It is difficult to define the concept of communication. The problem of defining this term has always remained relevant, in the second half of the 20th century it became even more relevant, and dozens of definitions of the concept of “communication” appeared.
« Communication- this is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities ”- this is how psychologists A. V. Petrovsky and M. G. Yaroshevsky define communication.
Joint activity in communication takes place in conditions social control carried out on the basis of social norms adopted in a particular society. Like any sphere of human activity, the process of communication is regulated by certain norms and rules. A well-known Russian proverb says: "They meet according to their clothes - they see them off according to their mind." This folk wisdom unequivocally indicates that one of the prevailing places in society is occupied by the culture of communication, which, unfortunately, few people have today, especially the younger generation.
In communication, a certain reflection of social norms, assimilated by the individual in society through literature, works of art, mass media, the social environment, and the level of education, is fixed.
On definition cultural level communication is influenced by a number of factors:
- social status;
- features of a communication partner;
- situation;
- national traditions.
There are generally accepted principles of communication culture:
Under the ethical aspect of the culture of communication, the generally accepted norms of communication is understood as speech etiquette. It includes speech formulas of appeal, greetings, requests, questions, thanks, congratulations, appeal to "you" and "you", the choice of a full or abbreviated name.
A feature of the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns in it - “you” and “you”. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, and the formality of the situation.
In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends talking to “you” even with well-known people with whom friendly relations have been established.
The culture of communication consists of 3 main speech formulas:
1st stage: the beginning of communication.
If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance.
Etiquette in this case prescribes the following appeals:
- Allow me to get to know you.
– I would like to meet you.
- Let me get to know you.
- Let's get acquainted.
Meetings of familiar people begin with a greeting. Welcomes first:
- a man a woman;
- a young man is more elderly;
- a person who occupies a lower level in the social hierarchy, someone who is at a higher level.
The most commonly used greetings are: "Hello", " Good morning"(It is customary to speak until 12.00)," Good afternoon "(until 18.00)," Good evening» (after 18.00).
There are also greetings that emphasize the joy of communication, the joy of meeting:
- I am very glad to see you.
- Welcome.
2nd stage: the main part of communication. It begins after a greeting, when a conversation is started depending on the situation: solemn, mournful, working, business, etc.
For each situation in the conversation, etiquette provides for certain phrases, for example:
Solemn situations:
– Please accept our warmest (hottest) congratulations!
- Warm congratulations!
- Sorrowful situations:
– Allow me to express my deep (sincere) condolences to you.
Compliments are very important in communication. When you say them, it is better to be correct and unobtrusive:
- You look good (excellent, great).
- You are so charming.
- You are an excellent specialist.
When you hear a compliment addressed to you, show that you are pleased with it and that you appreciate being treated kindly. You should not flirt and challenge the praise, no matter what it refers to.
It is better to stop the flow of awkward pleasantries in your direction as early as possible, calmly, quietly, but categorically enough, without going into a discussion.
The topic of communication.
Communication requires a common topic of conversation. If a person is well-read, erudite, then this will not present a particular problem for him. But at the same time, a number of ethical requirements must be met:
- do not talk about your personal affairs;
- to speak little or not at all about the affairs of their loved ones;
- if gossip is imposed on you, it is better to answer: “I believe that this does not concern us.” If they gossip about you, you should not pay attention to it at all. Explanations, refutations, especially "just in case", never justify themselves;
- do not tell sensational but unreliable news in the company of unfamiliar people;
- it is impolite to speak in society in hints that are understandable only to a part of those present. If the society consists of less than seven people, general conversation should be encouraged, rather than private conversations in isolation;
- do not speak foreign language in the presence of people who do not own it;
- it is ugly to interrupt when someone is talking, especially if it is an elderly person;
- you should not prompt the words to the narrator, finish the phrase for him, and even more so correct it aloud stylistic errors. Don't publicly correct someone's mispronounced foreign word;
Age is a dangerous topic. In a society of older people, when talking about someone else, you should not say "He is already old" or "Well, at this age ...". In general, one should not be interested in the age of another;
- don't ask professional advice at a doctor or lawyer whom you accidentally met at a party, on the street or in transport;
It is ugly to constantly complain about failures, as well as physical disabilities.
- a person who talks about his successes in society rarely attracts sympathy, high qualities, talents.
Appeal.
In the culture of communication, an important role is played by the appeal of people to each other. Appeal is used at any stage of communication. But the formulas of conversion have not been established to the end and cause controversy and various interpretations.
According to etiquette, it is not customary to start addressing a person with the words: “woman”, “man”, “girl”, “grandmother”, etc.
Among civil servants and businessmen, the address "mister", "madam" in combination with the surname, position, rank is becoming the norm.
The address "comrade" continues to be used by military personnel, members of leftist parties, as well as many factory and factory teams.
Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer the address "colleagues", "friends".
The older generation has the appeal "respected".
To to a stranger it is preferable to apply using etiquette formulas:
– Be kind.
- Please.
- Sorry.
- Sorry.
If we learn the name of a person, then it should always be used when addressing. The more often we pronounce the name of the addressee, the more pleasant associations we evoke from him.
Stage 3: end of communication.Parting speech formulas are used:
- All the best.
- Let me say goodbye, say goodbye.
- I hope to see you soon.
- Goodbye.
Thus, the culture of communication should be spoken of as the most important achievement of human culture, the purpose of which is to ennoble a person, it is based on kindness and morality.
