking in the kitchen, but if an interior design with a Dutch oven is planned, then a naked Dutch woman is a clear tastelessness. Imagine Venus Botticelli or "The Last Day of Pompeii" by Bryullov, written acrylic paints metallic. A naked Dutch woman in a retro or country living room is the same.

Dutch device

A diagram of the classic, original Dutch oven is shown in the figure. The principle of its operation is simple: the path of passage of flue gases is artificially lengthened, which is why they more fully give off heat to the body of the furnace. No physical-chemical-thermodynamic subtleties are provided, therefore, breaking something in the smoke circulation is no easier than breaking an ax.

Such a structure was formed under the influence of the specific conditions of the medieval Netherlands. The original Dutch woman - heating stove for residential premises; cooked on a stove or fireplace.

Firstly, it has always been cramped in Holland. The Dutch had to recapture their fields - polders - from the sea. The Dutch could not afford to "dance from the stove"; the stove had to be built into the house, which, in turn, was erected in accordance with the available piece of land. A design was required that was simple, compact and plastic - the first Dutch women laid their all out in place, and the established structures then survived as a result of natural selection.

So the canonical ordering, as for, for the Dutch woman as such is absent... And now the Dutch women are often developed for specific requirements; for this, computer programs are used. Due to the simplicity of the principles laid down in the Dutch woman, her heat engineering properties from this change little, if only the basic proportions were maintained.

Secondly, the climate of Holland, like the whole Western Europe, is formed under the influence of the Gulf Stream, and therefore is very uneven in winter: a plus thaw can suddenly change severe frost... In general, winters are mild. Therefore, a furnace was required that could quickly heat up from a minimum fuel load. This was achieved by the great ratio of the area of the meandering inner surface to the volume of material used. But it is also not small, so the Dutch woman combines fast warming up with good heat capacity.

Third, homeowners paid real estate tax "out of smoke", with chimney... The more chimneys, the more the burden on the economy. That is why a side outlet of flue gases was needed in order to bring several or many furnaces at once to one chimney. Here the problem of compatibility of stoves arises, so that the one that is heated more strongly does not make others smoke, displacing their exits from the chimney. But a rather complicated-looking maze of canals is actually not so difficult to lay out, but it's difficult to blow it back. This also ensured the absence of smoke when blowing into the pipe, which is not uncommon in the seaside Holland.

Finally, due to the same tightness, the city's Dutch houses stretched in height. 5-6-storey building in the XIV-XV centuries. Holland was not surprising. But then there were no concrete floors, so the furnace had to be light and, therefore, not very material-intensive. In general, the Dutch oven acquired some of the properties of box-shaped honeycomb structures, including strength, at a time when there was no such concept.

Note: originally Dutch women were made with a deaf firebox. But soon the Dutch themselves added a blower with a door and a grate to their oven. At the same time, the arch of the firebox was no longer arched; now stoves could put craftsmen below average qualifications.

But there was no need to adapt the stove to waste fuel. The Dutch have never been a poor nation. Herring, cod, flounder, high-quality livestock products, sea trade - and in the seedy-looking fishing houses in the closet, there was always a weighty bag of golden guilders. And nearby were the rich coal deposits of the north of France and Germany.

From history along the way. Piracy was a significant source of income for the Dutch. More precisely, privatization - seemingly peaceful phlegmatic fishermen, going out to fish, stocked up on any occasion and state privilege for sea robbery; you never know what is caught in the sea. The reputation of the Dutch sailors was such that a foreign "merchant", seeing on the horizon the characteristic silhouette of a Dutch lugger with beveled stems, a long bowsprit, masts tilted back and huge rake sails, immediately, without looking at his flag, tailed off into the wind, added sails, how many could withstand the masts, and loaded the cannons. Damn those Dutchmen, don't expect any good from them ...

And what happened to the Dutch as a result of their, then intuitive, delights? Let's get a look.

What is the Dutch woman good for?

Changes in the design have little effect on the strength and efficiency of the furnace, as long as there are no gross mistakes.
Stock of functionality: initially a heating one, a Dutch woman can be made with a stove, and it will be heated the same way without additional complex calculations.
Small dimensions - the dimensions of the Dutch woman can be brought up to 0.5x0.5 m in plan.
Small material consumption - 650 pieces are needed for a large Dutch woman. bricks, while for a small Russian stove - at least 1300. And a big Dutch woman heats like a big Russian, which will take 2500 bricks.
Low weight as a result of low material consumption: the concentrated load from the Dutch woman does not exceed the maximum permissible for most types of interfloor floors.
Elongation - the development of the above-furnace part in height does not impair the efficiency of the furnace. The Dutch woman can be extended up to 2 floors. Known 3 and 4-storey Dutch women.
Not picky about materials: the small wall thickness and rational overall configuration make the Dutch woman weakly sensitive to thermal deformations. Only the firebox should be laid out of high-quality refractory bricks. At dachas and in private houses of Soviet construction, you can find Dutch women made of hollow or even burnt iron bricks, and nothing, they stand, they warm.
A smooth temperature drop along the flue gas path and an uncomplicated flue: there is always a space where a baking oven or hot water box can be built.
The Dutch woman warms up very quickly and cools down rather slowly. With irregular use, the excessive consumption of fuel for heating is insignificant.
There is no need for a regular firebox and "acceleration" heating after a long downtime: we arrived at the dacha - you can immediately heat it up for warming up, without fear of cracks.
Increased heat transfer: a large Dutch woman can heat 60 sq. m, while the large Russian stove is barely 45.

And what's wrong with it?

Efficiency - at best, a solid four, i.e. Over 40%. There are quite complex designs of the Dutch "excellent pupils", but they are still far from the phenomenal performance of the Russian stove.
If you forget to close the view after the firebox, it cools almost instantly: the channel system acts like a siphon, drawing in cold air. This is a fundamental disadvantage of channel furnaces; bell caps (see below) are free from it.
It is unsuitable for heating with quickly burning waste fuel: twigs, straw, dry reeds, chicken. To burn, it burns, but all the heat immediately flies out into the pipe. The optimal mode of the Dutch firebox is smoldering.
Requires, due to the not very high heat capacity, at least 2 fires per day. According to the charter of the internal service of the Soviet army in barracks with stove heating the stoker had to check and heat up the stoves every 4 hours.
When burning with cheap high-ash fuel, a lot of soot settles in the chimney. In European cities up to the XX century. burning of soot was a common disaster, and chimney sweep was one of the most sought-after professions.
She is very afraid of overheating: a "burnt-out" Dutch woman can emit carbon monoxide

Notes:

The optimum temperature in the middle of the Dutch woman's brow is about 60 degrees. Practically it is determined by the hand: the palm can still be held, but the back of the hand burns unbearably.

Barracks with Dutch stoves in the USSR Armed Forces remained until the end of the 70s, in remote garrisons. Conscientious grandfathers were appointed as stokers: the stoker was released from all other official duties. And there demobilization is not far off ...

As you can see, the mass of the Dutch woman's advantages, primarily concerning her convenience, far outweigh her disadvantages. This led to the extremely widespread use of the Dutch oven, and the latter gave rise to a lot of varieties and improvements.

