Ege rams vorontsov shevchenko social science typical tasks. Social Studies. A complete guide to prepare for the exam. Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A., Shevchenko S.V

Social Studies. A new complete guide to prepare for the exam. Ed. Baranova P.A.

3rd ed. - M .: 2017 .-- 544 p. M .: 2016 .-- 544 p.

In a handbook addressed to high school graduates and applicants, in in full given the material of the course "Social Studies", which will be tested on a unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are drawn up - control and measuring materials of the exam (KIMs). The reference book contains blocks-modules "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law", which form the basis of the school course "Social Studies". Concise and clear - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation ensures the maximum efficiency of preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

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CONTENT
Foreword 6
BLOCK-MODULE 1. PERSON AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution) 12
Topic 1.2. Worldview, its types and forms 17
Topic 1.3. Types of knowledge 20
Topic 1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria 26
Topic 1.5. Thinking and acting 30
Topic 1.6. Needs and interests 41
Topic 1.7. Freedom and the need for human activity... Freedom and responsibility 45
Topic 1.8. The systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems 50
Topic 1.9. Basic Institutions of Society 55
Topic 1.10. Culture concept. Forms and varieties of culture 58
Topic 1.11. The science. The main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities 65
Topic 1.12. Education, its importance for the individual and society 78
Topic 1.13. Religion 81
Topic 1.14. Art 89
Topic 1.15. Moral 95
Topic 1.16. The concept of social progress 101
Topic 1.17. Multivariance social development(types of companies) 106
Topic 1.18. Threats of the XXI century ( global problems) 109
BLOCK-MODULE 2. ECONOMY
Topic 2.1. Economics and economic science 116
Topic 2.2. Factors of production and factor income 122
Topic 2.3. Economic systems 126
Topic 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand 134
Topic 2.5. Fixed and variable costs 145
Topic 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system 147
Topic 2.7. Main sources of business financing 154
Topic 2.8. Securities 160
Topic 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment 163
Topic 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 173
Topic 2.11. Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP 177
Topic 2.12. The role of the state in the economy 184
Topic 2.13. Tax 191
Topic 2.14. State budget 195
Topic 2.15. World economy 202
Topic 2.16. Rational economic behavior of an owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen 210
BLOCK-MODULE 3. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 3.1. Social stratification and mobility 216
Topic 3.2. Social groups 227
Topic 3.3. Youth as social group 232
Topic 3.4. Ethnic communities 235
Topic 3.5. Between national relations, ethnosocial conflicts, ways to resolve them 240
Topic 3.6. Constitutional principles (foundations) national policy in RF 249
Topic 3.7. Social conflict 252
Topic 3.8. Types of social norms 260
Topic 3.9. Social control 264
Topic 3.10. Family and marriage 267
Topic 3.11. Deviant Behavior and Its Types 272
Topic 3.12. Social role 276
Topic 3.13. Socialization of the individual 280
BLOCK MODULE 4. POLICY
Topic 4.1. Power 283
Topic 4.2. State, its functions 291
Topic 4.3. Political system 304
Topic 4.4. Typology political regimes 307
Topic 4.5. Democracy, Its Basic Values and Features 310
Topic 4.6. Civil society and the state 314
Topic 4.7. Political elite 323
Topic 4.8. Political parties and movements 327
Topic 4.9. Media in political system 336
Topic 4.10. Election Campaign in RF 342
Topic 4.11. Political process 351
Topic 4.12. Political participation 355
Topic 4.13. Political leadership 360
Topic 4.14. Organs state power RF 364
Topic 4.15. Federal structure of Russia 374
BLOCK-MODULE 5. RIGHT
Topic 5.1. Law in the system of social norms 381
Topic 5.2. The system of Russian law. Legislative process in the Russian Federation 395
Topic 5.3. The concept and types of legal responsibility 401
Topic 5.4. Constitution Russian Federation... Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 409
Topic 5.5. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 417
Topic 5.6. Subjects of civil law 421
Topic 5.7. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity 428
Topic 5.8. Property and non-property rights 433
Topic 5.9. The procedure for hiring. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract 440
Topic 5.10. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for the conclusion and dissolution of marriage 448
Topic 5.11. Features of administrative jurisdiction 453
Topic 5.12. The right to a favorable environment and how to protect it 460
Topic 5.13. International law (international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime) 468
Topic 5.14. Disputes, the order of their consideration 473
Topic 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure 476
Topic 5.16. Features of the criminal procedure 484
Topic 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation 495
Topic 5.18. Conscription, alternative civilian service 501
Topic 5.19. The rights and obligations of the taxpayer 509
Topic 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system 513
Training version of the examination work in social studies 523
The system of assessing the examination work in social studies 536
Literature 540