Man is a cultural being, the characteristics of which he acquires in the course of his life. At first, a person is born illiterate. However, as he grows, he learns the culture of speech, when you need to learn not only words, understand their meaning and the ability to compose sentences, but also get acquainted with the etiquette of using certain speech connectives. The culture of communication implies a conscious approach of a person to the process of verbal contact with others. Culture is formed separately business communication which people of a certain status must adhere to who wish to demonstrate their high level education and upbringing.
Each person learns to speak, because this is one of the distinctive characteristics man from the animal world. The site of psychotherapeutic assistance, the site speaks of the importance of knowing not only the language and the meaning of words, but also the ability to beautifully and correctly compose sentences, to use certain phraseological phrases at the right time and in the right place. The richer the language of a person, the more cultural its manifestation, the more interesting the individual becomes for others.
What is a communication culture?
The culture of communication contains several definitions that generally make it up. The culture of communication should be understood as the observance of moral values, the presence of personal guidelines that are approved by society, fluency in the language, understanding by a person with whom he communicates, in what situation he is and how to behave.
The culture of communication is provided by the education of a person. A newly born child does not have a culture, since it is about the rules and norms invented by people in order to ensure positive interaction between individuals.
Speaking about the culture of communication, we are talking about what was once inherent only to the upper stratum of society. When people were divided into rich and poor, slaves and masters, then the level of education among people was different. People who belonged to the upper stratum could receive knowledge, learn etiquette and culture, and then adhere to all this in order to stand out from the rest, "uncivilized" people.
Today, culture is instilled in absolutely everyone. However, its presence in a person indicates how much the individual respects and appreciates himself, how ready he is to be part of society and be able to freely communicate with various categories of individuals.
Culture implies the flexibility of a person who understands with whom he communicates and in what situation he is. With different people communicate in a variety of ways while maintaining a respectful and calm tone, no matter how tense the environment is.
Level of development and education modern man is determined by the culture of his communication, by his skills and abilities that he uses in contact with other people. The culture of communication is a skill that is developed by the person himself. Moreover, it requires a conscious approach, when the individual understands what he is saying, for what purpose he pronounces words, correctly selects them and forms sentences, and also bears responsibility for what he said.
The culture of communication is a thought process that includes individual psychological features person. There is a communicative culture that is offered by society for a person to observe. And there is a culture that the individual develops on the basis of own qualities and needs.
A person is considered cultured if they develop their communication skills, educate themselves, enrich their vocabulary and remain flexible, since each situation requires its own slang.
Culture of speech communication
Every person goes through an upbringing that includes learning to speak. Parents teach each child the oral and written presentation of their thoughts, enriching them with words, meanings and concepts. culture speech communication each individual has his own. And how well it was developed by parents in childhood will influence its further development by the individual himself.
It is in the manner of communication that the first impression of the individual is created. First, people are met by their clothes, and then the assessment takes place at the level of communication. How do people communicate? What words are used? How competently, clearly and clearly make sentences? How clear are they? All this is part of the culture of communication. On the basis of the manners that a person shows, one or another attitude is formed towards him among the interlocutors.
The impression of a person depends on how he speaks. Thus, the impression of you is in your hands, or rather lips, which speak and form a certain assessment among others.
A cultured person studies the norms that are proposed for the formation of a culture of speech:
- Essence (content). A person knows how to express his thoughts in words, conveys the essence of what he wants to express.
- Logic. The person speaks consistently, there are no contradictions in what was said.
- Evidence (validity). A person can demonstrate evidence that allows him to say this or that thought.
- Argumentation (persuasiveness). A person can speak convincingly and prove the veracity of his words, which will lead to the consent of the interlocutor.
- Clarity. A person uses such words and terms that are understandable to the interlocutor.
- Clarity (clarity). A person is able to choose words that clearly and directly express his thought. At the same time, his speech is such that any interlocutor can hear and understand what he is talking about.
Formation of a culture of communication
The culture of communication is an ongoing process that begins from birth. A person receives the first communication skills in the circle of his family, where he hears how his parents communicate with each other and with him. Then the upbringing and education begins in kindergarten and school. Here the child is given certain lessons and instructions that he must learn.
However, a person forms most of his communication skills in the process of contact with different people. At first, he copies the patterns of communication that he hears in his family. If desired and necessary, speech correction occurs when the child begins to use the rules and norms that he is taught at school or kindergarten.
Also, a person adjusts his speech depending on the people with whom he constantly communicates. This includes children-friends with whom the child is constantly in contact and who are carriers of other models of communication. In the future, the means of communication are connected to the process of culture of communication. mass media, trainings and other people with whom a person is forced to communicate.
Throughout life, a person can change his speech, which depends on the environment in which he is. This becomes especially noticeable when a person leaves his homeland and leaves for another country where there is a language and culture of communication.
Culture of speech and business communication
It should be attributed to a separate category of speech culture. The modern world is based on success, which assumes that every person (whether he is a director of a company, an entrepreneur or a simple worker) will definitely adhere to certain norms of business etiquette.
Unfortunately, modern people in everyday life they do not want to adhere to any norms of communication. Everyone prefers to express their idea with a minimum set of words, to convey its essence. However, in order to adhere to literacy, rules, beautiful wording of phrases, no one pays attention to this. Already in the letter it becomes clear that people, even knowing grammar, do not particularly adhere to it. Modern technologies allow you to be illiterate, which people use. This greatly reduces their intelligence level.
However, business communication is beginning to develop. Every person, even a simple worker, must adhere to it in order to thereby demonstrate their professionalism. It is especially important to use business communication during negotiations, conferences, interviews, when solving any issues with other employees.
To be a business person, you need to have the following characteristics:
- Speech should be clear, crisp and clear.
- A person must have a large vocabulary, including terminology in the area in which he specializes.
- Adhere to literacy and beauty of speech.
