What is description and reasoning. Functional-semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning)

Reasoning is a type of speech in which the causes or consequences of a particular phenomenon or situation are indicated.

The purpose of reasoning is to prove the truth of any proposition (thesis).

basis of reasoning are causal relationships, evidence.

Beginning - preliminary information about the subject is reported;
Main part: a) formulation of the main thesis, b) separation (if necessary, highlighting parts of the argument or subtheses, c) presentation - consistent proof of the thesis (theses),
The ending (conclusion) is the conclusion.

Types of evidence in reasoning

1) deductive- from thesis to evidence,

2) inductive— from examples to the thesis.

« There is no person who would not love their homeland,

“The possibility of an unambiguous interpretation of the composition was once commented by Yu. Tynyanov. “I take the liberty of asserting,” he wrote in his work “Problems of poetic language,” that the word “composition” in 9/10 cases covers the attitude towards the form as static” - L. Kaida,

in) indication of the reasons for the correctness of the thesis put forward:

“Autumn comes in September. Because that's when the leaves turn yellow and begin to fall off.

G) bringing an analogy or comparison:

“Immediately rebuild our economy on market relations impossible. It's like switching from right-hand traffic to left-hand traffic."

4) indirect- this is evidence from the contrary: through the refutation of the truth of the opposite thesis

“A tolerant attitude towards a person makes our relationship with him better. Let's assume that this is not the case. Then - the more we make comments to a person, the more we teach him, etc., the better our relationship will be. But this is impossible. So our first thesis is correct.

Our presentation on reasoning:

It must be said that pure types of speech (, reasoning) are not so common, usually texts are a combination of all types of speech; the connection is not mechanical; transitions from one type of text to another are sometimes very difficult to determine.

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The narration, along with the description, is one of the types of monologue speech. The narration reveals closely related events, phenomena, and actions. Most often these are actions that objectively took place in the past. Sentences in narrative texts do not describe actions, but narrate about them. Therefore, the main language means organizing the narration are verbal forms, which, being closely intertwined, create the aspectual-temporal pattern of the narration.

In narration, the verbs of the past tense of the perfect form are most often used, which express the sequence of action, the replacement of one whole, completed action by another, which is just characteristic of narration as opposed to description.

Other linguistic features of the narrative should also be noted:

1) often verbs-predicates with the meaning of sequential actions refer to the same person, especially in official business texts: born, brought up, grew up, studied, entered, graduated, began to work;

2) circumstantial words can be used that establish the sequence of actions: then, then, after that, in the end, etc .;

3) the action can be detailed, divided into components through various dependent words indicating the time and place of the action: last year, in 1987, at the present time; in Almaty, at the university, at the philological faculty.

Narrative is characterized by a chain link as a common way of connecting sentences in parts of the text. The main composition of the extended narrative involves three parts, interconnected:

1) exposure to the narrative (the beginning of the event);

2) the middle part of the story (its development);

3) conclusion (end of the event).

Narration as a type of monologue speech is used in all functional styles of speech: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial, artistic speech.

9. Reasoning as a type of monologue speech. Types of reasoning.

Reasoning is a type of speech, the purpose of which is to clarify a concept, prove or refute a thought. From a logical point of view, reasoning is a chain of conclusions on a topic, presented in a consistent form.

A reasoning is a series of judgments relating to a question. At the same time, judgments follow one after another in such a way that the second judgment necessarily follows from the first one, and as a result we get an answer to the question posed. One of the judgments contains general rule(large premise), the other is a special case (smaller premise).

Types of reasoning

There are three types of reasoning: reasoning-explanation, reasoning-proof, reasoning-thinking.

Reasoning-proof is built according to the following scheme: exposition (leading to the question) - question - answer to the question (thesis) - proof of the thesis - conclusions.

The proof of the truth of the thesis becomes the main part of the reasoning text.

Reasoning-explanation assumes that the main statement of the text is true, so there is no need to prove the truth or falsity of the thesis. The main task of the text is to reveal the content of the thesis.

When constructing reasoning texts, one should rely on the following rules:

1. Proof and explanation are built according to the same scheme: exposition - question - answer to the question (thesis) - proof of the thesis - conclusions.

2. After the thesis in the proof, the natural question is why?, after the thesis in the explanation, the question is why? seems artificial and out of place.