Varieties of Dutch

Some common varieties of Dutch ovens are shown in the figure. The first is a classic old one. Restored, these are the most valuable antiques, the cost of which may exceed the cost of the premises where they are located. A new classical design by choosing a decor is easy to fit into any interior due to the simplicity of its form.

Next - a modern Dutch woman with a fireplace. We will return to these a little below, and the next one is a small dacha Dutch speaker designed for seasonal irregular use. And a Dutch house woman with a stove closes the row. We will further analyze a similar, but simpler, for a summer residence.

The principle of the Dutch woman is simple, so she is susceptible to improvements and tolerant of design flaws. In Russian, the very word "Dutch" has become synonymous with any improved or tiled heating furnace... Because of this, confusion has arisen, in which we will try to figure it out.

Note: the concept of "Dutch oven" is purely Russian. The Dutch themselves never sounded fanfare about their stoves. So it would be more correct to understand the "Dutchwoman" simply as a common noun, like "German", "Dreadnought", "Zeppelin".

Three Dutch confusions

Russian Dutch

The tiles were brought to Russia by Peter I, and Russian craftsmen quickly mastered the technology of their production. Foreign ones were considered a sign of prestige. They began to decorate the mantel Russian stoves with tiles (see Fig.), And they called them Dutch, although technically the Russian stove and the Dutch are almost antipodes.

Now look at the next picture. Do you recognize "Dutch women" - an indispensable part of the well-to-do housing of the past? But already the location of the view - at the top in the middle - raises doubts: is this a channel furnace? If you look into the firebox, doubts are resolved - the bell-type stove. In the center of the vault of the firebox, a narrowing nozzle is clearly visible - hailo. A bell-type furnace is more complex in calculation, more demanding on the quality of materials and more critical to the quality of performance than a channel-type furnace.

A simplified diagram of a bell-type furnace is shown in Fig. left. In contrast to the duct, hot gases in it are retained under the bell, and it is here that they give off most of the heat. The efficiency of a bell-type furnace is higher than that of a channel furnace; it can operate on waste and high-ash fuel. It also has one more important advantage - a gas view. If you forget to close the standard one, the hailo will suppress convection, the heavy cold air will remain in the firebox with the blower, and the cap will slowly cool down, as if nothing had happened.

Bell cap "Russian Dutch women"

But where did such "Dutch women" come to Russia from? Out of nowhere, they appeared here. The same Peter I, fighting frequent fires from behind the firebox in black, issued a decree: do stone ovens modeled on the Dutch. On the model - understand as you know; the decree did not prescribe to follow the construction exactly. What Russian stove-makers used to improve the stove; After the Russian one, they were not bothered to lay anything down, and they understood the complexities of thermodynamics intuitively, but thoroughly.

Such a Dutch woman, similar in appearance, but fundamentally transformed internally, from Russia went back to Europe. After all, it could be made triangular or trapezoidal in plan, which is still difficult for a classic Dutch woman. This means that the stove can be put in a corner or pushed into the pier and almost not spend living space on it. The Dutch themselves willingly used and still use bell-type furnaces, but for a technically literate person, consider such a Dutch stove - it's the same as if David Gilmour listens to Boris Grebenshchikov, and Ritchie Blackmore takes lessons from Andrei Makarevich.

Fireplace or stove?

Now take a look at the picture in this section. Left - classic English; on the right is Dutch. Thrifty residents of the Netherlands reduced the size of the furnace, and added a supra-furnace part with smoke circuits on top. They did not have the opportunity to heat with pine or oak ridges, like the English lords, so the difference between a Dutch stove and a Dutch fireplace is rather arbitrary.

In fact, any Dutch stove is at the same time a fireplace; just open the firebox doors. With grates, this or deaf - the combustion mode and the properties of the furnace will not change from this. This is another advantage of the Dutch woman, and of the bell one too. Shown in fig. above, with latticed decorative doors, judging by their appearance, it is nevertheless bell-type.

Round

The round Dutch woman also appeared in Russia, but she is, in general, of German origin: she was invented in early XIX v. a descendant of the Russified German colonists I. G. Utermark. The diagram of its structure and appearance are shown in Fig, and the inset shows a simplified smoke circulation diagram for 3 channels; there were up to 12 canals in total. Utermarking works in the smoldering mode; it can be distinguished from the Dutch woman Grum-Grzhimailo (see below) by the deaf firebox.

Note: in the old descriptions of utermarking one can find the word "burak". This means smoke circulation. Accordingly, the oven for 3 beetroot is 6-channel.

Thanks to the iron casing (case), the walls are laid in only 1/4 of the brick, which gives cheapness, low weight and high heat transfer. But in general, the utermarking (this word has also become a household name) is that the oven is unimportant. Hot ducts heat cold ducts, and too much heat is emitted into the chimney.

All round furnaces tend to concentrate heat along the axis; here the Coriolis force plays a role. For smelting furnaces this is fine, but for an unsuccessful heating design it can become a fundamental flaw. However, Uthermark did not know about this.

In general, utermarking is an oven for the poor. It smokes and smokes from a variety of reasons, it needs to be heated regularly, accumulates soot in itself, but it is difficult to clean and therefore fire hazardous, but cheap. Utermarking was an indispensable attribute of government hospitals, workhouses, orphanages, shelters, almshouses, prisons, out-of-the-box offices, small stations at half-stations.

A real round Dutch woman, quite worthy of this honorary title, was invented in 1927 by prof. VE Grum-Grzhimailo is already in the USSR. This bell-type stove with a grate-fired furnace competes with the Russian one in terms of efficiency, with the re-marking in terms of heat transfer, and the internal circulation of heat in it is only beneficial. The design of the Grum-Grzhimailo furnace will be further considered in more detail, and in Fig. on the right - two of its varieties: two- and one-stage.

We dance to the stove

Materials and technology

The Dutch woman, as already mentioned, is undemanding to the quality of materials. A full-bodied ceramic fired of average quality (a little fissured) or even second-hand will go to its masonry. - earthenware of medium fat consistency of sour cream; commercially available ready-made dry mixes will do. You can fold the Dutch oven, knowing how to lay out a straight wall with bandaging the seams. If it turns out to be ugly, it will still heat.

Small dacha

A small dacha Dutch oven is suitable for heating a room of 16-20 sq. m. with wood or coal. The order is shown in Fig. Repeating the belt from rows 17, 19, 21 and 18, 20, 22, the stove can be increased in height according to the height of the room. The compactness of the stove is achieved by a kind of folding the smoke circulation into a ring. The dimensions of a small suburban column oven in plan are only 520x520 mm.

Summer cottage with stove

This summer cottage stove (the order is in the figure) is already more complicated and slightly wider (770 mm), but it has a hobless hob. You cannot cook culinary masterpieces on it; you can warm up what you brought with you or cook some unpretentious food. But, like the small oven described above, it works stably in the smoldering mode and therefore is excellent for sterilizing workpieces for home canning at the collection point. From what the "twists" are much tastier.

Large heating

This is already quite a serious Dutch oven, see the order in fig. It can heat up to 50 sq. m. The design has been modified to make the oven similar in size to a wardrobe - a classic Dutch woman still clutters up the apartment.