- A person must monitor his intonation, pronunciation of words and even the manifestation of emotions.
Culture of communication and etiquette
During communication, a person must adhere to a culture of etiquette. Here, certain frameworks are taken into account, how a person should behave, how to communicate with others, how to position himself. For example, older people must be addressed with "you". In a circle of strangers, you should always address everyone with “you”. Only individuals who belong to the inner circle can be addressed to "you".
Etiquette affects how a person will communicate with other people. Much depends on the situation and the norms that are accepted in this circle.
Culture of interethnic communication
Many entrepreneurs are already bringing their business to the international market. This requires the ability to communicate with people of other nationalities, which requires different rules that must be observed. There is a separate direction for studying the rules of communication with people of other cultures. Much depends on why people of different nationalities decided to chat. What activity or theme connects them?
The culture of interethnic communication includes many rules, among which are:
- Knowing the etiquette of another people.
- Proficiency in the language of the people with whom you communicate.
- Compliance with the traditions of business negotiations.
- Creating an atmosphere within your company that will take into account the traditions of other people.
Outcome
Communication is the main leading activity of a person with other people. With whomever a person contacts, he uses speech. Here you need not only to know the words and understand their meaning, but also to compose sentences beautifully, correctly, competently, according to all norms and concepts, which will reflect education and a high level of personal development.
Depending on the manners that a person adheres to, a certain impression is created towards him. It is important not only in interpersonal relationships, but also in the workplace or when doing business. Communication occurs in every area of human life. And the richer the language, the more cultured the person himself, the more ethical and moral the principles of the speaker, the more interest he arouses among those around him, who begin to want to contact him further.
Culture of communication.
Plan:
General concepts of communication culture. one
Appearance. 7
Business man clothes. 7
Gestures and movements 9
Business correspondence, culture of speech. ten
business letter 10
Telephone conversations. thirteen
Restaurant code of conduct 13
The culture of communication at the table. thirteen
Table conversation. fifteen
Food culture. sixteen
CONCLUSION 18
References: 19
General concepts of communication culture.
The culture of communication is the established order of conduct in the field of business and business contacts.
Communication, if understood as a set order of behavior, helps to avoid mistakes or smooth them out in accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the main function or meaning of communication of a business person can be defined as the formation of such rules of behavior in society that contribute to mutual understanding of people in the process of communication.
The second most important function of communication is the function of convenience, that is, expediency and practicality. From the smallest to the most general rules, communication is a system close to everyday life.
One of the first rules that determine communication itself is that it is worth doing this not because it is customary, but because it is either expedient, or convenient, or simply respectful towards others and oneself.
Communication is one of the main "tools" of image formation. In modern business, the face of the company plays a significant role. Those firms in which communication is not respected lose a lot. Where there is communication, higher productivity, better results. Therefore, you should always remember one of the most important postulates that businessmen around the world know: good manners are profitable . It is much more pleasant to work with a company where communication is respected. Almost all over the world, it has become the norm. This is because communication, by virtue of its vitality, creates a pleasant psychological climate conducive to business contacts.
It must be remembered that communication helps us only when there is no internal tension that is born from an attempt to do according to the rules of communication what we have never done before.
Communication - a set of connections and mutual influence of people developing in their joint activities. It implies some result - a change in the behavior and activities of other people. Each person has a specific role in society. The plurality of role positions often gives rise to their clash - role conflicts. In some situations, an antagonism of positions is revealed, reflecting the presence of mutually exclusive values, tasks and goals, which sometimes turns into an interpersonal conflict.
In the activities of the causes of the conflict: subject-business disagreements, differences in personal interests.
The cause of the conflict is unsurpassed semantic barriers in communication.
Conflict is an extreme case of exacerbation of contradictions. This phenomenon is natural - it can and should be controlled.
The structure of the conflict:
1. Carriers of contradictions - opponents;
2. Their capabilities are determined by the rank:
First rank - represents himself and his goals in the conflict;
Second rank - groups and group goals;
The highest rank is a person who protects the laws of the state.
The act of communication includes the communicants themselves (>2 people), performing communicative actions. Messages are characterized by content.
Scheme of a communicative act:
K - S - P (communicator, message, recipient].
For the communicator (the speaker), the meaning of information precedes the coding process (utterance), because he first has a certain idea, and then embodies it in a system of signs. For the recipient, the meaning of the received message is revealed simultaneously with decoding.
Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Includes:
1. Exchange of information between participants.
2. Exchange in the process of speech actions and deeds.
3. Perception of communicating people with each other.
An important component is the motives of the participants in communication, their goals and intentions. A person can say one thing and think another. Provisions in the communicative act of dissociation (disagreement) are forms of the content of the message. Recognized by observing the behavior of the interlocutor - facial expressions, facial expressions, gestures, etc. In order for us to be understood correctly, it is necessary that the form, meaning and content of the message coincide. It is necessary to choose the optimal voice volume, communication distance, behavior depending on the content of the conversation.
There are different types of communication.
1. Age.
2. Sexual.
3. Professional.
4. General cultural.
5. Educational.
An important feature is the level of formation of the culture of communication.
Types and kinds of communicative acts.
Production;
Practical household;
Interpersonal-family;
Scientific and theoretical;
Scientific and practical;
2. By contact form:
Indirect (correspondence).
3. By type of connection:
Bidirectional (letter];
Unidirectional (books).
4. According to the degree of interaction of communicants:
high;
Satisfactory;
Minor;
Unsatisfactory;
Negative.
With an unsatisfactory degree, they speak of communicative incompatibility, tk. interests, manners of speaking and communicating in general do not coincide.