The reference book includes the material of the school course "Social Studies", which is tested on the unified state examination (USE). The structure of the book corresponds to the Federal State Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the Subject, on the basis of which examination tasks have been developed - control measuring materials (CMM), which make up the examination work in social studies.
The reference book contains the following content blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law", which form the core of the content of school social science education and correspond to the codifier of the content elements in social science, tested within Unified State Exam.

Foreword

The reference book includes the material of the school course "Social Studies", which is tested on a unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of secondary (complete) education in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are drawn up - control and measuring materials (CMMs) of the exam.

The handbook presents the following sections of the course: "Society", "Spiritual life of society", "Man", "Cognition", "Politics", "Economics", "Social relations", "Law", which form the core of the content of public education, in the framework of the exam. This reinforces the practical thrust of the book.

A compact and clear presentation form, a large number of diagrams and tables contributes to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for the social studies exam, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of assignments on the basis of which the written work, which is the form of the USE, is built. Therefore, after each topic, options for tasks with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form an idea about the form of control and measuring materials in social studies, the level of their complexity, the peculiarities of their implementation, and are aimed at practicing the skills tested in the USE:

- to recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;

- compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

- to correlate social science knowledge with social realities that reflect them;

- evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view social sciences;

- analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);

- to recognize concepts and their components: to correlate specific concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of social phenomena and social science terms, concepts;

- apply knowledge about characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, by choosing the necessary positions from the proposed list;

- distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

- name terms and concepts, social phenomena appropriate to the proposed context and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

- to reveal by examples the most important theoretical provisions and concepts of social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

- to apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical tasks, reflecting the urgent problems of human life and society;

- carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from the original unadapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

- to formulate, on the basis of the acquired social and humanitarian knowledge, one's own judgments and arguments on certain problems.

This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of the examinees, how they should formalize the result of the completed task.

Section 1. Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. Systemic structure of society

The complexity of the definition of the concept of "society" is associated primarily with its extreme generalization, and besides, with enormous significance. This led to the existence of many definitions of this concept.

Concept "society" in the broad sense of the word, it can be defined as a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely related to it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of uniting people.

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– separate concrete society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of mankind(for example, feudal society, capitalist society);

– humanity as a whole.

Society is a product of the aggregate activity of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and daily activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, unite, start a joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and mediated interaction of people.

As a way of human existence, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :

- production of material goods and services;

- distribution of products of labor (activity);

- regulation and management of activities and behavior;

- human reproduction and socialization;

- spiritual production and regulation of human activity.

The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in those relationships in which they enter with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.

Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that, while seriously changing, is capable of maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.

Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements... In turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of its parts; the whole gives rise to features, properties that go beyond the limits of individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interconnection of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.

Accordingly, society is complex self-developing open system including individuals and social communities united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.

For the analysis of complex systems like society, the concept of "subsystem" has been developed. Subsystems are called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be spheres public life the main spheres of public life .

The basis for delineating the spheres of public life are basic human needs.

The division into four spheres of public life is arbitrary. Other spheres can also be named: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally distinguished as the most general and significant.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :

1. It has a large a variety of different social structures and subsystems... This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a super-complex and hierarchical nature: various kinds of subsystems are linked by subordinate relations.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up, it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates with his vigorous activity together with other people. These "invisible" social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, programs of activity, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and should be considered as a whole, in the aggregate of its individual constituent components.

3. Society is inherent self-sufficiency, i.e., the ability to create and reproduce by their active joint activity the necessary conditions own existence. Society is characterized in this case as an integral unified organism, in which various social groups are closely intertwined, a wide variety of activities that provide vital conditions for existence.

4. Society is distinguished by an exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development... The main actor in the choice of development options is the person.