3. After the thesis, in the explanation, as a rule, words and expressions of the type are used: it turned out ..., the fact is ... that ..., that's why ..., here ..., for example ..., this is evidenced by such facts as ..., as it turned out ...

4. The scheme of reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation in practice is quite often implemented in an abbreviated form: sometimes the question is omitted, often there are no conclusions, often there is no exposition. In all cases, the omission is explained by the fact that the reasoning is understandable and without missing components of the "ideal" reasoning, since all these missing components are easily conjectured or implied. Thus, the obligatory parts of the reasoning are the thesis and its proof. An exposition, a problematic issue, conclusions can either be present in the text or absent.

reasoning-thinking

Reflection is one of the types of reasoning texts and is built, as a rule, in a question-answer form. In such reasoning, questions can be reflected in the text. Or they may not get it.

Reasoning-thinking includes explanation and proof, in which it is necessary to give examples, compare or contrast, indicate cause-and-effect relationships, limit, expand or generalize, etc.

The text-thinking is built according to a scheme common to all types of reasoning, but unlike proof and explanation, it contains not one question and answer, but a system of questions and answers that consistently complement and condition each other:

1) exposition (bringing to the problematic issue);

2) a system of problem questions and answers to them;

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning

This page has theory, tables and examples on the topic.

Definitions for types of description, narration, reasoning are on another page about types of speech in Russian.

All our statements can be reduced to three general types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

The main task of the author in the description is to indicate the signs of what is being described. Therefore, to texts of this type, you can ask questions: what is the subject of the description? what does he look like? what are the characteristics of it? how it functions etc.

There are several main types of description: description of an object, animal or person, description of a place, description of the state of the environment and the state of a person.

Here are some examples different types descriptions.

Description of an object, animal or person

1.The color of the autumn honey agaric is yellowish-gray. It can be dirty brown, and darker towards the middle of the cap. The stem is thin, dense, white at the cap, gray at the base, sometimes brown.

2.On the left hand of the seller sits a tiny cheerful fox terrier. He is extremely small and cute. His eyes sparkle fervently, miniature paws are in constant motion. The fox terrier is made of some kind of white matter, the eyes are made of cast glass (according to A. Kuprin).

3.Only one person belonged to our society, not being a military man. He was about thirty-five years old, and for that we revered him as an old man. Experience gave him many advantages over us; besides, his usual sullenness, tough temper and wicked tongue had a strong influence on our young minds. Some mystery surrounded his fate; he seemed Russian, but wore foreign name. Once he served in the hussars, and even happily; no one knew the reason that prompted him to retire and settle in a poor place, where he lived together both poorly and wastefully: he always walked, in a worn black frock coat, and kept an open table for all the officers of our regiment (A. Pushkin).

Location Description

The village of Manilovka could lure a few with its location. The manor's house stood alone in the south, that is, on a hill, open to all the winds that it might take a fancy to blow; the slope of the mountain on which he stood was dressed in trimmed turf. Two or three flowerbeds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered on it in the English style; in some places five or six birches in small clumps raised their small-leaved thin tops (N. Gogol).

Description of the state (environment or person)

1.A grey, tearful morning stands in the yard. Raindrops drum on the windows. The wind cries in the pipes and howls like a dog that has lost its owner (according to A. Chekhov).

2.Despair took over me. Anger at himself twisted his chest tighter and tighter. Hatred for the accursed, soul-exhausting silence was mixed with anger at oneself (A. Gaidar).

The main task of the author in narration is to report on the sequence of actions or events. Therefore, the following questions can be asked to texts of this type: what is the sequence of actions (events)? what happened first and what happened next?

Here are some examples of storytelling.

1.Carlo entered the closet, sat down on the only chair, and turning the log this way and that, began to cut a doll out of it with a knife. First of all, he cut out the hair on the log, then the forehead, then the eyes ... He made the doll a chin, neck, shoulders, torso, arms ... (according to A. Tolstoy).

2.Pour a glass of oatmeal flakes with three glasses hot water or milk, bring to a boil. Then add salt and sugar to taste. Cook over low heat while stirring for 15-20 minutes. Then add butter taste.