5. According to the results:
Negative, totally misunderstood;
Zero, we can’t understand each other in any way;
Positive.
Characteristics of a sociable and non-communicative personality.
Sociable - want and be able to speak, be proactive in communication, be able to persuade to communicate, an extrovert.
Uncommunicative - introvert.
The psychological climate of the team.
Collective - a group of people with interpersonal relationships and engaged in joint activities.
Integration is the psychological unity of a given community. Collectivist self-determination is the first phenomenon of the collective to ensure this integration. This is the predominant mode of the individual's response to group pressure, acts as a special quality of interpersonal relationships.
The cohesion of the team is the most important characteristic, a measure of its unity, caused by the awareness of the obligation of the goal, tasks and ideals, as well as interpersonal relations that have the character of partnership, mutual assistance.
Team cohesion indicators:
1. Value-oriented unity is the convergence of assessments in the moral and business spheres, in the approach to the goals and objectives of joint activities.
2. The adequacy of assigning responsibility for the results of joint activities - they are mostly objective in nature - the contribution of each member of the team to the common cause, regardless of the ultimate success or failure of joint activities.
Rules of cultural communication.
1. When communicating with slow-witted people, one must not swear, not lose one's temper, repeating the most important thing, express one's thought, checking what has already been learned and what has not.
2. If communicants notice that they misinterpret each other's remarks, then their own attitudes dominate.
3. When starting a conversation, consider whether it is appropriate to say what you want, i.e. start with orientation in the situation of communication.
4. The art of genuine communication always involves the ability to clearly and clearly in an appropriate style and competently exchange information (interesting and reliable].
5. After writing a letter, read it carefully.
6. Don't talk too much - annoying.
7. The ability to control oneself in communication is characteristic of sincere and straightforward people.
How to persuade a person to your point of view.
1. Win an argument - evade it.
2. Respect the opinion of the interlocutor, do not talk about his wrong.
3. If you're wrong, admit it.
4. Keep your tone friendly from the start.
5. Make the interlocutor immediately answer you "yes".
6. Let your interlocutor do most of the talking.
7. Let your interlocutor believe that the main idea belongs to him.
8. Sincerely try to look at things from the point of view of your interlocutor.
9. Be sympathetic to the thoughts and desires of the other.
10. Appeal to nobler motives.
11. Dramatize your ideas by presenting them effectively.
12. Challenge, touch a nerve.
To avoid these mistakes or make them minimal, it is necessary to follow the socio-psychological requirements:
Have a pre-prepared conversation plan, as well as enough knowledge about prof. requirements for a particular workplace and available data about the candidate;
Relieve stress from the employee, arrange for a frank confidential conversation;
Try not to take into account the first impression, let the employee come to speak;
Speak with a person in a language that is understandable to him, avoid asking direct questions, use leading ones;
Try not to deviate from the main direction of the conversation;
Evaluate the employee only after the end of the conversation, while taking into account their possible beliefs.
Stages of preparation for a conversation.
Planning time for the upcoming meeting (familiarization with personal data, time for talking, time for thinking and making a decision] - 1 - 1.5 hours.
2. Under what conditions will the conversation take place. This should take into account:
Ensuring confidentiality so that the person can speak freely and frankly;
The exclusion of all factors distracting from the conversation (phone calls, the appearance of employees, etc.].
3. Providing the most favorable environment for the interlocutor (a comfortable place, goodwill and courtesy in communication].
In preparing for the interview and compiling her questionnaire, which should not be large, it is necessary to clearly formulate the main questions. The leader should think about how to establish mutual trust during the interview, if a person is very nervous, worried, especially if there are several applicants for one position.
Three ways of psychological influence in public communication.
1. Infection. It is an unconscious psychological susceptibility of people to certain states (panic).
2. Suggestion. It is an emotional unreasoned impact of one person on another or group. With suggestion, information is transmitted based on its non-critical perception. The decisive condition for suggestion is authority. communication. culture communication the waiter with the guest appears ... setting the waiter to high culture communication with visitors. culture communication with a visitor means...
culture communication part of the universal culture
Test work >> Foreign languageCourse "Russian language and culture speeches" culture communication- part of the human culture Completed by a 2nd year student... : 6-76-94 Bakal 2007 Contents: culture communication………………………………………………………………3 Features of international business etiquette………………………….12 ...
The first impression is formed quickly enough, a couple of minutes is enough. Many people instantly evoke sympathy or antipathy. It depends not at all on clothes or appearance, but on how a person speaks. The culture of communication, good manners and knowledge of the rules of etiquette come to the fore when assessing a person.
Good manners are not born, like many things, they need to be learned. The foundation is laid by the parents, who give the first ideas about the correct behavior in society. A person improves this knowledge and skills throughout his life. And by setting this goal, you can help yourself to facilitate communication with other people, make a good impression and achieve success faster. 
The Importance of Etiquette
Speech is not at all a simple formation of thoughts into words and sentences, it is the most complex mechanism in establishing and establishing social ties. The culture of communication affects not only the interlocutor, but also the person himself. The selection of the right expressions and correct manners form a special mood of your opponents.
The need to master the etiquette of communication in the business sphere is especially clearly visible. Subject to all the rules of good manners, the employee forms a favorable opinion among others not only about himself, but also about the company he represents. Therefore, if you want to reach certain peaks, you need to be good at your speech.
Rules of etiquette and communication
Ethics of communication is not only in the manner of speaking correctly. Important aspects are also intonation, language, distance and behavior of the individual. Learning the generally accepted rules of the culture of communication can help to present yourself correctly.