Stove Grum-Grzhimailo

The Grum-Grzhimailo stove is built in belts; respectively divided into sections and its casing. The rows are laid out in the casing, as in the formwork, then the casing is built up, the next belt is laid out, etc. The casing is made of roofing iron, but for a home-builder, even a very experienced one, it presents a serious problem: the assembled empty, before masonry, must be flat and stand stable, otherwise the finished stove may simply collapse. You cannot cook the casing, it will lead you away. On sale there are ready-made casings for round furnaces, they are equipped with grates, doors, views, valves, detailed orders and specifications with technical parameters.

The figure shows the drawings and the order of the Grum-Grzhimailo furnace. The grate is not shown conventionally. The narrowing of the hail, in contrast to the Russian stove, can be stepped; here his role is simpler. The stove at the top heats up more than the bottom (cap!), So it should be placed in the corner farthest from the window. A foundation with waterproofing is also required, taking into account the fact that the top of the first row should fall on the level of the clean floor.

But what about the round Dutch women, faced with tiles? Were they glued to steel in some clever way? No, the round tiled Dutch woman is in a brick case. The case can be laid out of facing bricks on a cement-sand mortar, but also in belts. For evenness, a detachable sliding formwork from boards is used.

The case, for the sake of smoothness of the contour and less thermal resistance, is laid with spoon bricks, set upright. This will also give less outward broadening of the seams, which is important from the point of view of thermal deformations. But this method of laying, in order to achieve acceptable strength, requires 100% bandaging of the seams horizontally and vertically. Therefore, the masonry is carried out, strictly alternating solid bricks with halves; convergence of whole with whole and halves with halves is unacceptable.

If such a laying of the stove is calculated independently, you have to suffer pretty much with the calculation: then the bricks of the case stick together, then the body of the stove either does not fit into the case, or hangs in it; the maximum allowable thickness of the seam between the case and the body is half an inch, 13 mm. You have to iterate 3-4 times until everything fits together.

Having laid out 1-3 rows of the case (for complex belts it is less, for developed upwards - more), wait for the complete drying of the masonry mortar. Then, on removing the formwork (it is better to sheathe it from the inside with polyethylene so that it does not dry out), lay the corresponding belt of the furnace body on clay. Upon its complete solidification, the formwork is disassembled, moved upward with an overlap at the bottom, reliably propped up, carefully checking the evenness and verticality, and the masonry is continued.

Note: the tops of the openings in the case are reinforced with homemade concrete curved beams. Steel is not suitable due to the large TCR.

After two weeks, the finished oven can be plastered and tiled. Then, two weeks later, a trial heating with a minimum portion of high-quality fuel. After that - two more trial ones with increasing the furnace load to the maximum, and only after that the stove is ready for operation.

More notes:

The horseshoe-shaped smoke channel at the bottom of the bell of the Grum-Grzhimailo furnace requires regular cleaning; this is its serious drawback, which is why few such furnaces were built. At self-design do not forget to provide two cleaning doors around the circumference, shown in the drawing.

In a brick case, you can build any round oven for cladding. But this work, as we see, is extremely difficult and responsible.

More about tiles

Glazed painted ceramics with fired patterns (majolica) have been known since prehistoric times. Already in Sumer and pre-dynastic Egypt, highly artistic works of art were made from it.

Majolica wall tiles standard size the ancient Greeks were the first to start making (in the figure on the left). In Byzantium, this art was further developed, and from the Greeks it was adopted by the Arabs, who called the tiles rum as-zulaysh (rumi means Greek) in the east of the Arab world, and in the west, in the Maghreb, az-zillij.

The Arabs also contacted the Chinese, and from them they learned about the excellent qualities of white clay - kaolin. By the VIII century. the Arab tile acquired its final appearance (in the middle in the figure), and by the XIV-XV centuries. Turkish tiles have become widespread, on the right in Fig. Their drawing was softer, but all the same - the Koran strictly forbade the images of people and animals as idols. Both were dominated by cold tones, mostly blue. The sons of the desert, baked by the Sun, appreciated the coolness above all else.

It seems surprising that the Europeans during the Crusades learned almost nothing about tiles; they are not mentioned in the "Book" of Marco Polo. In fact, the Arabs, as a particularly exquisite and graceful decoration, were allowed primarily to decorate the harems of the highest nobility (see Fig.), Where not only the damned Ferengi, but also their own access was strictly prohibited under pain of a painful shameful execution. Certain tiles, of course, fell into the hands of the "Franks", but it was useless to talk about technology with rude, ignorant crusaders.

Thoroughly the Europeans got acquainted with the tiles on the Iberian Peninsula during the reconquest of Moorish Spain. The local Muslim rulers of the Baghdad caliphs considered their suzerains no more than Benjamin Franklin and George Washington - King George and did not keep az-zillidge behind seven locks; on the contrary, they briskly traded in tiles, and the masters of az-zillij willingly hired conscientious Christian apprentices.

The Portuguese were the first to adopt and improve the tile technique and began to create their own azuleija - large art panels from tile fragments, see fig. above. Courtiers of Spanish monarchs of Dutch origin in the XV-XVI centuries. more interested in piece tiles and brought them home. The clean Dutchmen, az-zillidge, which they called in German (more precisely, Upper Dutch) mode as kachel, really liked it, and very soon their own production was set up in the Netherlands, see next. rice. The technique remained practically the same, only the plots were taken on their own.

Kakhel, which was quickly renamed to tiles here, was brought to Russia by Peter I, as already mentioned, but mass production of world-class products was established only under Catherine II in Gzhel, according to Arabic-Dutch technology, on the left. rice. In the XIX century. They tried to make tiles of this type in St. Petersburg (middle in the figure), but by that time a national school of tiles of the world cultural significance(on the right in the figure), but in terms of the artistic level, the St. Petersburg tiles were inferior to the Gzhel tiles, and the enterprise was not successful. Nowadays, the old Pereburg tile is a welcome exhibit for the expert collector.

Something for dessert

As a child, the author of this article saw a stone rural house in the Russian wilderness, which was famous throughout the entire district not only for the level of improvement unheard of for the Soviet hinterland of those years, but also for the fact that everything was heated by only one big one ("Five-turn!" who created all this splendor with his hands) with a classic Dutch oven. There was also a cooking stove in the kitchen, and a stove in the bathhouse.

The house was designed in Russian, from a stove, albeit a Dutch one, so the layout turned out to be unusual, see fig. But the kids loved it. The village kids never suffered from a lack of appetite, and the place where you can always grab something is close at hand.

And the hostess from the kitchen, on the door of which there was an inscription: "Guys - away except to the bathhouse!" In general, both in the oven and in any other business, the main thing is the head and hands.

Video: an example of a Dutch oven built

The Dutch oven is one of the most popular oven models used worldwide. This popularity is due not only to the mass of advantages that this stove has, but also to the fact that almost anyone can build it, without special building skills. For the successful construction of a Dutch oven, only care and accuracy are needed.

Historical data

But before starting to understand the design features of the furnace, its advantages and disadvantages, I would like to plunge into the history of its creation. "The Dutchwoman" has been known since the days of Columbus, when the Netherlands, after gaining independence, began to expand its influence around the world.

Since the beginning of the 18th century, such stoves began to be used with high popularity, and by the end of the 19th century, the "Dutch" became dominant, and it remains so to this day. Besides the fact that the stove is versatile, it also easily fits into any interior, from simple rural houses to chic interiors country cottages.