Reasoning as a type of speech is fundamentally different from description and narration. Description and narration are used to depict the surrounding reality, while reasoning conveys the sequence of human thoughts. The main task of the author in reasoning is to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the reasons for this or that phenomenon, event, its essence. Therefore, the following questions can be asked to texts of this type: why? what is the reason for this phenomenon? what follows from this? what are the consequences of this phenomenon? what does it mean? The argument usually consists of two parts. One part contains a statement (thesis) that needs to be proved, or a conclusion that follows from the proof. In the other part, the justification of the thesis is given: arguments (arguments, evidence) and examples are given.

The order of reasoning can be represented as follows:

(from thesis to arguments).

(from arguments to conclusion).

We give examples of reasoning.

1.The names of Ruslan's two rivals - Rogday and Farlaf - are by no means an artistic fantasy of the young Pushkin. Their author took, probably, from Karamzin's multi-volume History of the Russian State. Karamzin, describing the heroic feasts of Prince Vladimir, speaks of the famous Rakhdai, who, fighting, "expanded the boundaries of the state in the west." As for Farlaf, Karamzin mentions this name when describing the reign of Prophetic Oleg. Farlaf was one of the boyars of this prince.

2.The name Gvidon ("The Tale of Tsar Saltan") is clearly not of Russian origin. In its sound, the Italian name Guido is guessed. A foreign origin can also be seen in the name of King Dadon (“The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”). Everything will become clear when we turn to the famous chivalric novel about the exploits of the knight BOVO D "ANTON, in which both the "glorious King Gvidon" and "King Dadon" act, because it was from there, apparently, that Pushkin took these names.

Let us summarize the difference in speech types in the following table.

		Key questions specific to of this type speeches
Description	Indicate the signs of the described object, person, place, state.	What is the subject of the description? What does he look like? What are the characteristics of it?
Narration	Report a sequence of actions or events.	What is the sequence of actions (events)? What happened first and what happened next?
reasoning	Substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.	Why? What is the reason for this phenomenon? What follows from this? What are the consequences of this phenomenon? What does it mean?

In speech practice different types speeches are often combined with each other, and in this case they are described, noting the leading type of speech and elements of other types of speech (for example, "reasoning with elements of description").

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educational institution

"Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after M. Tank"

Specialty “Geography. Protection of Nature"

Faculty of Natural Science

Extramural

abstract

in the discipline "Culture of speech"

on the topic: « Types of speech: description, narration and reasoning "

Made by a student gr.401

Lebed T.N.

Introduction

Chapter 1 Description

Chapter 2

Chapter 3. Reasoning

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The culture of speech is a separate discipline in educational institutions. The essence of speech culture is to make a person’s speech correct, that is, literate, corresponding to the norms of the language. As a science, the culture of speech belongs to linguistics and studies the normalization of the literary language.

The problem of human knowledge of functional types of speech is very relevant. We communicate a lot with different people: at home, at work, in various public places, and the ability to correctly build our speech is of great importance. It is also important to be able to understand other people. We need all this to be understood correctly, so that a person, reading a work, listening to someone, has the most complete and clear idea of what is at stake, can better understand the problem. Knowledge of the functional types of speech is necessary to create literate texts in accordance with the tasks of communication in various areas human activity to perform well in front of an audience.

Process communication development personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze the text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with the communicative-functional, compositional-structural, lexical-grammatical characteristics of one or another functional type speech.

In this paper, we will talk about the functional types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. Will be considered characteristics each type of speech, definitions of these types are given, examples of use are given.

Tasks for this work:

Provide a basic definition based on multiple sources;

To characterize the types of speech, explain the relevance of this topic, show examples of the use of speech types.

Speech is a specific speaking that takes place in sound (including internal pronunciation) or in writing.

The type of speech is a method of presentation chosen by the author and oriented (depending on the content of the statement and the nature of the textual information) to one of the tasks: statically depict reality, describe it; dynamically reflect reality, tell about it; reflect the cause-and-effect relationships of the phenomena of reality. In accordance with these goals of communication, three main types of speech are distinguished: description, narration, reasoning.

Chapter 1. Description

Description- type of speech: a verbal image of an object, phenomenon or action through the representation of it characteristic features; one of the functional and semantic types of speech along with narration and reasoning.

Purpose of description- visually draw a verbal picture so that the reader visually imagines the subject of the image.