What to pay attention to when communicating:
- Distance between interlocutors
The culture of communication dictates its own norms. For example, for strangers or unfamiliar people, the optimal distance is considered to be a distance of 2 outstretched arms. In addition to considerations of personal space and comfort, this also has practical value for communication etiquette - any interlocutor can safely leave, no one blocks the passage for anyone and does not hold the buttons.
- Confusion
If in the course of communication you mixed up the name or forgot it, it is enough to apologize once. You can also briefly ask for forgiveness if you stumble or pause in a conversation.
- Gossip
Gossipers at events bring particular discomfort. In order not to get into a bad or delicate situation, you should not discuss any of those present. This is a sign of bad taste and is not approved by the etiquette of communication.
- Topic of conversation
A well-chosen topic of conversation is the key to success. In the culture of communication, it is considered unacceptable for a long conversation to focus on one's dreams, memories, children or spouse, habits, illnesses, gossip, taste or sexual preferences.
Religion and politics should not be touched upon at all, as aspects of worldview are very confusing for most people.
In the event that the interlocutor expresses clear signs of irritation from the chosen topic, it is worth apologizing and transferring the conversation to a more neutral one.
- Tact
The ethics of communication imposes a clear prohibition on the use of a language unfamiliar to the people around you. Even if you are talking to your old acquaintance in the company of others. This is blatant indiscretion!
Slang words and professional terminology should be avoided. When meeting a representative of any profession (builder, doctor or lawyer), it is not customary to ask them for advice. If such a need arises, it is worth arranging a personal meeting at another time. Thus, communication etiquette will be observed.
- Patience
Not always the topic of conversation may be of interest to you. If the interlocutor considered it necessary to convey some information, he must be listened to. If it is unpleasant, you can quietly move the conversation in a different direction. Interrupting the interlocutor in mid-sentence is a sign of bad taste. As well as showing obvious irritation, impatience and anger.
Making comments is not considered correct and is allowed only in exceptional cases. These cases, as communication etiquette says, are rudeness towards you or your loved ones, gossip, touching on personal issues without permission, criticism.
- Showing Interest
It is impossible to closely and continuously examine a person. Especially embarrassing is looking at another while eating.
Sometimes there is a desire to defuse the situation or back up your words with something pleasant or a bright joke. Any jokes, funny stories, rhymes are appropriate in small doses and only in accordance with a specific topic.
- Demonstration of your superiority
No one likes to feel stupider than their interlocutor. Therefore, suppressing your interlocutor with erudition is not the best option. Overestimating and praising one's capabilities is also unlikely to find its fans.
If you don't understand something, don't be shy. According to the ethics of communication, this can be voiced and asked to explain. People love showing interest in them, as well as the opportunity to discover something new for their interlocutor.
- Sincerity
The ethics of communication presupposes a respectful attitude towards the interlocutor. In the event that there is a misfortune or misunderstanding, words of support are very important. But using stereotypical phrases and well-known wise advice is a sign of bad taste. Try to enter the situation, find sincere words of support for the person. This shows your respect for him, interest in his personality and gratitude for his openness.
- Proper Handling
The ethics of communication implies the correct appeal to another person, because it is with him that communication begins. It is very important to take into account age, gender and status characteristics in such a delicate matter. Otherwise, there is a risk of starting communication on an unpleasant note.
- "you" and "you"
The ethical norms of communication involve addressing “you” only to the closest people and children under 12 years old, and with everyone else, use the wording “You”. Even if the person is the same age as you.
- Demonstration of kinship
Society does not always welcome excessive emphasis on close relationships between two or more people. In order not to attract attention, in society, strangers, close friends or relatives are called by name.
- Transition to informal communication
It is necessary to make the transition from “you” to “you” slowly and very tactfully. As speech etiquette and communication culture say, it is better if the initiative comes from a woman or a person older in age or social status.
How to properly refuse
Sometimes it happens that an awkward situation arises where you need to refuse a particular offer. This can be done using different tactics. The form of refusal is chosen based on the possibility to provide or not to provide assistance, the closeness of communication with the person, the personal relationship to the interlocutor, the type of request.
Speech subtleties of refusal:
- A resolute "no"
If the situation requires an immediate response, do not delay the refusal. A tremor in your voice and shifty eyes will make it clear to the interlocutor that you are not confident in yourself. As a consequence, this opens up horizons for re-manipulation.
- Arguments
When justifying your refusal, a repeated request or reproaches are not acceptable according to the ethics of communication. If this occurs, then this is evidence of the level of communication culture of another person, and you have the right to leave. But to refuse without explaining the reason is unacceptable.
- defensive posture
To reinforce your verbal refusal with a psychological block in the form of crossed arms or legs, you do not need to move away from the person. Such behavior can offend the interlocutor.
- Reproaches towards the petitioner
In no case should you shame or accuse another person of impudence for trying to ask for something. His right to ask, yours to refuse. Most often, in such a situation, notations are not needed. But you can at least provide moral support.
Communication with strangers
Sometimes difficulties arise when contacting strangers in transport or on the street. It is customary to use the words: woman, man, boy, grandfather. However, such treatment is unacceptable. According to the ethics of communication, it is necessary to use impersonal phrases: tell me, please, excuse me.
According to the ethics of communication, the first to greet a man is a woman, the younger of the elder (by age or rank), the late one who is waiting, who has already entered.
Depending on the circumstances, the following types of treatment are distinguished:
- Official (madame, citizen, sir);
- informal (by name or "you");
- impersonal.
Ethics in public speaking
In the course of their lives, every person faces the need public speaking. This may be the defense of a thesis, the presentation of your book, a conference, or a toast at a wedding. One of the key aspects is getting the location of the audience and properly communicating with them.