Some encyclopedic data.

In encyclopedic sources "Dutch" is a rectangular slow-burning stove with multiple vertical chimneys and a side chimney.

Initially, the stove was faced with tiles, and this is one of her services to people. Tiles and the classic Dutch stove are inseparable. Of course, if the stove is used for a summer residence or a kitchen, you don't have to worry too much about the aesthetic design, while maintaining all the traditions. However, if the interior of the room implies the presence of a Dutch stove, then a "Dutch woman" without tiles is an unacceptable bad taste.

Furnace device.

The classic design of such ovens is based on a very simple principle. It is an artificial lengthening of the smoke path, thereby achieving the effect of greater heat transfer to the walls of the furnace. There are no thermodynamic or physicochemical features in such a design, therefore, in order to disrupt the smoke circulation of the "Dutch woman", one must really try very hard.

Such a simple design was formed based on the specifics of the climate characteristic of the Netherlands in the Middle Ages. Initially, the Dutch woman was created exclusively as a heating device for the home, and cooking was carried out on a stove or in a fireplace.

What were the conditions behind the furnace design?

Holland has always had difficulties with the amount of free land. Farmers often had to "reclaim" their fields from the sea. The peasants could not afford to build houses, starting from the stove. It was necessary to build a stove in the house, not a house around the stove. Often there was very little space for building a house and, accordingly, it was necessary to build a small-sized oven in compact rooms. After a certain time, more successful models furnaces were preserved, passing through a kind of natural selection.

Until now, there is no reference order for Dutch ovens, and each oven is designed for the needs of a particular building. Today it is much easier to do this using specialized computer programs. The simple and reliable principles by which such furnaces are built are universal. This allows you to maintain high thermal properties for different sizes of furnaces. The only condition is to maintain proportions.

Another factor that influenced the design of the furnace was the climate of the Netherlands and the whole of Western Europe. It was formed under the influence of the Gulf Stream, and such a climate is characterized by sharp changes in temperature. The above-zero temperature can change dramatically in frost, and vice versa. It would be logical to use a stove that quickly warms up the room from a small amount of firewood. It is these requirements that are caused by the increase in the inner surface of the furnace, through the use of tortuous channels. The surface area exposed to smoke is large, while the stove remains very compact and has a high heat capacity.

Interestingly enough, Dutch residents paid property tax based on the number of chimneys. The more pipes, the more you have to pay. This explains the presence of a side channel for smoke in Dutch ovens. Thanks to this design feature, it was possible to connect several stoves at once to one chimney. With this solution, there could be a problem with the smoke output. The fact is that the stove, which is heated more strongly, with its gases could displace the gases of other stoves from the chimney, thereby the latter would begin to smoke strongly in the opposite direction - that is, into the living room. Here, the same labyrinths of canals, which are very difficult to blow in the opposite direction, became salvation. They also protected the kiln from the strong winds of the seaside Holland.

Strong crowding forced the construction of high-rise buildings for that time, sometimes residential buildings reached 5-6 floors. At the same time, in the middle of the XV, there were no reinforced concrete floors, therefore, the furnaces being built should have been as lightweight as possible, using the minimum amount of materials. At that time, the oven had all the innovative advantages of honeycomb designs before such concepts existed.

Another fact interesting this is that the very first models of "Dutch women" were built exclusively with a deaf firebox. But after a certain time, a blower and a grate began to be introduced into the design of the furnace. The arched shape of the furnace vault was changed to a rectangular one, and this allowed less qualified craftsmen to master the construction of the furnace.

"Hollanda" was never built for low-quality fuel. The people of Holland have never been poor. Seafood, Agriculture, animal husbandry and trade made even the poorest fishermen feel secure. Therefore, the fuel was often used coal mined in France and Germany.

Summing up the historical information, we can highlight the characteristic advantages of Dutch ovens, so.

The advantages of the "Dutch".

Constructive changes in the furnace have practically no effect on the level of its strength and efficiency. The main thing is to avoid very gross design flaws.
Versatility. The oven, originally intended for heating the premises, can be built with a stove for cooking, it will also be efficiently heated. In this case, there is no need to additionally carry out additional structural calculations.
Small dimensions of the oven. It can be built 50x50 centimeters in size.
Low consumption of materials. If we compare the “Dutch” with the “Russian”, then here the benefits of the “foreigner” are obvious. Almost 4 times less brick is used for a Dutch oven than for a traditional Russian stove of the same size. At the same time, it heats up almost the same as the Russian one.
The consequence of the previous point is that the weight of the oven is very low. And this, in turn, allows you to build it on almost all types of interfloor floors.
Another plus Dutch technology is that the oven can be increased in height without decreasing its efficiency. Stoves with a height of 3-4 floors have survived to this day.
The stove is extremely unassuming about the quality of the materials used in the construction. With a relatively small wall thickness and a very well thought-out design, the furnace is practically insensitive to deformations caused by sudden temperature changes. Ideally, the furnace firebox should be assembled from refractory bricks. However, in Soviet times, there was a constant deficit, they built from what was needed, often it was a burnt red brick. However, the ovens of that time still function well.
Due to the fact that the transition from high temperatures, from the firebox, to lower ones, in the duct, is very smooth, it is possible to build in various ovens or boxes for heating water.
The Dutch oven heats up almost instantly and has a good heat capacity. With an irregular heating, the overconsumption of firewood is very small.
This stove does not need a regular firebox or “acceleration” firing after a long period of inactivity. In it, you can immediately kindle a fire to warm up, without fear of cracking.
The large Dutch model can efficiently heat a room with an area of about 60 meters, while the classic Russian stove of large dimensions - up to 45 meters.

Of course, any oven has both advantages and disadvantages. Dutch is no exception. Disadvantages below.

Disadvantages of the oven.

Quite low efficiency. Its value barely reaches 40%. There are very complex design solutions for "Dutch women" that allow them to increase the efficiency, but the extremely level of fuel combustion like Russian stoves is still beyond their power.
If the view is not closed in the evening after the heating process, the stove cools down almost instantly. The winding channels strongly draw in cold air, and this promotes rapid cooling. However, such a disadvantage is characteristic not only of the Dutch design, all channel furnaces have this "disease".
Such a furnace requires high quality fuel. If heated with brushwood or straw and similar materials, they burn out very quickly and practically do not give off heat. The optimal mode, typical for Dutch ovens, is smoldering.
Having a not very high heat capacity, such ovens need to be heated at least twice a day.
If you heat with low-quality fuel, the chimney becomes clogged large quantity soot. In almost all European cities up to the 20th century, soot ignition was one of the most common causes of fires, and the profession of a chimney sweep was the most in demand.

Nevertheless, the number of advantages of the stove outweighs its disadvantages and this explains its high popularity. Convenience and simplicity contributed to the wide distribution and emergence of various new modifications.

Furnace modifications.

The classic, ancient ovens have survived to this day. If you restore such a stove, it may be an antique, and in some cases cost more than the house in which it is installed. New stoves, built according to the classic technology, can fit into almost any interior. Due to the simplicity of its shape and great variety finishing materials it will become a real decoration of any home.

There are also "Dutch women" with a fireplace, which will be discussed a little later, column ovens for seasonal use and ovens with the possibility of installing a stove for cooking.