The description differs from other types of text in that it gives an idea of any phenomenon, object, person, state, action by listing their features and properties. The role of description is different in fiction, poetry, journalism, official business speech. In a work of art, description (along with narration) is one of the most common components of the author's monologue speech.

Typically, the following types of description are distinguished:

· portrait- image of the character's appearance (face, figure, clothes, behavior, etc.).

For example:

Long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat top, pointed nose, large greenish eyes and drooping sand-colored whiskers, it [Bazarov's face] was enlivened with a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence (I. Turgenev);

A dynamic portrait depicting facial expressions, eyes, facial expressions, gestures, posture, actions and states of the character: A strange smile twisted his face, a pitiful, sad, weak smile... (F. Dostoevsky);

· psychological picture - a description of the internal state of the character, allowing the author to slightly open the inner world or emotional experiences of the hero.

For example:

His eyes did not laugh when he laughed (M. Lermontov);

· landscape- description of nature as part of the real environment in which the action unfolds.

For example:

The fields are compressed, the groves are bare. Above the water - fog and dampness ... (S. Yesenin);

· interior- an image of the interior of the room.

For example:

In the middle of the room is a heavy, like a tomb, table covered with a white tablecloth, and on it are two appliances, napkins folded in the form of papal tiaras, and three dark bottles (M. Bulgakov).

An image of the place and time of action.

For example:

Between the peat lowlands, a village was randomly scattered - monotonous poorly plastered barracks of the thirties and, with carvings on the facade, with glazed verandas, houses of the fifties (A. Solzhenitsyn).

In a literary text, the description performs a variety of functions. Thus, the description of nature often draws the atmosphere of the action, helps to comprehend the state of the character. It can harmonize with inner world hero.

For example:

And he looked around, as if wishing to understand how one could not sympathize with nature. It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a verst from the garden (I. Turgenev).

Or discord with him.

For example:

The sky was without the slightest cloud, and the water was almost blue, which is so rare on the Neva. The dome of the cathedral shone like that, and through fresh air you could clearly see even each of his decorations. An inexplicable cold blew on him [Raskolnikov] always from this magnificent panorama (F. Dostoevsky).

In journalism, documentary, accurate reproduction of details makes the reader seem to be an eyewitness of what is happening.

For example:

A monument to a small brave creature with sharp ears - Mummy Troll ... A bronze figurine about half the size of a human ... (World Pathfinder magazine).

However, often the description is given through the perception of the author.

For example:

The airy, elven poet was a businesslike, extremely everyday person, grounded in all his habits. Fet's appearance, especially in the old days, was defiantly anti-poetic: overweight, heavy, with a rude, frowning, often peevish face (Yu. Nagibin).

Description as an independent component of the composition of a literary or journalistic text, as a rule, interrupts the development of the action, however, if the description is small in volume, it may not stop the development of the action, but be organically included in the narrative (the so-called narrative with elements of description).

For example:

I followed the crowd into the church and saw the groom. It was a small, round, well-fed little man with a belly, very decorated. Finally there was a rumor that the bride had been brought. I forced my way through the crowd and saw a wonderful beauty, for whom the first spring had hardly come. They said that she was barely sixteen years old (F. Dostoevsky).

Artistic and journalistic descriptions are characterized by the widespread use of means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, personifications, comparisons, epithets, etc.).

For example:

Through the wide span of the window one could see the tiled roofs of Berlin - their outlines were changing due to the incorrect internal overflows of glass - and among the roofs a distant dome rose like a bronze watermelon. The clouds flew and broke through, exposing for a moment a light astonished autumn blue (V. Nabokov).

In the texts of the official business style of speech, there are such types of description as the characteristics of the subject, its technical and informational description. At the same time, the task is to accurately name the features of the described object or device, therefore artistic and aesthetic means are always excluded from the business description.

For example:

An instant payment machine is a vandal-resistant (that is, capable of withstanding aggressive influences while maintaining full operability) device for accepting cash and transferring it to the accounts of service companies.

The leading role in the description is played by adjectives and participles, as well as nominal sentences, which provide expressiveness and clarity of the image.

For example:

Shrub and undergrowth. Eerie evening silence. Silent thickets (V. Peskov).

Verbs, participles and participles in descriptive texts are usually in the present tense, and the predicate, as a rule, is placed after the subject.

For example:

The door to the porch is open (T. Tolstaya).