5. Society highlights special status of subjects determining its development. Man is a universal component of social systems, included in each of them. Behind the opposition of ideas in society, there is always a clash of relevant needs, interests, goals, the impact of such social factors as public opinion, official ideology, political attitudes and traditions. Inevitable for social development is an acute competition of interests and aspirations, in connection with which, in society, a clash of alternative ideas often occurs, acute polemics and struggle are carried out.

6. Society is inherent unpredictability, nonlinearity of development... The presence in society of a large number of subsystems, the constant collision of interests and goals of various people creates the preconditions for the implementation different options and models for the future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is absolutely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists create models of social forecasting: options for the development of a social system in its most diverse areas, computer models of the world, etc.

Sample assignment

A1. Choose the correct answer. Which of the signs characterizes society as a system?

1.continuous development

2.part of the material world

3. isolation from nature

4. ways people interact

Answer: 4.

Topic 2. Society and nature

Nature (from gr. physis and lat. natura - to arise, to be born) - one of the most general categories of science and philosophy, originating in the ancient worldview.

The concept of "nature" is used to designate not only natural, but also man-made material conditions of his existence - "second nature", to one degree or another transformed and formed by man.

Society as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life is inextricably linked with it.

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties, but also social ones.

Society came into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing more than nature itself; 2) it purposefully, with the help of labor instruments, affects nature, changing it.

At first, the contradiction between society and nature appeared as their difference, since man still had primitive tools of labor, with the help of which he earned his means of livelihood. However, in those distant times, there was no longer a complete dependence of man on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society exerted an increasing impact on nature. Man cannot do without nature also because the technical means that make his life easier are created by analogy with natural processes.

As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, somewhere improving it, and somewhere worsening it. But nature, in turn, began to "worsen" the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health of large masses of people, etc. Society as a separate part of nature and nature itself have a significant impact on each other. However, they retain specific features that allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. This close relationship between nature and society is the basis of the unity of the world.

Sample assignment

C6. Expand the relationship between nature and society using two examples.

Answer: As examples revealing the relationship between nature and society, the following can be cited: Man is not only a social, but also a biological being, and therefore is a part of living nature. Society draws from the natural environment the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Degradation of the natural environment (air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.

Topic 3. Society and culture

The whole life of society is based on the purposeful and varied activities of people, the product of which is material wealth and cultural values, that is, culture. Therefore, it is not uncommon for certain types of societies to be called cultures. However, the concepts of "society" and "culture" are not synonymous.

The system of relationships is largely formed objectively, under the influence of the laws of social development. Therefore, they are not a direct product of culture, despite the fact that the conscious activity of people affects the nature and form of these relations in the most essential way.

Sample assignment

B5. Read the text below, each position is numbered.

(1) In the history of social thought, there have been different, often opposite points of view on culture. (2) Some philosophers called culture a means of enslaving people. (3) A different point of view was held by those scientists who considered culture a means of ennobling a person, turning him into a civilized member of society. (4) This speaks of the breadth, multidimensionality of the content of the concept of "culture".

Determine which positions of the text are:

A) factual nature

B) the nature of value judgments

Write a letter under the position number indicating its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

Answer: ABBA.

Topic 4. The relationship of the economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society

Each sphere of the life of society is characterized by a certain independence, they function and develop according to the laws of the whole, that is, society. At the same time, all four main areas not only interact, but also mutually condition each other. For example, the influence of the political sphere on culture is manifested in the fact that, firstly, each state pursues a certain policy in the field of culture, and secondly, cultural figures reflect certain Political Views and positions.

The boundaries between all four spheres of society are easily passable and transparent. Each sphere is present in one way or another in all the others, but at the same time it does not dissolve, does not lose its leading function. The question of the correlation of the main spheres of public life and the allocation of one priority is debatable. There are supporters of the decisive role of the economic sphere. They proceed from the assumption that material production, which constitutes the core economic relations, satisfies the most pressing, primary human needs, without which any other activity is impossible. There is a selection as a priority spiritual sphere of the life of society. Proponents of this approach give the following argument: a person's thoughts, ideas, ideas are ahead of him practical actions... Major social changes are always preceded by changes in the consciousness of people, a transition to other spiritual values. The most compromise of the above approaches is the approach, the adherents of which argue that each of the four spheres of public life can become decisive in different periods. historical development.

Sample assignment

B3. Establish a correspondence between the main spheres of society and their institutions (organizations): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer form (without spaces and any symbols).

Answer: 21221.