To do this, you need to know the basic rules of ethics in public speaking:
- Preparation of the speech plan should take place in advance
Form the main theses, make a presentation and preferably rehearse several times. This way you can avoid unexpected situations. A positive moment will be the use of statistics, which will be a weighty argument in the key of the problem under consideration.
- "No" to the instructive tone
The audience should feel your emotional involvement in the situation under consideration. Properly chosen words and phrases, treatment on an equal footing will create a clear advantage in their eyes.
- Brevity and clear purpose
You should avoid the use of hackneyed phrases, they make your words unconvincing, giving the impression of incompetence. A long introduction won't help either.
- Politeness
Not all people can approve of your position. Even if you are answered rudely or abruptly, you need to be restrained and respond politely, despite the emotions seething inside. Otherwise, it will be a violation of communication etiquette. The use of obscene language is also unacceptable. By following these rules, it will be easier to achieve your goal.
Thus, following the elementary norms of communication will help to avoid many unpleasant situations, as well as to form the most pleasant opinion about your personality. The ethics of communication is multifaceted, which opens up impressive opportunities for recognition and influence for everyone.
Communication culture is a complex cumulative concept that determines the quality and level of perfection of communication. The culture of communication is considered an inseparable part of the culture of the individual. It characterizes value orientations and normative postulates, moral models of communication, the essence of the moral and psychological qualities of the subjects of communicative interaction, methods, tools, rules, techniques and forms of communication.
The culture of communication contains a set of practices, mechanisms and rules. Cultural communication allows the individual not to endure conflict situations in the professional and active sphere on the emotional and personal area of interpersonal interactions, to understand the meaning and motivation of the opponent's actions, to reduce or completely eliminate excessive emotional outburst in relationships.
Speech and culture of communication
In the development and formation of an individual as a person, speech and communication culture are of great importance. And the mirror of culture is language, since it reflects the reality surrounding individuals, the true conditions of its existence, public consciousness people, their national traits, mentality, traditions, customs, morality, moral and value orientations, worldview and vision of the world.
Language is a kind of treasury or treasury of culture. It preserves and preserves the cultural heritage and values due to its components such as vocabulary, grammar, proverbs, sayings, folklore, literature; and forms of written or oral speech.
One of the most significant indicators of the degree of culture of an individual, his mental activity, intellectual development is speech. It is one of the core aspects of active human activity in modern society and a way of knowing reality. Speech is one of the types of communicative interaction that society needs for their jointly directed activities in public life, messaging, cognition, and education. It serves as an object of art and enriches the personality spiritually.
In the life of any individual speech activity occupies one of the most important positions. Indeed, without it, it is practically impossible to master professional skills, general cultural development, and interpersonal interaction. The ability to communicate effectively is one of the main features personality as a social phenomenon.
Communicative interaction between individuals simultaneously becomes a socio-psychological connection and a kind of channel for broadcasting messages. The result of the speaker's speech communication is the text. The text can be expressed in oral and written forms. Its main characteristics are integrity, coherence and the presence of a semantic load. No less significant is the concept of the quality of speech, which ensures the effectiveness of communications and characterizes the degree of speech culture of the individual.
Distinguish between the speech culture of society as a whole and the individual separately. The speech culture of an individual subject is individual, characterized by a directly proportional dependence on the level of erudition in the field of the verbal culture of society and demonstrates the ability to use this erudition. It borrows and adopts part of the verbal culture of society, but along with this, it is much wider than this culture. The verbal culture of society is the selection, collection and storage of the best stamps, samples, models, patterns of speech interaction, the formation of literary classics and the observance of the norms of literary speech.
So, considering the psychological nature of communicative interaction, we can draw the following conclusions. Communication is one of the forms mental activity the individual and his behaviour. Communications are interpersonal relationships between subjects. In the communicative interaction of people, the individual properties of the personality's psyche, its features of temperament and other psychological and typological features are manifested. The personality of the individual develops only in the process of communication. That is why the correct education of the culture of communication is so important, which consists in mastering the native language and involves mastering linguistic norms, improving the eloquent tools of the language in live verbal interaction.
Culture of speech communication
The culture of personality is most colorfully and naturally expressed in her speech. As a rule, the first idea and opinion about the individual is formed on the basis of the impression that arises as a result of communicative interaction with him from his speech manner. Education of a culture of communication is considered in modern society as one of the most important tasks of education, which is associated with the development of the native language. After all, the possession of all wealth literary language, the competent use of its visual and colorful means determine the degree of verbal competence of the individual and is the clearest indicator of its general culture.
The high culture of speech lies in the ability to correctly, competently, clearly and expressively convey one's own thoughts, worldviews, through the means of language. It also covers the ability to find simpler, more intelligible formulations, more appropriate, suitable for certain situation means, tools for arguing a position or point of view. Cultural speech obliges an individual to comply with mandatory norms, techniques and rules, among which the following are considered to be core: content (essence), logic, validity (proof), persuasiveness (reasoning), clarity (clearness), understandability.
Logic consists in validity, lack of inconsistency and consistency of statements in which the leading theses, expressions are connected and subordinated to a single position, thought.
Evidence (validity) lies in the reliability of the arguments, which should clearly demonstrate to the dialogue partner that the discussed topic or subject of conversation exists in reality and has an objective character.
Persuasiveness (argumentation) is expressed in the ability to convince a partner and achieve a firm rooting in his mind of this belief.
Clarity (clearness) respectively implies clarity and clarity of speech. Excessively fast speech is usually difficult to understand, and excessively slow speech will only cause irritation. Speech characterized by dullness and inexpressiveness will cause boredom and lead to the death of even the most profound statements.