Description as a type of text (a way of presentation), focused on a static reflection of the phenomena of reality, is the opposite of narration.

Chapter 2. Narration

Bynarration- type of speech: a story, a message about an event, action, phenomenon occurring in time; one of the functional-semantic types of speech along with reasoning and description.

The purpose of the story- give an idea of an event (a series of events) in chronological order or show the transition of an object from one state to another.

The peculiarity of narration as a type of text is that events or phenomena are depicted here, in which actions do not occur simultaneously, but follow each other or determine each other.

For example:

On the way, Lidia Borisovna told how almost forty years ago she herself came here for the first time, to the ashes of the Blokovsky estate. I traveled with adventures, first by train, then on a ride ... I walked for a long time through the forest, I almost got lost. I found a charred foundation along three birch trees growing in a field on a hillock. She sat among the bushes, under a tall silvery poplar, picked up a piece of brick from the foundation of the burned house and brought it to Chukovsky. The old man pressed this piece to his cheek, said: "I never got out there to Blok, but he called me to come." Lidia Borisovna asked: “Korney Ivanovich, will this house never be restored?” He replied: “Lida, you have to live long in Russia” (D. Rubina).

In a narrative, one can usually determine the place and time of the action, the character, the chronological sequence of what is happening, etc. The composition of the narrative, as a rule, is subject to the sequence of development of the author's thought and the task that the author sets himself.

Examples the shortest stories can be considered the famous letter of Caesar, telling about the swift victory in the battle of Zela (I came, I saw, I conquered), or the classic quote from the movie "The Diamond Arm": I stumbled, fell, woke up - plaster. They very accurately convey the essence of the narrative - the story of what happened.

· neutral(in scientific and official business style speech).

For example:

Birch - deciduous tree. grows in middle lane Russia. Birch bark is used in folk crafts);

For example:

As in a dream I approach our birch. Hello! Didn't recognize me? My brother and I found you in the pasture... I remember the cuckoo was cuckooing. We cut off two big roots from you. They planted, poured two buckets of water ... You barely survived, for two summers the leaves were small, pale ... (V. Belov).

Narrative is characteristic primarily for literary texts, the plot of which is based on a story about events. In a work of art, narration is also called the speech of a personified narrator or the author's monologue speech (with the exception of the direct speech of characters - monologues and dialogues).

To literary genres, which are based on the narrative, traditionally include a story, a novel, a novel, an epic novel.

Journalistic genres based on narration are: speech description narration reasoning

· reportage(narrative from the scene);

· feature article(a work based on facts, documents, personal impressions of the author);

· article;

· feuilleton(a work of accusatory focus on a topical topic), etc.

The narrative in a literary and journalistic text may include:

· descriptions(for a visual-figurative representation of heroes, scenes of action);

· reasoning(to express the author's attitude to the depicted).

The scientific narrative includes a message (a genre characterized by laconic presentation, reliance on facts and used in scientific publications, as well as in newspaper articles and historical literature).

For example:

After brief introduction with Egypt during a trip along the Nile, Caesar moved to Asia Minor against Pharnaces II, son of Mithridates, who took possession of the province of Pontus. In August 47 BC Caesar immediately put Pharnaces' army to flight at the Battle of Zela (Encyclopedia "Circumnavigation").

Business story genres These are instructions, reports, protocols.

For example:

On March 14, 2001, at the crossroads of the Svetlograd-Divnoye highways, traffic police officers tried to stop a VAZ 21099 to check documents. The car did not stop, and traffic inspectors began to pursue her. The perpetrators were caught and stopped.

The composition of a business narrative is usually organized by marker words that indicate the sequence of presentation of the material or recommended actions.

For example:

First, then, as a result, etc., as well as verbs and words need, need, should, etc.

The leading role in the narration of any type is played by verb forms, which ensure the development of the narration and visually represent successive actions, the course of an event (phenomenon) in time and space. The main semantic load is usually carried by perfective verbs, prefixed and non-prefixed.

For example:

Pugachev left; the people rushed after him (A. Pushkin).

However, if we are talking not about single, but about repetitive actions, past tense verbs of the imperfect form are used.

For example:

Every year in the spring, the parents went to the country. They planted flowers and vegetables, raised chickens.

Chapter 3. reasoning

reasoning- type of speech: verbal presentation, clarification, development, confirmation or refutation of any thought; one of the functional and semantic types of speech along with narration and description.