Topic 5. Social institutions

Social institute- This is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people performing certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

Each social institution is characterized by the presence goals of activity and specific functions ensuring its achievement.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be distinguished: inheritance, power, property, family.

Within fundamental social institutions, there are very distinct divisions into small institutions. For example, economic institutions, along with the basic institution of property, include many stable systems of relations - financial, production, marketing, organizational and management institutions. In the system of political institutions modern society along with the key institution of power, the institutions of political representation, presidency, separation of powers, local self-government, parliamentarism, etc. are distinguished.

Social institutions:

They organize human activity into a specific system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of human behavior in various spheres of social life. For example, a social institution such as a school includes the roles of teacher and student, and the family includes the roles of parents and children. Between them, certain role relationships are formed, which are governed by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in legislation, others are supported by traditions, customs, public opinion;

They include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;

Provide standard behavior for people in typical social situations.

Functions of social institutions: explicit (officially declared, recognized and controlled by the society); hidden (performed hidden or unintentionally).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. The situation is even more dangerous when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions that take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).

Social institutions define society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.

Each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity and specific functions that ensure its achievement.

Sample assignment

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "institutions of society"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.

Answer: The institution of society is a historically established, stable form of organizing joint activities of people who carry out certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs. Examples of sentences: Allocate economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity and specific functions. The institutions of society are a complex and ramified formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.

Topic 6. Multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

Social development can be reformist or revolutionary.

Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life:

– economic reforms- transformation of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of management of the country's economy (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.);

- social reforms - transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of social life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people);

– political reforms- changes in the political sphere of public life (changes in the constitution, electoral system, expansion of civil rights, etc.).

The degree of reformist transformations can be very significant, up to changes social order or the type of economic system: the reforms of Peter I, reforms in Russia in the early 90s. XX century

V modern conditions two paths of social development - reform and revolution - are opposed to the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both the reform and the revolution "cure" an already neglected disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is needed. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the "reform - revolution" dilemma to "reform - innovation". Under innovation (from the English innovation - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of a social organism in these conditions.

In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization.

Modernization (from French moderniser - modern) - it is a process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to modern, industrial societies... Classical modernization theories described the so-called "primary" modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concept of "secondary" or "catch-up" modernization. It is carried out in the conditions of the existence of a "sample", for example, in the form of the Western European liberal model, often such modernization is understood as Westernization, that is, the process of direct borrowing or planting. In fact, this modernization is a worldwide process of displacing local, local types of cultures and social organization"Universal" (Western) forms of modernity.

There are several classifications (typologies) society:

1) pre-written and written;

2) simple and complex(the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of society management, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, complex societies there are several levels of government and several social strata of the population, located from top to bottom in decreasing income);

3) primitive society, slave-owning society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (a formational feature acts as a criterion in this typology);

4) developed, developing, backward (the level of development acts as a criterion in this typology);

Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

The most common approaches to the analysis of social development in Russian historical and philosophical science are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were the German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818–1883) and F. Engels (1820–1895).

The key concept of this school of social science is the category "socio-economic formation".

Despite the relative independence, the type of superstructure is determined by the nature of the basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the belonging of a particular society.

The productive forces are a dynamic, constantly evolving element of the mode of production, while the relations of production are static and inert, do not change for centuries. At a certain stage, a conflict arises between the productive forces and production relations, which is resolved in the course of the social revolution, the breakdown of the old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socio-economic formation. Old relations of production are replaced by new ones, which open up scope for the development of productive forces. Thus, Marxism understands social development as a natural, objectively conditioned, natural-historical change of socio-historical formations:

The key concept of the civilizational approach to the analysis of social development is the concept of "civilization", which has many interpretations.

The term "civilization" (from Lat. Civis - citizen) is used in world historical and philosophical literature:

- as a certain stage in the development of local cultures (for example, O. Spengler);

- as a stage of historical development (for example, L. Morgan, F. Engels, O. Toffler);

- as a synonym for culture (for example, A. Toynbee);

- as a level (stage) of development of a region or a separate ethnic group.

Any civilization is characterized not so much by a production basis as by its specific lifestyle, value system, vision and ways of interconnection with the outside world.

In the modern theory of civilization, two approaches are distinguished.