Due to the simplicity of the underlying principle of operation, the Dutch oven can be easily improved. She forgives minor design mistakes. For Russians, "Dutch" is associated with any modified stove, often faced with tiles. In this regard, there is a certain confusion that needs to be dealt with.

By the way, the very concept of "Dutch" was invented in Russia. The Dutch never attached much importance to their oven.

Unraveling three Dutch confusions.

And let's start with the "Russian Dutch". The first tiles were brought to Russia by Peter I, and Russian tile-makers quickly studied the peculiarities of making these finishing materials. Then, as now, everything abroad was considered very prestigious and they began to decorate the mansion classic Russian stoves with tiles. Later they began to be called Dutch, although in fact, they were their complete opposite.

However, not only mansion stoves were decorated in the manner of a Dutch woman. There are such instances when the stove seems to be similar to the Dutch one, however, the main detail that gives it out Russian origin, is the presence of a view in the upper central part. If you look inside the firebox, you can immediately find that the stove is a bell-type stove. in the center of the firebox vault, a characteristic narrowing is visible, which is called hailo.

The bell furnace is more difficult to build. It requires complex calculations, more materials and high quality workmanship. But unlike channel furnaces, heated gases here are concentrated under the bell and give off most of their heat. The efficiency of such furnaces is an order of magnitude higher and low-quality, high-ash fuel can be used for the furnace. If you do not close the view, then, unlike the Dutch stove, here the cold air will remain in the firebox, and the hot air will gradually cool down under the hood.

But a reasonable question may arise. Where did such "Dutch women" come from in Russia? The answer is simple - nowhere. Emperor Peter I, in order to fight numerous fires at that time, forbade heating "in black" and issued a decree to build stoves according to the Dutch model. But since the decree did not clarify the situation with what exactly the Dutch technology is, each stove-maker understood this information in his own way. This is how hybrids of Russian and Dutch oven traditions were born.

Outwardly very similar, but inside a completely different "Dutch" of Russian origin migrated back to European countries... Stoves could be triangular or trapezoidal and placed in a corner or wall of a room to save space. It was impossible to create a Dutch oven of this shape. Later, in Holland itself, they willingly used similar stoves with a bell chimney and their advantages.

Bake? Fireplace? Or all together.

What is the difference from a fireplace built according to English traditions and its Dutch "relative"? First of all, the size of the firebox, for a Dutch fireplace it is much smaller. In addition, the rational Dutch built a superstructure with channels over the firebox, by analogy with a stove. It became possible to heat such fireplaces with lower quality fuel. This explains the fact that, structurally, the stove and fireplace built using Dutch technology are practically no different.

By by and large if you open the doors of any "Dutch woman", she immediately turns into a fireplace. The presence or absence of a door practically does not affect the properties of the stove. This can be attributed to the undoubted advantages of the Dutch oven as well as the bell oven.

Round Dutch women.

The round Dutch woman, like her inventor I.G. Uthermark has German roots. For this furnace, the operating mode is solid fuel smoldering.

The iron casing made it possible to construct the walls of the furnace with a thickness of only 1/4 of a brick. This technical solution was extremely cheap and highly efficient in terms of high heat transfer. But if we look at it as a whole, such a stove is of low quality and a lot of useful heat goes into the chimney. Almost all cylindrical furnaces, thanks to the Coriolis force, accumulate heat along the axis of their rotation. This property is used in metallurgy for smelting metals, but it is not entirely suitable for heating.

As noted above, such stoves were extremely cheap and were built for the poor. The design had a number of drawbacks, such ovens were heavily smoked and smoked for many different reasons, they had to be constantly heated. It is very difficult to clean such stoves and therefore they were a source of increased fire hazard. "Utermarkovki" were installed in hospitals, at small train stations, in orphanages, shelters, prisons and other places where there were no special requirements for the quality of heating.

In 1927, Professor V.E. The Grum-Grzhimailo oven was invented, which can rightfully be called a real round Dutch woman. It was bell-type, had a grate-fired furnace and could easily compete with the Russian stove in terms of efficiency, and with “utermarking” in terms of heat transfer efficiency. Below we will consider this interesting specimen in more detail.

Tiles, more about ceramics.

Painted ceramics dates back to ancient egypt and is found in almost all traditional cultures of the world.

The first facing tiles the ancient Greek masters began to make. Later, the development of this art was promoted by the Byzantines, from whom knowledge and skills passed to the Arabs.

In the 8th century, the formation ended traditional technology Arabic tiles. Already by the XIV-XV centuries, Turkish tiles were widely spread. The ornaments depicted using the Turkish tiles were not so sharp, however, people and animals were not depicted in such ornaments, since this was prohibited by the Koran.

Both cultures were dominated by cold, light blue and blue tones... This created an atmosphere of coolness in the midst of the hot desert.

An interesting fact is that during the first Crusades Europeans never learned about this ceramic art. This is not surprising, since the tiles were used only in the palaces and harems of the nobility, access to which was forbidden to ordinary employees on pain of a terrible execution.

It happened, of course, that some tiles fell to the conquerors, but there could be no question of any transfer of technology from enemies.

The opportunity to get acquainted with tiles from Europeans appeared on the lands of the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslim rulers of these lands did not particularly obey the Baghdad caliphs and more willingly traded with Europe. Moreover, they hired hardworking Christians to make ceramic tiles.

The first craftsmen who not only adopted, but also improved the tile technique were the Portuguese. They began to create massive panels from numerous tiled fragments. The Dutch in the 15th - 16th centuries preferred piece tiles and they were actively brought home. Later "kachel" (as the Dutch called the tiles) began to be produced in the Netherlands. Although the technique remained the same, the motives and plots depicted on the tiles were their own.

"Kakhel" was brought to Russia, as already mentioned, by Peter I, but mass production of tiles began only under Catherine II using Arabic-Dutch techniques in Gzhel. In the middle of the 19th century, similar production was organized in St. Petersburg, but St. Petersburg products were not so popular. Nowadays, St. Petersburg tiles are desirable exhibits for knowledgeable collectors.

And finally, dessert!

One of the authors of the article, as a child, saw a solid stone house, famous throughout the district not only for the highest level of improvement at that time, but also for the fact that it was heated by only one five-turn Dutch oven.

Of course, in the kitchen and in the bathhouse there were separate ovens for cooking and bathing procedures, but nevertheless, the center of the dwelling was precisely the “Dutch woman” built with her own hands. This stove heated 4 rooms at once and was placed diagonally across the entire layout so that each of its walls was in each of the four rooms.

In addition, the furnace was in the kitchen, where the wife spent most of the time. Here she could cook, from here she could look after the children and serve food in the living room. Of course, now the role of the stove in modern housing is not as great as it used to be, but, nevertheless, proper planning and skillful hands are the key to a successful stove construction for many years.

Fireplace cladding

Today there are many heating systems that operate on different types fuel and are highly productive. Despite this, traditional Russian stoves have not lost their relevance. There are many schemes for their design, each of which has its own advantages. The Dutch oven is considered one of the most popular and can be found in many private homes.

What is a Dutch oven?