Purpose of reasoning- to investigate an object or phenomenon, to reveal their internal features, to consider (to present to the reader) the causal relationships of events or phenomena, to convey the author’s thoughts about them, evaluate them, substantiate, prove or refute this or that thought, position.

The peculiarity of reasoning as a type of text is that it uses not a plot (as in narration), but a logical construction principle. As a rule, the composition of reasoning is built according to the model: thesis, proof (a number of arguments, which are facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true positions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion .

For example:

After spending a lot of time and effort studying the “abstruse” spelling rules and exceptions, I thought: why not agree to write “as it sounds”? (thesis) This will make life easier not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults. There will be no need to go to dictionaries to check the spelling of an unfamiliar word or to a reference book to remember a forgotten rule. Yes, and the release of such scientific publications will not be needed, a small brochure will suffice, having studied which everyone can proudly say that he is a literate person. We make your life easier without spending too much. But is it really that simple? First, from errors in writing we still can’t get rid of it completely, since the pronunciation of different people unequally. For example, not everyone knows how to say correctly: call or call. The person who speaks correctly will write the call, and the second one will call. And there are many such words. Secondly, the vocabulary of the Russian language will change: many homonyms will appear, many words will lose their lexical meaning. The words "drink" and "sing" will be written as "drink". And will it be possible to understand what is said in such, for example, a sentence: It is forbidden to spread (and / e) in public places ... (proof). After weighing all the pros and cons, I decided that this reform not only will not lead to the desired result, but will cause great damage in the first place to us, who speak, write in Russian and own the riches of this great language (conclusion) (From a student essay).

In the compositional structure of reasoning, the condition is usually observed under which the thesis (position, hypothesis, version that is being considered, proved, evaluated) is the beginning, while the evidence and conclusions can be arranged in a sequence determined by the author's intention.

Hfor example:

Since the Russian language almost no longer uses phyta, izhitsa and vocative(thesis), then, arguing in fairness, it would be necessary to reduce the salaries of teachers of the Russian language (conclusion), because with a decrease in letters and cases, their work also decreased (proof of the thesis) (A. Chekhov). The thesis in this text is at the beginning of the argument, followed by the conclusion, and then the proof (why this is so).

Reasoning is characteristic primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, substantiate, prove, refute this or that information, define or explain a fact, phenomenon, event.

AT scientific speech the following subtypes of reasoning are distinguished:

· reasoning-explanation

For example:

There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical person, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and the author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin") (Dictionary literary terms);

· reasoning-inference

For example:

If the author-creator depicts himself in the work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character in a work of art and consider him among others. actors(the image of the author in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin") (Dictionary of literary terms).

AT literary texts reasoning is used in the author's digressions, explaining the psychology and behavior of the characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.

For example:

A premonition that Moscow would be taken lay in Russian Moscow society in the 12th year. Those who went out with what they could seize, leaving houses and half of their property, acted in this way because of that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically, and therefore always produces the most powerful results (L. Tolstoy).

Reasoning genres include:

scientific;

popular science;

publicistic articles;

essay ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary-critical, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author's individual impressions and thoughts about a particular subject or phenomenon. An essay is characterized by free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subordinated only to the internal logic of the author's reflections, and motivations, connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature.

For example:

Picture in an anthology: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Whether it's a matter - Pushkin: // cloak, rock, sea foam ... (V. Nabokov)).

A traditional school essay-reasoning usually suggests highlighting one of the aspects of the work named in the topic of the essay, and is built according to the compositional plan of reasoning: the thesis to be proved (topic) - proof (arguments, examples, comments on the text that reveal the topic) - conclusion ( conclusion, summary).

For example:

Topic: Raskolnikov's idea of law strong personality on a crime in the system of copyright rebuttals. Proof (arguments): The humanistic origins of the theory - indignation at social inequality - do not correspond to the result of testing the theory by practice - murder. The moral consequences of a crime are pangs of conscience. The conflict of theory and "living life" - alienation from loved ones. The system of characters in the novel is a component of the author's system of rebuttals: the images of the protagonist's "twins", personifying the inhumane aspects of the Napoleonic idea (Luzhin and Svidrigailova), and the images of Raskolnikov's antipodes and opponents (Sonya, Lizaveta, Marmeladoav, Razumikhina, etc.) opposing them. The role of the hero's dreams in debunking the Napoleonic idea. The author's attitude to the theory: the recognition of the inequality of people is the main mistake of Raskolnikov. Conclusion: The idea of the hero of the novel is godless and anti-human, it requires debunking, because many are "infected" with it. The task of the writer is not to expose the hero-killer, but to expose the idea embodied in the theory of "trembling creatures" and "having the right" and which is the result of unbelief.