Clarity is the use of terms, concepts, words that will be understandable to the interlocutor.
Formation of a culture of communication
The formation of a culture of communication is considered one of the most priority areas of education, both in the family and at school. After all, it is the processes of education and upbringing that are focused on the development of the individual as a subject of personal life. culture pedagogical communication designed to develop theoretical and practical foundations formation common culture communicative interactions of students. And the ability to competently build one's own speech, interact with others, correctly build interpersonal relationships, allow parents to effectively instill in children the culture of communication.
At the level of an ordinary layman, the culture of communication and behavior is understood as a kind of model that individuals should be equal to. Sometimes the culture of a person is associated with his education, intelligence, intelligence and is qualified as a certain personal property. However, at the level of theory, culture is a specific characteristic of society, expressing the degree of historical development achieved by mankind, determined by the attitude of the individual to the environment and society. Also, many perceive culture as a creative expression of the individual and society as a whole.
In turn, there is an understanding of the culture of the individual as a set of material, spiritual guidelines and values, characteristics of the degree of its development, creative activity in the production, storage, assimilation and transmission of values. In a broader sense, culture is a stable personal characteristic that covers the worldview and axiological aspects and determines its relationship to the environment.
Communication is a process of interconnection and relationships of subjects of society, which can be individuals and social groups.
The need for communicative interaction is inherent not only to people, but also to most living beings. Initially, such a need in a baby is similar to the need of animals, but rather soon, in the process of development, it acquires a human character. Communication among babies is closely connected, in turn, with the understanding of what adults want from them.
In the course of communicative interaction, the vital activity of the individual and society is ensured, the structure and inner essence social subjects, there is a socialization of the individual and his transformation into a personality, as social entity endowed with consciousness. It is communication that is responsible for collective activity.
The essence of the culture of communication contains the provision of a certain communication technique that is responsible for interaction. At the same time, in the course of such interaction, individuals should not only not interfere with each other, but also preserve personal dignity and personal individuality.
The system of personally significant moral guidelines, which have become internal beliefs, views of the individual, is called the formed culture of communication. Inescapable condition effective implementation cultural communication is considered to be the possession of means of interpersonal interaction under various living conditions and circumstances of the social environment. Objective indicators of the formation of cultural communications are certain personality traits and her actions, actions that are harmoniously consistent with the requirements of morality, morality, spirituality and etiquette.
The culture of communicative interaction is the most complex, diverse process of formation and development of relationships, various contacts between individuals, generated by the needs for mutually directed activities, which includes messaging, the formation of a single concept of interconnection, perception and comprehension of another person.
There are 6 priority areas, goals and objectives for the formation of a communication culture, which are to develop:
- sociability as an individual stable personality trait;
- high level of personal relationships;
- high level of development of the group;
- a high level of integration of jointly directed activities;
- academic performance and, as a result, social activity in the future;
- ability to quickly adapt to various kinds activities - educational, gaming, professional, etc.
Culture of speech and business communication
The lion's share of the workflow of any manager is taken up by various negotiations, meetings, meetings, telephone conversations, therefore, one cannot do without the ability to competently interact communicatively, business communication skills and knowledge of the cultural characteristics of speech.
In addition to everyday business communication, the career growth of many specialists is directly proportional to the ability to build a conversation in accordance with the norms of speech culture and the principles of business communicative interaction. Otherwise, the dialogue can be directed in a completely different direction and instead of signing a profitable contract, you will get a meaningless conversation. Unprofessionalism in conducting a business conversation also leads to the fact that the interlocutor will have an unfavorable opinion about the "speaking" and about his business qualifications. That is why you should take the acquisition of experience and business communication skills very seriously.
It so happened historically that in our time, almost no one adheres to the correct construction of phrases in the course of a friendly conversation, few people pay attention to the literacy of speech. Unfortunately, today there is such a tendency of communication that most people in the course of a conversation only seek to convey the general meaning, while not paying attention to the literacy of the construction of phrases, or the stress in words, or the correct pronunciation of these words. If now such a manner of speaking is acceptable in everyday life, then in business etiquette this approach is completely unacceptable.
The success of business communications is influenced by many factors, such as: the style of speech, its intonation, facial expression, body position, appearance etc. That is why the stereotype of communication and the cultured speech of a business person depend on the observance of a number of certain rules, without following which an individual will never become an eloquent and skillful speaker. Below are the main ones.
♦ A business person should have a large and varied vocabulary, which will make it easy to play and manipulate words while giving effect and richness to speech. After all, it is extremely difficult to beautifully express own point vision or to prove the correctness of ideas without a diverse lexicon.
♦ The structure of speech is also important. You should adhere to the "purity" of speech, which can be diluted professional terms. It is not recommended to use jargon or non-literary statements in business communications.
♦ Literacy is an essential part of a culture of communication. Phrases must be composed taking into account the grammatical and stylistic rules of speech.
♦ In business communications, be sure to pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation. After all, often others cannot grasp the correct meaning of phrases due to defects in the speech of the “speaker” or his inability to highlight the most important points with intonation. Also, one should not forget about the importance of non-verbal components of speech. Wrong gestures, posture or facial expressions can ruin even the most successful presentation or brilliant speech.
Summing up, we can conclude that the ability to clearly, competently and eloquently express one's thoughts is absolutely indispensable in modern world business and professional activities.
Culture of communication and etiquette
The culture of communication and behavior today has its own separate generally recognized principles:
Speech etiquette by itself implies the ethical aspect of the culture of communications and generally accepted norms of communication. It contains speech formulas of gratitude, appeal or greetings, requests or questions, the appropriateness of addressing to “you” or “you”. The choice of one wording or another depends on the social status of individuals who are in the process of communicative interaction, the nature of their relationship, and the official status of the situation. In official situations, when several people are involved in a conversation, even if the interlocutors know each other well, one should address the interlocutors as “you”.