Dutch is a heating device designed to heat small areas. At the same time, such a stove can be used to heat several floors, which is why its efficiency is not lost. At first, the Dutch woman did not have grates and blowers, but required amount air was supplied through the open door of the firebox. But after a while, this defect was eliminated, and the stove acquired a more perfect design.

The classic Dutch woman has very long exhaust strokes. This allows you to get a structure that will have small size but considerable height. The smallest Dutch oven with dimensions of 0.52x0.52 m is capable of heating a room with an area of 20 sq. m.

The flue gases formed during the combustion of fuel pass through long channels, which allows them to be almost completely taken away thermal energy... Cooled air streams leave the unit through a special side opening. Another advantage of such a stove is that during operation, you can change its appearance. If the basic proportions of the structure are maintained, the efficiency of the heater will not be affected.

The principle of operation of a classic Dutch woman is that inside her firebox, the combustion process is carried out with a minimum intensity. The fuel is burned slowly, which allows the resulting gases to pass through the created passages and give all their heat to the brick walls. Such a stove warms up rather quickly, but cools down slowly. The surface of the Dutch woman during active operation can have a temperature of 60 ° C.

Varieties of Dutch ovens

There are many models of Dutch ovens. Some devices are used to create real works of art. The outer surface of the units can be faced with tiles, natural stone and other materials. To save space, many stoves are made angular, which has a positive effect on their aesthetic qualities.

This heater is universal, since its design may include hob or fireplace. Another variation of the Dutch woman is a circular oven. It has an original appearance, but is complex in design and operation.

Design features of the Dutch oven

This stove works according to the principle long burning... This effect is achieved by design features. After fuel combustion, hot air streams are formed. They pass through a specially equipped channel, where they give off thermal energy to the brick walls. After cooling, the combustion products fall back into the combustion chamber. The exhaust gases are then reheated, ascended and expelled through the chimney.

When arranging a Dutch woman, the following should be considered design features this unit:

given the significant weight of the stove, for its effective operation it is necessary to equip the foundation;
the base for the Dutch woman should have a thickness of 10-15 cm. It is formed from concrete and a reinforcing cage;
instead of monolithic reinforced concrete, a solid plate can be used as a foundation for the stove;
the dimensions of the foundation should exceed the dimensions of the Dutch woman by 5-10 cm in all directions;
hollow bricks can be used for laying a heating stove, which may have even minor cracks;
for the installation of the firebox, high-quality refractory bricks should be used;
to connect the elements of the masonry, a sandy-clay mortar is used (proportion 2: 1), which has a creamy consistency;
for the device of a Dutch woman, it is forbidden to use a mortar on cement, which cracks from a significant heat load;
the classic Dutch model is not equipped with a grate;
the movement of gases in the system is carried out through six channels - three upper and three lower;
the wall thickness of the stove is usually 0.5 bricks, which allows the heating device to heat up quite quickly;
to increase the efficiency of the device, a metal casing or a heat exchanger is included in its design;
the shape of the stove can be rectangular or round, but the firebox itself is always rectangular;
due to the lack of a blower, the combustion process is not carried out so intensively, which is required for the effective work of the Dutch woman.

Advantages and disadvantages of the Dutch oven

The Dutch oven is distinguished by numerous advantages, thanks to which it has gained great popularity.

Stove advantages

the compact dimensions of the device allow you to save space in the room, which is important in small houses;
a small amount of building materials is needed to build a stove, which reduces its cost;
there is no need to build a strong foundation for this unit. It is enough to slightly strengthen the base;
for the laying of many structural elements of the Dutch woman, you can use used bricks;
the heater warms up rather quickly, but cools slowly;
the Dutch oven can be of almost any height, which does not affect its efficiency;
there are many variations of stoves, which allows them to fit into any interior;
if necessary, the heating unit is equipped with additional elements - a hob, fireplace, oven and others;
after a long rest, this model does not need to be preheated.

Disadvantages of the stove

The disadvantages of the presented heater include the following:

low efficiency indicators of the stove - no more than 40-50%;
if you leave the view open after kindling, the Dutch oven will cool down very quickly;
for heating, you should not use rapidly combustible types of fuel, since the unit operates in a smoldering mode;
to maintain a comfortable temperature for living, it is recommended to heat it 2 times a day;
if you heat it too often (more than 1 time in 12 hours), the room can be filled with carbon monoxide.

The lineup

The described heating stove can have a different design, which determines the scope of its application and features of work. On this basis, several of the most common models are distinguished.

The classic version of the stove

The classic Dutch version can have a rectangular or round shape... Such units usually look simple, but quite elegant. Brick is used for finishing the walls. Inside, the furnace consists of a combustion chamber and six channels. That is why the heating of brick walls occurs gradually, which excludes the appearance of cracks.

When constructing classic instruments, it is necessary to pay Special attention the height of the firebox. It should be placed 25 cm above the floor. This will ensure uniform heating of the room.

Models with hob

A traditional Dutch oven can be fitted with tiles. This allows you to expand the scope of its application. Such a heating device can be used for cooking. In this case, a cast-iron plate is placed above the combustion chamber, which is framed with brickwork.

Due to the uniform heating of the unit body and its gradual cooling, an oven can be present in the design of the stove. It can be used for both heating and cooking.

Option with fireplace

The Dutch woman with a fireplace is a little different from the traditional model. It should have a wide base. The construction of the chimney and the ash collection swell begins from the second row. In the same place, a hole is formed, designed to clean the system from fuel combustion products.

In order for such a fireplace to function effectively for a long period, experts recommend using a basalt cardboard gasket for its construction. It prevents the formation of cracks and isolates the gas streams.

Column furnaces

Models made in the form of a column can operate on almost any fuel (wood, coal, gas). They are highly efficient and very popular. To increase productivity, the engineers came up with the idea of constructing a metal casing around the brick wall. During the heating process, it absorbs a large amount of thermal energy, after which it intensively releases it into the environment.

4 Shops to buy a Dutch oven

Name: Russian majolica
Site: http://www.russian-mayolica.ru/
Telephone:+7 495 997-04-14
The address: Russia, Khimki EZhK Edem, quarter XVIII, building 7

Bake	Photo	Price
		RUB 360,000
		RUB 215,000
		RUB 58,000
		954,000 rubles
		RUB 310,000

Name: KimrKechn
Site: http://www.pechy.ru/
Telephone: 8-916-117-51-74, 8-916-079-93-30
The address:Moscow, st. Palikha, 2 a.

Bake	Photo	Price
		Specify
		Specify
Amarcord

Despite the variety of modern heating appliances, they never succeeded in replacing the old, time-tested Dutch oven. She does not require complex system for the circulation of the coolant and in terms of cost is much cheaper than any modern boiler plant. The small-sized structure of the Dutch woman can be used not only for heating housing, but also for cooking.

Features of the design of the Dutch

The chimney of the Dutch woman has 6 channels for hot air circulation - 3 lifting and 3 lowering. Coming out of the furnace, the smoke rises through the first channel, while heating the walls of the furnace. Having lost the temperature, it goes down, where it heats up again and rises up, but already through the second channel. Heating and cooling, the smoke alternately passes through all the channels of the furnace until it enters the last one, from where it is discharged outside the room through the chimney. The Dutch six-channel system lengthens the path of hot smoke, which ensures uniform heating of the furnace walls without sudden changes and allows them long time keep warm.