As part of the reasoning, all types of speech can be used to prove the thesis:

· reasoning-inference(logical proof).

For example:

All birds - birds - feathered ostrich => ostrich - bird;

· Pnarrative;

· description(emotional proof).

For example:

How can I not love this land,<…>And this blue, and this green, And the secret path in the rye! (V. Lazarev).

In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of a causal relationship, peculiar markers of reasoning: firstly, introductory words and sentences; secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion, etc .; conditional and concessive complex sentences showing the presence of causal relationships.

For example:

It should be noted about the schoolboy: if he has become completely green, it means that he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It happens differently with other fruits (A. Chekhov); interrogative constructions: Why did it serve me that almost in the womb I was already a guard sergeant? Where did it take me? (A. Pushkin) and others.

Reasoning as a type of text (way of presentation) is widely used in such speech situations, as an explanation of the new scientific and educational material, controversy with opponents, etc.

Conclusion

The relevance of the problem that was raised in this paper is of great importance. After all, the process of personality development, the development of the ability to communicate with other people is impossible without knowledge of the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with a certain type of speech.

As basic definition types of speech, we have adopted the following: functional types of speech are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which are expressed by certain linguistic means.

Listused literature

1. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Pod. ed. prof. P89 V.I. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2001. - 413 p.

2. Culture of speech. Series "Textbooks, study guides". Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2001.- 448 p.

3. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/04/19/2015

4. http://bugaga.net.ru/ege/rus/theory/18.04.2015.

5. http://stylistics.academic.ru/132/18.-4.2015.

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Description as a functional semantic type - definition, subject and purpose

Description is a type of speech that lists the permanent or temporary features of an object.

Type of speech - description (definition)

Subject of description defined initially and revealed through the enumeration of signs, permanent and temporary.

The description is static, the action does not develop, while the description can be given both in the present (which is most often found, verbs are used in the form of the present tense, imperfective form), and in the past and future tense (in this case, time acquires a relative, generalized character). In the description, the combination of tenses of the verb is not possible.

Purpose of description

Purpose of description — d give the recipient the most complete picture of the subject.

Description Features

The leading part of speech in this type is noun, adjective.

The description is characterized by the use of simple sentences, often with homogeneous members suggestions.

Construction principle- parallelism (uniformity of constructions), intonation - enumerations.

1. Beginning - designation of the object (subject of description), general idea about the subject;

P. The main part is a listing of signs from more significant to less significant;

Describing an object, it is necessary to ensure the unity of the image, the unity of view on the object and the logical sequence in its description.

Definition

This is the shortest description. It consists in correlating the concept with the closest generic concept (Antonyms are words ...) and indicating specific differences this concept or phenomena (Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning).

When defining a concept, you can use an example-illustration

(The Russian economy is the economy of the period of transition from right-hand traffic to left-hand traffic. - definition-comparison; Poetry is something opposite to prose. - definition-contrast; "Blue orange" - this is lexical incompatibility - definition-example).

Explanation

This is a kind of transformation of the definition and is distinguished by a detailed form of presentation of the material. For example,

The ratio of language and speech can be likened to the ratio of watch parts and assembled watches. Language provides material for the structure of speech. Just as it depends on the watchmaker what the clock will be, so it depends on the speaker what his speech will be.

Characteristic

Another kind of description. When compiling a characteristic, it is necessary to indicate only the essential features of a given object or phenomenon, while in a detailed description, both essential and non-essential features are indicated (depending on the purpose of the author).

See our presentation on this topic:

A characteristic shortcoming in the preparation of a descriptive text may be the selection of features or their incorrect order in the presentation.

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy (see "Our Library")

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What is description and reasoning. Functional-semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning)

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9. Reasoning as a type of monologue speech. Types of reasoning.

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Description as a functional semantic type - definition, subject and purpose

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