The culture of business communication combines 3 stages: the beginning of the conversation, its main part and the end of the conversation.
The conversation begins with an acquaintance, if the interlocutor is unfamiliar. The following formulations are suitable for this: “let me get to know you”, “let me get to know you”, “I would like to ...”, etc. If the interlocutors are familiar with each other, then the conversation begins with a greeting. In accordance with generally accepted norms of etiquette, a man should be the first to greet a woman, more younger age- an older person, a person who occupies a lower step in the social hierarchy - an individual who occupies a higher one.
The main part of communication begins after the introduction and greeting, when the conversation starts, depending on the circumstances. A compliment addressed to oneself must be accepted with dignity. If you were given a compliment, then you should show that you are pleased with it, and you appreciated the good attitude towards yourself. However, it is better not to flirt or dispute the compliment.
For communicative interaction, a topic for conversation is needed, which all participants in the process agree to support. During the conversation, you should avoid talking on personal topics, you should not talk about your affairs or the affairs of your loved ones. It is also better to prevent the spread of false, unverified information or gossip. It is not allowed to use hints that will be understood only by individual participants in the process. You need to speak in the language that the interlocutors understand. There is no need to interrupt partners, try to prompt them or complete remarks for them.
The end of communication is characterized by the use of stable and generally accepted “formulations of parting”, such as: “all the best to you”, “goodbye”, etc.
Culture of interethnic communication
The communication interaction of individuals of different nationalities is determined by the presence on our planet of more than several thousand ethnic communities. Due to the current situation of globalization of the world, interethnic interaction is gradually increasing, which inevitably leads to the emergence of various conflicts on the basis of nationalities. Today, one of the most acute social problems the aggravation of relations between individuals who belong to different nationalities is considered.
Communicative interaction is the most important factor in the formation and development of personality. It also acts as a core educational tool. Communicative interaction regulates the behavior of the individual, her relationship with others, society, organizes the conditions for purposeful and purposeful adjustment of feelings, emotional mood, behavior, value and spiritual orientations, assessments.
The interaction of representatives of different nationalities on aspects of their life, the definition of relationships and relationships, during which individuals belonging to different national units and adhering to different religious beliefs exchange information, experience, knowledge, spiritual and moral values, views and feelings - all this is called international communication.
Interethnic communication can be carried out at three levels: interpersonal i.e. between separate individuals, interstate, i.e. within one state and between groups, respectively between groups. Interpersonal and intergroup interaction are determined by the system of education of individuals, their cultural traditions and customs.
Today, three characteristics of interethnic relations can be distinguished. They are friendly, neutral and conflict.
Interethnic communication can be represented as a certain form of expression of relations, interaction and interrelations of representatives of different nationalities. Entering into interethnic communication, the individual acts as a kind of carrier of national consciousness, culture, language and feelings. Therefore, today the formation of cultural interethnic communication is so important.
The formation of a culture of interethnic communicative interaction is one of the most important tools for harmonization interethnic relations generally.
There are several interpretations of the concept of "culture of interethnic communication":
♦ The culture of interethnic communication appears as a complex of special beliefs, knowledge, views, skills, as well as actions and behaviors corresponding to them, which are manifested simultaneously in interpersonal contacts and interactions of entire ethnic units, and allow, based on intercultural competence, to painlessly and vividly achieve mutual understanding and harmony in the common interest.
♦ The culture of interethnic communication can also be represented as an integral component of the spiritual life of society, a universal culture that includes knowledge of generally accepted norms, established rules of behavior in a particular society, positive emotional reactions to interethnic manifestations and processes in life.
♦ The culture of interethnic communication covers a certain set of rules, a set of restrictions, rights and freedoms that allow the individual and the people not to be infringed on their rights. Along with this, the culture of interethnic communicative interaction should help people not to infringe, offend or offend the feelings and rights of other peoples.
♦ The culture of interethnic communication, in turn, is a special kind of culture of representatives of different nationalities, characterized by the interaction of national cultures, which are manifested in national personal self-awareness, patience, tact and striving for interethnic harmony in all areas.
The concept of tolerance is one of the central concepts that characterizes the essence of the culture of interethnic communicative interaction. Tolerance literally means patience. In the modern world, tolerance is understood as one of the reasons for constructive communication between people in absolutely all areas. social life. It is designed to act as the norms of civil society. However, at the same time, tolerance is also considered as a holistic self-expression of the individual, which manifests itself in the positive relationship of members of society, based on the preservation individual traits each individual, mutual respect and equality of the parties.
Tolerance of an interethnic nature is understood much deeper than just an acceptable attitude towards individuals who represent different ethnic groups. essence this concept contains the principles of spirituality, morality, universal morality, which are expressed in respect and indispensable observance of the rights and freedoms of all nations, in understanding the unity and general interconnection of various ethnic cultures, in deep knowledge the culture of their people and others, especially those with whom they interact directly.
To form a culture of interethnic communicative interaction means to solve several problems, namely:
- fostering respect for a representative of any nationality, national culture and dignity;
- formation of a careful and respectful attitude to national emotional experiences, feelings and dignity of any individual, regardless of his nationality or race;
- education of tolerance, patriotism and citizenship.
Thus, the culture of pedagogical communication, business communications, interethnic and interpersonal communication ennobles a person's personality. The culture of communicative interactions of all kinds and directions is based on kindness, spirituality and morality.