Various researchers distinguish many local civilizations (for example, an English historian, sociologist, diplomat, public figure A. Toynbee (1889-1975) counted 21 civilizations in the history of mankind), which may coincide with the borders of states (Chinese civilization) or cover several countries (ancient, Western). Usually, the whole variety of local civilizations is divided into two large groups - western and eastern.

Thus, the formation focuses on the universal, general, repetitive, and civilization - on the local-regional, unique, peculiar.

Comparative analysis allows us to conclude that the approaches existing in science should not be considered as mutually exclusive. They should be treated from the point of view of the principle of complementarity, taking into account the noted advantages of each of the approaches.

Sample assignment

B1. Write down the word missing in the outline.

Answer: The revolution.

Name: Social Studies - Complete guide to prepare for the exam.

In the reference book addressed to graduates and applicants, the material of the course "Social Studies" is given in full, which is checked on a single state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the control and measuring materials of the exam.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: "Society, Spiritual life of society, Man, Cognition, Politics, Economics, Social relations, Law.
Concise and clear - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation ensures the maximum efficiency of preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

CONTENT
Foreword. 7
Section 1. SOCIETY
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. The systemic structure of society. nine
Topic 2. Society and nature 13
Topic 3. Society and culture. 15
Topic 4. The relationship of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society 16
Topic 5. Social institutions. eighteen
Topic 6. Multivariance of social development. Typology of Societies 20
Topic 7. The concept of social progress. thirty
Topic 8. Processes of globalization and the formation of a single humanity. 32
Topic 9. Global problems of humanity 34
Section 2. SPIRITUAL LIFE OF SOCIETY
Topic 1. Culture and Spiritual Life 38
Topic 2. Forms and varieties of culture: folk, mass and elite; youth subculture 42
Topic 3. Mass media. 46
Topic 4. Art, its forms, main directions. 48
Topic 5. Science. 52
Topic 6. Social and personal importance of education. 55
Topic 7. Religion. The role of religion in the life of society. World religions 57
Topic 8. Morality. Moral culture 64
Topic 9. Trends in Spiritual Life modern Russia 71
Section 3. HUMAN
Topic 1. Man as a result of biological and social evolution. 74
Topic 2. Human being. 77
Topic 3. Human needs and interests. 78
Topic 4. Human activity, its main forms. 80
Topic 5. Thinking and acting 88
Topic 6. Purpose and meaning of human life. 91
Topic 7. Self-realization 93
Topic 8. Individual, individuality, personality. Socialization of the individual 94
Topic 9. Inner world human 97
Topic 10. Conscious and unconscious 99
Topic 11. Self-knowledge 102
Topic 12. Behavior. 104
Topic 13. Freedom and responsibility of the individual. 106
Section 4. KNOWLEDGE
Topic 1. Cognition of the world. 109
Topic 2. Forms of cognition: sensual and rational, true and false. 110
Topic 3. Truth, its criteria. The Relativity of Truth 113
Topic 4. Types of human knowledge. 115
Topic 5. Scientific knowledge. 117
Topic 6. Social sciences, their classification. 123
Topic 7. Social and humanitarian knowledge. 125
Section 5. POLITICS
Topic 1. Power, its origin and types. 131
Topic 2. Political system, its structure and functions 137
Topic 3. Signs, functions, forms of the state. 140
Topic 4. State apparatus. 149
Topic 5. Electoral systems 151
Topic 6. Political parties and movements. The formation of a multi-party system in Russia. 156
Topic 7. Political ideology 165
Topic 8. Political regime. Types of political regimes 168
Topic 9. Local government 172
Topic 10. Political culture 174
Topic 11. Civil society. 178
Topic 12. The rule of law 183
Topic 13. Man in political life... Political participation 186
Section 6. ECONOMY
Topic 1. Economics: Science and Economy. 195
Topic 2. Economic culture203
Topic 3. The economic content of property205
Topic 4. Economic systems208
Topic 5. Diversity of Markets211
Topic 6. Measuring instruments of economic activity 220
Topic 7. The economic cycle and economic growth. 223
Topic 8. Division of labor and specialization,. 227
Topic 9. Exchange, trade. 229
Topic 10. State budget. 230
Topic 11. Public debt233
Topic 12. Monetary policy235
Topic 13. Tax policy. 249
Topic 14. World economy: international trade, the international financial system. 253
Topic 15. Consumer economics 260
Topic 16. Economy of the producer 263
Topic 17. Labor market.269
Topic 18. Unemployment273
Section 7. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 1. Social interaction and public relations276
Topic 2. Social groups, their classification 280
Topic 3. Social status. 285
Topic 4, Social role 288
Topic 5. Inequality and social stratification291
Topic 6. Social mobility298
Topic 7. Social norms. 301
Topic 8. Deviant behavior, its forms and manifestations303
Topic 9. Social control 306
Topic 10. Family and marriage as social institutions. 309
Topic 11. Demographic and family policy in the Russian Federation314
Topic 12. Youth as a social group, 317
Topic 13. Ethnic communities. 319
Topic 14. Interethnic relations 323
Topic 15. Social conflict and ways to resolve it. 333
Topic 16. Constitutional foundations of national policy in the Russian Federation339
Topic 17. Social processes in modern Russia. 342
Section 8. RIGHT
Topic 1. Law in the system of social norms 350
Topic 2. System of law: main branches, institutions, relations. 360
Topic 3. Sources of law 363
Topic 4. Legal acts. 364
Topic 5. Legal relations 368
Topic 6. Offenses 371
Topic 7. The Constitution of the Russian Federation 374
Topic 8. Public and private law 383
Topic 9. Legal responsibility and its types. 384
Topic 10. Basic concepts and norms of state, administrative, civil, labor and criminal law in the Russian Federation 389
Topic 11. Legal foundations of marriage and family 422
Topic 12. International documents on human rights 430
Topic 13. The system of judicial protection of human rights. 433
Topic 14. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. 435
Topic 15. Federation, its subjects 439
Topic 16. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities in the Russian Federation. 444
Topic 17. Institute of the Presidency 454
Topic 18. Law enforcement agencies 458
Topic 19. International protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime. 463
Topic 20. Legal culture 468
Literature 475