Thus, the main elements of the Dutch woman are:

firebox;
smoke channels;
chimney.

In its original form, the Dutch woman was used only for heating the room and did not have a blower or grate. These elements have been added over time, which has greatly increased the efficiency of the oven. The functionality of the structure has also been expanded by adding a hob, oven and stove bench. Modern Dutch women are equipped with a tank for heating water or a tank for a water heating system.

The Dutch stove can have a variety of geometric shapes, but regardless of the configuration, the combustion chamber always has a large volume and rectangular shape, which increases the heating efficiency and allows the Dutch design to be modernized by adding a water tank in the future.

In a traditional Dutch woman, the chimney has a side outlet - this is due to the fact that in medieval Holland, residents paid a tax on chimneys and, in order to save money, put several stoves into one chimney. In the upper part of the structure there is a damper that allows you to regulate the heating temperature of the furnace.

Advantages and disadvantages of a Dutch woman

In terms of efficiency, the Dutch woman with hob compares favorably with the classic Russian stove - the walls, folded into a half-brick, warm up faster, and the small dimensions and elongated shape of the structure allows it to be placed in a sufficiently cramped room. As for the consumption of building materials, about 1400 bricks are required for the construction of a Russian stove, and only 650-700 pieces are needed for the construction of a Dutch woman of rather impressive dimensions.

The Dutch oven is better suited to those people who do not constantly live in a country house, but visit there from time to time. Heating the room with a Russian stove takes several hours, and the Dutch woman will need no more than 30 minutes to do this - a volumetric firebox can be immediately densely loaded with fuel and give the stove maximum heat.

Other advantages of the Dutch oven:

Despite the impressive list of advantages, the Dutch woman has a number of significant disadvantages:

The efficiency of a Dutch stove does not exceed 45%, which is incomparable with that of a Russian stove. To maintain a comfortable indoor climate, the stove must be heated at least 2 times a day.
The Dutch woman belongs to the structures of long burning and is demanding on the quality of the fuel. Fast-burning brushwood or straw is not suitable for the firebox; it is also not recommended to use wet fuel - this leads to soot settling in the chimney ducts and the risk of its fire.
The Dutch woman's channel system is designed in such a way that it can work as a siphon, drawing in cold air from the street - if you do not close the damper after the firebox, the stove will cool down very quickly.
The Dutch stove is afraid of overheating. In this case, the selection occurs carbon monoxide and its penetration into the room. The optimum temperature for the walls of the Dutch woman is 60 ° C.

In most cases, the Dutch woman is used to heat rooms with a limited area. If the house is spacious and has many windows, then it is better to use other types of heating structures.

Basic rules for the construction of a Dutch woman with a stove

Regardless of the size and shape of the furnace, during its construction there are several rules that always remain unchanged:

The structure is always erected separately standing foundation... It is advisable to think over its device at the stage of building a house - in this case it will be easier to determine the place where the Dutch chimney exits and to avoid getting it onto the elements of the roofing system.
The foundation is covered with waterproofing material.
For the construction of the combustion chamber, high-quality fireclay bricks are used, which cannot be tied up with ordinary bricks.
Due to the low temperature resistance cement mortar not suitable for oven masonry. The brick is laid out on a heat-resistant clay mixture. You can buy it ready-made or prepare it yourself.
When laying the firebox, the seams should be no more than 5 mm, on other elements - no more than 8 mm. This can be achieved by using a suitable wooden batten.

If the decision to build a Dutch woman was already made in finished house, then in this case it will be necessary to dismantle the floor covering and make the foundation without connecting to the main one. Neglect of this rule can lead to sad consequences, since during operation the structure shrinks and the furnace, built on the main foundation, can deform. As a result, the tightness of the seams will be broken and carbon monoxide will inevitably enter the room.

In terms of fire safety, the Dutch woman is quite reliable, but during its construction, several basic rules should still be followed:

an asbestos slab laid in front of the stove will help to avoid accidental ignition from sparks and coals falling out of the furnace;
you should regularly clean the channels of the Dutch woman from the settled soot;
wooden walls must be protected from the furnace with refractory material;
it is forbidden to put pieces of furniture closer than 0.5 m to the stove;
it is necessary to minimize the number of metal elements during the construction of the structure.

All iron parts should not be in direct contact with bricks. In places where such a joining is provided, a mortar with a layer of 5 mm and an asbestos cord are laid - this will protect the masonry from heating.

Building a Dutch woman with a stove

Before starting the construction of the furnace, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work, which consists in pouring the foundation and preparing the mortar for masonry.

Pouring the foundation

Ideally, a Dutch woman's construction should be planned before building a house. If work is carried out in an already equipped room, then part of the floor covering must be removed. The base of the Dutch woman is separated from the foundation of the house by a sand cushion. The depth of the pit for pouring the base should be at least 0.5 m.Its length and width are determined depending on the dimensions of the furnace - 15-20 cm are added to the dimensions of the sides.On top of the sand cushion, a layer of crushed stone 10 cm thick is poured and formwork is installed, all sides of which it is necessary to wrap with roofing material. The formwork is filled with cement-sand mortar, prepared in a ratio of 1: 3. After that, you should take a technical break until the solution is completely dry.

After 25-30 days, when the foundation gains sufficient strength, it is sprinkled with a layer of sand 3-5 cm and covered with roofing material for waterproofing.

Preparation of mortar for masonry

As noted earlier, cement-sand mixture not suitable for laying a Dutch woman - an earthen solution is used for this. To prepare it, you should grind the clay and fill it with water, the excess of which must be removed. After a few hours, when the clay is saturated with liquid, sand is poured in a 2: 1 ratio and mixed thoroughly, then water is poured in an amount of 1/8 of the total volume. The process of preparing the clay mixture must be carried out 2-3 days before the start of the construction of the furnace.

To check the quality of the prepared mixture, just move it to the side with a trowel. If the trail remains smooth, without any torn areas, then the mixture is perfectly prepared. If the solution is not thick enough, and it spreads, then in this case it is necessary to add more clay.

Ordinary laying of a Dutch woman with a slab

The laying of the stove is carried out according to the scheme, which indicates the number of rows and bricks. Experts recommend pre-folding the structure without mortar, and applying marks on the bricks for a guide. In order for the oven to have a strictly vertical position, you should pull the plumb lines and control the masonry at all stages with a bubble level. Before laying the bricks, they are placed in water so that they do not draw moisture from the clay mortar.

The construction of the Dutch woman is carried out in the following sequence:

At the final stage, the chimney is laid, which is brought out above the roof surface to a height of 60 cm.

The first Dutch woman's firebox with a stove

The first heating of the furnace can be done in 10-14 days - this time is necessary for the complete drying of the structure. The firebox door must be left in open position... If construction works were produced in the cold season, then a lamp can be placed inside the Dutch woman to speed up the drying process. Never melt a damp oven prematurely, otherwise it may crack.

First of all, you should check the thrust; for this, a sheet of paper is set on fire in the fuel compartment. If the smoke goes out normally, then you can proceed to the test furnace of the stove. The Dutch woman's firebox is filled to 20% with brushwood or sawdust and ignited, while all the dampers must be fully open. The firebox in this mode will completely dry the structure. During the first week, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature inside the oven does not exceed 600 ° C.