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Foreword

A compact and clear presentation form, a large number of diagrams and tables contributes to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

- to recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;

- compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

- to correlate social science knowledge with social realities that reflect them;

- evaluate different judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

- analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);

- to recognize concepts and their components: to correlate specific concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of social phenomena and social science terms, concepts;

- to apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, making the choice of the necessary positions from the proposed list;

- distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

- name terms and concepts, social phenomena that correspond to the proposed context, and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

- to reveal by examples the most important theoretical provisions and concepts of social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

- to apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical tasks, reflecting the urgent problems of human life and society;

- to formulate, on the basis of the acquired social and humanitarian knowledge, one's own judgments and arguments on certain problems.

Section 1. Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. Systemic structure of society

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– separate concrete society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of mankind(for example, feudal society, capitalist society);

– humanity as a whole.

As a way of human existence, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :

- production of material goods and services;

- distribution of products of labor (activity);

- regulation and management of activities and behavior;

- human reproduction and socialization;

- spiritual production and regulation of human activity.

Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that, while seriously changing, is capable of maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.

Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements... In turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

Accordingly, society is complex self-developing open system including individual individuals and social communities united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.

Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the spheres of public life. spheres of public life .

The basis for delineating the spheres of public life are basic human needs.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up, it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships, which a person creates by his vigorous activity together with other people. These "invisible" social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, programs of activity, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and should be considered as a whole, in the aggregate of its individual constituent components.

3. Society is inherent self-sufficiency, that is, the ability to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for their own existence by their active joint activity. Society is characterized in this case as an integral unified organism, in which various social groups are closely intertwined, a wide variety of activities that provide vital conditions for existence.

4. Society is distinguished by an exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development... The main actor in the choice of development options is a person.

6. Society is inherent unpredictability, nonlinearity of development... The presence in society of a large number of subsystems, the constant collision of interests and goals of various people creates the preconditions for the implementation of different options and models of the future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is absolutely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists create models of social forecasting: options for the development of a social system in its most diverse areas, computer models of the world, etc.

Sample assignment

A1. Choose the correct answer. Which of the signs characterizes society as a system?

1.continuous development

2.part of the material world

3. isolation from nature

4. ways people interact

Social Studies. A new complete guide to prepare for the exam. Ed. Baranova P.A.

3rd ed. - M .: 2017 .-- 544 p. M .: 2016 .-- 544 p.