Despite the perfection of new technologies that have found their application in modern boiler installations, heating devices that have come to us from the past - furnaces - continue to arouse considerable interest. They are good because they do not require water heating systems and everything connected with them, and in terms of the cost of building a furnace, they can compete with modern heating... There are several types of them, schemes and designs of furnaces have been known for a long time and are available in free access... Small Vacation home may well be heated by a Dutch brick oven.

What is a Dutch oven?

The main purpose of this heat source to this day is considered to be heating buildings. small area that were at home in the Netherlands. In this case, the number of storeys does not matter, the structure can freely cover 2 floors. There are known examples of Dutch women built on 3 and even 4 floors. Initially, it was a small stove without grates and a blower; combustion air was supplied through the open door of the firebox. Over time, the inhabitants of the Netherlands themselves improved the design, adding an ash chamber with a grate and a door to it.

The classic device of the Dutch stove provides for very long passages of flue gases inside the building, due to which it is stretched in height, and the dimensions in terms are small. The Dutch woman of the smallest dimensions has dimensions of 520 x 520 mm and is suitable for heating a room with an area of up to 20 m2. Combustion products passing through long channels give off their heat almost completely to the walls and go out through the side opening. It should be noted that the design of the stove is not constant, like that of the Russian stove, it can be changed following the basic proportions and maintaining the principle of operation.

There are various blueprints for the Dutch oven, classic scheme as follows:

Note: all dimensions of the oven in the diagram are indicated in centimeters.

As you can see in the figure, the principle of operation of the Dutch stove is not that the flame rages in full force in the firebox, but intense smoldering. Otherwise, the flue gases will pass through the duct system very quickly and will be thrown out without transferring heat to the walls. It is for this reason that it is useless to load small wood and other rapidly burning fuels into the firebox. If you heat the stove correctly, then it will quickly warm up and then it will keep the heat for a long time. In this case, the temperature of the outer surface of the masonry is kept within 60 ºС.

Types of "Dutch women"

In the past centuries, from which these stoves came to us, their outer surfaces were faced with tiles, as a result of which a simple structure turned into a real work of art, as in the following image.

In the next photo, a Dutch stove with a fireplace, lined with natural stone, is installed in the corner of the room due to its compact dimensions and harmoniously fits into its interior.

Since the design of the stove allows it to be changed for different needs, a Dutch stove with a stove was also invented, as shown in the following image.

And, finally, the original round Dutch oven, which is difficult to build and has several drawbacks of its own in operation. For this reason, such products are extremely rare and are heated on certain days, for example, holidays.

Design features

Like any building structure with significant weight, the masonry of the stove must be supported on the foundation or on a solid reinforced concrete slab located at the base of the floors. It is better to equip the foundation at floor level, making it 100-150 mm thick from concrete with a reinforcing cage. Dimensions (edit) foundation slab should make more sizes masonry 50-100 mm in each direction.

The positive side of the Dutch woman is her undemanding quality building materials... For high-quality masonry, they usually take well-fired ceramic bricks, preferably full-bodied. In practice, such stoves are also made from hollow stones, cracked and even used. The product does not look very aesthetic, but at the same time it heats up no worse than a stove made of high-quality bricks.

The simplicity of the design and the principle of operation allow a completely inexperienced bricklayer to fold the Dutch stove with his own hands; it is enough for him to be able to lay walls of ordinary complexity with bandaging. No matter how ugly the stove is built, it will still work successfully.

In any case, the firebox must be made of good refractory bricks. As a binder, a sandy-clay solution is used, stirred to the consistency of sour cream. The ratio is as follows: for one part of clay, 2 parts of sand are taken, which is better to pass through a sieve first. Suitable for brickwork and special building mixtures available in bags.

Attention! It is not allowed to use cement when laying furnaces, since after hardening, the cement slurry is susceptible to cracking from temperature changes and thermal expansion. You can only use a solution of clay with sand.

The simplest small stove for a summer residence can be folded using the diagram below, it shows the order of a Dutch stove with dimensions of 520 x 520.

If you want to increase the height of the building, then this should be done at the expense of rows 17, 19, 21, as well as 18, 20, 22, repeating these belts the required number of times. This heat source will come in handy in the country or in another small building with an area of up to 20 m2. When the area of the premises is larger, you will have to lay out a large heating stove, it will be able to heat the room up to 50 m2. The figure shows a diagram of the masonry of a large Dutch stove.

Advantages and disadvantages

The positive features of Dutch stoves are numerous, which makes them very attractive as heaters in country houses:

Small dimensions, the structure can be placed in any building.
No need to make complex calculations and consume a large amount of materials. To lay out an ordinary Dutch woman, 650 stones are required (see the diagram), and for a small Russian stove, 1300 pieces are needed.
In accordance with the previous point - the weight of the structure will be small and does not require a strong foundation as a support. A little foundation will be sufficient.
Simple ordering of Dutch heating stoves and undemanding materials allows to reduce the cost of construction.
In practice, such stoves quickly warm up and cool down for a long time.
The design can be transformed by developing new varieties of Dutch ovens.

Do not forget about the cons, of which there are much fewer:

low efficiency (less than 50%);
it is impossible to leave the damper open after lighting the firewood in the stove, otherwise the heat will quickly fly into the pipe and the Dutch woman will cool down;
not suitable for burning small wood, reeds, straw and other light fuels.

Conclusion

The Dutch are the most accessible to manufacture, since they are very simple and do not require high-quality building materials, like a Russian or Swedish stove. You should not discount the fact that such a stove can easily fit into the interior, regardless of its wealth.

Build a Dutch oven. We put the Dutch oven: a short instruction and a useful video

A bit of history

In encyclopedias

About tiles

Dutch device

What is the Dutch woman good for?

And what's wrong with it?

Varieties of Dutch

Three Dutch confusions

Russian Dutch

Fireplace or stove?

Round

We dance to the stove

Materials and technology

Small dacha

Summer cottage with stove

Large heating

Stove Grum-Grzhimailo

More about tiles

Something for dessert

Video: an example of a Dutch oven built

Historical data

Some encyclopedic data.

Furnace device.

What were the conditions behind the furnace design?

The advantages of the "Dutch".

Disadvantages of the oven.

Furnace modifications.

Unraveling three Dutch confusions.

Bake? Fireplace? Or all together.

Round Dutch women.

Read more about kiln technologies.

Small "summer resident".

"Summer resident" with a stove

Big Dutch woman

Stove Grum-Grzhimailo

Tiles, more about ceramics.

And finally, dessert!

What is a Dutch oven?

Varieties of Dutch ovens

Design features of the Dutch oven

Advantages and disadvantages of the Dutch oven

Stove advantages

Disadvantages of the stove

The lineup

The classic version of the stove

Models with hob

Option with fireplace

Column furnaces

4 Shops to buy a Dutch oven

Features of the design of the Dutch

Advantages and disadvantages of a Dutch woman

Basic rules for the construction of a Dutch woman with a stove

Building a Dutch woman with a stove

Pouring the foundation

Preparation of mortar for masonry

Ordinary laying of a Dutch woman with a slab

The first Dutch woman's firebox with a stove

What is a Dutch oven?

Types of "Dutch women"

Design features

Advantages and disadvantages

Conclusion