In the reference book, addressed to high school graduates and applicants, the material of the course "Social Studies" is given in full, which will be checked on a unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are drawn up - control and measuring materials of the exam (KIMs). The reference book contains blocks-modules "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law", which form the basis of the school course "Social Studies". Concise and clear - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation ensures the maximum efficiency of preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Format: pdf ( 2017 , 3rd ed., 544s.)

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Format: pdf ( 2016 , 544s .; White)

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CONTENT
Foreword 6
BLOCK-MODULE 1. PERSON AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution) 12
Topic 1.2. Worldview, its types and forms 17
Topic 1.3. Types of knowledge 20
Topic 1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria 26
Topic 1.5. Thinking and acting 30
Topic 1.6. Needs and interests 41
Topic 1.7. Freedom and necessity in human activity. Freedom and responsibility 45
Topic 1.8. The systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems 50
Topic 1.9. Basic Institutions of Society 55
Topic 1.10. Culture concept. Forms and varieties of culture 58
Topic 1.11. The science. The main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social sciences and humanities 65
Topic 1.12. Education, its importance for the individual and society 78
Topic 1.13. Religion 81
Topic 1.14. Art 89
Topic 1.15. Moral 95
Topic 1.16. The concept of social progress 101
Topic 1.17. Multivariance of social development (types of societies) 106
Topic 1.18. Threats of the XXI century (global problems) 109
BLOCK-MODULE 2. ECONOMY
Topic 2.1. Economics and economic science 116
Topic 2.2. Factors of production and factor income 122
Topic 2.3. Economic systems 126
Topic 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand 134
Topic 2.5. Fixed and variable costs 145
Topic 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system 147
Topic 2.7. Main sources of business financing 154
Topic 2.8. Securities 160
Topic 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment 163
Topic 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation 173
Topic 2.11. Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP 177
Topic 2.12. The role of the state in the economy 184
Topic 2.13. Tax 191
Topic 2.14. State budget 195
Topic 2.15. World economy 202
Topic 2.16. Rational economic behavior of an owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen 210
BLOCK-MODULE 3. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 3.1. Social stratification and mobility 216
Topic 3.2. Social groups 227
Topic 3.3. Youth as a social group 232
Topic 3.4. Ethnic communities 235
Topic 3.5. Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them 240
Topic 3.6. Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation 249
Topic 3.7. Social conflict 252
Topic 3.8. Types of social norms 260
Topic 3.9. Social control 264
Topic 3.10. Family and marriage 267
Topic 3.11. Deviant Behavior and Its Types 272
Topic 3.12. Social role 276
Topic 3.13. Socialization of the individual 280
BLOCK MODULE 4. POLICY
Topic 4.1. Power 283
Topic 4.2. State, its functions 291
Topic 4.3. Political system 304
Topic 4.4. Typology of Political Regimes 307
Topic 4.5. Democracy, Its Basic Values and Features 310
Topic 4.6. Civil society and the state 314
Topic 4.7. Political elite 323
Topic 4.8. Political parties and movements 327
Topic 4.9. Mass media in the political system 336
Topic 4.10. Election Campaign in RF 342
Topic 4.11. Political process 351
Topic 4.12. Political participation 355
Topic 4.13. Political Leadership 360
Topic 4.14. State authorities of the Russian Federation 364
Topic 4.15. Federal structure of Russia 374
BLOCK-MODULE 5. RIGHT
Topic 5.1. Law in the system of social norms 381
Topic 5.2. The system of Russian law. Legislative process in the Russian Federation 395
Topic 5.3. The concept and types of legal responsibility 401
Topic 5.4. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 409
Topic 5.5. Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections 417
Topic 5.6. Subjects of civil law 421
Topic 5.7. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity 428
Topic 5.8. Property and non-property rights 433
Topic 5.9. The procedure for hiring. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract 440
Topic 5.10. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for the conclusion and dissolution of marriage 448
Topic 5.11. Features of administrative jurisdiction 453
Topic 5.12. The right to a healthy environment and ways to protect it 460
Topic 5.13. International law (international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime) 468
Topic 5.14. Disputes, the order of their consideration 473
Topic 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure 476
Topic 5.16. Features of the criminal procedure 484
Topic 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation 495
Topic 5.18. Conscription, alternative civilian service 501
Topic 5.19. The rights and obligations of the taxpayer 509
Topic 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system 513
Training version of the examination work in social studies 523
The system of assessing the examination work in social studies 536
Literature 540